Scientists of the Christian Faith: A Presentation of the Pioneers, Practitioners and Supporters of Modern Science

Compiled by W. R. Miller

Is Christianity based upon fabrication, fables and falsehoods?  If one believes the eyewitness accounts of the Bible, does that make one ignorant, irrational, even insane?

Anti-theists seem to think so. 

“All thinking men are atheists.”

Ernest Hemingway, American author (1899-1961).

“For most people, religion is nothing more than a substitute for a malfunctioning brain.”

Gene Roddenberry, Creator of Star Trek (1921-1991).

“I cannot see how a man of any large degree of humorous perception can ever be religious—unless he purposely shut the eyes of his mind & keep them shut by force.”

Samuel Clemens “Mark Twain”, American author and humorist (1835-1910).

“The Christian religion not only was at first attended with miracles, but even at this day cannot be believed by any reasonable person without one.”

David Hume, Scottish philosopher and historian (1711-1776).

When asked, “Do you support religious freedom,” she responded, “Oh, absolutely! I feel that everyone has a right to be insane.”

Madalyn Murray O’Hair, American atheist activist (1923-1995).  Interview in Freedom Writer magazine, March 1989.

“Every sensible man, every honorable man, must hold the Christian sect in horror.”

Francois Marie Arouet “Voltaire”, French author and playwright.

“Science can teach us, and I think our own hearts can teach us, no longer to look around for imaginary supports, no longer to invent allies in the sky, but rather to look to our own efforts here below to make this world a better place to live in, instead of the sort of place the churches in all these centuries have made it.”

“Why I am Not a Christian”, by Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) , March 6, 1927.

“Faith may be defined briefly as an illogical belief in the occurrence of the improbable. . . . A man full of faith is simply one who has lost (or never had) the capacity for clear and realistic thought. He is not a mere ass: he is actually ill.”

And

“Religion is fundamentally opposed to everything I hold in veneration—courage, clear thinking, honesty, fairness, and, above all, love of the truth.”

Henry Louis “H.L.” Mencken, American editor and critic (1880-1956).

As we shall see, these notable skeptics have failed to do their homework, as have skeptics who propogate these quotes on their websites.  History itself reveals that mankind’s greatest minds – scholars, mathematicians, doctors, lawyers, historians, engineers, and yes, scientists and inventors – have been, and continue to be Christians.

David F. Coppedge at http://creationsafaris.com/wgcs.htm points out that

·  Many of the greatest scientists in history were Christians or had Biblical presuppositions.

·  For most of these, their faith was the driving force behind their discoveries.

·  True self-sustaining modern science (not just engineering, logic or mathematics) was born within a Christian society.

Read more about these claims in Appendix 1.

This essay presents over 1600 mini-biographies of scientists of the Christian faith—including scholars, mathematicians, and theologians who advanced the cause of science.  These Christians pioneered disciplines ranging from oceanography to astronomy, geology to biology, rocket science to genetics.  The mini-biographies are presented in alphabetical order.  Links to online websites are provided for those wishing to research a particular scientist.  Researchers are invited to order the biographies by clicking on the hypertext, as well as check out the biographies published by Gale.

I have relied upon the lists of Henry Morris (Men of Science, Men of God (ISBN 0-890510-80-6)), Mike Poole (the booklet God and the Scientists, ISBN 1-901796-02-7), Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher (Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, ISBN 0-8024-7634-1), Paul M. Anderson (Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, ISBN 0-8308-1599-6), Henry Schaefer III (website at https://www.ccqc.uga.edu/people/member_page.php?id=6/ and http://leaderu.com/offices/schaefer/docs/scientists.html), Dan Graves (Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, ISBN 0-8254-2724-X and Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, ISBN 0-8254-2734-7, website http://www.rae.org/influsci.html), the NAHSTE Project (School_of_Mathematics_and_Statistics University_of_St_Andrews,_Scotland (http://www-maths.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/), Colin Webster’s essay at https://web.archive.org/web/20050226012934/http://www.cornerstoneuk.org.uk/q1_sci2.html, Dr. Don DeYoung’s “Men and Women of Mathematics and of God,” at https://web.archive.org/web/20140315152256/http://www.creationresearch.org/creation_matters/98/cm9811.html, a small list of English scientists by P.S.Williams (BA - Cardiff, MA - Sheffield), from “Thinking Through. . . Jesus - Divine and Human?” at  https://web.archive.org/web/20050228234021/http://www.peter-s-williams.co.uk/The%20Real%20Jesus/Jesus.doc plus the databases at the online Gale Biography Resource Center, which include Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary, Encyclopedia of World Biography, Notable Women Scientists, Contemporary Black Biography, Explorers and Discoverers of the World, Marquis Who’s Who ^TM and Contemporary Authors Online.

Roughly a third of the scientists have biographies posted at The Galileo Project, a hypertext source of information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the scientists of his time. The project, whose homepage is here: http://galileo.rice.edu/ is supported by the Office of the Vice President of Computing at Rice University. The initial stages were made possible by a grant from the Council on Library Resources to Fondren Library.  Contributors to the Project are noted here: http://galileo.rice.edu/abo/developers.html.  Albert Van Helden, Lynette Autrey Professor of History at Rice University, is responsible for the written text in the Project (except where otherwise noted). The Project features a Catalog of the Scientific Community of the 16th and 17th Centuries. http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/catalog.html.  This is a searchable database of detailed histories of over 600 individuals who made significant contributions to Western science. These histories have been compiled by Richard S. Westfall, Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University.  From this I’ve compiled a list of 522 Galileo-era scientists known to be Christians, with links to biographies at The Galileo Project.  For quick and easy reference, researchers can access this list here: http://www.classicapologetics.com/m/Galileo_Project_scientists.htm

Links to related webpages are provided in the Appendices after the essay:

Appendix 1: Christian Pioneers of Modern Science

Appendix 2: Links to websites featuring Christian scientists

Appendix 3: Christian Academics

Appendix 4: God and Mathematics

Database information can be found at: https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-biography, and at a library that subscribes to the Gale Biography service.  “Not in Gale” simply means the scientist has no extensive biography in the online Gale databases; however, their bios may be found in the print editions.  A separate section lists an additional 35 science practitioners who are probable Christians, though I have been unable to confirm this through online research.

This listing is by no means definitive, or complete.  There are/have been literally thousands of Christians involved in the sciences.  See Appendix 2 for the various Christian organizations devoted to science.

Dr. Francis S. Collins is Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He currently leads the Human Genome Project, directed at mapping and sequencing all of human DNA, and determining aspects of its function.  His previous research has identified the genes responsible for cystic fibrosis, neurofibromatosis, Huntington's disease and Hutchison-Gilford progeria syndrome. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences. For the rest of his credentials, click on the link here: https://web.archive.org/web/20050301184730/http://www.genome.gov/10000980.   Collins spoke with Bob Abernethy of PBS, posted online at https://web.archive.org/web/20051223013140/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/transcripts/collins.html, in which he summaries the compatability of fact and faith thusly:

“I think there’s a common assumption that you cannot both be a rigorous, show-me-the-data scientist and a person who believes in a personal God. I would like to say that from my perspective that assumption is incorrect; that, in fact, these two areas are entirely compatible and not only can exist within the same person, but can exist in a very synthetic way, and not in a compartmentalized way. I have no reason to see a discordance between what I know as a scientist who spends all day studying the genome of humans and what I believe as somebody who pays a lot of attention to what the Bible has taught me about God and about Jesus Christ. Those are entirely compatible views.

“Science is the way -- a powerful way, indeed -- to study the natural world. Science is not particularly effective -- in fact, it’s rather ineffective -- in making commentary about the supernatural world. Both worlds, for me, are quite real and quite important. They are investigated in different ways. They coexist. They illuminate each other. And it is a great joy to be in a position of being able to bring both of those points of view to bear in any given day of the week. The notion that you have to sort of choose one or the other is a terrible myth that has been put forward, and which many people have bought into without really having a chance to examine the evidence. I came to my faith not, actually, in a circumstance where it was drummed into me as a child, which people tend to assume of any scientist who still has a personal faith in God; but actually by a series of compelling, logical arguments, many of them put forward by C. S. Lewis, that got me to the precipice of saying, ‘Faith is actually plausible.’ You still have to make that step. You will still have to decide for yourself whether to believe. But you can get very close to that by intellect alone.”

Scientists of the Christian Faith

Benjamin L. Aaron *** Not in Gale

(Born May 14, 1933). Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the George Washington University Hospital in Washington, DC, as well as Associate Professor of Surgery at the University. Dr. Aaron is a graduate of the University of Missouri, received his M.D. from the University of Texas and has held post-doctoral fellowships at the Medical College of Virginia and the University of Alabama. He had a distinguished career in the Medical Services of the U.S. Navy, retiring with the rank of Captain, and is Past Governor of the American College of Chest Physicians. Dr. Aaron headed the surgical team who operated on President Ronald Reagan when he was shot. He also performed Vice President Dick Cheney’s bypass operation in 1988.

Credentials: https://web.archive.org/web/20050226005002/http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/aaron.html

Contact page, from CardioThorasic Surgery network: http://www.ctsnet.org/home/baaron

Benjamin Aaron's Reputation Profile.

Niels Henrik Abel

(1802-1829).  Norwegian mathematician.  Known for research in theory of elliptic functions, transcendental functions, theory of integrals; proved impossibility of general solution of quintic equation.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abel.html

Paul Golba.  https://web.archive.org/web/20100628210158/http://www.mathcs.org/analysis/reals/history/abel.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Niels%20Henrik%20Abel

http://www.fact-index.com/n/ni/niels_henrik_abel.html

Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney

(1843-1920). English chemist and educator.  Advanced photographic chemistry; pioneered in color photography.   Specialist in photographic chemistry; developed photographic emulsion sensitive to infrared and used it to map solar spectrum; discovered (1880) developing properties of hydroquinone.

https://web.archive.org/web/20060106032457/http://www.iee.org/publish/inspec/100years/abney.cfm

Cristobal Acosta *** Not in Gale

(1515 - 1580).  Portugese physicist, botanist, pharmaceutical scientist and historian. A Moon crater is named in his honor (Langrenus C).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/acosta_cri.html

Acosta was one of the pioneers in studying the plants, especially in their pharmaceutical uses, of the orient. His Tractado de las drogas y medicinas de las Indias orientales (dedicated to Burgos) contains systematic, first hand observations on oriental drugs. It acknowledges d'Orta's work but includes plants he did not mention and is illustrated by drawings. From a converted Jewish family. He lived as a Catholic.

http://www.asu.edu/lib/speccoll/patten/html/83b.html:

Christophori A Costa . . . Aromaticum & medicamentorum in Orientali India nascentium liber: plvrimvm lucis adserens iis quae a Doctore Garcia de Orta in hoc genere scripta sunt.

Acosta was a Portuguese soldier and physician who travelled widely, visiting such exotic places as Persia, India, Malaysia, and perhaps even China. He landed at Goa in 1568 a few months after the death of Orta, and was appointed physician to the Royal Hospital of Cochin. After some years of studying the plant life of India, he returned to Portugal where his manuscript was published. This first edition of Acosta's work concentrates on the drugs of the East, drawing heavily on what had already been published by Orta. Although it is primarily a translation into Spanish of Orta's work, authorities have stated that Acosta was knowledgeable on this subject. In his translation he clarifies Orta's text and adds to its usefulness. Many of the illustrations are from accurate drawings created by Acosta himself.

https://web.archive.org/web/20060110123755/http://www.goldcanyon.com/Patten/html/2.html

Gary Lynn Achtemeier

(Born 1943).  Meteorologist. Research Meteorologist, USDA Southern Research Station. Consultant, National Forest Experimental Station, Macon, Georgia, 1975; Research scientist, S.E. Forest Experiment Station, Macon, GA,1990; Senior professional scientist, Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, University of Illinois, 1987-1990; professional research scientist, Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, University of Illinois, 1982-1987; visiting Associate Professor, Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, University of Illinois, 1981-1982; Associate research scientist, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, 1973-82; NRC grantee, National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma, 1972-1973. Career-Related: Consultant, University of Illinois MBA Program, 1979-1982; proposal reviewer NSF, 1976, NASA, 1982

BS, Florida State University, 1965; MS, Florida State University, 1969; Ph.D., Florida State University, 1972.

Memberships: American Meteorological Society (committee on severe storms 1980-81), AAAS, Sigma Xi, Chi Epsilon Pi. Member science and technical committee, Institute Meteorology and Allied Sciences, Macon, Georgia.Lodges: Kiwanis.

Contributor of articles to professional journals. Technology paper reviewer for three journals, 1976-present.

“Gary Achtemeier, Title: Research Meteorologist, USDA Southern Research Station,”  https://web.archive.org/web/20061002064350/http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/staff/viewemployee.jsp?index=12

Dr. Gary L. Achtemeier Christian Student Survival Conference, Session 4: “Evolution: Fact, Faith, or Fallacy,” http://www.leaderu.com/cl-institute/cssc/survival16.html

Lecturer biography: Dr. Gary L. Achtemeier received his education at Florida State University and has been a research scientist for 25 years in fields of meteorology, forestry, aerobiology, and remote sensing. He was part of the research team that developed the concept of “tornado chase” upon which the movie, Twister, is based. Now at UGA/Forestry Sciences Laboratory, his air quality research includes methods for using moonlight and light-enhancing cameras to detect smoke from smoldering nighttime fires. Dr. Achtemeier became a Christian at age 14 and has dedicated himself to “removing stumbling blocks that keep God’s people from coming before his throne.” He has followed the creation-evolution controversy for nearly 30 years. His studies have culminated in a book, Spiritual Espionage, which contrasts the conflict from a Christian perspective. He is acquainted with many different facets of the body of Christ. He and his wife, Sue, live in Oconee County and attend Grace Fellowship Church of God.

Smoke Management, http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/disturbance/smokehallway.pdf

Contact page, https://web.archive.org/web/20070208144123/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/movement/addr.html

Gary L. Achtemeier, Ph.D. “High Priest of Evolution Reveals his Religion,” http://www.ldolphin.org/gould.html or http://www.trueorigin.org/gould01.asp

Paul D. Ackerman, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Psychologist.  Assistant Professor of Psychology, Wichita State University, Kansas. Research Interests: Educational computer-software development.  B.A., University of Kansas, 1964; M.A.,University of Kansas,  1966; Ph.D., University of Kansas, 1968.

Author: The Kansas Tornado, In God’s Image After All: How Psychology Supports Biblical Creationism.

Honor: 1982-1983 winner of the Wichita State University Liberal Arts and Sciences Teaching Improvement Committee (LASTIC) award for excellence in teaching.

