Classic Works of Apologetics - America's Christian Heritage Classic Works of Apologetics Online


America's Christian Heritage

America's Christian heritage is thoroughly documented throughout history, expressed in the writings of our Founding Fathers and our statesmen past and present. Our laws are based on Judeo-Christian principles. Even the Supreme Court has acknowledged that America is a Christian nation. The evidence is presented here.

"Still again, this is a Christian nation. Not that the people have made it so by any legal enactment or that there exists an established church, but Christian in the sense that the dominant thought and purpose of the nation accord with the great principles taught by the founder of Christianity. Historically it has developed along the lines of that religion. Its first settlements were in its name, and while every one is welcome, whether a believer in christianity or in any other religion, or in no religion, yet the principles of Christianity are the foundations of our social and political life. It needs no judicial decision to determine this fact."
--U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Josiah Brewer. American Citizenship. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 1914. 131 pp.; 20 cm. Yale lectures on the responsibilities of citizenship.

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Adams, Jasper
(1793-1841)

Math professor and college president. Read more about Adams here.

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Adams, President John
(1735-1826)

See President Adams' entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


Adams, President John Quincy
(1767-1848)

See President Adams' entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


Adams, Samuel
(1722-1803)

American patriot. Read about Samuel Adams here.

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Adams, William
(1807-1880)

Minister and college president.

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Adams, Zabdiel
(1739-1801)

Pastor. First cousin of John Adams, the second president of the United States.

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Aiken, S. C. (Samuel Clark)
(1790-1879)

Pastor.

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Aitken, Robert
(1735-1802)

Scottish bookbinder. Read more about Aitken here.

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Alderman, Thomas

Modern author.

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Alexander, Samuel Davies
(1819-1894)

Presbyterian clergyman.

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Allen, John
(fl. 1741-1774)

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Allen, William
(1784-1868)

Allen was a Congregational minister, educator, biographer, and author. He was minister in Pittsfield, Mass. (1810-1817) and served as the third president of Bowdoin College (1819-1831, 1833-1838). Read more about Allen here.

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Allen, William
(1806-1879)

Statesman. Read more about Allen here.

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Allen, William Henry
(1808-1882)

Educator. Read more about Allen here.

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Allen, William Joshua
(1829-1901)

Illinois U. S. Representative. Read about Allen here and here.

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Allen, William Stickney
(1805-1868)

Lawyer. Editor of the Missouri Republican. Read about Allen here.

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Allix, Pierre
(1641-1717)

French Protestant divine. Read more about Allix here.

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Almon, John
(1737-1805)

English journalist and writer. Read about Almon here.

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American Anti-Slavery Society

Read more about the American Anti-Slavery Society here.

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American Bible Society
(Est. 1816)

"Established in 1816, American Bible Society history follows closely and even intersects the history of our nation. In fact, ABS' early leadership reads like a Who's Who of patriots. Our first president was Elias Boudinot, former president of the Continental Congress. John Jay, John Quincy Adams, DeWitt Clinton and James Fennimore Cooper also played significant roles, as did Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and Francis Scott Key. Since those early days, American Bible Society has worked closely with organizations to reach people in the United States and around the world who might otherwise not have access to a Bible." Read more about The American Bible Society here.

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American State Papers

American Review and Literary Journal
(1801-1802)

New York, N.Y.: Printed by T. & J. Swords. Quarterly. Edited by Charles Brockden Brown.

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The American's Guide

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The American's Own Book

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Ames, Fisher
(1758-1808)

U. S. Representative. Read more about Ames here, here and here.

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Anderson, John E.

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Anderson, Robert
(1805-1871)

United States Major, commander of Fort Sumter at the start of the Civil War. Read about Anderson here and here.

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Aquinas, Thomas
(1225?-1274)

Influential early church writer. Read more about Aquinas here.

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Austin, Samuel
(1760-1830)

Congregational clergyman.

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Backus, Charles
(1749-1803)

Theologian. Read about Backus here.

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  • A Sermon, preached before His Excellency Samuel Huntington, Esq. L.L. D. governor, and the Honorable the General Assembly of the state of Connecticut, convened at Hartford, on the day of the anniversary election. May 9th, 1793. By Charles Backus, A.M. Pastor of a church in Somers. 1793. 38, [2] pp. 20 cm. (8vo)
    Backus, Isaac
    (1724-1806)

    Baptist preacher. Delegate to the First Continental Congress. Founded Rhode Island College, later Brown University. Learn about Backus here.

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    Baldwin, Abraham
    (1754-1807)

    American statesman, signer of the Constitution, a framer of the Bill of Rights in the First Congress and the founder of the University of Georgia (President, 1785-1801). Learn about Baldwin here.

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    Baldwin, Alice M. (Alice Mary)
    (1879-1960)

    First dean of the Woman's College at Duke University. Read about Baldwin here, here, and here.

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    Baldwin, Henry
    (1780-1844)

    Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Read about Baldwin here.

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    Barnes, Thomas
    (1749-1816)

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    Barré, Isaac
    (1726-1802)

    Army officer and politician.

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    Barre, W. L.
    (b. 1830)

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    Bartlett, Josiah
    (1729-1795)

    American physician and statesman. Delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire. Signer of the Declaration of Independence. Later, Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature and Governor of New Hampshire. Read about Bartlett here, here and here.

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    Barton, David / Charles David
    (1954- )

    Founder of Wallbuilders. Read about Barton here.

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    Bateman, Thomas
    (fl. 18th Century)

    Vicar of Whaplode.

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    Baxter, Richard
    (1615-1691)

    Puritan divine. Learn more about Baxter here and here.

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    Beall, Isaac
    (1751-1833)

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    Bedford, Jr., Gunning
    (1747-1812)

    Read about Bedford here and here. Disclaimer: He served as Grand Master of the Delaware Masonic Lodge.

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    Belcher, Jonathan
    (1682-1757)

    Massachusetts governor. Read more about Governor Belcher here, here and here.

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    Benedict, Erastus Cornelius
    (1800-1880)

    Lawyer. Read about Benedict here.

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    Berman, Harold
    (1918-2007)

    Legal scholar. Learn more about Berman here. Our thanks to Dr. Berman for his permission to offer the items below.

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    Bethune, George W. (George Washington)
    (1805-1862)

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    Bevier, Abraham Garret
    (1812-1861)

    A descendant of the Huguenots.

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    Bingham, Caleb
    (1575-1817)

    Textbook writer. Read about Bingham here.

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    Blackstone, Sir William
    (1723-1780)

    English Jurist. Knighted in 1770. Read more about Blackstone here and here and here.

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    Blair, John
    (1732-1800)

    Presbyterian; Episcopalian. American politician, Founding Father and jurist. Read about Blair in the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges and here.

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    Blake, John Lauris
    (1788-1857)

    Biographer. Learn more about Blake here.

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    Booth, Abraham
    (1734-1806)

    Baptist preacher. Read about Booth here.

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    Booth, Edwin Gilliam
    (1810-1886)

    Attorney. Read about Booth here.

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    Boston Gazette, and Country Journal
    (1756-1779)

    Boston : Edes and Gill, Weekly, No. 54 (Apr. 12, 1756)-no. 1284 (Apr. 5, 1779).

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    Boucher, Jonathan
    (1738-1804)

    Anglican minister. Pr.-Ep. clergyman. British loyalist. Read about Boucher Dictionary of American Biography, Encyclopedia Britannica, and here.


    Boudinot, Elias
    (1740-1821)

    Lawyer-statesman. Read more about Boudinot here.

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    Boudinot, Elias Cornelius
    (1835-1890)

    Statesman.

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    Bouton, Nathaniel
    (1797-1878)

    Clergyman. Read more about Bouton here

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    Bouvier, John
    (1787-1851)

    American jurist and legal lexicophrapher. Read about Bouvier here and biography at the Tarlton Law Library, University of Texas School of Law. "He is best known for his able legal writings. His Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union (1839, revised and brought up to date by Francis Rawle, under the title of Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 2 vols., 1897) has always been a standard."--1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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    Bradford, Vincent L.
    (1808-1884)

    Lawyer, legislator, railroad president.

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    Bradford, William
    (1590-1657)

    Plymouth founder. Read more about Bradford here.

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    Bradley, Joseph P.
    (1813-1892)

    Supreme Court Justice. Read more about Bradley here.

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    Breckinridge, Robert J. (Jefferson)
    (1800-1871)

    Abolitionist. Read more about Breckinridge here.

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    Brewer, David Josiah
    (1837-1910)

    Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1890 to 1910. Read about Brewer here and here and here. See also The Supreme Court Historical Society.

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    Bridgham, Samuel Willard
    (1774-1840)

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    Brockway, Thomas
    (1745-1807)

    Minister.

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    Broom, Jacob
    (1752-1810)

    Politician. Read about Broom here.

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    Broom, Jacob
    (1808-1864)

    Attorney. Representative from Pennsylvania. Read about Broom here.

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    Brougham, Henry
    (1778-1868)

    Lord Chancellor of England. Read about Lord Brougham here.

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    Brown, A. P.
    (Fl. 19th-20th Century)

    Baptist minister, Fresno, California.

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    Bryan, William Jennings
    (1860-1925)

    American political leader. Read about Bryan here, here, and here.

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    Buchanan, President James
    (1791-1868)

    See President Buchanan's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Buckingham, Thomas
    (1671-1731)

    Chaplain in Hartford, Connecticut.

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    Buckminster, Joseph
    (1751-1812)

    Clergyman. Read more about Buckminster from Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States, Volume 1, edited by John Howard Brown.

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    Bunyan, John
    (1628-1688)

    Author. Read more about Bunyan here and here

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    Burke, Edmond
    (1729-1797)

    British statesman, parliamentary orator and political thinker, important in the history of political theory, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. He is known for his statement, "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." Read about Burke from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy here and the Online Liberty Fund here.

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    Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques
    (1694-1748)

    Swiss legal and political theorist. Columbia Encyclopedia: His chief works are Principes du droit naturel [principles of natural law] (1747) and Principes du droit politique [principles of political law] (1751). He attempted to demonstrate the reality of natural law by tracing its origin in God's rule and in human reason and moral instinct. He believed that both international and domestic law were based on natural law. Read about Burlamaqui here.

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    Burnet, Matthias
    (1749-1806)

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    Bush, President George (Herbert Walker)
    (1924- )

    See President Bush's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Carroll, Charles
    (1737-1832)

    American political leader. Read about Carroll here and here.

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    Carson, Hampton L. (Hampton Lawrence)
    (1852-1929)

    Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Read about Carson here.

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    Carver, George Washington
    (1864?-1943)

    Agricultural science pioneer. Read more about Carver here, and here.

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    Cartwright, Peter
    (1785-1872)

    Methodist preacher. Read more about Cartwright here and here.

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    Champion, Judah
    (1729-1810)

    Pastor of the First Church in Litchfield, Connecticut.

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    Cheever, George Barrell
    (1807-1890)

    Clergyman. Read more about Cheever here.

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    Christian, John T.
    (1854-1925)

    Baptist preacher, author and educator. Read more about Christian here (From Ben M. Bogard, Pillars of Orthodoxy, or Defenders of the Faith, 1900). Disclaimer: Christian was a noted Freemason.