Faculty webpage, Wichita State University: https://web.archive.org/web/20070704005825/http://psychology.wichita.edu/people/Faculty/Ackerman.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20050228002053/http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/ackerman.html

Paul D. Ackerman, Ph.D. “The Compelling Secular Necessity of the Kansas Board of Education’s Amendments to its Science Education Standards,” http://www.trueorigin.org/kansas1.asp

In 1993 Dr. Ackerman was one of a number of Christians from the U.S. and Korea who travelled to China to present to the Chinese government the case for Christianity. Others in this group included Dr. John Morris from the Institute for Creation Research and Astronaut Shanon Lucid. Dr. Ackerman was not able to present this paper but did hand it out to a number of people. It is a unique summary of how Christianity is relevant to individuals and beneficial to a nation.

Paul D. Ackerman, Ph.D. “CHRISTIAN PRINCIPLES IN HUMAN AFFAIRS, Message Prepared for the Conference: The Future Impact of Christianity on China,” Beijing International Convention Center, The People’s Republic of China, December 1993: https://web.archive.org/web/20070325183028/http://creationanswers.net/biblical/ACKHUMAF.HTM.  This presentation for the People’s Republic of China was adapted from Dr. Ackerman’s book, In God’s Image After All: How Psychology Supports Biblical Creationism, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49516, U.S.A., 1990. Includes testimony. “After I came to know and believe in Christ I found the adventure and fullness in life that I had longed for as a little child but had not found in my life as an unbelieving psychologist. The spiritual theme of my work as a psychologist and scientist has been that God is near and not far off; but also that we need God in order to live our lives fully and properly. The issue of the ministry God called me to as a Christian psychologist is biblical faith and joy in that faith.”

José de Acosta, S.J.

(1539-1600). Spanish missionary.  Natural historian and geographer. Entered Jesuit order (1551); to Peru (1571); provincial (1576-81); theologian to council of Lima (1582); to Spain (1587); author of Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590) abstracted online at https://web.archive.org/web/20070220072054/http://www.rarebooks.nd.edu/exhibits/durand/indies/acosta.html.  The family were converted Jews.

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/acosta.htm:

José de Acosta, S.J. (Spanish: 1540-1600) is called the Pliny of the New World because of his book Natural and Moral History of the Indies which provided the first detailed description of the geography and culture of Latin America, Aztec history and - of all things - the uses of coca. For his work on altitude sickness in the Andes he is listed as one of the pioneers of modern aeronautical medicine. José was far ahead of his time in the selection and description of his observations. Not satisfied, however, with mere descriptions, he tried to explain causes. José was one of the earliest geophysicists, having been among the first to observe, record and analyze earthquakes, volcanoes, tides, currents, magnetic declinations and meteorological phenomena.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/acosta_jos.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01108b.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20060209145337/http://www.virtualology.com/josedeacosta/

https://web.archive.org/web/20060503165530/http://68.1911encyclopedia.org/A/AC/ACOSTA_JOSE_DE.htm

John Couch Adams

The English mathematical astronomer John Couch Adams (1819 -1892) was a principal figure in the discovery of the planet Neptune.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Adams.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Adams.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith;, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Rutherford Adkins / Rutherford H. Adkins

(1924-1998).  Physicist.  Professor of physics who taught at many educational institutions before becoming Nashville’s Fisk University’s eleventh president.  He attended Virginia Union University and  Temple University in the early 1940s; Virginia State University, B.S., 1947; Howard University, M.S., 1949; Catholic University of America, Ph.D., 1955.  Began academic career at Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, as a member of physics faculty, late 1940s; member of physics faculty at Tennessee A&I University (now Tennessee State University) Nashville, 1958-62; affiliated with Fisk University, Nashville, TN, from 1962 to 1976 as professor of physics, Associate Dean, Dean; also served as interim president, 1975-76; served as president of Knoxville College, Knoxville, TN, from 1976 to 1981; from 1981 to 1990 he served as distinguished visiting scientist and professor of physics at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD; he also held academic posts at Morehouse College, and the Georgia Institute of Technology, both Atlanta, GA, during the early 1990s; returned to Fisk as part-time professor, 1993, named chair of Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 1993, named interim president, 1996-97, and president, 1997.  Baptist.

Member of 100^th Fighter Squadron of the 332^nd Fight Group (Tuskegee Airmen) until 1945.

E. Theo Agard / Eugene Theodore Agard *** Not in Gale

(Born 1932).  Medical Physicist.  Former Director of Medical Physics at Flower Hospital Oncology Center, Ohio, U.S.A.  B.S. (hons) first class in physics from the University of London; M.S. in physics from the Middlesex Hospital Medical School at the University of London; Ph.D. in physics from the University of Toronto, Canada.  Health Physics Society national board of Directors since 1993.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/agard-e.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation<;, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.  “The problem with the origin of life is well stated by the question, ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg?’  Every egg anyone has ever seen was laid by a chicken and every chicken was hatched from an egg.  Hence, the first chicken or first egg which appeared on the scene in any other way would be unnatural, to say the least.”

Professor Carl Adolph Agardh

(1785-1859). Swedish botanist, mathematician, national economist, member of the Parlament from 1817 (although he was somewhat impulsive and believed in faithfullness to ideas rather than to a political party), clergyman (bishop in Karlstad in 1835) and member of the Swedish Academy. His education took place at the university of Lund and as a botanist he devoted his studies to the algae, as did his son Professor Jacob Georg Agardh, 1813-1901, who was appointed Professor of botany in Lund from 1854 and also devoted his studies to the algae. His main work Species, genera et ordines algarum in 3 volumes arrived 1848-1901. Like his father he was interested in economy and was member of the Parlament from 1862/63.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

(1718-1799). Italian mathematician. Professor, University of Bologna (from 1750); author of Propositiones philosophicae (1738), Instituzioni analitiche (1748) on differential calculus; known especially for discussion of cubic curve known through mistranslation as Witch of Agnesi.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Agnesi.html

Georgius Agricola / Georg Bauer

 The German mineralogist and writer on mining Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) is a major figure in the history of technology. His main contribution was his book on mining and metallurgy, De re metallica.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/agricola.html

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/agricola.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Georgius%20Agricola

http://www.crystalinks.com/agricola.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20060520145417/http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/SAM-A.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith;, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

François De Aguilon, S.J. *** Not in Gale

Mathematician.  Architect.  Aguilon was the originator of St. Ignatius (later St. Charles) in Antwerp, perhaps in cooperation with a lay brother, Peter Huyssens, an accomplished architect. Aguilon was certainly responsible for the first phases of construction. He worked on other architectural projects.

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/aguilon.htm:

A special school for mathematics was started in 1611 at Antwerp by François De Aguilon (1546-1617): and produced Jesuit geometers such as Tacquet and de la Faille. It demonstrated how serious the Society was about geometry. The French Jesuits also developed another important school for Jesuit mathematicians which flourished for generations. Peter Paul Rubens designed the engravings for the illustrations of Aguilon's major work, Opticorum libri sex philosophis juxta ac mathematicis utiles (Anvers, 1613), “Six Books of Optics, useful for philosophers and mathematicians alike”, concerns geometrical optics, which in the Jesuit schools was taught under the heading of Geometry. He was given the task of organizing the teaching of geometry and science which would be useful for geography, navigation, architecture and the military arts. His plan was to synthesize the works of former geometers starting with Euclid and apply geometry to the three ways in which the eye perceives: directly, then by reflection and finally by refraction. Aguilon had planned to write books on catoptrics and dioptrics but his death interfered with the publication of the two later sections. His treatment of different kinds of projections, especially stereographic, was meant to aid architects, cosmographers, navigators and artists.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/aguilon.html

George Biddell Airy

(1801-1892). English astronomer. Astronomer royal (1835-81); equipped Royal Observatory at Greenwich with newly designed instruments; reduced all lunar and planetary observations made at Greenwich in 1750-1830 and otherwise organized work of observatory; invented cylindrical lens for correction of astigmatism (1827).

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Airy/

https://web.archive.org/web/20150324174755/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0320.html

Salomon Alberti *** Not in Gale

(1540-1600).  German physician, specialist in anatomy.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/alberti.html:

Alberti’s most noteworthy achievement was the study of the venous valves. He was the first to provide illustrations of venous valves in Tres orationes (Nuremberg, 1585).  Having studied the lacrimal apparatus, he published De lacrimis in 1581.  He also provided an extended account of the ileocecal valve, the cochlea, and, as an original contribution, the renal papillae.  In Oratio de surditate et mutitate(Nuremberg, 1591), he discussed the problem of deafness and muteness. His treatise De achorbuto, published in the same year, was led by his interest in the problem of scurvy.  He taught in the medical faculty at Wittenberg for many years, and became physician to Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of Saxony in 1592. There he was dean of the philosophical faculty, thrice dean of the medical faculty, and also thrice rector of the University.  He was physician to Duke Friedrich Wilhelm from 1592-1600.

St. Albertus Magnus

The German philosopher and naturalist St. Albertus Magnus (ca. 1193-1280), also known as Albert the Great, was a dominant figure in the evolution of Christian scholastic thought and a precursor of modern science.  The patron saint of natural scientists and known in his lifetime as “The Great Doctor,” Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great) was one of the most important scientific polymaths of the Middle Ages. In the natural sciences he is known for his clear, accurate observations and his dispelling of erroneous beliefs through careful investigation.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01264a.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20050308234650/http://www.connect.net/ron/albertusmagnus.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20060202010342/http://www.op.org/domcentral/people/vocations/albert.htm

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-great/

Alcuin of York

The English churchman Alcuin of York (ca. 730-804) was an educator, statesman, and liturgist. In the total range of his talents he was unequaled by any other man of his time.

From J. J. O’Connor and E F Robertson http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Alcuin.html:

In 781 Alcuin accepted an invitation from Charlemagne to go to Aachen to a meeting of the leading scholars of the time. Following this meeting, he was appointed head of Charlemagne’s Palace School at Aachen and there he developed the Carolingian minuscule, a clear script which has become the basis of the way the letters of the present Roman alphabet are written. Before leaving Aachen, Alcuin was responsible for the most precious of Carolingian codices, now called the Golden Gospels. These were a series of illuminated masterpieces written largely in gold, often on purple coloured vellum.

The development of Carolingian minuscule had, although somewhat indirectly, a large impact on the history of mathematics. It was a script which was much more readable than the old unspaced capital script which was in use before this and, as a consequence, most of the mathematical works were freshly copied into this new script in the 9^th century. Most of the works of the ancient Greek mathematicians which have survived do so because of this copying process and it is the ‘latest’ version written in minuscule script which has survived.

http://www.geometry.net/detail/scientists/alcuin_of_york.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml

https://web.archive.org/web/20070804035435/http://abbey.mayo-ireland.ie/HistMAbb/Alcuin.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20071125165535/http://historymedren.about.com/library/who/blwwalcuin.htm

Buzz Aldrin Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr. / Edwin E. Aldrin / Dr. Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr. / Edwin Aldrin

(Born 1930).  An American astronaut who was the second man on the Moon with the Apollo 11 mission. Decorated D.S.M., Legion of Merit, D.F.C. with oak leaf cluster, Air Medal with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters; recipient numerous awards including Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1969.

Author: Return to Earth, 1973, Men From Earth, 1989.

Buzz Aldrin’s Official Website: http://www.buzzaldrin.com/

https://web.archive.org/web/20090117145759/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/aldrin-b.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20060202204335/http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/aldrin.htm

Bill Carrell. Communion on the Moon - Buzz Aldrin.

http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/communion.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Buzz%20Aldrin

Ulisse Aldrovandi

(1522-1605). Italian naturalist and physician. Taught at Bologna(1553-1605); director of botanical garden established (1568) at his instigation by senate of Bologna; introduced systematic study of natural history; author of beautifully illustrated volumes on ornithology, entomology,ichthyology, etc., and of Antidotarii bononiensis epitome (1574), official pharmacopoeia.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/aldrvndi.html

Il teatro della natura di Ulisse Aldrovandi (in Italian)

http://www.strangescience.net/aldrovandi.htm

Hattie Elizabeth Alexander

was a U.S. microbiologist, bacteriologist and pediatrician who became the leading authority on the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Her pioneering studies paved the way for advances in treatment that have saved countless lives.  First woman president, American Pediatric Society, 1964. During her career she published some 150 papers as well as chapters in textbooks on microbiology and pediatrics and delivered many honorary lectures at medical and academic institutions.

https://web.archive.org/web/20070821193108/http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Alexander_Hattie_Elizabeth.html

Caroline from Fredericksburg WOMEN HERO: HATTIE ELIZABETH ALEXANDER, http://myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp?hero=Hattie_Fredericksburg_04

James S. Allan *** Not in Gale

Zoologist, geneticist.  Ph.D. in genetics from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. M.S. in agriculture from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; B.S. in agriculture from the University of Natal.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/allan-j.html

Dr. Don Batten and Carl Wieland. “Jumping ship: Dr. Jim Allan, a geneticist, tells of his ‘double conversion’,” https://web.archive.org/web/20080210011420/http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v20/i3/jumping_ship.asp, first published in Creation 20(3):26–27, June 1998.  Dr. Allan’s testimony.

https://web.archive.org/web/20070921161230/http://www.bms.ed.ac.uk/research/idg/gendev/JAllan/JAllen.htm

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Wesley D. Allen *** Not in Gale

(Born 1961).  Chemist. Research Scientist, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia (1995-present).  Previous: Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University (1988-1994); Postdoctoral Research Associate, Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA (1987-88). 

His research in chemistry at Vanderbilt in 1978 under the direction of Professor David J. Wilson concerned adsorbing colloid flotation of heavy metals, a water purification technique, and earned him several national awards, e.g., a Westinghouse Science Talent Search Scholarship (final 40), and an Edison Centennial Scholarship. In August 1979 he entered Vanderbilt University as a Harold Stirling Vanderbilt Honors Scholar and held the attendant full academic scholarship for four years, receiving numerous additional academic honors during this period. His undergraduate thesis concerned ab initio quantum chemical studies of the highly strained, “antiaromatic” molecule thiirene and its saturated analogue thiirane.

In May 1983 he graduated from Vanderbilt University with a Bachelor of Arts degree, summa cum laude with high honors in chemistry, and a double major in chemistry and physics.  In August of 1983 Dr. Allen enrolled in graduate school in the Department of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, where he held an NSF Graduate Fellowship in Chemistry from 1983-1986. At Berkeley he continued work in development and chemical applications of ab initio quantum chemistry under the guidance of Professor Henry F. Schaefer III. Dr. Allen completed requirements for the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Chemistry at Berkeley in September 1987. In 1986 Dr. Allen became associated with Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, CA and undertook several additional research projects in a Berkeley-Sandia collaboration. From July 1987 until June 1988 he continued worked at the Combustion Research Facility of Sandia National Laboratories as a postdoctoral Research Associate under the supervision of Dr. J. S. Binkley. In July 1988 Dr. Allen joined the faculty at Stanford University as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, where he directed Ph.D. research in theoretical chemistry and taught advanced physical chemistry until 1994. Since 1995 Dr. Allen has been a research scientist at the Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry at the University of Georgia. He has authored over 60 publications in scientific literature.
Dr. Allen was raised in a Christian home and made a personal decision for Christ in 1973. He was heavily involved in campus ministries at Stanford University and has continued to promote Christian outreach and scholarship in various ways at the University of Georgia. He and his wife Anne are active members of Faith Presbyterian Church in Watkinsville, Georgia.

From Biographical sketch. https://web.archive.org/web/20080720013336/http://hermes.ccqc.uga.edu/~wdallen/BiographicalSketch.html

Faculty webpage, Wesley D. Allen—Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry

http://zopyros.ccqc.uga.edu/%7Ewdallen/wdallen.html

Faculty webpage, University of Georgia, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wesley_Allen

Member: The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia https://web.archive.org/web/20070203225210/http://www.uga.edu/cff/

http://cffatuga.com/faculty/wesley-d-allen/

On Easter Sunday in 1973, at the age of 12, I professed Jesus Christ as my Lord and Savior. Thus began my up-and-down journey toward spiritual maturity, which is far from complete! Myriad Christian sources explain the full meaning of salvation. My succinct summary here is that through a personal relationship with Christ and a humble reliance on him, one is no longer separated from God by selfishness and sin, is given the hope and power to lead a new spiritual life, and is ensured to not perish, but rather to have an eternal life in communion with God.

William Allen *** Not in Gale

(1779-1843).  Chemist, an astronomer and a Fellow of the Royal Society who founded Allen and Hanbury’s medical and chemical company (still in existence). In 1804 he began his Royal Institution Lectures, and he was involved in establishing schools promoted by his fellow-Quaker Joseph Lancaster, leading to the foundation of the British and Foreign Schools Society.

From https://web.archive.org/web/20090818164643/http://members.lycos.co.uk/JennySteel/science.html

Scott Corbett.  Cape Cod’s Way: “William Allen and His Quaker Beliefs,” http://members.aol.com/Lynnash911/Wmallen.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20040603132913/http://www.nanning.nildram.co.uk/quakers/history/Allen001.html

William Allen (1770-1843): The Scientist

Online Books by William Allen

Prospero Alpini / Prospero Alpino

(1553-1616 or 1617). Italian botanist and physician. Professor at Padua(from 1593); author of De medicina Aegyptorum (1591), De plantis Aegypti liber (1593), De praesagienda vita etmorte aegrotontium (1601); credited with introducing coffee and bananas to Europe.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/alpini.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20090108100822/http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/1553.html:

Alpini’s De plantis Aegypti  was the first treatment of the plants of Egypt. He accompanied the Venetian consul to Egypt as his personal physician, residing there from 1580 to 1583. He was the first European to mention the coffee plant and the first to record the sexual differences of the date-palm tree. Alpini was director of the Padua botanic gardens until his death in 1617.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01341b.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20051114124712/http://www.portaljuice.com/prospero_alpini.html

http://prospero-alpini.wikiverse.org/

Encyclopedia Britannica

Johann Heinrich Alsted *** Not in Gale

Johann Heinrich Alsted (March 1588 – November 9, 1638), "the true parent of all the Encyclopædias", was a German-born Transylvanian Saxon Calvinist minister and academic, known for his varied interests: in Ramism and Lullism, pedagogy and encyclopedias, theology and millenarianism. From https://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/10925/

https://web.archive.org/web/20181003200429/http://magyar-irodalom.elte.hu/contentware/marci/alstedfr.htm

Dunston Philoman Ambrose

(Born February 23, 1955 in Melamanakudy, India).  Entomology educator, researcher.  Lecturer zoology, St. Xavier's College, Palayankottai, Tamil Nadu, India, 1982; Assistant Professor zoology, St. Joseph's College, Trichy, India, 1981-82; field biologist, BNHS, Point Calimere, India, 1980-81. Director Entomology Research unit St. Xavier's College, 1982.  Education: BSc, Scott Christian College, Nagercoil, India, 1974; MSc, American College, Madurai, India, 1976; Ph.D., University Madras, Coimbatore, India, 1980; DSc, Madurai Kamaraj University, India, 1999.

Member: Heteropterist Association (U.S.), Biocontrol Advancement.

Honors: Recipient Speaker award XIX International Congress Entomology, Beijing, 1992, Career award University Grants Commission, India, 1993, St. Xaveriah Research award, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000.

Author: (monograph) Assassin Bugs, 1999; editor: Biological and Cultural Control of Insect Pests, 1996; Contributor of numerous articles to science publications.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Arie van Nieuw Amerongen

(Born 1944). Biochemist.  Educator.  Medical researcher.  Head department of Oral Biochemistry, Division of Oral Biochemistry, ACTA (Academic Centre for Dentistry) – Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Expertise: anti-microbial peptides; saliva; oral health; peptide synthesis. Professor biochemistry, Vrije University, 1990; Associate Professor, Vrije University, 1978-90; Assistant Professor, Vrije University, Amsterdam, 1974-78.

The Skeletal Tissue Engineering Group Amsterdam (STEGA) is a multidisciplinary group of scientists working on fundamental and clinical aspects of skeletal tissues and implants. STEGA performs research in tissue engineering, orthopaedics, dentistry, cell biology, biochemistry, biomechanics, biomaterials, clinical physics, medical imaging, and computer science.

STEGA has been established as a foundation in 1998, and finds its roots in the Department of Orthopaedics of the Vrije Universiteit, the Department of Oral Cell Biology of the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), and the Department of Clinical Physics and Informatics of the University Hospital Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Objectives of the STEGA foundation are to perform and promote fundamental and clinical research on the maintaince, repair, and regeneration of skeletal tissues in general, and on orthopaedic and dental implantology in particular.

AM-Pharma and Biomet-Merck are both partners in a Dutch STW-project, co-ordinated by Dr. Arie van Nieuw Amerongen and Dr. Paul Wuisman (Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Hospital) at the Free University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands). The main scope of the research is the prevention and treatment of osteomyelitis caused by MRSA-infections using bone cement and collagen fleeces impregnated with AM-Pharma’s proprietary AMP’s.

Professor Arie van Nieuw Amerongen Ph.D., biochemist.  https://web.archive.org/web/20050218022954/http://www.azvu.nl/stega/scientboard.html

Education: MS, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1970; Ph.D., Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1974.

Member: International Association for Dental Research, European Organization for Caries Research Accord.

Contributor articles to professional journals; patentee on composition for protecting teeth, therapeutic composition for replacing and/or supplementing body fluids, antimicrobial peptides.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, “From my scientific work I am deeply impressed by the wisdom and knowledge of the almighty God as Creator and supporter of His creation.”

André-Marie Ampere

The French physicist André Marie Ampère (1775-1836), with his original and penetrating analysis of the magnetic effects of current-carrying wires, was the founder of electrodynamics.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Ampere.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092320/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/ampere.htm

https://www.famousscientists.org/andre-marie-ampere/

The True Scientist
Happy the one who in his learned watches,
Contemplating the marvels of this vast universe,
Before so much beauty, before so much grandeur,
Bows the knee and acknowledges the divine creator.
I do not share the foolish incoherence
Of the scientist who would contest the existence of God,
Who would close his ears to what the heavens declare,
And refuse to see what the shines before his eyes.
To know God, to love Him, to offer Him a pure homage
That is true knowledge and the study of the wise.
(Translation from French by F. Skiff, 2000)

From http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/~fskiff/quotes_ampere.htm

Clayton Anderson *** Not in Gale

(Born 1959).  Astronaut.  Received a bachelor of science degree (Cum Laude) in Physics from Hastings College,

Anderson joined the Johnson Space Center in 1983 in the Mission Planning and Analysis Division where he performed rendezvous and proximity operations trajectory designs for early Space Shuttle and Space Station missions. In 1988 he moved to the Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) as a Flight Design Manager leading the trajectory design team for the Galileo planetary mission (STS-34) while serving as the backup for the Magellan planetary mission (STS-31). He was later assigned the Gamma Ray Observatory (STS-37) and Tethered Satellite/EURECA (STS-46) missions. In 1989, Anderson was chosen as the supervisor of the MOD Ascent Flight Design Section and, following a reorganization, the Flight Design Engineering Office of the Flight Design and Dynamics Division. In 1993 he was named the Chief of the Flight Design Branch. From 1996 until his selection Anderson held the post of Manager, Emergency Operations Center, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. Selected by NASA in June 1998, he reported for training in August 1998. Training included orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, ground school to prepare for T-38 flight training, as well as learning water and wilderness survival techniques.

Anderson most recently served as the lead for the Enhanced Caution and Warning (ECW) System development effort within the Space Shuttle Cockpit Avionics Upgrade (CAU) Project. Previously, he was the Crew Support Astronaut for the Expedition 4 International Space Station Crew, providing ground support to the crew on technical issues in addition to supporting their families. Anderson also served as a Space Station Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) for Station missions and as the Astronaut Office crew representative for the Station’s electrical power system. In November of 2002, Mr. Anderson completed training in the Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Skills program. Anderson is currently assigned as the Flight Engineer for an upcoming International Space Station Long Duration Expedition in 2006.

CLAYTON C. ANDERSON, NASA ASTRONAUT (MISSION SPECIALIST).  https://web.archive.org/web/20170713233533/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/anderson-c.html

Clayton Anderson.  “ISS Expedition Journal,” http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/andersonjournals/index.html

Clayton C. Anderson.  “Lt. Col. Michael P. Anderson Memorial Plaza, Dedication Ceremony, Creighton University, June 12, 2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20041029225937/http://www.creighton.edu/PubRel/newsrel/2004_releases/06142004_clayton.html

Anderson eulogizes astronaut Michael Anderson (no relation) of the shuttle Columbia, which had disintegrated on re-entry in 2003.

David Lee Anderson

(1951-1999).  Soil Chemist. Associate Professor, University of Florida, Belle Glade, 1987-99; Assistant Professor, University of Florida, Belle Glade, 1982-87; soil chemist, USDA, Auburn, Alabama, 1981-82; Research Associate, N.C. State University, Raleigh, 1976-77; Research technician, N.C. State University, Plymouth, 1975; soil scientist, U.S. Peace Corps, Yurimaguas, Peru, 1973-74. Education: MS, N.C. State University, 1978; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1981

Member: Agronomy Society America, American Society Sugar Cane Technologists.  Baptist.

Author: Nutritional Deficiency and Toxicity Symnptoms in Plants, 1991, Sugarcane Cropping Systems, 1991, Sugarcane Nutrition, 1991; Contributor of articles to professional publications.

John Anderson *** Not in Gale

Anderson (1833-1900), a native of Scotland, became the first curator of the Indian Museum in 1865. Although based in Calcutta, he joined the Sladen expedition to Burma and Yunnan in 1868, and a second expedition to the same region in 1875. These two expeditions provided the material upon which Anderson based his first large herpetological work, Anatomical and Zoological Researches, known especially for its excellent plates of Asian turtles. After 1886 Anderson returned to Britain and later initiated work in the more arid areas of southwest Asia and north Africa.

https://web.archive.org/web/20050605075413/http://www.acnatsci.org/library/collections/herps/

John Anderson. The course of creation .  Cincinnati, W. H. Moore & co., 1851.

Edward J. Anderson *** Not in Gale

Mathematician.  Professor of Operations Management, Director of Research Australian Graduate School of Management, University of New South Wales, Australia.  Research interests: Electricity markets, Scheduling problems, Algorithms for optimization, Rendezvous search problems. Professor in Operations Management and Operations Research at the University of Cambridge, 1979 – 1995.  MA with honors in Mathematics from Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and a Ph.D. in Control and Management Systems from the University of Cambridge. 

Contributor to professional journals.
Faculty webpage, http://www2.agsm.edu.au/agsm/web.nsf/Content/Faculty-FacultyDirectory-EdwardAnderson

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Harold James Anderson

(1928-2004).  Forest products company executive. Student, University Wisconsin, 1948-49; B.S. in Chemistry, , 1952. Scientist, Marathon Corp., Rothschild, Wisconsin, 1952-57; Senior scientist, American Can. Co., Neenah, Wisconsin, 1957-63, Group Leader, 1963-68, Supervisor, 1968-72, Manager, 1972-74, Manager new product technology, 1974-75, Product Manager, Green Bay, 1975-79; Associate Director paperboard process development, James River Corp., Neenah, Wisconsin, 1979-83, Director paperboard development, 1983-90, Consultant, 1991. Served with U.S. Army, 1946-48.

Member: TAPPI. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8360310/james-harold-anderson

Michael P. Anderson

(1959-2003).  Astronaut.  Died on February 1, 2003 over the southern United States when Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew perished during entry, 16 minutes prior to scheduled landing. Lieutenant Colonel Michael P. Anderson served as the Payload commander on his second flight into space. Just before leaving on the flight, Anderson told his minister that, “If this thing doesn’t come out right, don’t worry about me; I’m just going on higher.”  Washington State Highway 904, running through Cheney, Washington, where he graduated from high school, was renamed in his memory. After his death, Asteroid 51824 Mikeanderson was named for him.

After completing a year of technical training at Keesler AFB Mississippi he was assigned to Randolph AFB Texas. At Randolph he served as Chief of Communication Maintenance for the 2015 Communication Squadron and later as Director of Information System Maintenance for the 1920 Information System Group. In 1986 he was selected to attend Undergraduate Pilot Training at Vance AFB, nd Airborne Command and Control Squadron, Offutt AFB Nebraska as an EC 135 pilot, flying the Strategic Air Commands airborne command post code-named “Looking Glass”. From January 1991 to September 1992 he served as an aircraft commander and instructor pilot in the 920^th Air Refueling Squadron, Wurtsmith AFB Michigan. From September 1992 to February 1995 he was assigned as an instructor pilot and tactics officer in the 380 Air Refueling Wing, Plattsburgh AFB New York. Anderson logged over 3000 hours in various models of the KC-135 and the T-38A aircraft.