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    The Christian Review
    (1836-1863)

    Boston: Gould, Kendall & Lincoln. Vol. 1-v. 28 = no. 1 (Mar. 1836)-no. 114 (Oct. 1863) 28 volumes; 22-29 cm. Editors: 1836-37, J.D. Knowles.--1838, J.D. Knowles, Barnas Sears.--1839-41, Barnas Sears.--1842-48, S.F. Smith.--1849. E.G. Sears.--1850-52, S.S. Cutting.--1853-55, Robert Turnbull, J.N. Murdock.--1856, J.J. Woolsey, W.C. Ulyat.--1857-58, Franklin Wilson, G.B. Taylor.--1859, E.G. Robinson, V.R. Hotchkiss.--1860-1863, E.G. Robinson./ Imprint varies: 1836-49, Boston, Gould, Kendall & Lincoln: [etc., etc.,]--1850-56, New-York, L. Colby and J. Ballard [etc.]--1857-58, Baltimore [35c.]--1859-60, New-York, Sheldon & Co.--1861-63, Rochester, N.Y., Benton & Andrews.

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    Churchill, Awnsham
    (1658-1728)

    English bookseller and politician.

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    Clap, Thomas
    (1703-1767)

    American academic and educator,Congregational Minister, earliest to be called "president" of Yale College. Read about Clap here and here.

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    Clark, Gilbert
    (b. 1851)

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    Clark, Jonas
    (1730-1805)

    American clergyman. Pastor of the Church of Christ in Lexington, Massachusetts on May 19, 1755. Read about Clark here and here.

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    Clark, Joseph
    (fl. 1800)

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    Cleveland, Stephen Grover
    (1837-1908)

    22nd and 24th President of the United States. See Cleveland's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Clinton, De Witt
    (1769-1828)

    U. S. Senator, Governor of New York, advocate of the 12th Amendment, "Father of the Erie Canal." Many places have been named for Clinton. The state of Illinois named two counties after him, the only instance in the United States of two counties in the same state being named after the same person.
    * Clinton County, Illinois
    * DeWitt County, Illinois, the county seat of which is Clinton, Illinois
    * Clinton, Indiana
    * Clinton, Arkansas
    * DeWitt, Iowa
    * Clinton County, Iowa, the county seat of which is Clinton, Iowa
    * DeWitt Clinton High School, Bronx, NY
    * Clinton, Massachusetts
    * Clinton County, Michigan
    * DeWitt, Michigan which is located in Clinton County
    Read more about Clinton here, here and here.

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    Cogswell, James
    (1720-1807)

    . Read about Cogswell here.

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    Colman, Benjamin
    (1673-1747)

    Boston clergyman. Read more about Colman here.

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    Colton, Calvin
    (1789-1857)

    American clergyman. Learn more about Colton here.

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    Colwell, Stephen
    (1800-1871)

    American author. Political economist in New Jersey and Philadelphia.

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    Converse, J. K. (John Kendrick)
    (1801-1880)

    Clergyman and educator. Read about Converse here.

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    Cooke, Samuel
    (1709-1783)

    Pastor of the Second Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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    Coolidge, President Calvin
    (1872-1933)

    See President Coolidge's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Cooper, Samuel
    (1725-1783)

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    Cooper, William
    (1694-1743)

    Clergyman. Read more about Cooper here.

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    Cornelison, Isaac A. (Amada)
    (1829-1911)

    Presbyterian minister, Washington, Illinois. Read about Cornelison here.

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    Corwin, Edward S.
    (1878-1963)

    Third McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence and first chairman of the Department of Politics, was considered the lleading expositor of the intent and meaning of the Constitution. Read about Corwin here and here.

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    Croly, George
    (1780-1860)

    British divine and author. Read more about Croly here.

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    Cumings, Henry
    (1739-1823)

    Ellis Sandoz: "Henry Cumings (1739-1823). One of the ablest men of his time, Cumings was graduated with the 1760 class at Harvard, awarded an S.T.D. by Harvard in 1800, and spent his career as pastor of the First Congregational Parish of Billerica, Massachusetts. From the early 1770s Cumings was a zealous patriot who decried the tyranny of Great Britain in its dealings with the colonies; to him, Americans were "the chosen people of God, raised up and sustained by his Providence" (Sibley's Harvard Graduates, 14:580). Favoring the revivalism of the Great Awakening and of Edwards and Whitefield, he placed reason and biblical revelation at the center of his religion so as to be regarded as an Arminian and, later, as a Unitarian, despite his insistence that he was an evangelical." --Political Sermons of the American Founding Era: 1730-1805, 2 vols, Foreword by Ellis Sandoz (2nd edition Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998). Vol. 1.

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    Currier, Edward
    (Fl. 19th Century)

    Author.

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    Dana, Daniel
    (1771-1859)

    Author.

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    Dartmouth College
    (Est. 1769)

    Located in Hanover, New Hampshire, one of 9 colleges founded before the American revolution. Dartmouth was founded in 1769 by Rev. Eleazar Wheelock for "the education and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land ... and also of English Youth and any others."

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    Davenport, John
    (1597-1670)

    English puritan clergyman and co-founder of the American colony of New Haven. Read about Davenport here.

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    Davidson, Robert
    (1750-1812)

    American revolutionary. Professor of Greek and Latin Languages 1780-1782 Professor of History 1782-1784. Presbyterian clergyman. President of Dickinson College. Read about Davidson here.

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    Davies, Samuel
    (1723-1761)

    Fourth president of Princeton University. Presbyterian minister. Read about Davies here.

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    Derby, George Horatio
    (1823-1861)

    Historian. Read about Derby here.

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    De Saussure, Henry William
    (1763-1839)

    American lawyer, state legislator and jurist from South Carolina. Director of the U.S. Mint. Read more about De Saussure here and in the Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography.

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    de Tocqueville, Alexis
    (1805-1859)

    French political thinker. Read more about de Tocqueville here, here and here.

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    Dexter, Henry Martyn
    (1821-1890)

    American clergyman and author. Read about Dexter here and here.

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    Dickinson, John
    (1737-1805)

    American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware. Read about Dickinson here.

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    Dickinson, Jonathan
    (1688-1747)

    Presbyterian minister and President of College of New Jersey (Princeton). Read more about Dickinson here.

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    Dillon, John Bernadine
    (c, 1922)

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    Doyle, John Andrew
    (1844-1907)

    English historian. Read about Doyle here.

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    Dreisbach, Daniel L.
    (Fl. 21st Century)

    Dreisbach is professor of justice, law, and society at American University. Read about Dreisbach here.

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    Duché, Jacob
    (1738-1798)

    Anglican clergyman of Christ Church, Philadelphia. Read more about Duché here.

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    "O Lord our Heavenly Father, high and mighty King of kings, and Lord of lords, who dost from thy throne behold all the dwellers on earth and reignest with power supreme and uncontolled over all the Kingdoms, Empires and Governments; look down in mercy, we beseech thee, on these our American States, who have fled to thee from the rod of the oppressor and thrown themselves on Thy gracious protection, desiring to be henceforth dependent only on Thee, to Thee have they appealed for the righteousness of their cause; to Thee do they now look up for that countenance and support, which Thou alone canst give; take them, therefore, Heavenly Father, under Thy nurturing care; give them wisdom in Council and valor in the field; defeat the malicious designs of our cruel adversaries; convince them of the unrighteousness of their Cause and if they persist in their sanguinary purposes, of own unerring justice, sounding in their hearts, constrain them to drop the weapons of war from their unnerved bands in the day of battle! ReadReading the Bible with the Founding FathersReading the Bible with the Founding FathersReadihe Bible with the Founding FathersReading the Bible with the Founding FathersReading the Bible with the Founding Fathers"Be Thou present, O God of wisdom, and direct the councils of this honorable assembly; enable them to settle things on the best and surest foundation. That the scene of blood may be speedily closed; that order, harmony and peace may be effectually restored, and truth and justice, religion and piety, prevail and flourish amongst The people. Preserve the health of their bodies and vigor of their minds; shower down on them and the millions they here represent, such temporal blessings as Thou seest expedient for them in this world and crown them with everlasting glory in the world to come. All this we ask In the name and through the merits of Jesus Christ, Thy Son and our Savior. Amen."--The First Prayer offered in Congress, September 7th, 1774 by Jacob Duché in Carpenters Hall, Philadelphia.

  • John Adams. Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 16 September 1774.

    When the Congress first met, Mr. Cushing made a Motion, that it should be opened with Prayer. It was opposed by Mr. Jay of N. York and Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina, because we were so divided in religious Sentiments, some Episcopalians, some Quakers, some Aanabaptists, some Presbyterians and some Congregationalists, so that We could not join in the same Act of Worship.-Mr. S. Adams arose and said he was no Bigot, and could hear a Prayer from a Gentleman of Piety and Virtue, who was at the same Time a Friend to his Country. He was a Stranger in Phyladelphia, but had heard that Mr. Duché(Dushay they pronounce it) deserved that Character, and therefore he moved that Mr. Duché, an episcopal Clergyman, might be desired, to read Prayers to the Congress, tomorrow Morning. The Motion was seconded and passed in the Affirmative. Mr. Randolph our President, waited on Mr. Duché, and received for Answer that if his Health would permit, he certainly would. Accordingly next Morning he appeared with his Clerk and in his Pontificallibus, and read several Prayers, in the established Form; and then read the Collect for the seventh day of September, which was the Thirty fifth Psalm. -You must remember this was the next Morning after we heard the horrible Rumour, of the Cannonade of Boston.-I never saw a greater Effect upon an Audience. It seemed as if Heaven had ordained that Psalm to be read on that Morning.

    After this Mr. Duché, unexpected to every Body struck out into an extemporary Prayer, which filled the Bosom of every Man present. I must confess I never heard a better Prayer or one, so well pronounced. Episcopalian as he is, Dr. Cooper himself never prayed with such fervour, such Ardor, such Earnestness and Pathos, and in Language so elegant and sublime-for America, for the Congress, for The Province of Massachusetts Bay, and especially the Town of Boston. It has had an excellent Effect upon every Body here.

    I must beg you to read that Psalm. If there was any Faith in the sortes Virgilianae, or sortes Homericae, or especially the Sortes biblicae, it would be thought providential.

    It will amuse your Friends to read this Letter and the 35th. Psalm. to them. Read it to your Father and Mr. Wibirt.-I wonder what our Braintree Churchmen would think of this?-Mr. Duché is one of the most ingenious Men, and best Characters, and greatest orators in the Episcopal order, upon this Continent-Yet a Zealous Friend of Liberty and his Country.

    I long to see my dear Family. God bless, preserve and prosper it.

    Also published in The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: with a life of the author, notes and illustrations. Boston, 1850-1856. 553 pp. Vol. 2 of 10. Preface and Diary.

  • The Duty of standing fast in our spiritual and temporal liberties: A Sermon, preached in Christ-Church, July 7th, 1775. Before the First Battalion of the city and liberties of Philadelphia; and now published at their request. Philadelphia: Printed and sold by James Humphreys, Junior, the corner of Black-Horse Alley, Front-Street, 1775.
  • Sermon on Liberty. Introduction by David Barton.
  • The American vine: a Sermon, preached in Christ-Church, Philadelphia, before the Honourable Continental Congress, July 20th, 1775. Being the day recommended by them for a general fast throughout the united English colonies of America. Philadelphia: Printed by James Humphreys, Junior, 1775.
  • Washington at Valley Forge, together with the Duché correspondence. Philadelphia: J.M. Butler, 1858. 91 pp., [5] leaves of plates: ill., ports.; 21 cm.
    JACOB DUCHE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
    Asylum, Lambeth, 2 April, 1783.
    SIR,
    Will your Excellency condescend to accept of a few lines from one, who ever was and wishes still to be your sincere friend, who never intentionally sought to give you a moment's pain, who entertains for you the highest personal respect, and would be happy to be assured under your own hand, that he does not labor under your displeasure, but that you freely forgive what a weak judgment, but a very affectionate heart, once presumed to advise? Many circumstances, at present unknown to you, conspired to make me deem it my duty to write to you. Ignorance and simplicity saw not the necessity of your divulging the letter. I am convinced, however, that you could not, in your public station, do otherwise. I cannot say a word in vindication of my conduct but this, that I had been for months before distressed with continual apprehensions for you and all my friends without the British lines.
    I looked upon all as prone; or that nothing could save you, but rescinding the Declaration of Independency. Upon this ground alone I presumed to speak; not to advise an act of base treachery, my soul would have recoiled from the thought; not to surrender your army, or betray the righteous cause of your country, but, at the head of that army, supporting and supported by them, to negotiate with Britain for our constitutional rights.
    Can you then join with my country in pardoning this error of judgment? Will you yet honor me with your great interest and influence, by recommending, at least expressing your approbation of the repeal of an act, that keeps me in a state of banishment from my native country, from the arms of a dear aged father, and the embraces of a numerous circle of valuable and long-loved friends? Your liberal, generous mind, I am persuaded, will never exclude me wholly from your regard for a mere political error; especially, as you must have heard, that, since the date of that letter, I have led a life of perfect retirement, and since my arrival in England have devoted myself wholly to the duties of my profession, and confined my acquaintance to a happy circle of literary and religious friends.
    I have written to my father and many of my friends largely on this subject, requesting them to make such application to the State of Pennsylvania in my behalf, as may be judged necessary and expedient. Should this application be honored with success, I know of nothing that would more effectually satisfy my desires in a matter of such importance to myself and my family, as a line or two from your Excellency, expressive of your approbation of my return. Temporal emoluments are not wanting to induce me to remain for life on this side of the Atlantic. I have been most hospitably received and kindly treated by all ranks of people, and I should be ungrateful not to acknowledge in the strongest terms my obligation to those, who have placed me in the easy and comfortable situation I now enjoy. It is not necessity, therefore, but unalterable affection to my native country, that urges me to seek return. With every good wish and prayer for your best felicity, and my most hearty congratulations on the happy event of peace, I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant,
    JACOB DUCHÉ.

    GEORGE WASHINGTON TO JACOB DUCHÉ.
    Head Quarters, 10 August, 1783.
    SIR,
    I have received your letter of the 2d of April, and, reflecting on its contents, I cannot but say that I am heartily sorry for the occasion which has produced it. Personal enmity I bear none to any man. So far, therefore, as your return to this country depends on my private voice, it would be given in favor of it with cheerfulness. But, removed as I am from the people and policy of the State, in which you formerly resided, and to whose determination your case must be submitted, it is my duty, whatever may be my inclination, to leave its decision to its constitutional judges. Should this be agreeable to your wishes, it cannot fail to meet my entire approbation. I am, &c.
    GEORGE WASHINGTON.


    Duffield, Jr., George
    (1818-1888)

    Author, Presbyterian pastor, hymn-writer. Read more about Duffield here.

    WORKS

    Dwight, Nathaniel
    (1770-1831)

    WORKS

    Dwight, Timothy
    (1752-1817)

    Congregationalist minister, President of Yale. Read more about Dwight here.

    WORKS

    Dyer, Eliphalet
    (1721-1807)

    Lawyer and statesman. Read more about Dyer here.

    WORKS

    Eddy, T. M. (Thomas Mears)
    (1823-1874)

    American clergyman and author.

    WORKS

    Edwards, Jonathan
    (1703-1758)

    Influential preacher. Read more about Edwards here

    WORKS

    Edwards, Jr., Jonathan (The Younger)
    (1745-1801)

    American theologian. Son of Jonathan Edwards (1703-58). President of Union College at Schenectady, N.Y. Read more about Edwards here.

    WORKS

    Eidsmoe, John A.
    (1945- )

    Legal Counsel for the Foundation for Moral Law and teacher of Professional Responsibility for the Oak Brook College of Law. Ordained pastor with the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations; teacher of Apologetics and other subjects for the Free Lutheran Seminary. Colonel, Alabama State Defense Force. Read more about Eidsmoe here. Website here.

    "I am committed to the belief that the Bible is God's inspired and inerrant word, that the Bible is relevant to the issues of today, and that one of today's greatest needs is for the articulation of a comprehensive biblical view of current issues and a comprehensive biblical view of law. I am further committed to the belief that America's constitutional heritage is based on solid biblical principles and that an understanding of this constitutional heritage is essential to the preservation of American freedom. Christianity and the Constitution . . . [is] a detailed study of the religious beliefs of the founders of this nation and the role the United States of America plays in the plan of God. I urge writers in every field of academic discipline to think through their positions carefully, in the light of God's word, the Bible." --Contemporary Authors Online, Thomson Gale, 2007.

    WORKS

    Eisenhower, Dwight D.
    (1890-1969)

    34th President of the United States. See Eisenhower's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Eliot, Andrew
    (1718-1778)

    Boston Clergyman. Read more about Eliot here. "In Election Sermon on May 29, 1765 (the same day Patrick Henry introduced his famous Resolutions in the Virginia legislature against the Stamp Act) delivered before the Royal Governor and the legislature of Massachusetts, he upheld the right of resistance against usurpers and tyranny."

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    Eliot, John
    (1604-1690)

    Clergyman. Read more about Eliot here.

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    Ellsworth, Oliver
    (1745-1807)

    American statesman and jurist. Read more about Ellsworth here.

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    Elwell, John L.
    (20th century)

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    Ely, Ezra Stiles
    (1786-1861)

    Clergyman. Read more about Ely here.

    WORKS

    Emerson, Joseph
    (1777-1833)

    Educator. Read about Emerson here.

    WORKS

    Erskine, John
    (1721-1803)

    Scottish theologian.

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    Erskine, Thomas / 1st Baron Erskine
    (1750-1823)

    Lord Chancellor of England. Read about Erskine here.

    WORKS

    Everett, Alexander Hill
    (1790-1847)

    American author and diplomatist. Read about Everett here.

    WORKS

    Eyre, Francis
    (c.1732-1804)

    Roman Catholic apologist.

    WORKS

    Fairbanks, Charles Warren
    (1852-1918)

    American statesman. Vice President under Theodore Roosevelt. Read about Fairbanks here and here.

    WORKS

    Fillmore, President Millard
    (1800-1874)

    See President Fillmore's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Finney, Charles Grandison
    (1792-1875)

    Evangelist and preacher. Read The Autobiography of Charles G. Finney here and here. Disclaimer: Finney is said to hold Peleganist views.

    WORKS

    Fiske, John
    (1842-1901)

    American historical, philosophical and scientific writer. Read about Fiske here. Disclaimer: Fiske was a proponent of Darwinism.

    WORKS

    Ford, President Gerald R.
    (1913-2006)

    See President Ford's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Fordyce, David
    (c. 1711-1751)

    Scottish philosopher. Read about Fordyce here.

    WORKS

    Fortenberry, Bill
    (fl. 21st Century)

    Author from Birmingham, Alabama.

    WORKS

    Foster, Daniel
    (c. 1750-1795)

    Pastor.

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    Foster, John
    (1763-1829)

    Author and minister. Read more about Foster here.

    WORKS

    Franklin, Benjamin
    (1706-1790)

    A Founding Father of the United States of America. Author, printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. While he is considered to be a universalist, we include him here because he did promote Christian values. Read more about Franklin here, here, here, and in The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

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    Fransioli, Joseph
    (1817-1890)

    Catholic clergyman. Read more about Fransioli here.

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    Fraser, Donald
    (1755?-1820)

    Apologist.

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    Frelinghuysen, Theodore
    (1787-1862)

    Attorney-general of New Jersey from 1817 to 1829, was a United States senator from New Jersey in 1829-1835, was the Whig candidate for vice-president on the Clay ticket in 1844, and was Chancellor of the university of New York in 1839-1850 and President of Rutgers College in 1850-1862. President of the American Bible Society, 1845-1862. Read more about Frelinghuysen here, here and here.

    WORKS

    French, Jonathan
    (1740-1809)

    Pastor at South Church, Andover, 1772-1809, and was a trustee of Phillips Academy. Read more about French here.

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    Frothingham, N. L. (Nathaniel Langdon)
    (1793-1870)

    Disclaimer: American Unitarian clergyman.

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    Gage, Thomas
    (1721-1787)

    British governor and general. Read more about Gage here.

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    Galloway, Charles B. (Betts)
    (1849-1909)

    Bishop. Read about Galloway here.

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    Gannett, Ezra S. (Ezra Stiles)
    (1801-1871)

    Minister. Disclaimer: Reputed to be Unitarian. Read more about Gannett here.

    WORKS

    Gardiner, Samuel Rawson
    (1829-1902)

    English historian. Read about Gardiner here.

    WORKS

    Garfield, President James
    (1831-1881)

    See President Garfield's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Gentz, Friedrich von
    (1764-1832)

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    Gest, John Marshall
    (1859-1934)

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    Gill, John
    (1697-1771)

    Bible expositor. Read about Gill here.

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    Gleason, Joseph
    (d. 1820)

    Compositor of the Independent Chronicle in Boston. Read about Gleason here.

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    Goddard, Edwin C.
    (1865-1942)

    Professor of law at the University of Michigan. Read about Goddard here.

    WORKS

    Gooch, G. P. (George Peabody)
    (1873-1968)

    British journalist, historian and Liberal Party politician. He became a Companion of Honour in 1939, and a member of the Order of Merit in 1963. Read about Gooch here.

    WORKS

    Goodman, Christopher
    (1520?-1603)

    Church of England clergyman and "radical Protestant thinker."

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    Goodrich, Charles A. (Charles Augustus)
    (1793-1860)

    American author and Congregational minister. Read about Goodrich here and here.

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    Goodrich, Elizur
    (1734-1797)

    Pastor of the Church of Christ in Durham, Connecticut.

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    Goodwin, Henry Martyn
    (1820-1893)

    Editor. Read about Goodwin here.

    WORKS

    Gordon, William
    (1728-1807)

    Independent minister. Read about Gordon in The Dictionary of National Biography by Stephen Leslie.

    WORKS

    Gorham, Nathaniel
    (1738-1796)

    8th President of the U.S. in Congress Assembled. Read about Gorham here, here and here.

    WORKS

    The Gospel Messenger, and Southern Episcopal Register
    (1827-1835)

    [Charleston, S.C.: A.E. Miller], Vol. 4, no. 37 (Jan. 1827)-v. 12, no. 133 (Jan. 1835).; 8 v. ; 23 cm. Other Titles: Gospel messenger, and Protestant Episcopal register; v. 12. Preceding Title: Gospel messenger, and Southern Christian register; (DLC)sf 88091485; (OCoLC)6168705. Succeeding Title: Gospel messenger, and Protestant Episcopal register; (DLC)sf 88091489; (OCoLC)6177663.

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    Goucher, John Franklin
    (1845-1922)

    College president, Baltimore, MD. Read about Goucher here and here.

    WORKS

    Grant, Ulysses S.
    (1822-1855)

    See President Grant's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Gray, Edward
    (1764-1810)

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    Gray, John Chipman
    (1793-1881)

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    Gray, Robert
    (1809-1872)

    Bishop. Learn more about Gray here.

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    Gray, William Henry
    (1810-1889)

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    Green, Ashbel
    (1762-1848)

    American Presbyterian minister and academic. Read about Green at the Pennsylvania Bible Society.

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    Greene, M. Louise
    (Fl. 20th Century)

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    Greene, Richard Gleason
    (1829-1914)

    American editor and clergyman. Read about Greene here.