Selected by NASA in December 1994, Anderson reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995. He completed a year of training and evaluation, and was qualified for flight crew assignment as a mission specialist. Anderson was initially assigned technical duties in the Flight Support Branch of the Astronaut Office. Anderson flew on STS-89 and STS-107, logging over 593 hours in space.

Bachelor of science degree in physics/astronomy from University of Washington, 1981. Master of science degree in physics from Creighton University, 1990.

Honors: Distinguished graduate USAF Communication Electronics Officers course. Recipient of the Armed Forces Communication Electronics Associations Academic Excellence Award 1983. Received the USAF Undergraduate Pilot Training Academic Achievement Award for Class 87-08 Vance AFB. Awarded the Defense Superior Service Medal, the USAF Meritorious Service Medal, and the USAF Achievement Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster.  Posthumously awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Distinguished Service Medal (DDSM), and the Congressional Space Medal of Freedom.

https://web.archive.org/web/20040221064822/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/bio_mike_anderson.html

http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/michael-anderson.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20060211204737/http://space.about.com/cs/columbialosses/a/anderson.htm

MICHAEL P. ANDERSON (LIEUTENANT COLONEL, USAF), NASA ASTRONAUT.

https://web.archive.org/web/20050307103351/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/anderson.html

Norman Dean Anderson

(Born 1928).  Science educator, writer.  Certified Teacher and administrator, Iowa, N.C.   Professor of science education, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1963-94; instructor, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1961-63; Teacher science, School Twp. of Pleasant Valley, Bettendorf, Iowa, 1959-61; Teacher science, supervisor, Burlington (Iowa) Public Schools, 1952-59.  Education: BA, University of Iowa, 1951; MA, University of Iowa, 1956; Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1965.

Norman Dean Anderson once told Contemporary Authors: “As a former junior high school science teacher, as a father of six, and as a university professor of science education, my continuous contacts with young people and science provide more ideas than I can write about in a lifetime. And as I read and do research for a book, more ideas for writing projects are generated. There are many motivations for writing these books--to share the excitement of science with adolescents, to create new ways of presenting ideas and activities that can be performed as part of the learning process, and perhaps most important, to organize my own thoughts and to learn, myself, about the many fascinating aspects of science.”

Member: American Association for the Advancement of Science (fellow), National Education Association (life member), Association for Education of Teachers of Science, National Science Teachers Association (life), National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Delta Kappa.  Trustee Peace College, Raleigh, 1970-75; Board of Directors N.C. Marine Education Foundation, Raleigh, 1983-89. With U.S. Army, 1946, Japan.  Presbyterian.

Honors: North Carolina State University Outstanding Teaching Awards, 1965, 1970, Alumni Distinguished Professor, 1971; Distinguished Service Award, North Carolina Science Teachers Association, 1989; Faculty Award, North Carolina State University, 1992.

Author: Ozone: A Source Book for Teaching About Oz in the Rwosphere and Stratosphere, 1995; Ferris Wheels: An Illustrated History, 1992; co-author: Science, Students and Schools, 1980, Halley's Comet, 1981, Ferris Wheels, 1984, others (textbook series) Life Science, Physical Science, Earth Science, 1977; plus many other books.

Norman Anderson. Ferris Wheels: An Illustrated History,  https://web.archive.org/web/20040313172634/http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/press/pp0075.html

Contributor to journals of science education.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Paul M. Anderson

(Born 1938).  Biochemistry educator. Dr. Anderson is Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in the School of Medicine at the University of Minnesota, Duluth. He served as Head of the Department, University Minnesota School Medicine, Duluth, 1971-84; Professor, University Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, 1976; Associate Professor biochemistry, University Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, 1971-76; Research biochemist, Miles Labs., Inc., Elkhart, Indiana, 1970-71; Assistant Professor, Associate Professor Department chemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1966-70; postdoctoral Fellow, Tufts University School Medicine, Boston, 1964-66. BS, University Journal of Biological Chemistry and has published more than eighty-five papers and articles. His research work, funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, has focused on enzyme mechanisms, nitrogen metabolism in fish, and regulation of gene expression in fish.

Member: AAAS, American Chemical Society, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Protein Society, Sigma Xi (Chapter President, 1976-77, 97-98).

Editor, Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, 1998.

Paul M. Anderson, Ph.D. University of Minnesota, 1964, Faculty webpage, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Duluth.  https://web.archive.org/web/20040518185940/http://www.d.umn.edu/medweb/mwmdbc/faculty/paul_a.html or https://web.archive.org/web/20050405141929/http://www.d.umn.edu/medweb/biochem/faculty/paul_a.html

In June 2001, School of Medicine established the Paul M. Anderson Fellowship for graduate studies in biochemistry and molecular biology in honor of Professor Emeritus Paul Anderson. Announcement was made June 8 at school’s Paul M. Anderson Research Symposium on the biochemistry of fish, which featured presentations by 10 researchers from 4 countries.

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

V. Elving Anderson / Victor Elving Anderson

(Born September 6, 1921 in Stromsburg, Nebraska, United States. Died March 25, 2014). Geneticist, educator.  Research on genetics in human behavior, mental retardation, and epilepsy.  Professor Emeritus genetics and cell biology, Dight Institute for Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, 1966; Associate Professor zoology and genetics, Dight Institute for Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, 1961-66; Acting Director, Dight Institute for Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, 1978-84; Assistant Director, Dight Institute for Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, 1954-78; Faculty dept. biology, Bethel College, 1946-60. Consultant National Institute Neurol. Disease and Blindness, 1961-68; member development behavioral sciences study section NIH, 1972-75, Chairman, 1974-75; Board regents Bethel College and Seminary, 1969-74, 82-87; Board of directors Institute for Advanced Christian Studies, 1971-76, 77-81, 82-86, 88.  Education: AA, Bethel Jr. College, 1941; student, Bethel Theological Seminary, 1941-43; BA in Zoology, University of Minnesota, 1945; MS in Zoology (Genetics), University of Minnesota, 1949; Ph.D. in Zoology (Genetics), University of Minnesota, 1953.

Honor: Named Alumnus of Year, Bethel College and Seminary, 1965.

Member: AAAS (President Academy Conf. 1967), American Society Human Genetics (Director 1967-70), Minnesota Academy of Science (President 1964-65), American Science Affiliation (President 1963-65), Behavior Genetics Association (sec. 1972-74, President 1979-80), Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi (exec. Board 1972-84, President 1982-83).

Author: (with H.O. Goodman and S.C. Reed) Variables Related to Human Breast Cancer, 1958, (with S.C. Reed, C. Hartley, V.P. Phillips, N.A. Johnson) The Psychoses: Family Studies, 1973; (with W.A. Hauser, J.K. Penry, C.F. Sing) Genetic Basis of the Epilepsies, 1982; (with G.Beck-Mannagetta, H. Doose, D. Janz) Genetics of the Epilepsies, 1989; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

V. Elving Anderson, Professor Emeritus, EPIDEMIOLOGY, SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH,

https://web.archive.org/web/20040312081832/http://www.bethel.edu/alumni/alumcoll/ScienceAlum/1940s.htm.  “Geneticists spend their lives unraveling the intricacies and mysteries of the human body. Without question, Dr. V. Elving Anderson has made appreciable contributions to this field of research. He has published studies on genetic factors in human behavioral problems, breast cancer, and epilepsy, as well as the ethical issues in genetics and other areas of biology. Professor emeritus of genetics and cell biology at the University of Minnesota, Anderson helped map the first gene for epilepsy in 1989 and currently leads a worldwide search for other epilepsy genes.

“In addition to his research findings, Anderson co-authored the book On Behalf of God: A Christian Ethic for Biology and was a contributor to Whatever Happened to the Soul? Scientific and Theological Portraits of Human Nature.”

https://web.archive.org/web/20040106175255/http://www.cts.cuni.cz/guests/anderson.htm

V. ELVING ANDERSON. “THE GOALS OF THE ASA, A PERSONAL VIEW,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1965/JASA6-65Anderson.html. From: JASA 17 (June 1965): 33-36.

V. Elving Anderson.  “Can We Talk? A Public Conversation About Behavioral Genetics and Society

May 2-3, 2003,” Convened by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and The Hastings Center.  https://web.archive.org/web/20040224201938/http://www.aaas.org/spp/bgenes/cwt/biographies.shtml

Ronald D. Anderson

(Not Ronald D. Anderson, Faculty, BYU-Idaho)

(Not Ronald Dean Anderson, American United Life Professor Emeritus, Kelly School of Business, Indiana University, Indianapolis)

(Not Ronald Dean Anderson, Buffalo, Minnesota social worker)

(Not Ronald D. Anderson, clinician, Northeast Clinical Specialists, LLC, Connecticut)

Science educator.  Professor of Education (1871 – present), School of Education, University of Colorado at Boulder, with a focus on science education. His research centers on policy issues in science education and science education reform. Assistant Professor, Kansas State University at Manhattan, KS, 1964-65; Assistant Professor, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO, 1965-68; Associate Professor, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO, 1968-71.  BS Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI,1959; Ph.D. Education, University of Wisconsin, 1964.
Dr. Anderson is a member of numerous professional organizations and has served as president of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, president of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science, and chair of the Education Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He currently is a member of the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

He received an outstanding paper award from the National Association for Research in Science Teaching in 1980 and in1986 was awarded a Fulbright Senior Research Award to conduct research in Germany.

2021 faculty webpage, https://www.colorado.edu/education/ronald-anderson

Faculty webpage, https://web.archive.org/web/20040223204159/http://www.colorado.edu/education/faculty/ronaldanderson/index.html

Curriculum Vitae https://web.archive.org/web/20040311070554/http://www.colorado.edu/education/faculty/ronaldanderson/vita.html

Ronald D. Anderson, University of Colorado. “Teaching Inquiry in the Everyday World of Schools; A member of ENC’s Science Advisory Board takes a closer look at the meaning of inquiry,” https://web.archive.org/web/20050603082918/http://www.enc.org/features/focus/archive/inquiry/document.shtm?input=FOC-000708-index

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Thomas Anderson *** Not in Gale

Thomas Anderson (1819-1874) was an organic chemist. Born and brought up in Leith, near Edinburgh, the son of a physician, Anderson was educated at the High School of Leith, Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh, where he gained an MD degree in 1841.

Anderson is primarily remembered for his discovery of picoline (an isomer of aniline) and the base pyridine in a series of experiments carried out between 1848-1868 in which he distilled bone oil and investigated the concentrated fractions of organic bases created. He was also known at the time for his work on agriculture - he was chemist to the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland from 1848. In this role, he wrote Elements of Agricultural Chemistry (1860), considered to be an accurate picture of the state of science at the time, but otherwise largely unremarkable.  Anderson also looked at physiology in humans, particularly the chemical changes that occur in the body during physiological processes such as eating. In addition, Anderson worked for some time on codeine and other opiates, leading to his discovery of the composition of a number of alkaloids.

https://web.archive.org/web/20070225073207/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0383.html

Edgar Andrews, BSc, Ph.D., DSc, FInstP, FIM, CEng, CPhys.
(Born 1932).  Chemist. Emeritus Professor of Materials Science, University of London.

Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, England, technical officer, 1953-55; Rubber Producers’ Research Association, Welwyn Garden City, senior physicist, 1955-63; University of London, Queen Mary College, London, England, reader, 1963-68, Professor of materials, 1968-present. Chartered engineer. Director of Evangelical Press and QMC-Industrial Research Ltd.; chairman of Clarendon School Trust, 1975-81; consultant to Dow Chemical Co.

Education: University of London, B.Sc., 1953, Ph.D., 1960, D.Sc., 1968.

Author: Chemistry and Physics of Rubberlike Substances, 1963; Fracture in Polymers (monograph), 1968; Is Evolution Scientific?, 1977; From Nothing to Nature (A Young People’s Guide to Evolution and Creation), 1978; (ed. and co-author) Developments in Polymer Fracture, 1979; The Promise of the Spirit, 1982; Christ and the Cosmos, 1986; Free in Christ (commentary), 1996; A Glorious High Throne,  2003. Is Evolution Scientific? and From Nothing to Nature have been published in Swedish, and the latter book is being translated into Norwegian. Contributor of more than eighty articles and reviews to scientific journals throughout the world.

Honors: A. A. Griffith Silver Medal from Materials Science Club of Great Britain, 1977, for published works on fracture.

“Truth is a unity, and this is my basic approach to science and religion. Biblical revelation must be compatible with genuine scientific discovery, but revelation must take precedence since human enquiry is flawed by human nature. The Bible makes it clear that God is sovereign in creation, providence, and the personal salvation of the soul through faith in Jesus Christ.

“In my scientific research I am concerned mainly with understanding the phenomena of interest. Although much of my work is applied (i.e., engineering) science, I am still a physicist at heart, seeking to reveal by research the excellent harmony of nature and its unity as expressed by the laws of science.”

Source: Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2001.

Edgar Andrews.  “TEACHING THE TRUTH ABOUT EVOLUTION,”  https://web.archive.org/web/20130718231201/http://www.churchsociety.org/publications/leaflets/Leaf_Andrews_Teaching.pdf

Edgar Andrews.  “MAN: CREATED OR EVOLVED?” https://web.archive.org/web/20040930183041/http://www.globalchurchofgod.co.uk/Keepers%20Brother.doc

Who Made God?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus

(fl. 1220-1240).  Franciscan Professor of theology; was the author of one of the first encyclopedias, the 19-volume De proprietatibus rerum.

Bartholomaeus Anglicus.  Mediaeval Lore From Bartholomaeus Anglicus, edited by Robert Steele,

contrib. by William Morris.  Project Gutenberg Release #6493, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=6493

Betsy Ancker-Johnson

(1927-2020).  Physicist, engineer, automotive company executive. Betsy Ancker-Johnson was the first woman to hold a vice-presidency in the American auto industry, held management posts in government and private industry, and has also made significant contributions in solid state physics, microwave and molecular electronics, and ferromagnetism and nonreciprocal effects. The author of more than 80 scientific papers, Ancker-Johnson also holds a handful of patents and also designed 50 devices and techniques in solid-state physics.

https://web.archive.org/web/20040205025022/http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Ancker-Johnson,_Betsy@841234567.html

American Institute of Physics. "Oral Histories: Betsy Ancker-Johnson"

Interviewed December 8, 2008.

"I was known throughout my career as a convinced Christian and often asked to speak. I did put together a pile of stuff in this business of going through all this junk I’ve accumulated one way or another over the years, in preparation for this interview and I was surprised at how many press notices and whatnot of talks that I gave throughout my career as a convinced Christian. I once heard somebody say, “If, if it were a felony to be a Christian, would there be enough evidence to convict you?” [Laugh] And, I think it’s safe to say there would be enough evidence to convict me, [Laugh] if it were a felony."

https://web.archive.org/web/20080718101804/http://library.thinkquest.org/20117/johnson.html

Frank Andrew Anthony

(Born November 30, 1957 in Arlington, Virginia, United States). Biochemist. Senior biologist, Schering-Plough Health Care Products, Memphis, 1991; biologist II, Schering-Plough Health Care Products, Memphis, 1989-91; Research Assistant, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,Memphis, 1987-89; Research fellow, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,Memphis, 1984-87; teaching Assistant, Texas Christian University,Ft. Worth, 1980-82. Adjunct faculty Memphis State University,1991; radiation safety committee Schering-Plough Health Care Products, Memphis, 1992.  Education: BS, Texas Christian University,1979; Ph.D., Texas Christian University, 1984.

Member: Texas Society for Electron Microscopy, American Society for Photobiology, N.Y. Academy Sciences, Sigma Xi.

Honors: Recipient National Research Service award NIH, 1984-87, Chemistry of Behavior Research fellowship Texas Christian University, 1980-83, Shering-Plough Science Achievement award 1992; named to Outstanding Young Men of America, 1985, 87.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Voituret Anthelme *** Not in Gale

(1618-1683).  French Carthusian monk.  Astronomer.  Discovered the nova Variable R volpecula in 1672.

Published Explication de la comete and other treatises.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/anthelme.html

Adriaan Anthonisz *** Not in Gale

(Born c.1543-1620).  Dutch mathematician, astronomer.  Cartographer and miltary engineer for the States of Holland.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/anthoniz.html

In 1578 he was summoned to Utrecht as master of fortification, and in 1579 entrusted by the States of Holland with strengthening of Naarden and Muiden. He was both engineer of the states of Holland and mathematician to the Prince of Orange around 1580. Between 1582 and 1601 he was elected burgomaster of Alkmaar several times.  He was the chief of fortifications of the United Netherlands in 86, 87, 88, 90-96, and he did much work on fortification under the Princes of Orange.  At the request of the Prince he composed a piece on the quadratuare of the circle in 1584. He also wrote on the calendar, on sun dialing (including the problem of determining latitude from the length of shadows. He wrote as well on the astrolabe, and made an instrument that showed the position of the moon.

https://web.archive.org/web/20041023175628/http://www.metius.nl/vereniging/Over_metius.htm (in Dutch)

Peter Apian / Petrus Apianus / Peter Biennewitz / Peter Bennewitz

(1501-1552). German astronomer, mathematician and geographer. Professor at Ingolstadt (from 1527); author of Cosmographia (1524), Astronomicum Caesareum (1540).  Peter Apian was a Renaissance university professor who applied mathematics to the works of Claudius Ptolemy to develop new systems for surveying and mapmaking, to predict the position and movement of celestial bodies, and to calculate detailed sine tables.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/apian.html:

“Apian made sundials and astronomical instruments, inventing his own quadrant and armillary sphere, and also devoted himself to constructing instruments that would solve spherical-trigonometric problems mechanically.

His special form of the quadrant was useful in surveying.

Apian was a cartographer, although more an editor and publisher of maps than one who prepared them. In 1520 he did a world map based on the larger Waldseemüller world map. Apian's is the oldest world map that uses the name ‘America.’ In 1530 he did another world map which was much more his own work. It used the heart projection, which was not however Apian's invention. In 1533 he published a map of Saxony prepared from an earlier one by Sevastianus a Rotenhan.

Apian was the first to propose the use of moon distances (the moon's distance from fixed stars) to determine longitudes.”

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Petrus Apianus,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Apianus.html.  “Another publication between 1524 and 1540 was Apian's most important contribution to mathematics itself, rather than its applications. This was his book Instrumentum sinuum sive primi published in 1534 which contained the first sine tables calculated for every minute of arc. Like all other works by Apian this book contained a host of applications of mathematics, and the sine tables are applied to problems of astronomy, navigation and architecture.”

St. Thomas Aquinas

(1225 - 1274).  The Italian philosopher and theologian St. Thomas Aquinas (ca. 1224-1274) was one of the foremost minds of medieval scholasticism. He is recognized as the leading theological authority within the Roman Catholic Church.

“Thomas Aquinas.” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas%20Aquinas

Many of the works by Thomas Aquinas can be found at Thomas Aquinas at CCEL http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/summa/ including:

Summa Theologica http://www.ccel.org/a/aquinas/summa/home.html

Thomas Aquinas at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/

Giulio Cesare Aranzio / Giulio Cesare Aranzi *** Not in Gale

(c. 1530-1589).  Italian anatomist, physiologist, surgeon.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/aranzio.html:

Aranzio dicovered the pedes hippocamp, the cerebellum cistern, the fourth ventricle, and the arterial duct between the aorta and the pulmonary duct.  Aranzio published De humano foetu libellus in 1563, and Liber anatomicarum observationum in 1579. In these he presented the new direction of anatomy, based not mere on simple description of the organs of the body but also on experimental investigation of their functions.  His work on the foetus led to advice on delivery.  He was the first firm advocate of the lesser circulation of the blood.

Lecturer in medicine and surgery at the University of Bologna, 1556-1570.  Professor of surgery and professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, 1570-89.  Education: He studied medicine at the University of Bologna, and received both M.D. and Ph.D. at Bologna in 1556.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/264.html

John Arbuthnot

(1667-1735). Scottish physician and writer. Physician to Queen Anne (1705-14). Close friend of Swift, Pope, Gay, and a founder with them of Scriblerus Club. Author of witty political pamphlets, including one (The History of John Bull, 1727, a satire against the duke of Marlborough) which popularized and fixed modern conception of John Bull as the typical Englishman; chief contributor to Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus (1713-14; published 1741).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/arbuthnt.html.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “John Arbuthnot,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Arbuthnot.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20050315161832/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1739.html

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Arbuthnot

John Arbuthnot.  “The History of John Bull,” http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2643.  Project Gutenberg Release #2643 (May 2001)

https://web.archive.org/web/20040718122243/http://www.fife.50megs.com/john-arbuthnot.htm

Antoine-Joseph Dezalier d' Argenville  *** Not in Gale

(1680-1765).  French scientist specializing in natural history, hydraulics and agriculture.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/argnvill.html.

In 1709 d’Argenville published Traité sur la théorie et la pratique du jardinage. He republished this work in 1747 with an added section on hydraulics suitable for gardens.  After his return from Italy, he settled in Paris where he acquired a reputation as an expert collector of objects of art and curiosities of nature. His travels to Germany, Holland, and England widened his circle of acquaintance and enlarged his collection of objects.

In 1742 he published a work of natural history, L'Histoire naturelle, 2 vols., which contained information on minerology, fossils, and shells. The work was republished in 1755 and 1757.

D'Argenville is most well-known for his work on the life of artists, Abregé de la vie des plus fameux peintres (1745-52, 1762).

Member: Société Royale des Sciences de Montpellier in 1740; the Royal Society of London in 1750-1765, and the Académie de La Rochelle in 1758.

Neil A. Armstrong

(1930-2012).  NASA astronaut.  First man to walk on the Moon.  Served as Chairman, EDO Corp., 2000. From 1949 to 1952, he served as a naval aviator; he flew 78 combat missions during the Korean War.  Armstrong joined NACA, (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), NASA’s predecessor, as a research pilot at the Lewis Laboratory in Cleveland and later transferred to the NACA High Speed Flight Station at Edwards AFB, California. He was a project pilot on many pioneering high speed aircraft, including the 4,000 mph X-15. He has flown over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets, helicopters and gliders.  In 1962, Armstrong was transferred to astronaut status. He served as command pilot for the Gemini 8 mission, launched "1966" Day="16" Month="3" March 16, 1966, and performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space. In 1969, Armstrong was commander of Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing mission, and gained the distinction of being the first man to land a craft on the Moon and the first man to step on its surface. Armstrong subsequently held the position of Deputy Association Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA Headquarters Office of Advanced Research and Technology, from 1970 to 1971. He resigned from NASA in 1971. During 1971-1979, Armstrong was Professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati, where he was involved in both teaching and research. Chairman of AIL Systems, Inc. Deer Park, N.Y., 1989–2000.

Member: Fellow AIAA (Honorary, Astronautics award 1966), International Astronautical Federation (Honorary), Society Experimental Test Pilots; National Academy Engineering.

Honors: Octave Chanute Award Institute Aero. Sciences, 1962; the Robert J. Collier Trophy in 1969; Presidential Medal for Freedom in 1969; Kitty Hawk Memorial award, 1969, Pere Marquette medal, 1969, Arthur S. Fleming Award, 1970,  the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy in 1970; Hubbard Gold Medal National Geog. Society, 1970, and the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, 1978.

Author: First on the Moon, Little, Brown, 1970; Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report of the National Commission on Space, Bantam, 1986.

“Neil A. Armstrong,” https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/about/biographies/pilots/neil-armstrong.html

“Neil Armstrong,” http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/armstrong.html

“Neil A. Armstrong, NASA Astronaut (former),” https://web.archive.org/web/20050108094250/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20050204091113/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/neilabio.html

Armstrong Air and Space Museum.  https://www.armstrongmuseum.org/

Alexander Arndt *** Not in Gale

Professor and analytical chemist.  Ph.D. Professor of Analytical Chemistry of Heidelberg University, Germany.  Former vice-president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Institute for Ecology Research.

From http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/arndt-a.html

Thomas Arnold

(1795-1842). English educator. Father of Matthew Arnold. Headmaster of Rugby(1828-42).  Developed modern British schools with introduction of mathematics, modern history, and modern languages to curriculum; introduced prefect system. Through his efforts his school became the model for other English public schools and for boarding schools throughout the Western world. Regius Professor of history at Oxford (1841).

https://web.archive.org/web/20040226210312/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EDarnold.htm

Dr. J. C. Smith.  “Rugby and the Myth of Dr. Arnold,” https://web.archive.org/web/20050205070556/http://www.rugbyschool.net/history/dr_arnold.htm

“I have been used for many years to study histories of other times, and to examine and weigh the evidence of those who have written about them, and I know of no better and fuller evidence of every sort, to the understanding of a fair inquirer, than the great sign which God hath given us that Christ died and rose again from the dead.” Thomas Arnold, Sermons on the Christian Life - Its hopes, Its Fears, and its Close, (6^th ed., London, 1854), p. 324.

Giuseppe degli Aromatari *** Not in Gale

(1587-1660).  Italian botanist, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/aromatri.html:

Aromatari is remembered today for his hypothesis of the preformation of the germ in seeds. The hypothesis was published in the two-page Epistola de generatione plantarum ex seminibus (1625), which immediately made him famous and established his priority on the doctrine of the preformation of the germ. He also investigated the so-called permeability of the interventricular septum of the heart, but on this subject no writing exists.  He also wrote on rabies.

Russell Charles Artist *** Not in Gale

(1911-2000). Paleoecologist.  Scholar. In 1932, Artist graduated from Butler University with a baccalaureate degree in biology. That fall, he entered graduate school at Northwestern University in Indiana to work on his M.S. in paleoecology, which he completed in 1934. In September of that year, he was accepted into the doctoral program at the University of Minnesota, and completed his Ph.D. in botany in 1938. That same year, he accepted a teaching position at Amarillo College in the

From Bert Thompson.  “A PERSONAL NOTE—IN HONOR OF A FALLEN MENTOR,” https://web.archive.org/web/20050215201406/http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/rr2001/r&r0107e.htm, From Reason & Revelation, July 2001, 21[7]:56.

Gaspare Aselli

(1581-1625). Italian physician and anatomist. Discovered the lacteal vessels of the intestine while dissecting a dog (1622).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/aselli.html

http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson4.htm

William James Ash

(Born November 3, 1931).  Geneticist, educator.  Professor emeritus, SUNY, Stony Brook, 1991; Professor, SUNY, Stony Brook, 1985-91; President, Advisory Assocs. International, Westhampton, N.Y., 1981-94; member sr. staff, U.S.-Saudi Joint Commn., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1982-83; program officer, NSF, Washington, 1979-81; Professor, Kuwait University, Arabian Gulf, 1976-78; Professor, St. Lawrence University, Canton, N.Y., 1966-81; Assistant Professor, W.Va. University, Morgantown, 1965-66; Director school, Crescent Corp., Aquebogue, N.Y., 1964-65; school geneticist, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1959-64; graduate school Assistant, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1955-59.  Education: BS, Cornell University, 1953; MS, Cornell University, 1958; Ph.D., Cornell University, 1960.

Member: Fellow American Dermatoglyphics Association; Cape Lookout Sail and Power Squadron Club, Alpenverein Club, Sigma Xi, Beta Beta Beta.  Roman Catholic.  Commander Peconic Bay Power Squadron, Riverhead, N.Y., 1986-88; scoutmaster Boy Scouts of America, Canton, 1967-69; coach, U.S. Amateur Ice Hockey Association, Canton, 1970-75. Captain U.S. Army, 1953-65.

Honors: Recipient Travel award Cornell University, 1963, Travel award NSF, 1983; NSF grantee, 1970-72, 79-81.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

E. C. Ashby / E. C. “Gene” Ashby / Eugene Christopher Ashby

(Born 1930).  Chemistry educator.  Regents Professor Emeritus, Georgia Institute Tech., Atlanta, 1993; Regents Professor, Georgia Institute Tech., Atlanta, 1973-93; Professor, Georgia Institute Tech., Atlanta, 1969-73; Associate Professor, Georgia Institute Tech., Atlanta, 1965-69; Assistant Professor, Georgia Institute Tech., Atlanta, 1963-65; Research Associate, Ethyl Corp., Baton Rouge, 1959-63; Research chemist, Ethyl Corp., Baton Rouge, 1956-59. Consultant, Ethyl Corp., 1980-91, Conoco, Ponca City, Oklahoma, 1972-76, U.S. Department Energy, 1990-98, Georgia Department Education, 1994-97, Pfizer Pharm., 1996.

BS, Loyola University, New Orleans, 1951; MS, Auburn University, 1953; Ph.D., University Notre Dame, 1956.

Honors: Lavoisier medal French Chemical Society, 1971, Sigma Xi Research award, 1968, 75, Herty medal American Chemical Society, 1983, Distinguished Professor award Georgia Institute Tech., 1988.

Contributor over 270 articles to professional journals.

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

“I believe that pride keeps many scientists from finding God because becoming a Christian requires humbling yourself before God and becoming vulnerable before men.”

Steven Arthur Austin, Ph.D.