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    Greenleaf, Simon
    (1783-1853)

    Legal apologist. Learn more about Greenleaf here. See the endorsement of Greenleaf's work by Abraham Lincoln here and by Henry Dawson here. Disclaimer: Greenleaf is known to have been associated with Freemasonry.

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    Griffith, Carol
    (1941- )

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    Grimke, Francis J.
    (1850-1937)

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    Grotius, Hugo
    (1583-1645)

    Jurist. Read more about Grotius here and here.

    WORKS

    Gurney, Joseph John
    (1788-1847)

    Theologian, reformer. Read more about Gurney here, here and here.

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    Hakluyt, Richard
    (c. 1552 or 1553 - 1616)

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    Hall, Mark David
    (1966-)

    Hall is Herbert Hoover Distinguished Professor of Political Science at George Fox University. Read about Hall here.

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    Hamilton, Alexander
    (1757-1804)

    American statesman and economist. Read about Hamilton here, here, and here.

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    Hamilton, Sarah
    (1745-1806)

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    Hancock, John
    (1737-1793)

    Major name American founder. Read about Hancock here.

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    Harris, Henry/King's Chapel
    (Fl. 18th Century)

    Boston, Massachusetts.

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    Harrison, President Benjamin
    (1833-1901)

    See President Harrison's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Harrison, President William Henry
    (1773-1841)

    See President Harrison's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Hart, Oliver
    (1723-1795)

    Baptist preacher during the American Revolution. Read about Hart here.

    WORKS

    Hartford Courant
    (1826-)

    Hartford, Connecticut. Connecticut Courant, No. 1 (Nov. 19, 1764)-no. 492 (May 31, 1774). Published as: Connecticut courant and the weekly advertiser; Nov. 10, 1766-Apr. 6, 1767. The Connecticut courant and Hartford weekly intelligencer. No. 493 (June 7, 1774)-no. 681 (Feb. 10, 1778).; Connecticut Courant; No. 682 (Feb. 17, 1778).; The Connecticut courant, and the weekly intelligencer, No. 683 (Feb. 24, 1778)-no. 1364 (Mar. 14, 1791).; Daily courant, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Sept. 12, 1837)-v. 3, no. 308 (Dec. 31, 1839).; Hartford daily courant, Vol. 4, no. 1 (Jan. 2, 1840)-v. 51, no. 160 (July 8, 1887).; 57-77 cm. The Hartford Courant, Vol. 50 [i.e. 51], no. 161 (July 9, 1887)- present.

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    Harvard University
    (Est. 1636)

    Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.

    WORKS

    Haskell, Thomas Nelson
    (1826-1906)

    Preacher.

    WORKS

    Hayes, President Rutherford B.
    (1822-1893)

    See President Hayes's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Haynes, Dudley C.
    (19th century)

    Pastor.

    WORKS

    Headley, Joel Tyler
    (1813-1897)

    Writer. Historian. Read about Headley here.

    WORKS

    Henry, Patrick
    (1736-1799)

    American Founding Father. Read more about Henry here.

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    Higginson, John
    (1616-1708)

    American minister and schoolmaster.

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    Hitchcock, Enos
    (1744-1803)

    Doctor and chaplain during the American Revolution. Member of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. Learn more about Hitchcock here.

    WORKS

    Hitchcock, Gad
    (1719-1803)

    Minister. Disclaimer: Unitarian. Learn more about Hitchcock in Annals of the American Pulpit: Unitarian Congregational. 1865 by William Buell Sprague.

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    Hoffman, David
    (1784-1854)

    Lawyer. Learn more about Hoffman here

    WORKS

    Holding, James Patrick
    (Fl. 20th-21st Century)

    President, Tekton Apologetics Ministries. Read more about Holding here.

    WORKS

    Holmes, John S. (John Summers)
    (1823-1892)

    Baptist minister.

    WORKS

    Holmes, Uriel
    (1741-1809)

    American colonel under General George Washington.

    WORKS

    Holyoke, Edward
    (1689-1769)

    Clergyman. Read about Holyoke here.

    WORKS

    Hooker, Richard
    (1554-1600)

    Preacher. Read more about Hooker here.

    WORKS

    Hooker, Thomas
    (1586-1647)

    Puritan clergyman in the American colonies, chief founder of Hartford, Conn. Author of the world's first written constitution. Read about Hooker here.

    WORKS

    Hoover, President Herbert
    (1874-1964)

    See President Hoover's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Hopkins, John Henry
    (1792-1868)

    Theologian. Read more about Hopkins here.

    WORKS

    Hopkins, Samuel
    (1721-1803)

    Theologian. Read more about Hopkins here.

    WORKS

    Hopkinson, Francis
    (1737-1791)

    American musician, poet, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Read about Hopkinson here.

    WORKS

    Horne, George
    (1730-1792)

    English divine. Read more about Horne here.

    WORKS

    Hough, Franklin Benjamin
    (1822-1885)

    Scientist, physician, historian and first chief of the United States Division of Forestry. Read more about Hough here and here.

    WORKS

    Howell, David
    (1747-1824)

    Congressman. Read more about Howell here.

    WORKS

    Hudson, Raymond M.
    (Fl. 20th Century)

    Washington D.C. attorney.

    WORKS

    Hulbert, Archer Butler
    (1873-1933)

    Historian.

    WORKS

    Huntington, F. D. (Frederic Dan)
    (1819-1904)

    American clergyman and the first Protestant Episcopal bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York. Read about Huntington here.

    WORKS

    Jackson, President Andrew
    (1767-1845)

    See President Jackson's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Jay, John
    (1745-1829)

    "Founding Father John Jay was appointed by President George Washington as the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Jay had a very distinguished history of public service. He was a member of the Continental Congress (1774-76, 1778-79) and served as President of Congress (1778-79); he helped write the New York State constitution (1777); he authored the first manual on military discipline (1777); he served as Chief-Justice of New York Supreme Court (1777-78); he was appointed minister to Spain (1779); he signed the final peace treaty with Great Britain (1783); and he was elected as Governor of New York (1795-1801). Jay is also famous as one of the three coauthors, along with James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, of the Federalist Papers, which were instrumental in securing the ratification of the federal Constitution. John Jay was a strong Christian, serving both as vice-president of the American Bible Society (1816-21) and its president (1821-27), and he was a member of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions."--David Barton.
    Read about Jay here.

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    Jay, William
    (1789-1858)

    American reformer, jurist, and the son of Founding Father and first U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay. Read about Jay in here.

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    Jefferson, President Thomas
    (1743-1826)

    See President Jefferson's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Jellinek, Georg
    (1851-1911)

    "German legal historian and theorist who wrote on human and civil rights, electoral law, and the rights of minorities in the late 19th century. His history of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen shows the influence of the declarations of the individual colonies, such as Virginia, had on its formulation."-Online Library of Liberty. Read about Jellinek in The New International Encyclopædia, Volume 12.

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    Johnson, Lorenzo Dow
    (1805-1867)

    Author.

    WORKS

    Johnson, President Lyndon B.
    (1908-1973)

    See President Johnson's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Johnson, Paul
    (1928- )

    Journalist. Read more about Johnson here.

    WORKS

    Johnson, Stephen
    (1724-1786)

    Clergyman.

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    Johnson, William Samuel
    (1727-1819)

    Connecticut jurist and statesman. Signer of the U.S. Constitution. His father was Samuel Johnson, the well-known Anglican clergyman, Berkeleian philosopher, and first president of King's College, New York. Read about Johnson here, here, here and here.

    WORKS

    Jones, Charles Colcock, Jr.
    (1831-1893)

    Georgia historian.

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    Journals of the Continental Congress

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    Judson, L. Carroll
    (Fl. 19th Century)

    Biographer.

    WORKS

    Keith, Isaac Stockton
    (1755-1813)

    Presbyterian pastor. Read more about Keith here.

    WORKS

    Kelley, William Darrah
    (1814-1890)

    American congressman and abolitionist. Read more about Kelley here.

    WORKS

    Kennedy, James Harrison
    (1849-1934)

    Jurist

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    Kennedy, President John Fitzgerald
    (1917-1963)

    See President Kennedy's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Kent, James
    (1763-1847)

    Jurist and commentator on law. Read more about Kent here.

    WORKS

    Key, Francis Scott
    (1779-1843)

    American patriot. Read about Key here

    WORKS

    King, James M.
    (1829-1907)

    New York Minister.

    WORKS

    Kingsbury, Harmon
    (1826-1868)

    Cleveland merchant, abolitionist, reformer and publisher.

    WORKS

    Knapp, Samuel
    (1783-1838)

    Disclaimer: Knapp is known to have been associated with Freemasonry. Learn more about Knapp here.

    WORKS

    Knox, Henry
    (1750-1806)

    American general. Learn more about Knox here, here, and here.

    WORKS

    Knox, Samuel
    (1755/56-1832)

    Presbyterian minister. Read about Knox here, here and from The educational views and influence of Samuel Knox, a dissertation by Ashley Foster, Thesis (Ph. D.)--New York University, 1951.

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    Lamennais, Félicité Robert de,. / La Mennais, Frédéric de
    (1782-1854)

    French Roman Catholic apologist. Priest. Philosopher. Read more about Abbé Lamennais here, and here.

    WORKS

    Langdon, Samuel
    (1723-1797)

    Clergyman. Read more about Langdon here.

    WORKS

    Lathrop, John
    (1772-1820)

    Clergyman. Disclaimer: Lathrop was associated with Freemasonry.

    WORKS

    Lathrop, John
    (1740-1816)

    Pastor of the Second Church in Boston, Massachusetts.

    WORKS

    Lathrop, Joseph
    (1731-1820)

    Pastor of the First Church in West Springfield, Massachusetts. Read more about Lathrop here.

    WORKS

    Lecky, William Edward Hartpole
    (1838-1903)

    Irish historian. Read about Lecky here.

    WORKS

    Lee, Andrew
    (1745-1832)

    Minister.

    WORKS

    Lee, Richard Henry
    (1732-1794)

    Statesman. Read more about Lee here and here.

    WORKS

    Leigh, Benjamin Watkins
    (1781-1849)

    Lawyer and politician. Read more about Leigh here and here.

    WORKS

    Lewis, Isaac
    (1746-1840)

    WORKS

    Lincoln, President Abraham
    (1809-1865)

    See President Lincoln's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Lincoln, Benjamin
    (1733-1810)

    American Revolutionary War general. Learn more about Lincoln here and here.

    WORKS

    Linn, William
    (1752-1808)

    Clergyman. President pro tem of Rutgers. Read more about Linn here and here.

    WORKS

    Livingston, Philip
    (1716-1778)

    Episcopalian, Presbyterian. Delegate from New Jersey. Read about Livingston here, here, here and here.

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    Livingston, William
    (1723-1790)

    Governor of New Jersey during the American Revolution. Read more about Livingston here, here, here and here.

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    Locke, John
    (1632-1704)

    English philosopher. Learn more about Locke here and from his entry in this list of scientists of Christian faith.

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    Lorimer, James
    (1818-1890)

    Philosopher. Read more about Lorimer here.

    WORKS

    Lossing, Benson John
    (1813-1891)

    Historian. Read more about Lossing here and here.

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    Lynd, S. W.

    Baptist minister.

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    Lyon, James
    (1814-1882)

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    Macclintock, Samuel
    (1732-1804)

    Congregationalist pastor. Read more about Macclintock here.

    WORKS

    MacDonald, William
    (1863-1938)

    Professor of history. Read about MacDonald here.

    WORKS

    Mackintosh, Sir James
    (1765-1832)

    Scottish jurist and historian. Read about Mackintosh here and here.