(Born 1948). Geologist. Chairman of the Geology Department, Institute for Creation Research Graduate School.  B.S. from the University of Washington (1970), M.S. from San Jose State University (1971) and Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University (1979), all in geology.  Instr. intelligence and oceanography, U.S. Navy, San Diego, 1972-75; resident, geologist Keymar Resources, Inc., El Cajon, California, 1983.  He is chairman of the Geology Department at the Institute for Creation Research Graduate School in Santee, California.

Author: Catastrophes in Earth History, 1984.  Author of numerous papers including publication in the peer-reviewed journal International Geology Review (1999).

Member: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, International Association of Sedimentologists, Society Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Geological Society of America, Society for Sedimentary Geology.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/s_austin.asp

Steven A. Austin.  “Excess argon within mineral concentrates from the new dacite lava dome at Mount St Helens volcano,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/docs/v10n3_argon.asp. First published in TJ 10(3):335–343, 1996.

Steven A. Austin, Ph.D.  “ARCHAEORAPTOR: FEATHERED DINOSAUR FROM NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC DOESN’T FLY,” Impact, No. 321 March 2000, https://www.icr.org/article/archaeoraptor-feathered-dinosaur-from-national-geo

Institute of Creation Research articles.

Adrien Auzout *** Not in Gale

(1622-1691).  French-born astronomer, physicist, mathematician, cartographer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/auzout.html:

Auzout made a significant contribution to the final development of the micrometer and to the replacement of open sights by telescopic sights.  He wrote a memoir on the measurement of the earth in which he advised the attachment of telescopes to surveying instruments. He made many physical experiments and systematic astronomical observations.

He was also a founding member of the Royal Observatory.  He dedicated his Ephémérides du comète de 1664, (1665) to Louis XIV, urging the establishment of a public observatory in the dedication.

Authored works and letters on astronomy, physics, and mathematics.  His published works are reprinted in Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, depuis 1666 jusqu'à 1699 (Paris, 1729).

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/eauzou.html

Oswald Theodore Avery

Oswald Theodore Avery (1877-1955), born in Nova Scotia, was a distinguished bacteriologist and research physician and one of the founders of immunochemistry (the study of the chemical aspects of immunology), showing relation of immunological specificity to chemical products of bacteria. He is best known, however, as a discoverer that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as genetic material. The Oswald T. Avery Collection is a part of the Joshua Lederberg Papers, which are at the National Library of Medicine and available digitally. The collection was assembled by Nobel laureate Dr. Lederberg because of the strong connection between Dr. Avery’s work and his own. The work of Avery and his lab, observes Dr. Lederberg, was “the historical platform of modern DNA research” and “betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally.”

Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine, The Oswald T. Avery Collection, http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/

Avery graduated with a B.A. degree from Colgate University in 1900 and received his M.D. degree from Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904. He then went into the clinical practice of general surgery for three years but soon turned to research and became Associate director of the bacteriology division at the Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn. Avery later joined the Rockefeller Institute Hospital (1913-48). 

Biographical information. http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/biographical.html

“Oswald Theodore Avery (1877-1955),” https://web.archive.org/web/20060411180344/http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/avery.htm (in German)

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Oswald%20Avery

https://web.archive.org/web/20060301121844/http://www.portaljuice.com/oswald_avery.html

Lasker Living Library: Oswald Avery.  http://ks.ac.kr/jwa/project/chap.%206/Oswald%20Avery/OswaldAvery.htm

Aw Swee-Eng, Ph.D.  *** Not in Gale

Biochemist and head of the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Director of Clinical Research at Singapore General Hospital.  Dr. Aw was Associate Professor of Biochemistry, University of Singapore up to 1978. Author of around 30 technical papers in his field of biochemistry and nuclear medicine.

MB, BS, Ph.D. (Chem Path) (Lond), FRCPath (Lond), FAMS.

Carl Wieland. “Chemical soup is not your ancestor,” Interview with Dr Aw Swee-Eng. https://web.archive.org/web/20080708212032/http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/docs/v16n2_aw.asp or http://members.tripod.com/plafgridz/FetherPDFs/religion%20and%20chemistry.pdf.  First published in Creation Ex Nihilo 16(2):46–47, March-May 1994.

http://www.catwithahat.net/about.shtml. The website allows members of Dr. Aw Swee Eng’s Sunday morning Bible study to download his classes from the Internet. The site also hosts an online version of Dr. Aw’s book, Chats With Uncle Loh.

Aw Swee-Eng. Chats With Uncle Loh - First Aid In Theology, http://www.chatswithuncleloh.com/

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) was an English inventor and mathematician whose mathematical machines foreshadowed the modern computer. He was a pioneer in the scientific analysis of production systems.

Babbage, The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, 1837.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Babbage.html

Babbage: “Miracles are not the breach of established laws, but... indicate the existence of far higher laws.”  From Wilhelm Schickard Museum of Computing History at Concordia UniversityWisconsin.  http://www.cs.cuw.edu/museum/History.html

Augustus Quirinus Bachmann / Augustus Quirinus Rivinus (common name) *** Not in Gale

(1652-1723).  German anatomist, botanist, astronomer, pharmacologist. Wrote on removing useless items from the pharmacopia.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2050.html

Rivinus published a large number of treatises concerning the disciplines he represented. An almost complete list of his work is compiled under the title of Dissertatione medicae diversis temporibus habitae, nunc vero in unum fasciculum collectae, Leipzig, 1710. Besides medicine he published works concerning astronomy. Observations on sunspots fascinated him so much that he was almost totally blinded for the last ten years of his life. He was a member of the Royal Society.  Associated eponyms: Rivinus' canals (Ducts of the sublingual glands), Rivinus' gland (A sublingual gland), Rivinus' notch (The tympanic notch in the upper part of the tympanic portion of the temporal bone), Viola riviniana (Wood violet).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bachmann.html

David J. Back *** Not in Gale
Pharmacologist. Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology at the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Professor David Back obtained a B.Sc. in Pharmacology in 1970 and Ph.D. in 1973 at the University of Liverpool. He was appointed Lecturer in Veterinary Pharmacology in 1973, Lecturer in Pharmacology in 1979, Senior Lecturer in Pharmacology in1981, Reader in Pharmacology in 1986 and has been Professor of Pharmacology at Liverpool University since 1994.
Professor Back is the author or co-author of over 300 publications in pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. He is a past Editor of the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. He is a member of the MRC AIDS Therapeutics Trials Committee. In 2015 he received a lifetime award from EACS for his contribution to the field of HIV/AIDS.

Faculty webpage, University of Liverpool.  https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/translational-medicine/staff/david-back/. Also https://web.archive.org/web/20050218044512/http://www.liv.ac.uk/Pharmacology/staff_back.htm

“The Pharmacology of HIV Disease,” https://web.archive.org/web/20050301184232/http://www.liv.ac.uk/Pharmacology/research_hiv.htm

Biography. https://academicmedicaleducation.com/david-back-phd

Sir Francis Bacon

The English philosopher, statesman, and author Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was the chief figure of the English Renaissance. His advocacy of “active science” influenced the culture of the English-speaking world.

Francis Bacon, Valerius Terminus: Valerius Terminus: On the Interpretation of Nature (annotated version), edited by Robert Stephens and James Spedding

http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Bacon.htm

https://web.archive.org/web/20050204090029/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/bacon.html

Roger Bacon

The medieval English philosopher Roger Bacon (ca. 1214-1294) insisted on the importance of a so-called science of experience, or “scientia experimentalis.” In this respect he is often regarded as a forerunner of modern science.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Bacon.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bacon_roger.shtml

http://www.crystalinks.com/bacon.html

“Roger Bacon,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Roger%20Bacon

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Johann Jacob Baier *** Not in Gale

(1677-1735).  German geologist, paleontologist, natural historian, physician, pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/baier.html

Member: Medical College, Academia Leopoldina, Nuremberg Collegium medicum. Lutheran.

Director of Leopoldina, 1729; chosen president of Leopoldina. 1730 (1731?); practiced medicine in Nuremberg. 1701; directed field hospital (War of Spanish Succession),1703; professor of medicine at Altdorf University, 1704.

Matthew Baillie *** Not in Gale

(1761-1823).  Scottish pathologist and anatomist.  Inventor of treatment for dermoid cycts in the ovary.  Nephew of anatomists William and John Hunter.  Lecturer on Anatomy in London; Physician at St George's Hospital (1789); wrote Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body, (London 1793) the first publication in English on pathology as a separate subject and the first systematic study of pathology ever made.  After the publication of his book, he devoted himself to his medical practice, which by 1800 was the largest in London.  He became Physician Extraordinary to George III in 1810.  Education: Glasgow University; Balliol College, Oxford; AB (1786, Oxon); MB (1786, Oxon); MD (1789, Oxon).

Author of two Papers in the Philosophical Transactions entitled “An Account of a remarkable Transposition of the Viscera in the Human Body” and “An account of a particular change of Structure in the Human Ovarium”
Memberships: Fellow,  Royal Society, 1790.

“Matthiew Baille,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/baillie_matthew.htm

He had the great advantage of residing with Dr William Hunter, and, when he became sufficiently advanced in his studies, of being employed to make the necessary preparations for the lectures, to conduct the demonstrations, and to superintend the operations of the students. On the death of Dr Hunter, March 1783, he was found qualified to become the successor of that great man, in conjunction with Mr Cruickshank, who had previously been employed as Dr Hunter’s assistant.

Guillaume de Baillou

(c. 1538-1616).  French physician, founder of modern epidemiology, who revived Hippocratic medical practice in Renaissance Europe.  Guillaume de Baillou was born in 1538, the son of a famous mathematician, architect, and engineer. His affluent family owned an estate at Nogent-le-rotrou. He studied at the University of Paris, concentrating in Latin, Greek, and Philosophy, and later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1568. He continued his studies there, earning a Doctorate in Medicine in 1570.  Dean of medical faculty, University of Paris (from 1580); revived Hippocratic medical practice in France. Described whooping cough (1578), gave modern definition of rheumatism; pioneer in epidemiology in Epidemiorum (1640), survey of epidemics in Paris 1570-79. He is known for his descriptions of the plague, measles, and diphtheria. He also taught the humanities, and later became professor of medicine. Baillou served as a teacher for 46 years, eventually becoming Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. Refusing to leave his medical practice, he declined King Henry IV's invitation to be a physician to the Dauphin, the eldest son of the French king, as Baillou was esteemed for his treatment of children. Baillou, however, did later became a physician to Henry IV.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/baillou.html

Robert G. V. Baker, BSc (Hons)(Syd.), MSc, Ph.D. (NSW), DipEd(Syd) *** Not in Gale

Environmental researcher. Dr Robert G. V. Baker, Senior Lecturer, Department of Geography and Planning, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. After completing a Ph.D. in 1991, Robert joined the staff of the Department of Geography and Planning in July 1993 and was promoted to Senior Lecturer in January 1996. His main research interests are in the geography of retailing and the development of applied mathematical geography. He is Vice-Chair of the International Geographical Union Commission on ‘Modelling Geographic Systems’ from 1996-2000. He has undertaken a range of consultancies on the impact of retail development and trading hours on local communities. He is also interested in coastal geomorphology.

From https://web.archive.org/web/20050208003539/http://www.une.edu.au/geoplan/Staff/lecturers.htm

Robert Baker’s Web Page. https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/hass/rbaker

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Sylvia Baker, BSc, MSc *** Not in Gale
Biologist.  Head, Trinity Christian School, Stalybridge, England. A biology graduate of the University of Sussex, and University of London.

Sylvia Baker.  “Science That Backs Up The Bible And Opposes The Theory Of Evolution,”

http://www.broadcaster.org.uk/section2/transcript/evolution.htm, from the booklet Bone of Contention.

Bernadino Baldi  *** Not in Gale

(1553-1617).  Italian mechanic, mathematician, historian.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/baldi.html:

Baldi’s principal contribution to physics was a commentary on the pseudo-Aristotelian Questions of Mechanics, which was probably written in the 1580's, but was published in 1621 after Baldi's death. In this he developed the idea of center of gravity.  He also translated Hero's Automata, and he wrote extensive lives of mathematicians.

Baldi translated the eighth book of Pappus.  He was commissioned in 1601 by the Duke of Urbino to write a life of Federigo da Montefeltro. He was historian and biographer of the Duke of Urbino from 1609 to 1617. Catholic.

Gordon C. Baldwin / Gordon Cortis Baldwin

(1908-1983).  Archaeologist.  University of Arizona, Tucson, instructor in archaeology, 1934-37; Arizona State Museum, Tucson, Assistant curator, 1937-40; National Park Service, Boulder City, NV, archaeologist, 1940-48; National Park Service, Omaha, NE, archaeologist, 1948-53; University of Omaha (now University of Nebraska at Omaha), instructor in anthropology, 1953-54; writer, 1954-74.

After writing several Western novels, Gordon C. Baldwin turned to writing nonfiction books focusing on archeological research, the customs and history of Native Americans, and the history of archeology. Many of Baldwin’s books are about the American West and Native Americans, utilizing his extensive knowledge of that field from his years of teaching. Education: University of Arizona, B.A., 1933, M.A., 1934; University of Southern California, Ph.D., 1941.

Member: Westerners International (member of board of directors, 1973-79; vice-president, 1974-76), Western Writers of America (member of board of directors, 1962-63, 1968-70; president, 1968-69), Society of Southwestern Authors (member of board of directors, 1972-76), Tucson Corral of the Westerners (sheriff, 1973), Palo Alto Host Lions Club (member of board of directors, 1979-present).  Baptist.

Author: non-fiction: America’s Buried Past: The Story of North American Archaeology, Putnam (New York, NY), 1962; The Ancient Ones: Basketmakers and Cliff Dwellers of the Southwest, Norton (New York, NY), 1963; The World of Prehistory: The Story of Man’s Beginnings, Putnam, 1963.

Stone Age Peoples Today, Norton, 1964;The Riddle of the Past: How Archaeological Detectives Solve Prehistoric Riddles, Norton, 1965; The Warrior Apaches: A Story of the Chiricahua and Western Apache, Dale Stuart King (Tucson), 1965; Race against Time: The Story of Salvage Archeology, Putnam, 1966; Strange People and Stranger Customs, Norton, 1967; Calendars to the Past: How Science Dates Archeological Ruins, Norton, 1967; How Indians Really Lived, Putnam, 1967; Games of the American Indian, Norton, 1969; Indians of the Southwest, Putnam, 1970; Talking Drums to Written Word: How Early Man Learned to Communicate, Norton, 1970; Schemers, Dreamers, and Medicine Men: Witchcraft and Magic among Primitive People, Four Winds Press (New York, NY), 1971.

Pyramids of the New World, Putnam, 1971; Inventors and Inventions of the Ancient Worlds, Four Winds Press, 1973; The Apache Indians: Raiders of the Southwest, Four Winds Press, 1978; Contributor of articles on anthropology to professional journals. Editor, The Roundup, 1962-66. A collection of Baldwin’s manuscripts is housed at the University of Arizona Library, Tucson. Many of Baldwin’s books have been published in England, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, and Spain.  Some of Baldwin’s titles have been produced as Talking Books for the blind. Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Giovanni Battista Baliani *** Not in Gale

(1582-1666).  Italian physician, mechanic.  Hydraulics specialist.  Natural philosopher.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/baliani.html:

Baliani’s most important work was the treatise on natually accelerated motion, which announced many of Galileo's conclusions before Two New Sciences appeared. The level of discussion in Baliani does not begin to approach Galileo's, so that issues of plagiary have inevitably arisen. (He had had contact with Galileo.)

Baliani also wrote on the motion of water and on some questions of natural philosophy in general.

He used an experimental method.  In 1611 he was prefect of the fortress at Savona. In 1623 he was Governor of Sarzana, and in 1624 he entered the Genoan Senate. In 1647-49 he was the governor of the fortress (Savona), and was then elevated to membership in the principal governing body of Genoa, where he remained until his death.  His involvement in a hydraulic project in Genoa led to the letter to Galileo about the weight of the atmosphere, and through the discussion in Two New Sciences to the whole debate that ended in Torricelli, Pascal, and Boyle. His correspondence with Galileo, which began in 1614, lasted for many years.

John Banister

(1650-1692).  English-born botanist.  Entomologist.  Natural historian. Anglican minister.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/banister.html

Education:  Magdalen College, Oxford, 1667-74; B.A., 1671; M.A. 1674.

Banister's hope was to compose a general natural history of Virginia. He sent John Ray a lengthy catalogue of the plants of Virginia, and he published papers on the insects, mullusks, and plants of Virginia in the Philosophical Transactions.

Armistead Churchill Gordon. “John Banister.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936:   “He served several years as clerk and chaplain (J. R. Bloxam, A Register of St. Mary Magdalen College, 1853, I, 93); visited the West Indies, presumably as a Church of England missionary; and by 1678 settled in Charles City County, Va., where he devoted himself largely to scientific pursuits. Subsequently he patented land on the Appomattox River and officiated as minister for what was later Bristol Parish. In 1688 he married “a young widow.” During his residence in Virginia he studied minutely the plant life of the region; corresponded with such scientists as Ray, Compton, Sloane, Bobart, and Martin Lister, whom he furnished with specimens or drawings of local flora and fauna; and worked at a ‘Natural History of Virginia,’ which his premature death terminated. His botanical and entomological articles, some of which appeared posthumously in the Philosophical Transactions, include his catalogues of Virginia plants, published in Ray's Historia Plantarum and Petiver's Memoirs; Observations on the Natural Productions of Jamaica; Curiosities of Virginia; Observations on the Musca lupus; On Several Sorts of Snails; The Insects of Virginia; and A Description of the Snakeroot, Pistolochia, or Serpentaria Virginiania. Without being a scientist of major importance, Banister enjoyed considerable reputation with his fellows. The Virginia Council nominated him as an original trustee of William and Mary College; Ray labelled him “eruditissimus vir et consummatissimus botanicus”; Lister termed him “a very learned and sagacious naturalist”; the historian Campbell ranks him with John Bartram. Linn'us's Genus 573, a tropical plant of the Malpighia family, is named after him (Bentham and Hooker; Genera Plantarum, I, 257). He is commonly stated to have been killed, while on a botanical expedition along the Roanoke River, by falling from a bluff, but it now appears that he was accidentally shot by a companion (Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, XI, 163-64). His papers were transmitted to Bishop Compton; his herbarium was left to Sir Hans Sloane, whose collection formed the nucleus of the British Museum.”
http://www.famousamericans.net/johnbanister/

Michael A. Banks

(Born 1951).  Science and science fiction author.  Popular Computing, freelance writer, 1981-present; freelance writer and editor, 1983-present; Computer Shopper, contributing editor, 1985-92; Windows Magazine, contributing editor, 1990-92. Served two terms as an elected official, Clermont County, OH, 1988-1992. Education: Studied engineering.

Episcopalian and Lutheran.

Non-fiction works: Understanding Science Fiction, Silver Burdett (Morristown, NJ), 1982; (With Robert L. Cannon) The Rocket Book: A Guide to Building and Launching Model Rockets for Teachers and Students of the Space Age, Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ), 1985; (Compiler) Second Stage: Advanced Model Rocketry, Kalmbach Books (Milwaukee, WI), 1985, published as Advanced Model Rocketry, 1997; Countdown: The Complete Guide to Model Rocketry, Tab Books (Blue Ridge Summit, PA), 1985; DELPHI: The Official Guide, written with the cooperation of General Videotex Corp., Prentice-Hall (New York City), 1987, revised edition, 1990; The Modem Reference (also known as The Modem Book) Brady/Simon & Schuster (New York City), 1988, published as The Modem Reference: The Complete Guide to Selection, Installation, and Applications, Brady, 1991; Getting the Most out of DeskMate 3, Brady, 1989, revised edition, 1990; (With Ansen Dibell) Word Processing Secrets for Writers, Writer’s Digest Books (Cincinnati, OH), 1989; Quick and Easy Guide to REFLEX, Version 2, Compute! Books (Radnor, PA), 1990; Understanding FAX and Electronic Mail, H. W. Sams (Carmel, IN), 1990; Portable Communications: The Traveling Executive’s Survival Guide, Brady, 1992.

Portable Power, Brady, 1992; Welcome to--CompuServe for Windows, MIS Press (New York City), 1992.

Windows Shareware Book, John Wiley (New York City), 1992; (With Jerry Pournelle) Pournelle’s PC Communications Bible: The Ultimate Guide to Productivity with a Modem, Microsoft Press (Redmond, WA), 1992; The WordPerfect Shareware Book, John Wiley, 1993; Modem and Communication Madness!, H. W. Sams, 1995; One-Stop CompuServe for Windows, MIS Press, 1996; Web Psychos, Stalkers, and Pranksters, Coriolis Group Books (Scottsdale, AZ), 1997; The Internet Unplugged, Pemberton Press, 1997; The Modem Reference Guide : The Complete Guide To PC Communications CyberAge Books/Information Today (Medford, NJ), 2000; PC Confidential: Secure Your PC And Privacy From Snoops, Spies, Spouses, Supervisors, And Credit Card Thieves, Sybex (San Francisco), 2000.

Contributor of more than three thousand articles to periodicals, including A+, The Age, Airways Magazine, ANALOG Computing, Antique Week, American Spacemodeler, Analog Science Fiction, Argus Science Fiction, BBS, Bend of the River, BYTE, Carolina Antique News, Cavalier, Christian Reader, Christian Writer, Cincinnati Business Record, Cincinnati Enquirer, Cincinnati Suburban Press, Columbus Dispatch, Columbus Republic, Comics Buyer’s Guide, Compute!, Computer Bookbase, Computer User, Computing Today, Computer Shopper, CONNECT, DOS World, ECM Newsletters, Educator News, Family Computing, Fantasy Modeling, Freelance Writer’s Report, Future Life, FWR Special Reports, Good Housekeeping, Grit, Home Office/Small Office Computing, inCider, Infinity SF, Infoworld, Interface Age, I-Way, Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction, Journal Wired, Locus, K-64, Link-Up, Macintosh Horizons, Mactech Quarterly, Milford Advertiser, The Model Rocketeer, Model Rocket News, Modern People, Motor Home/Trailer Life, NetGuide Magazine, Networker, North Carolina Veteran’s News, Northern Light, Omni, One Thousand, Pascom Tsushin, PC Computing, PC Laptop, PCM Magazine, PC Sources, PC Update, PC World, Pizza World, Popular Computing, Portable Computing, Practical Householder, Questar, Rainbo, Rave Reviews, Sagebrush Journal, Science, Science Digest, Science Fiction Chronicle, SF Magazine, Softalk, Software Supermarket, South Bend Tribune, Stamp World, Starlog, ST-Log, SFWA Bulletin, Tampa Bay Tribune, The Writer, Video Games & Computer Entertainment, Visual Merchandising & Store Design, West Coast Review of Books, Which Computer?, Windows Sources, Windows, Writer’s Digest, Writer’s Digest Yearbook, Writer’s Nutshell News, Writing, Your Micro, and the America Online Online & Multimedia Magazine.

Author of chapters contributed to books, including Writer’s Market, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1992; Fiction Writer’s Market, 1985, 1986, 1987; The Writer’s Digest Guide to Word Processing, 1985; Programmer’s Market, 1985; Poet’s Market, 1987, 1986; Songwriter’s Market, 1987; How to Write Tales of Horror, Science Fiction, and Fantasy, 1988; Handbook of Short Story Writing, 1988; Novel & Short Story Writer’s Market, 1989; The Writer’s Companion, 1990; The Beginner’s Guide to Getting Published, 1994; and The SF & Fantasy Writer’s Resource Guide, 1995, all published by Writer’s Digest Books; The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, Crown, 1977; PC Protection: The Complete PC Security Resource, Bantam, 1989; Kaigai Tsushin: A Guide to International Access, Shoueisha (Japan), 1989; Networks in America, Shoueisha, 1989; and The Right College, Arco, 1990. Also author of guidebooks and user manuals for software and consumer products.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Encylopedia.com entry: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/banks-michael-1951

https://web.archive.org/web/20050126085245/https://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=5442

Benjamin Banneker

America’s first recognized black scientist, Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806) was a mostly self-taught mathematician and astronomer who spent his life in an avid quest for knowledge. He gained renown by publishing astronomical almanacs and ephemerides. Very popular in the 18^th century, these almanacs included astronomical data for each day of a given year; ephemerides—plural of ephemeris—were tables predicting the daily positions of celestial bodies. In addition to his scientific work, Banneker raised tobacco, played the violin and flute, worked as a surveyor, and built mechanical artifacts. His world view, it seems, successfully integrated a traditional Christian spirituality and a modern scientist’s openness to the world. Finally, Banneker was acutely aware of the profound injustice of American slavery, and worked hard to discredit the belief, supported by intellectuals such as Thomas Jefferson, that the people of African descent were intellectually deficient.

https://web.archive.org/web/20050114013332/http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/banneker.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Benjamin+Banneker

Alvaro Alonso Barba *** Not in Gale

(c. 1569-1662).  Spanish Catholic priest, metallurgist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/barba.html:

Barba was a priest in the Catholic church by 1588, the time of the first information about him.

Sent to Peru in 1588, where he spent life as priest.  From his observations in Peru, Barba developed the slightly earlier crude amalgamation process into the one that lasted.  From 1624, served in Potosi, apparently at the request of Juan de Lizarazu, President of the Real Audiancia de la Plata of Peru; he wrote his book, El arte de los metales, at the urging of Lazarazu. He returned to Spain in 1658 to advise on extraction of metals; he was very critical of government's policy on this in Spain; he returned to America in 1662 and died.

Ian G. Barbour / Ian Graeme Barbour

(Born 1923 in Peking, China).  Theistic evolutionist.  Ian G. Barbour is a physicist, theologian, author, and winner of the 1999 Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion. He is also the Winifred and Atherton Bean Professor Emeritus of Science, Technology and Society at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, 1981-86.  Previous positions: Professor religion and physics, Carleton College, 1965-81; Chairman dept. religion, Carleton College, 1956-71; Professor Emeritus, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, 1986; member faculty, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, 1955-86; Associate Professor, Chairman dept., Kalamazoo College, 1951-53; Assistant Professor physics, Kalamazoo College, 1949-51.  Worked for three years fighting forest fires in Oregon, c. 1943-45.  Education: BA, Swarthmore College, 1943; MA, Duke University, 1946; Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1950; B.D., Yale University, 1956.

Member: Ford Faculty Fellow, 1953-54; Kent Fellow, 1954-55; recipient Harbison award for disting. teaching Danforth Foundation, 1963; American Council Learned Societys Fellow, 1963-64; Guggenheim and Fulbright Fellow, 1967-78; National Endowment Humanities Fellow, 1976-77; National Humanities Center Fellow, 1980-81.

Awards: American Academy of Religion annual book award, 1993; Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, John Templeton Foundation, 1999.

As a well-known pioneer in the growing field of Science and Religion, Dr. Barbour established his reputation as an interdisciplinary scholar by way of his influential book, Issues In Science And Religion, first published in 1965. Since that time he has authored many additional books and articles. For example, his book Myths, Models And Paradigms, 1974, has served as a useful tool for those persons who wish to study the methodologies and approaches of scientists and scholars of religion. As a follow-up to delivering his Gifford Lectures (1989-91), Dr. Barbour also published Religion In An Age Of Science, 1990, and Ethics In An Age Of Technology, 1992. In recent years, his book entitled Religion And Science: Historical And Contemporary Issues, 1997, has often been used as a course textbook. Dr. Barbour’s latest book is When Science Meets Religion: Enemies, Strangers Or Partners?, 2000.  His earlier works include Christianity and the Scientist, 1960, Science and Religion: New Perspectives on the Dialogue, 1968, Science and Secularity: The Ethics of Technology, 1970, Earth Might Be Fair, 1972, Western Man and Environmental Ethics, 1973, Finite Resources and the Human Future, 1976, Technology, Environment and Human Values, 1980, Energy and American Values, 1982; member editorial board, Process Studies, Zygon, Research in Philosophy and Technology; author numerous articles.

http://www.counterbalance.net/bio/iangb-body.html

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Ian Graeme Barbour.  http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/june99/barbour_bio.html:

“Ian Barbour’s Issues in Science and Religion, published in 1965, has been credited with literally creating the contemporary field of science and religion. Barbour has also written and spoken extensively about ethical issues arising from the technological applications of science. As a physicist and theologian familiar with both these disciplines, which had long been considered separate domains, his writings have influenced an entire generation of scientists, religious scholars, church leaders and laity.”

Johann Conrad Barchusen *** Not in Gale

(1666-1723).  Chemist.  Iatrochemist.  Pharmacist.  Physician.  Metallurgist.  Educator.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/barchusn.html:

Physician to Francesco Morosini during his military campaign, 1693; became Privatdozent in chemistry at Utrecht in 1694; City Fathers of Utrecht provided him with a laboratory in April 1695, became Lector in Chemistry at Utrecht in 1698, promoted to extraordinary professor of chemistry in 1703.  Barchusen was the first to teach a technological course (metallurgy) in a university chemistry course; he also taught iatrochemistry.