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    Madison, President James
    (1751-1836)

    See President Madison's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Madison, James
    (1749-1812)

    Philosopher and mathematician. Read more about Bishop Madison here. Scroll to the bottom of the page

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    Magoon, Elias Lyman
    (1810-1886)

    Clergyman. Read more about Magoon here.

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    Marchant, Henry
    (1741-1796)

    American founding father and signer of the Articles of Confederation. Lawyer from Newport, Rhode Island and United States federal judge. Read about Marchant here, Marchant Family Collection at Martha's Vineyard (PDF), here,and here.

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    Marsh, Herbert
    (1757-1830)

    English divine. Read about Marsh here.

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    Marshall, James V.
    (c. 1856)

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    Mathews, James McFarlane
    (1785-1870)

    New York clergyman. Educator. Founder of the University of New York. Read about Mathews here and in Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volume 4 by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske.

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    Maynwaring, Roger
    (1589/90-1653)

    Bishop of St David's.

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    McCrory, J. T.
    (1846-1923)

    Pastor of the Third United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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    McGuffey, William Holmes
    (1800-1873)

    American educator. Read more about McGuffey here, here, and here.

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    McCulloch, John
    (fl. 1785-1787)

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    McHenry, James
    (1753-1816)

    American statesman. Signer of the United States Constitution and the namesake of Fort McHenry, the bombardment of which inspired The Star-Spangled Banner. Delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland, and the third United States Secretary of War from January 27, 1796 to May 13, 1800, under Presidents George Washington and John Adams. Read about McHenry here, here, and here.

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    McKinley, President William
    (1843-1901)

    See President McKinley's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    M'Knight, John
    (1754-1823)

    American historian. Civil engineer. Read about McMaster here, here, here and here.

    WORKS

    McKeen, Joseph
    (1757-1807)

    Pastor. First president of Bowdoin College of Brunswick, Maine. Read about McKeen here.

    WORKS

    McMaster, John Bach
    (1852-1932)

    American historian. Civil engineer. Read about McMaster here, here, here and here.

    WORKS

    Meade, William
    (1789-1862)

    Episcopal bishop. Read more about Meade here.

    WORKS

    Miller, Samuel
    (1769-1850)

    Presbyterian minister.

    WORKS

    Mitchel, Jonathan
    (1624-1668)

    New England reverend. Read about Mitchel here.

    WORKS

    Monroe, President James
    (1758-1831)

    See President Monroe's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Montana Historical Society

    WORKS

    Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de
    (1689-1755)

    French writer, philosopher and publicist. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: "His magnum opus, the enormous The Spirit of the Laws (1750), contained an original classification of governments by their manner of conducting policy, an argument for the separation of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers, and a celebrated but less influential theory of the political influence of climate. The work profoundly influenced European and American political thought and was relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution." Read more about Baron Montesquieu here, and here.

    WORKS

    Monthly Review
    (1792-1799)

    London: Printed for R. Griffiths, by A. Strahan.

    WORKS

    Moore, Frank
    (c. 1860)

    WORKS

    Moore, John
    (1616-1714)

    Preacher.

    WORKS

    Moore, Richard Channing
    (1762-1841)

    Bishop of the Episcopal Church's Diocese of Virginia. Read more about Moore here

    WORKS

    The Morning Chronicle
    (June 28, 1769-March 2, 1865)

    Published in London, England: J. Lambert.

    WORKS

    Morris, B. F. (Benjamin Franklin)
    (1810-1867)

    WORKS

    Morris, Gouverneur
    (1752-1816)

    American statesman, delegate of Pennsylvania to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States. Read about Morris here, here, and here. President John Adams on Morris, June 22, 1779. John Adams diary 29, 12 March - 31 July 1779: "In the Evening I fell into Chat with the Chevalier. He asked me, about Governeur Morris. I said it was his Christian Name -- that he was not Governor. The Chevalier said He had heard of him as an able Man. I said he was a young Man, chosen into Congress since I left it. That I had sat some Years with his Elder Brother in Congress. That Governeur was a Man of Wit, of and made pretty Verses -- but of a Character trs legere."

    WORKS

    Morris, Martin
    (1834-1909)

    Lecturer in law.

    WORKS

    Morrison, Charles Robert
    (1819-1893)

    Lawyer.

    WORKS

    Morse, Jedidiah
    (1761-1826)

    "Father of American Geography." Clergyman. Historian. Read more about Morse here and here.

    WORKS

    Morton, John
    (1714 or 15-1780)

    English Tory politician, appointed Chief Justice of Chester in November 1762.

    WORKS

    Morton, Nathaniel
    (1613-1686)

    Secretary of Plymouth Colony.

    WORKS

    Motte, Mellish Irving
    (1801-1881)

    Reverend.

    WORKS

    Munday, Jr., John C.
    (Fl. 21st Century)

    Professor of Natural Science at Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Read about Munday here

    WORKS

    Murray, James
    (1732-1782)

    Read about Murray Dictionary of National Biography, v. 39, edited by Sir Leslie Stephen.

    WORKS

    Nell, William C. (William Cooper)
    (1816-1874)

    Civic activist, abolitionist, and historian. Read about Nell here

    WORKS

    New York Evangelist
    (1830-1856)

    A Presbyterian weekly newspaper founded in 1832 to promote revivals, temperance and other reforms. Joshua Leavitt, anti-slavery advocate, was editor from 1832 to 1837. He later edited the Emancipator, of the Anti-Slavery Society. During the Civil War period, The Evangelist was a strong anti-slavery publication. A wide variety of magazines and books are reviewed, including Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine. News for farmers, scientific news, bills in Congress, foreign religious news, progress of the gospel, and occupations for women are a few of the topics included. Cf. American periodicals, 1741-1900./ Editor: <1830>-, J. Leavitt./ Imprint varies: 1830-, New York : N.C. Saxton and Co.; <1874>-1893, Henry M. Field./

    WORKS

    Niles, Hezekiah
    (1777-1839)

    Editor and publisher Quaker nationalist. Read more about Niles here, and here and in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 10 , edited by Thomas Spencer Baynes.

    WORKS

    Nixon, President Richard M.
    (1913-1994)

    See President Nixon's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Norris, Chuck
    (1940- )

    American martial artist, action star and television and film actor. Read about Norris here.

    WORKS

    Norris, Henry
    (c. 1837)

    Clergyman.

    WORKS

    Norton, Andrews
    (1786-1853)

    Preacher. Disclaimer: Although Norton was Unitarian, these particular works are cited by orthodox Christians such as Simon Greenleaf, Moses Stuart, et al.

    WORKS

    Nott, Eliphalet
    (1773-1866)

    Presbyterian minister, inventor, educational pioneer, and long-term president of Union College. Read about Nott here and here.

    WORKS

    Nowell, Samuel
    (1634-1688)

    Chaplain. Tutor, Fellow and Treasurer at Harvard. Read about Nowell in the Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 41, p. 250.

    WORKS

    O'Brien, Thomas Dillon
    (1859-1935)

    Attorney. Justice of Minnesota State Supreme Court. Read about O'Brien here.

    WORKS

    Ogden, Uzal
    (1744-1822)

    Minister. Learn more about Ogden here.

    WORKS

    Otis, James
    (1725-1783)

    Patriot. Read more about Otis here, and here.

    WORKS

    Parker, Samuel
    (1744-1804)

    Episcopal bishop. Read more about Parker here.

    WORKS

    Parker, Samuel Dunn
    (1780-1873)

    Boston attorney.

    WORKS

    Parkman, Francis
    (c. 1552 or 1553 - 1616)

    WORKS

    Parsons, David
    (1749-1823)

    Clergyman. Read more about Parsons here.

    WORKS

    Parsons, Theophilus
    (1749-1813)

    Chief Justice Supreme Court of Massachusetts. Read more about Parsons here, here and here.

    WORKS

    Parsons, Theophilus
    (1797-1882)

    WORKS

    Paterson, William
    (1745-1806)

    Congressman. Served as secretary to New Jersey's Provincial Congress before being named Attorney General in 1776, a position to which he served until 1783. Between 1780 and 1781 he served as a member of the Continental Congress. He was elected to the U.S. Senate from 1789-1790 and then became Governor of New Jersey until 1793. In 1793 he was appointed Justice of the United States Supreme Court until his death in 1806. Read more about Paterson here and here.

    WORKS

    Pearlston, Carl
    (Fl. 21st Century)

    Los Angeles-area attorney. Former regional board member of the Anti-Defamation League.

    WORKS

    Peck, Jesse Truesdell
    (1811-1883)

    American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. One of the founders of Syracuse University. Read about Peck here and here.

    WORKS

    Peirce, Benjamin
    (1809-1880)

    Harvard mathematician. Read more about Peirce here.

    WORKS

    Penn, William
    (1644-1718)

    Founder of Pennsylvania. Read more about Governor Penn here and here and here.

    WORKS

    Perry, William Stevens
    (1832-1898)

    American Protestant Episcopal bishop and educator. Read about Perry in the New International Encyclopedia, Volume 18.

    WORKS

    Petrie, George
    (1866-1947)

    American scholar and educator at Auburn University. Petrie is perhaps best known as the author of the Auburn Creed:


    Pickering, Timothy
    (1745-1829)

    American statesman. Read about Pickeringhere, here and here. His son, John Pickering (1777-1846),was a founder of the American Oriental Society and published an excellent Comprehensive Dictionary of the Greek Language (1826). Timothy Pickering's grandson, Charles Pickering (1805-1878), wrote The Races of Man and their Geographical Distribution (1848), Geographical Distribution of Animals and Man (1854), Geographical Distribution of Plants (1861) and Chronological History of Plants (1879). Disclaimer: "He had been brought up in the belief of the doctrine of the Trinity, and never heard the truth of it called in question until after he had joined the army in 1777; when one day he was startled by the remark of the late Peter S. Du Ponceau, on some questionable statement, that 'he would as soon believe the doctrine of the Trinity.' This induced Mr. Pickering to read on the subject, and he thereupon became, and continued through life, a Unitarian. Without bigotry, he was a reverent believer in Christianity, never trifling with things sacred."--Life of Timothy Pickering, vol. 1, p. 35.

    WORKS

    Pierce, President Franklin
    (1804-1869)

    See President Pierce's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham
    (1708-1778)

    British statesman. Read more about the Earl of Chatham here.

    WORKS

    Pitt, William
    (1759-1806)

    Related British statesman. Read more about Pitt here.

    WORKS

    Polk, President James K.
    (1795-1849)

    See President Polk's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Porter, Eliphalet
    (1758-1833)

    Congregational clergyman "of Unitarian tendency." Read about Porter in the Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature, Volume 8, by John McClintock and James Strong.

    WORKS

    Powers, Peter
    (1728-1800)

    WORKS

    Price, Richard
    (1723-1791)

    Welsh moral and political philosopher. D.D. L.L.D. and fellow of the Royal Society of London, and of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in New-England. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, "He had from the first been strongly opposed to the war, and in 1776 he published a pamphlet entitled Observations on Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War with America. Several thousand copies of this work were sold within a few days; a cheap edition was soon issued; the pamphlet was extolled by one set of politicians and abused by another; amongst its critics were Dr Markham, archbishop of York, John Wesley, and Edmund Burke; and Price rapidly became one of the best known men in England. He was presented with the freedom of the city of London, and it is said that his pamphlet had no inconsiderable share in determining the Americans to declare their independence. A second pamphlet on the war with America, the debts of Great Britain, and kindred topics followed in the spring of 1777. His name thus became identified with the cause of American independence. He was the intimate friend of Franklin; he corresponded with Turgot; and in the winter of 1778 he was invited by Congress to go to America and assist in the financial administration of the states. This offer he refused from unwillingness to quit his own country and his family connexions. In 1781 he received the degree of D.D. from Yale College." Learn more about Price here, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1898 edition.

    WORKS

    Prince, Thomas
    (1687-1758)

    Clergyman. Read more about Prince here.

    WORKS

    Princeton University
    (Chartered 1746)

    Fourth-oldest college in the United States. Learn more about Princeton here.

    WORKS

    Proctor, L. B. / Lucien Brock
    (b. 1826)

    Attorney. Learn more about Proctor here.

    WORKS

    Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr von
    (1632-1694)

    German jurist. Read more about Pufendorf here.

    WORKS

    Putnam, Rufus
    (1738-1824)

    American soldier and pioneer. Read more about Putnam here, here, and here.

    WORKS

    Quarterly Christian Spectator
    (1829-1838)

    New Haven: A.H. Maltby, 1829-1838. 23 cm. Vol. 1, no. 1 (Mar. 1829)-v. 10 (Nov. 1838).

    WORKS

    The Quarterly Register
    (1831-1837)

    Boston: Perkins & Marvin, 1831-1837. Vol. 4, no. 1 (Aug. 1831)-v. 9, no. 4 (May 1837); 6 v.: ill.; 23 cm. Other Titles: Quarterly register (American Education Society); American Quarterly register Preceding Title: Quarterly Register of the American Education Society; (DLC)sf 89091698; (OCoLC)10132505; Succeeding Title: American Quarterly Register; (DLC)sf 89091696; (OCoLC)10132678.

    WORKS

    Raithby, John
    (1766-1826)

    Lawyer. Read about Raithby in the Dictionary of National Biography.

    WORKS

    Ramsay, David
    (1749-1815)

    American Congressman, physician and historian. OCLC Bio/History from David Ramsay Papers: David Ramsay was born April 2, 1749 in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania where he was a friend and student of the physician Benjamin Rush. After practicing medicine in Maryland for one year, he moved to Charleston, South Carolina, where he immersed himself in local politics and society. He served as a member of the Charleston Council of Safety, member of the South Carolina legislature and Privy Council, Continental Congress, and United States Congress. Ramsay was an early member of the newly formed Medical Society of South Carolina and was elected president in 1798. He was an early advocate for the creation of a Medical College of South Carolina in Charleston. He authored numerous works on medicine and history, including A dissertation on the means of preserving health in Charleston and the Lowcountry (1796) and The history of the revolution of South-Carolina, from a British province to an independent state (1785). On May 8, 1815 he was shot dead on Broad Street in Charleston by an unstable patient whose insanity he had certified previously. Read about Ramsay here and here.

    "Biographical memoir of David Ramsay, M.D., from the Analectic magazine", by R.Y. Hayne (1791-1839): "We proceed to consider Dr. Ramsay as an author. It is in this character he is best known and most distinguished. His reputation was not only well established in every part of the United States, but had extended to Europe. Few men in America have written more, and perhaps no one has written better. The citizens of the United States have long regarded him as the father of history in the New World: and he has always been ranked among those on whom America must depend for her literary character. He was admirably calculated by nature, education, and habit, to become the historian of his country. He possessed a memory so tenacious, that an impression once made on it could never be erased. The minutest circumstances of his early youth, facts and dates relative to every incident of his own life, and all public events, were indelibly engraven on his memory. He was, in truth, a living chronicle." Published in History of the United States, from their first settlement as English colonies, in 1607, to the year 1808, or, the thirty-third of their Sovereignity and Independence. 2nd edition, revised and corrected. Volume 1 of 3, 1816, p. xiii.

    WORKS

    Randolph, John
    (1773-1833)

    Statesman. Read more about Randolph here.

    WORKS

    Rankin, J. E. (Jeremiah Eames)
    (1828-1904)

    Pastor, First Congregational Church, Washington, D.C. Chaplin to the U.S. House of Representatives. Read about Rankin here and in the National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time, volume 5, Published by J. T. White company, 1894.

    WORKS

    Raumer, Frederick von / Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von
    (1781-1873)

    Professor of History in the University of Berlin. Read more about Von Raumer here.

    WORKS

    Reagan, President Ronald
    (1911-2004)

    See President Reagan's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Rehnquist, Chief Justice William H.
    (1924-2005)

    Read more about Rehnquist here and here.

    WORKS

    Reid, Richard
    (19th century)

    WORKS

    The Religious Intelligencer
    (1816-1837)

    New Haven, Connecticut. Published by Nathan Whiting. Vol. 1, no. 1 (June 1, 1816)-v. 22, no. 19 (Oct. 7, 1837).; 22 v.: ill.; 22 cm. 833 pp.

    WORKS

    Riland, John
    (1736?-1822)

    WORKS

    Robbins, Ammi Ruhamah
    (1740-1813)

    Poet. Read more about Rochester here

    WORKS

    Robinson, John
    (1575?-1625)

    Puritan pastor. Read more about Robinson here

    WORKS

    Rochester, John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of
    (1647-1680)

    Poet. Read more about Rochester here

    WORKS

    Rogers, Henry Wade
    (1853-1926)

    Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1913 to 1926. Read about Judge Rogers here, here and in Who's who in New England: a biographical dictionary of leading living men, edited by Albert Nelson Marquis.

    WORKS

    Rogers, Thomas Jones
    (1781-1832)

    Representative from Philadelphia. Read about Rogers here and here.

    WORKS

    Roosevelt, President Franklin D.
    (1882-1945)

    See President Roosevelt's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Roosevelt, President Theodore
    (1858-1919)

    See President Roosevelt's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Roscoe, Henry
    (1800-1836)

    Legal writer and biographer.

    WORKS

    Rush, Benjamin
    (1745-1813)

    American founder. civic leader in Philadelphia, physician, politician, social reformer, educator and humanitarian. Founder of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Member of the Continental Congress. Signer of the Declaration of Independence. Surgeon General in the Continental army. Professor of chemistry, medical theory, and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania. Read more about Rush here and here.

    WORKS

    Schaff, Philip
    (1819-1893)

    WORKS

    The Scotsman
    (January 25, 1817-Present)

    Published in Edinburgh, Scotland.

    WORKS

    Scott, Thomas
    (1747-1821)

    Clergyman. One of the founders of the Church Missionary Society. Bible commentator. Read more about Scott here.

    WORKS

    Senseman, Abraham Henry
    (b. 1816)

    WORKS

    Serle, Ambrose
    (1742-1812)

    English civil servant.

    WORKS

    Sewall, Samuel
    (1652-1730)

    American jurist. Read more about Sewall here.

    WORKS

    Seward, William H.
    (1801-1872)

    U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Senator and Governor of New York. Read more about Seward here and here.

    WORKS

    Sharp, Granville
    (1735-1813)

    British abolitionist and classicist. Read more about Sharp here and here.

    WORKS

    Shaw, Duncan
    (1727-1794)

    Church of Scotland minister.

    WORKS

    Shaw, Thomas, Baron
    (1850-1937)

    WORKS

    Shepard, Thomas
    (1605-1649)

    Clergyman. Learn more about Shepard here

    WORKS

    Sherman, Roger
    (1721-1793)

    American lawyer and politician. Signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. Read about Sherman here, here, here, here, and here.

    WORKS

    Sherwood, Samuel
    (1730-1783)

    Connecticut preacher during the American Revolution. Read about Sherwood Prophetic Faith of our Fathers, Vol 3, by LeRoy E. Froom.

    WORKS

    Sidney, Algernon
    (1622-1683)

    Philosopher. Read about Sidney here.

    John Quincy Adams:

    WORKS

    Silliman, Benjamin
    (1779-1864)

    Geologist. Read more about Silliman here.

    WORKS

    Simpson, David
    (1745-1799)

    Anglican priest.

    WORKS

    Skelton, Philip
    (1707-1787)

    Church of Ireland clergyman.

    WORKS

    Smith, Adam
    (1723-1790)

    Philosopher. Read more about Smith here.

    WORKS

    Smith, Caleb
    (1723-1762)

    Presbyterian minister.

    WORKS

    Smith, Elias
    (1769-1846)

    Author. Editor, Christian Magazine, a quarterly, in 1805-1807, and in 1808 began the Herald of Religious Liberty. Read about Smith here. Disclaimer: Smith was a Unitarian.

    WORKS

    Smith, Mary Ettie
    (19th century)

    WORKS

    Smith, Robert
    (1723-1793)

    Minister.

    WORKS

    Smith, Samuel Stanhope
    (1751-1819)

    Clergyman and college president.

    WORKS

    Smith, William
    (1727-1803)

    Clergyman.

    WORKS

    Smith, William
    (1728-1793)

    WORKS

    Smith, William Loughton
    (1758-1812)

    Attorney and Representative from South Carolina. Read about Senator Smith here and here.

    WORKS

    Sprague, William Buell
    (1795-1876)

    Pastor. Read more about Sprague here.

    WORKS

    Spring, Gardiner
    (1785-1873)

    American minister and author. Read about Spring here and here.

    WORKS

    Stansbury, Arthur J.
    (1781-1845)

    WORKS

    State of Connecticut

    WORKS

    State of Delaware

    WORKS

    State of Maryland

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    State of Massachusetts

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    State of New Jersey

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    State of Ohio

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    State of Pennsylvania

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    State of Vermont

    WORKS

    Steiner, Bernard Christian
    (1867-1926)

    WORKS

    von Steuben, Baron Frederick William Augustus
    (1730-1794)

    German general and trainer of the early American army. Read more about Baron von Steuben here, here, here and here.

    WORKS


    Stillman, Samuel
    (1738-1807)

    Reverend. Read more about Stillman here.

    WORKS

    Stokes, David R.
    (1742-1797)

    Wall Street Journal bestselling author, ordained minister, commentator, broadcaster, and columnist. Read more about Stokes here.

    WORKS

    Stone, Timothy
    (1742-1797)

    American divine and author.

    WORKS

    Story, Joseph
    (1779-1845)

    Supreme Court justice. Read more about Story here and here.

    WORKS

    Stowe, C. E. (Calvin Ellis)
    (1802-1886)

    Clergyman. Read about Stowe here.

    WORKS

    Strickland, W. P. (William Peter)
    (1809-1884)

    Clergyman. Learn more about Strickland here.

    WORKS

    Strong, Caleb
    (1745-1819)

    Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as the sixth and tenth Governor of Massachusetts. Read more about Strong here, here, here, and here.

    WORKS

    Strong, Nathan
    (1748-1816)

    Clergyman. Read more about Strong here.

    WORKS

    Strong, Joseph
    (1753-1834)

    Minister.

    WORKS

    Summers, Thomas O. (Thomas Osmond)
    (1812-1882)

    Theologian, Methodist Episcopal Church, South

    WORKS

    Sweet, William Warren
    (1881-1959)

    Christian historian. Read about Professor Sweet here.

    WORKS

    Swift, Zephaniah
    (1759-1823)

    American jurist, author, and politician from Windham, Connecticut. Author of the first legal text in the United States, A System of the Laws of the State of Connecticut, (Windham: John Byrne, 1795). Read about Swifthere and here.

    WORKS

    Taggart, Samuel
    (1754-1825)

    Federalist congressman. Learn more about Taggart here.

    WORKS

    Tappan, David
    (1752-1803)

    Clergyman. Read about Tappan here.

    WORKS

    Taylor, President Zachary
    (1784-1850)

    See President Taylor's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Thacher, James
    (1754-1844)

    American physician during the Revolutionary War. Read about Thacher here.

    WORKS

    Thacher, Oxenbridge
    (1720-1765)

    American lawyer and member of the Massachusetts General Court; associated with James Otis and Stephen Sewall in the controversy over the Boston Writs of Assistance. Read about Thacher in Encyclopedia Britannica, v. 23. See also here.

  • Adams, John, 1735-1826. The 'American Revolution', Letter to Hezekiah Niles, first editor of the National Register. Quincy, February 13, 1818. First published in Niles' Weekly Register, v. 2, n. 14, March 7, 1818.

    Later published as Revolutionary Reminiscences in Niles' National Register, containing political, historical, geographical, scientifical, statistical, economical, and biographical documents, essays and facts : together with notices of the arts and manufactures, and a record of the events of the times, August 6, 1842. Online as Niles' Weekly Register, Volume 62. Also here.
    Mr. Thatcher, because his name and merits are less known, must not be wholly omitted. This gentleman was an eminent barrister at law, in as large practice as anyone in Boston. There was not a citizen of that town more universally beloved for his learning, ingenuity, every domestic and social virtue, and conscientious conduct in every relation of life. His patriotism was as ardent as his progenitors had been ancient and illustrious in this country. Hutchinson often said, 'Thatcher was not born a plebeian, but he was determined to die one.' In May 1768, I believe, he was chosen by the town of Boston one of their representatives in the legislature, a colleague with Mr. Otis, who had been a member from May 1761, and he continued to be reelected annually till his death in 1765, when Mr. Samuel Adams was elected to fill his place, in the absence of Mr. Otis then attending the congress at New York. Thatcher had long been jealous of the unbounded ambition of Mr. Hutchinson, but when he found him not content with the office of lieutenant governor, the command of the castle and its emoluments, of judge of probate for the county of Suffolk, a seat in his Majesty's Council in the legislature, his brother-in-law secretary of state by the king?s commission, a brother of that secretary of state a judge of the Supreme Court and a member of Council; now in 1760 and 1761 soliciting and accepting the office of chief justice of the Superior Court of Judicature, he concluded, as Mr. Otis did, and as every other enlightened friend of his country did, that he sought that office with the determined purpose of determining all causes in favor of the ministry at St. James's and their servile Parliament.

    His indignation against him henceforward, to 1765 when he died, knew no bounds but truth. I speak from personal knowledge, for, from 1758 to 1765, I attended every superior and inferior court in Boston, and recollect not one in which he did not invite me home to spend evenings with him, when he made me converse with him as well as I could on all subjects of religion, morals, law, politics, history, philosophy, belle-lettres, theology, mythology, cosmogony, metaphysics (Locke, Clark, Leibniz, Bolingbroke, Berkeley), the preestablished harmony of the universe, the nature of matter and of spirit, and the eternal establishment of coincidences between their operations, fate, foreknowledge, absolute. We reasoned on such unfathomable subjects as high as Milton's gentry in pandemonium; and we understood them as well as they did, and no better. To such mighty mysteries he added the news of the day, and the tittle-tattle of the town.But his favorite subject was politics, and the impending threatening system of parliamentary taxation and universal government over the colonies. On this subject he was so anxious and agitated that I have no doubt it occasioned his premature death. From the time when he argued the question of writs of assistance to his death, he considered the king, ministry, Parliament, and nation of Great Britain as determined to new-model the colonies from the foundation; to annul all their charters, to constitute them all royal governments; to raise a revenue in America by parliamentary taxation; to apply that revenue to pay the salaries of governors, judges, and all other Crown officers; and after all this, to raise as large a revenue as they pleased, to be applied to national purposes at the exchequer in England; and further to establish bishops and the whole system of the Church of England, tithes and all, throughout all British America. This system, he said, if it was suffered to prevail, would extinguish the flame of liberty all over the world; that America would be employed as an engine to batter down all the miserable remains of liberty in Great Britain and Ireland, where only any semblance of it was left in the world. To this system he considered Hutchinson, the Olivers, and all their connections, dependants, adherents, and shoelickers entirely devoted. He asserted that they were all engaged with all the Crown officers in America and the understrappers of the ministry in England in a deep and treasonable conspiracy to betray the liberties of their country for their own private, personal, and family aggrandizement. His philippics against the unprincipled ambition and avarice of all of them, but especially of Hutchinson, were unbridled, not only in private, confidential conversations but in all companies and on all occasions. He gave Hutchinson the sobriquet of "Summa Potestatis," and rarely mentioned him but by the name of "Summa." His liberties of speech were no secrets to his enemies. I have sometimes wondered that they did not throw him over the bar, as they did soon afterwards Major Hawley. They hated him worse than they did James Otis, or Samuel Adams, and they feared him more, because they had no revenge for a father's disappointment of a seat on the superior bench to impute to him, as they did to Otis; and Thatcher's character through life had been so modest, decent, unassuming, his morals so pure, and his religion so venerated that they dared not attack him. In his office were educated to the bar two eminent characters, the late Judge Lowell and Josiah Quincy, aptly called the Boston Cicero. Mr. Thatcher's frame was slender, his constitution delicate; whether his physicians overstrained his vessels with mercury when he had the smallpox by inoculation at the castle, or whether he was overplied by public anxieties and exertions, the smallpox left him in a decline from which he never recovered. Not long before his death he sent for me to commit to my care some of his business at the bar. I asked him whether he had seen the Virginia Resolves:

    Seeing the violent agitation into which it threw him, I changed the subject as soon as possible, and retired. He had been confined for some time. Had he been abroad among the people he would not have complained so pathetically of the 'lethargy and stupidity that prevailed,' for town and country were all alive, and in August became active enough and some of the people proceeded to unwarrantable excesses, which were more lamented by the patriots than by their enemies. Mr. Thatcher soon died, deeply lamented by all the friends of their country.

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    Thayer, Albert S.
    (Fl. 20th Century)

    Legal author.

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    Thomas, Isaiah
    (1749-1831)

    Founder of the American Antiquarian Society. Publisher of Massachusetts Spy, or, Worcester Gazette. Published in Worcester, Massachusetts; Vol. 17, no. 783 (Apr. 3, 1788)-v. 39, no. 1957 (Oct. 10, 1810).
    The first time the Declaration of Independence was read in Massachusetts was at Worcester by Isaiah Thomas, Esq., who ... participated in the late celebration. It was read from the top of the Portico of the S. Meeting-house "New England Palladium," Boston, July 7, 1826. A bronze tablet in front of the City Hall now marks this spot.
    Read about Thomas here. Disclaimer: Thomas was a Freemason, a Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.

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    Thompson, Joseph Parrish
    (1819-1879)

    Pastor of The Broadway Tabernacle in New York City.

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    Thornton, John Wingate
    (1818-1878)

    Lawyer and historian.

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    Thornton, Matthew
    (1714-1803)

    Signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Hampshire. Read about Thornton here, here and here.

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    Thorpe, Francis Newton
    (1609-1676)

    Professor of history at the University of Pennsylvania.

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    Treadwell, John
    (1745-1823)

    Last Puritan governor of Connecticut. Read about Treadwell here, here, and in The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765-1848, Volume 2 by Samuel Eliot Morison.

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    Trueax, Thomas R.

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    Truman, President Harry S
    (1884-1972)

    See President Truman's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Trumbull, Benjamin
    (1735-1820)

    American Senator and historian. Read about Trumbull here.

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    Trumbull, Jonathan
    (1710-1785)

    American political leader. Read about Trumbull here.

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    Tyler, President John
    (1790-1862)

    See President Tyler's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    United States Congress

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  • U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., 1787. An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory North-West of the River Ohio. New York, July 13, 1787. 2 pp.
  • Laws, etc. 1787 July 13. An Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States, North-west of the River Ohio. [4] pp. 33 cm. (fol.)
  • Laws, etc. 1st Congress (1789-1791). Acts Passed at a Congress of the United States of America Begun and Held at the City of New York on Wednesday the Fourth of March in the Year 1789. Philadelphia: Francis Childs and John Swaine, 1791, p. 104, August 7, 1789; Note: Acts passed at the first session only./ "A reprint of their 1789 edition, on fine paper with uncut edges."
  • Laws, etc. 1st Congress (1789-1791). Acts passed at a Congress of the United States of America, begun and held at the city of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, in the year M,DCC,LXXXIX, and of the independence of the United States the thirteenth. Being the acts passed at the first[-third] session of the First Congress of the United States. [11], 4-327, [1] pp. 24 cm. (8vo) Extract: The Northwest Ordinance, signed into law by Frederick A. Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Representatives, John Adams, Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, and by George Washington, President of the United States on August 7, 1789.
  • U.S. Laws, Statutes, etc., 1787. Chap. VIII. An ACT to Provide for the Government of the Territory north-West of the River OHIO. Approved August 7, 1789. Frederick A. Muhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Representatives; John Adams, vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate; George Washington, President of the United States. 2 pp.
  • Laws, etc. 1st Congress, 3rd session (1790-1791). Acts passed at the third session of the Congress of the United States of America, begun and held at the city of Philadelphia, on Monday the sixth of December, in the year M,DCC,XC: and of the independence of the United States the fifteenth . To which is added an appendix, containing resolves, &c. of the old Congress. 120, [58] pp. 22 cm. (8vo) Extract: The Northwest Ordinance, July 13, 1787.
    See also The Constitutions of the United States of America with the Latest Amendments (Trenton: Moore and Lake, 1813), p. 364 and "An Ordinance of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio," Article III.
  • Northwest Territory. General Assembly. Address of the legislature to the citizens of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio. 1799. 1 sheet ([1] p.) 39 x 21 cm.
  • Laws, etc. (Session laws 1799 Sept.) Laws of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio; passed at the first session of the General Assembly, begun and held at Cincinnati, on Monday, the sixteenth day of September, A.D. one thousand, seven hundred and ninety nine: also, certain laws enacted by the governor and judges of the Territory, from the commencement of the government to December, one thousand, seven hundred and ninety two. With an appendix, containing resolutions, the ordinances of Congress for the government of the Territory, the Constitution of the United States, and the law respecting fugitives. Vol. I. Published by authority. Cincinatti: From the press of Carpenter & Findlay, 1800. 17 pp.
  • 7th Congress, 1st Session. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, at the first session of the Seventh Congress, in the twenty-sixth year of the independence of the United States.
  • 12th Congress, 2nd Session. Journal of the Senate of the United States of America; being the second session of the Twelfth Congress, begun and held in the City of Washington, November 2d, 1812, and in the thirty-seventh year of the sovereignty of the said United States.
  • 14th Congress, 1st Session. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, at the first session of the Fourteenth Congress, in the fortieth year of the independence of the United States.
  • Richard Mentor Johnson (1780-1850). Sunday Mail. March 4, 1830. Read, and committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union. March 5, 1830. Printed by order of the House of Representatives. Serial Set Vol. No. 200, Session Vol. No.2. 21st Congress, 1st Session, H.Rpt. 271.
  • James Meacham (1810-1856). Chaplains in Congress and in the Army and Navy. March 27, 1854. Ordered to be printed. Serial Set Vol. No. 743, Session Vol. No.2. 33rd Congress, 1st Session. H.Rpt. 124. Also here.

    "What is an establishment of religion? It must have a creed defining what a man must believe; it must have rites and ordinances, which believers must observe; it must have ministers of defined qualifications to teach the doctrines and administer the rites; it must have texts for the submissive and penalties for the non-conformist. There never was an established religion without all these.
    "... Had the people during the Revolution had a suspicion of any attempt to wage war against Christianity, that Revolution would have been strangled in its cradle. At the time of the adoption of the Constitution and the amendments, the universal sentiment was that Christianity should be encouraged, not any one sect. Any attempt to level and discard all religion would have been received with universal indignation.
    "... While your committee believe that neither Congress nor the army or navy should be deprived of the service of chaplains, they freely concede that the ecclesiastical and civil powers have been, and should continue to be, entirely divorced from each other. But we beg leave to rescue ourselves from the imputation of asserting that religion is not needed to the safety of civil society. It must be considered as the foundation on which the whole structure rests. Laws will not have permanence or power without the sanction of religious sentiment--without a firm belief that there is a Power above us that will reward our virtues and punish our vices. In this age there can be no substitute for Christianity; that, in its general principles, is the great conservative element on which we must rely for the purity and permanence of free institutions. That was the religion of the founders of the republic, and they expected it to remain the religion of their descendants. There is a great and very prevalent error on this subject in the opinion that those who organized this government did not legislate on religion. They did legislate on it by making it free to all, 'to the Jew and the Greek, to the learned and unlearned.' The error has risen from the belief that there is no legislation unless in permissive or restricting enactments. But making a thing free is as truly a part of legislation as confining it by limitations; and what the government has made free, it is bound to keep free."

  • Wednesday, January 23, 1856. Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States: Being the first session of the Thirty-fourth Congress, begun and held at the City of Washington, December 3, 1855, and in the eightieth year of the Independence of the United States. Serial Set Vol. No. 838, Session Vol. No.0. 34th Congress, 1st Session.

    "Whereas the people of these United States, from their earliest history to the present time, have been led by the hand of a kind Providence, and are indebted for the countless blessings of the past and present, and dependent for continued prosperity in the future upon Almighty God; and whereas the great vital and conservative element in our system is the belief of our people in the pure doctrines and divine truths of the gospel of Jesus Christ, it eminently becomes the representatives of a people so highly favored, to acknowledge, in the most public manner, their reverence for God: Therefore,
    Resolved, first, That the daily sessions of this body be opened with prayer. Resolved, second, That the ministers of the gospel in this city are hereby requested to attend and alternately perform this solemn duty."

  • Dr. Frederick Brown Harris. To Preachers on being "Allowed of God to be put in trust with the Gospel," A message based on the Yale lectures on preaching by Dr. Paul Scherer. Presented by Mr. Donnell. June 8 (legislative day, March 5), 1946. -- Ordered to be printed. Serial Set Vol. No. 11037 Session Vol. No. 11. 79th Congress, 2nd Session. S. Doc. 202. Washington: G.P.O., June 8, 1946. 17 pp.
  • Concurrent Resolutions Of Congress. First Session Sixty-Fifth Congress. Joint Meeting. April 2,1917. Day of Prayer, published in The Statutes at large of the United States from ..., Volume 40, Part 2, 1919.
    "Whereas the people and the Government of the United States are now engaged in the greatest war of history, which, in its determination is fraught with great results for good or evil, not only to the people of this country, but to the people of the whole world, and which is the greatest undertaking upon which this country has ever embarked; and
    "Whereas this country is about to engage in preparing for war and will soon be sending abroad to the theater of war great numbers of our young men, there to take part in the sanguinary conflict and offer their lives in defense of their country's rights; and
    "Whereas it is in accordance with the customs and traditions of this country as a Christian Nation and has heretofore been the practice of this country upon engaging in war to set aside a day, by official proclamation, for prayer for the aid of the Almighty: Therefore be it
    "Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That the President of the United States be, and he is, requested by Congress to issue a proclamation, designating a day of prayer and calling upon the people of this country on such day to assemble in their various places of worship, and there offer prayer to Almighty God, for the success of our armies and victory for our cause in this great conflict."
    Passed, October 4, 1917.
    United States Constitution

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    United States District Court

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    United States Magazine
    (1779)

    "A repository of history, politics and literature." Edited by H.H. Brackenridge. Philadelphia, 1779. 493 pp.

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    United States Senate

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    United States Supreme Court

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    University of Missouri at Columbia

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    University of Pittsburgh
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    Van Buren, President Martin
    (1782-1862)

    See President Van Buren's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Van Dyke, Tom
    (Fl. 21st Century)

    American historian, businessman, musician, game show champion (The Joker's Wild, Win Ben Stein's Money). Website: Ordinary Times.

    WORKS

    Van Tyne, Claude Halstead
    (1869-1930)

    American historian and a Pulitzer Prize winner. He taught history at the University of Michigan from 1903-1930, and wrote a number of books on the American Revolution. He won the Pulitzer Prize for History for The War of Independence in 1930.

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    Vinton, Alexander Hamilton
    (1807-1881)

    Episcopalian rector of All Saints Church in Worcester, Massachusetts. Was elected first diocesan bishop. Brother of Francis Vinton. Read more about Vinton here and in Encyclopædia Britannica: Americanized encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 10.

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    Vinton, Francis
    (1809-1872)

    Anglican priest and doctor. Read more about Vinton here and in Encyclopædia Britannica: Americanized encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 10.

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    Vinogradoff, Paul
    (1854-1925)

    Russian historian. Read more about Vinogradoff here

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    Virginia Evangelical & Literary Magazine
    (1818-1820)

    John H. (Holt) Rice, 1777-1831, editor. Later Title: Evangelical and literary magazine and missionary chronicle.

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    Vinton, Alexander H. (Alexander Hamilton)
    (1807-1881)

    Boston clergyman.

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    Walker, George
    (1734?-1807)

    Presbyterian minister and mathematician.

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    Wallace, Archer
    (b. 1884)

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    Walter, Nathanael
    (1711-1776)

    American clergyman.

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    Walworth, R.H. / Rueben Hyde
    (1788-1867)

    Last chancellor of New York. Vice-president of the Bible Society and the Tract Society. Read about Walworth here and here. Biography of Reuben H. Walworth. From Our County And Its People A Descriptive And Biographical Record of Saratoga County, New York; Prepared and Published Under the Auspices of The Saratogian The Boston History Company, Publishers, 1899. Note: Walworth was a Freemason.

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    Warren, Charles
    (1868-1954)

    American lawyer and legal historian, is best known for his three-volume study, The Supreme Court in U.S. History, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1923. Read about Warren here. The Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History.

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    Warren, Earl, Chief Justice
    (1891-1974)

    14th Chief Justice of the United States, elected Governor of California three times. Read about Justice Warren here.

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    Warren, Joseph
    (1741-1775)

    American doctor and patriot. Died at Battle of Bunker Hill. Read about Warren here and here.

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    Warren, Mercy Otis
    (1728-1814)

    American historian and playwright. "The Conscience of the American Revolution." Read more about Warren here, here, here and from Doris Weatherford, American Women's History: An A to Z of People, Organizations, Issues, and Events. [New York: Prentise Hall, 1994] pp. 364-365.

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    Washington, President George
    (1732-1799)

    See President Washington's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Washington, Martha
    (1731-1802)

    First "First lady." Read more about Martha Washington here.

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    Waters, William
    (b. 1833)

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    Webster, Daniel
    (1782-1858)

    American statesman. Read more about Webster here and here and here. Inscription by Mr. Webster for his monument:
    "Lord, I believe; help Thou mine unbelief.
    Philosophical argument, especially that drawn from the vastness of the universe in comparison with the apparent insignificance of this Globe, has sometimes shaken my reason for the faith that is in me; but my heart has assured, and reassured me, that the Gospel of Jesus Christ must be a Divine Reality.
    The Sermon on the Mount cannot be a merely human production. This belief enters into the very depth of my conscience. The whole history of man proves it."

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    Webster, Noah
    (1758-1843)

    Lexicographer. Read more about Noah Webster here and here.

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    Wesley, John
    (1703-1791)

    Church of England cleric and theologian. Read about Wesley here and here.

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    West, Samuel
    (1731-1807)

    Clergyman. Read more about West here. Disclaimer: West taught doctrine that became Unitarianism.

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    Westminster Assembly

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    Whately, Richard
    (1787-1863)

    Anglican Archbishop of Dublin. Expert in logic and rhetoric. Read more about Whately here. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911 edition: "While he was at St Alban Hall (1826) the work appeared which is perhaps most closely associated with his name - his treatise on Logic, originally contributed to the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, in which he raised the study of the subject to a new level. It gave a great impetus to the study of logic throughout Great Britain."

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    Wheelock, Eleazar
    (1711-1779)

    American educator, clergyman and founder of Dartmouth College. Read more about Wheelock here and here.

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    Whitney, Josiah
    (1731-1824)

    Clergyman.

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    Whitney, Peter
    (1744-1816)

    Clergyman. Read about Whitney here.

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    William and Mary
    (Founded 1693)

    Second oldest college in the U.S. Read more about William and Mary here.

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    Williams, David
    (1738-1816)

    Deist philosopher, author, educationist, politician and founder of the Royal Literary Fund. Read more about Williams here, here and in the Dictionary of National Biography.

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    Williams, Elisha
    (1694-1755)

    Congregational minister, legislator, jurist, and rector of Yale College from 1726 to 1739. Read more about Williams here.

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    Williamson, Hugh
    (1735-1819)

    Congregational minister, legislator, jurist, and rector of Yale College from 1726 to 1739. Read more about Williams here, here, here, here and in Historical papers by Trinity College Historical Society.

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    Wilson, Daniel
    (b. 1778)

    Bishop of Calcutta. Read more about Wilson here.

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    Wilson, James, M.A.
    (1742-1798)

    Statesman. One of the six signers of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. Read more about Wilson here and here.

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    Wilson, Captain James
    (19th century)

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    Wilson, President Woodrow
    (1856-1924)

    See President Wilson's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.


    Wines, E. C. (Enoch Cobb)
    (1806-1879)

    Read more about Wines here.

    WORKS

    Winslow, Edward
    (1595-1655)

    Plymouth colony founder. Read more about Winslow here.

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    Winsor, Justin
    (1831-1897)

    American writer and librarian. Founding member of the American Historical Association. Read more about Winsor here.

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    Winterbotham, William
    (1763-1829)

    British Baptist minister.

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    Winthrop, John
    (1588-1649)

    Puritan leader and governor of Massachusetts. Read more about Winthrop here.

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    Winthrop, Robert Charles
    (1809-1894)

    Orator and statesman. Read more about Winthrop here.

    WORKS

    Wise, John
    (1652-1725)

    Clergyman. Read more about Wise here.

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    Witherspoon, John
    (1723-1794)

    Reverend. Read more about Witherspoon here and here and here

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    Wolcott, Oliver
    (1726-1797)

    Signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and also the Articles of Confederation as a representative of Connecticut. Read more about Wolcott here and here

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    Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.
    (1760-1833)

    United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1795 to 1800 and the 24th Governor of Connecticut from 1817 to 1827. Read more about Wolcott here and here.

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    Woodbridge, Ashbel
    (1704-1758)

    Pastor of the First Church of Christ in Glassenbury.

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    Wylie, J. R.
    (Fl. 19th Century)

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    Wythe, George
    (1726-1806)

    American lawyer, a judge, a prominent law professor, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and "Virginia's foremost classical scholar." Read about Wythe here and here

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    Yale
    (Est. 1701)

    New Haven, Connecticut. Read more about Yale here.

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    York, Alvin C.
    (1877-1964)

    Military hero. Read more about Sgt. York here.

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    Zeisberger, David
    (1721-1808)

    Moravian clergyman and missionary to Native Americans. Read about Zeisberger here and here.

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    Zubly, John Joachim / Züblin, Hans Joachim
    (1724-1781)

    Swiss-born American pastor, planter, and statesman. He became a Loyalist. Read about Zubly here.

    WORKS

    Other useful works related to this:

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