Sir Thomas Barlow *** Not in Gale

(1845-1945) Sir Thomas Barlow, physician to England’s royal families during the reigns of Queen Victoria and King Edward VII, was the first to diagnosis the disease of “scurvy rickets” in infants, which became known to the German medical profession as “Barlow’s disease.” He served as president of the Royal College of Physicians here from 1910 to 1915 and was president of the International Medical Congress here in 1913. He had received honorary degrees from several universities, including Harvard, Montreal and Toronto.  –United Press,

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~barlow/england/royalty/SirTB.htm

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/875.html

Thomas John Barnardo

(1845-1905).  British physician and philanthropist, born in Ireland. Known for his establishment (from 1870) in England and British possessions of over 90 Dr. Barnardo’s Homes for orphaned and destitute children.

http://www.infed.org/thinkers/barnardo.htm

http://www.goldonian.org/barnardo/tb_timeline.htm

Richard Dee Barnhart

(Born February 3, 1944).  Computer science educator, consultant.  Mathematics Professor Bryan College, Dayton, Tennessee, 1971-78; computer programmer KMC Co., Knoxville, Tennessee, 1978-80, data processing manager, 1980-82; software developer Management Software, Knoxville, 1982-83; Associate Professor Mathematics and computer sciences Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, 1984. Education:  B.S., Whitworth College, 1966; M.S., University Idaho, 1968, Ph.D., 1972.

Member: American Mathematics Society, Mathematics Association.  American Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Thomas G. Barnes *** Not in Gale

(1911-2001). Physicist.  Professor Emeritus of Physics of Texas Western College of the University of Texas at El Paso. A faculty member at UTEP for 43 years, and the director of the prestigious Schellenger Research Laboratories for 12 years, Barnes’ scientific work embraced many fields, from medicine to geophysics. His research led to patents on electronic sound ranging devices, such as the Dodar (the predecessor to sonar), directional microphones, and magnetic sensing, electrochemical extraction and seismic energy devices. He also worked on the vector cardiograph, which was the first three-dimensional computer display to study the heart.
He also served as a consultant and researcher for Duke University (1942-1945), the Navy Electronics Laboratory, the U.S. Army Research Office and Globe Universal Sciences. He was a Director and former President of the Creation Research Society (1973-1976). Barnes was the first Dean of the ICR Graduate School, serving from its founding in 1981 until his retirement in 1984.  M.S. degree from Brown University (1936) while studying under the famous physicist R.B. Lindsay, and D.Sc. from Hardin Simmons (1950). Barnes authored five books in the field of physics, including a textbook on electricity and magnetism, plus many scientific papers, and his monograph for ICR, Origin and Destiny of the Earth’s Magnetic Field (1973).

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/barnes-tg.html

http://www.icr.org/newsletters/afjan02.html

“In Memoriam: Thomas G. Barnes ,” http://www.utep.edu/nova/winter01/memoriam.html.  From Nova Quarterly, v. 38, n. 2; No. 148.  The University of Texas at El Paso.

Robert Barnes *** Not in Gale

(1817-1907).  English obstetrician. One of the pioneers of surgical gynaecology. Co-founder of the British Gynæcological Society.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2531.html:

Robert Barnes commenced his medical studies in Norwich in 1832 as an apprentice to Dr. Richard Griffin. As his parents moved to London, he completed his studies there at University College and St. Gorge’s Hospital. He became M.R.C.S. in 1842 and subsequently went to Paris for one year. On his return he settled on Notting Hill. He taught at the Hunterian School of Medicine and taught forensic medicine at the Dermott’s school on Windmill Street, while he was obstetrician at the Western General Dispensary. He was conferred doctor of medicine in 1848 and in 1859 became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
In 1859 he became obstetrical assistant, and in 1863 was appointed obstetrician in chief at the London Hospital and, in 1865, at St. Thomas’s Hospital, where he had lectured on obstetrics since 1862. In 1875 he changed to the same position at the St. George’s Hospital, to which he was elected consulting obstetrician in 1885. He was also active at the Seamen’s Hospital, at the East London Hospital for Children and at the Royal Maternity Hospital. He was one of the founders of the Obstetrical Society of London in 1858, and from 1865-1866 its president. With James Hobson Aveling (1825-1892), Robert Barnes founded the British Gynæcological Society in 1884, of which he was honorary chairman until his death. In 1907 both societies were fusioned as the Obstetrical and Gynaecological Section of the Royal Society of Medicine.
In 1874 he gave the Lumleian lectures On convulsive Diseases of Women; 1877-1878 censor at the College of Physicians. He was made honorary member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1883, of the Medical Society of London in 1893, and of the Royal Medical and Surgical in 1905. Of the large fortunes he amassed, he spent richly on scientific institutes, among them the pathological laboratory at the St. George’s Hospital - which bears his name.
He published actively, and on a great variety of women's health concerns.

Associated eponyms: Barnes' bags or dilators; A series of graduated rubber bags for dilating the uterine cervix in cases where labour is to be induced; Barnes-Neville forceps, A forceps used for both mid and low deliveries;  
Barnes-Neville-Simpson forceps (Sir James Young Simpson), An obstetrical forceps.

Links, http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/barnes.html

Barry J. Barnett *** Not in Gale

Agricultural Economist.  Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia. 2001-present.  Previous: Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi State University, 2000-2001; Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi State University, 1995-2000; Post-Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, 1993-1995; Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, 1988-1993.  Education: B.S. in Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, 1984; B.B.A. in Finance with a minor in Economics, University of Kentucky, 1984; Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, 1993.

Awards: Outstanding Faculty Member Award, Graduate Student Organization, Department of

Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, 2004; Outstanding Faculty Member Award, Agricultural and Environmental Economics Undergraduate Club, University of Georgia, 2004;

Excellence in Teaching Award, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State

University, 1999; Teaching Award of Merit, Gamma Sigma Delta Agricultural Honor Society, Mississippi State University, 1999.

Member: American Agricultural Economics Association, American Economic Association,Western Economic Association International, Association for Evolutionary Economics, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Western Agricultural Economics Association, Agricultural Economics Association of Georgia, The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia, http://www.uga.edu/cff/.

Consultant: Board of Directors, Risk Management Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000-2004;

America’s Clean Water Foundation, 2001-2003; U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State, 2000-2002.

Home Page, Barry J. Barnett—College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, http://www.agecon.uga.edu/~bbarnett/

Curriculum vita: http://www.agecon.uga.edu/~bbarnett/vita.pdf

Stephen M. Barr

Professor.   Theoretical particle physicist at the Bartol Research Institute of the University of Delaware.

Dr. Barr received his undergraduate degree from Columbia and his graduate degrees from Princeton. After post-doctoral work at the University of Pennsylvania, he became a research Assistant Professor at the University of Washington (1980-85) and Associate physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory (1985-87). He joined Bartol Research Institute in September 1987.

His research has spanned many areas of theoretical particle physics, but with special emphasis on grand unified theories, theories of CP violation, the problem of the origin of quark and lepton masses, theories with extra space-time dimensions (such as Kaluza-Klein and superstring theories), and the interface between particle physics and cosmology.

He has made significant contributions in all these areas, perhaps the most notable being the development of classes of models that solve the important “strong CP problem” (the problem of why the strong interactions unlike the weak are symmetric under CP), the development of the idea that the pattern of quark and lepton masses is due to effects at the unification scale, the co-discovery of the important “flipped SU(5)” grand unification scheme, work on theories of baryogenesis (the origin of matter at the time of the big bang), the discovery of large contributions to the electric and magnetic dipole moments of elementary particles in theories with an extended Higgs structure, contributions to the development of realistic SO(10) grand unified models, and a mechanism for explaining the large mixing observed in atmospheric data between muon and tau neutrinos.

He is the author of Modern Physics and Ancient Faith (University of Notre Dame Press, 2003) and has written over 120 research papers spanning a wide range of subjects in particle physics and also including his expertise in grand unified theories. Professor Barr is on the editorial advisory board of First Things and has written on science and religion for such journals as National Review, The Weekly Standard, Public Interest, Academic Questions and First Things.

Faculty webpage, Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware

http://www.physics.udel.edu/contact/people/barr.htm

http://www.marshillaudio.org/resources/guest_detail.asp?ID=361

Bartol Research Institute, Faculty Profiles, http://www.bartol.udel.edu/facstaff/briefbios1.html

http://www.facultylinc.com/conf/Conferences.nsf/a7db9ec42aac707186256b7800210d63/051727cd4559fd0986256e7d00686d0c?OpenDocument

Stephen M. Barr.  “First Things What Can We Reasonably Hope For? A Millennium Symposium,”

http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft0001/articles/barr.html

http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article.asp?8794

A review of Modern Physics and Ancient Faith, 2003.  http://www.bede.org.uk/barr.htm

Kenneth Silber.  “God’s Physics Experiment.” Review.  http://www.techcentralstation.com/073103B.html Published Modern Physics and Ancient Faith presents a case that developments in physics and related fields give support to the idea of a cosmic designer and indeed fit well with the Judeo-Christian tradition.

Modern Physics and Ancient Faith. http://www.booksmatter.com/b0268034710.htm Often invoked as justification for unbelief, modern science here provides the basis for an unusual and provocative affirmation of religious faith. A physicist at the University of Delaware, Barr deploys his scientific expertise to challenge the dogmas of materialism and to assert his belief that nothing explains the order of the galaxies better than divine design.

Joachim Barrande

(1799-1883). French geologist and paleontologist. Authority on Silurian formation of Bohemia; author of Systeme silurien du centre de la Boheme (1852-94), in which he identified over 4000 new fossil species.  Catholic.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07120a.htm

Eric C. Barrett, BSc, MSc (Sheffield), Ph.D., DSc (Bristol) *** Not in Gale

Meteorologist.  Eric C. Barrett is Director and Reader of Remote Sensing at the University of Bristol in England and Dean of the Slavic Gospel Association’s Radio Academy of Science.  Education: B.Sc. degree (First Class Honors) in geography, University of Sheffield, 1962; M.Sc. for research in climatic change, University of Sheffield, 1964; Ph.D., University of Bristol, 1969; D.Sc., University of Bristol, 1982 for “his sustained and distinguished contribution to geographic science.” Awarded the Hugh Robert Mill Medal and Prize of the Royal Meteorological Society for his research into the estimation of rainfall from satellite cloud imagery.  Member: Kensington Baptist Church, Bristol, England.

He is the author of a dozen books and about a hundred papers on environmental science.

Faculty webpage, University of Bristol School of Geographical Sciences, http://www.ggy.bris.ac.uk/staff/staff_barrett.htm

Co-author (with David Fisher), Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Isaac Barrow

Isaac Barrow  (1630-1677), English mathematician and theologian, is noted for his contributions to the field of optics. He is also remembered as the professor who served as inspiration and mentor to Isaac Newton.  Professor of Greek, Cambridge (1660-63); first Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge (1663), resigned (1669) in favor of his pupil Isaac Newton. Chaplain to Charles II (1670); master of Trinity College, Cambridge (1673). Translated Euclid (1660).

Author of Lectiones XVIII Cantabrigiae in scholis publicis habitae; In qubus opticorum phaenomenon genuinae rationes investiganture, ac exponunture, 1669; Lectiones gemoetricae: In quibus (praesertim) generalia curvarum linearum symptomata declaranture, 1670; in which he approached the calculus, controversial pieces including Pope's Supremacy (1680), and Sermons.  Scriptores optici, 1823 (the collected texts of optical lectures); The Mathematical Works of Isaac Barrow, Compiled by W. Wherell, 1860.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/barrow.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Isaac Barrow,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Barrow.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Barrow.html

Barrow | Isaac | 1630-1677 | mathematician classicist, and divine.  http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/b/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1117/

http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Barrow/RouseBall/RB_Barrow.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Isaac%20Barrow

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Barrow.html

http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Barrow_Isaac.html

http://48.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BA/BARROW_ISAAC.htm

http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/barrow.html (in German)

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Peter H. Barry / Peter Hosford Barry

(Born 1941).  Neuroscientist.  Phyisologist. Educator.  Dr. Peter H. Barry is an Emeritus and Conjoint Professor in the School of Medical Sciences and Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, being previously a Professor of Physiology in the School of Physiology and Pharmacology, at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia from 1994-2001 and previously also Sub-Dean (Information Technology) in the Faculty of Medicine there from 1995-1998. He originally graduated from the University of Sydney (Australia) with a B.Sc. (Hons) in Physics in 1963, followed by a Ph.D. in Biophysics in 1968. He then went to the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) to work with Dr. Jared Diamond for 3 years, followed by just over a year at the Physiological Laboratory in the University of Cambridge, working with Dr. Richard Adrian. He then returned to Australia as a Queen Elizabeth II Fellow, collaborating with Dr. Peter Gage before taking up a lectureship there in 1974. In 1991, he was awarded a D.Sc. by the University of New South Wales for his research in Membrane Biophysics. In 1999, he was awarded the Vice-Chancellor’s Award for Teaching Excellence Using Educational Technology.

Professor P. H. Barry – Information.  http://www.med.unsw.edu.au/PHBSoft/PHBarry.htm

Member: National Committee for Biomedical Sciences of the Australian Academy of Science; The New York Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.); The Biophysical Society (U.S.A.); The Society of General Physiologists (U.S.A); The Australian Physiological and Pharmacological Society; The Australian Society for Biophysics (President, 2003-2004); The Australian Neuroscience Society; Association for Chemoreception Sciences (AChemsS; USA).
Fellow of the Institute for the Study of Christianity in an Age of Science and Technology (ISCAST)

Faculty webpage, School of Medical Sciences,University of New South Wales, http://notes.med.unsw.edu.au/resinterests.nsf/sw/7201054

Staff directory, http://notes.med.unsw.edu.au/Facultyd.nsf/WebPageStaffID/7201054?OpenDocument

Publications for Emeritus Professor Peter Barry: http://notes.med.unsw.edu.au/home/staffpublications.nsf/MedPubsbyStaffID?OpenView&Count=1000&RestrictToCategory=s7201054

Peter H. Barry.  “Interactive Electrophysiological Software for Research and Teaching,” http://www.med.unsw.edu.au/PHBSoft/

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Caspar Bartholin / Caspar Berthelsen Bartholin / Bartholinus

(1585-1629). Danish physician. Professor of medicine (1613), then of divinity (1624), University of Copenhagen. First to describe olfactory nerve as first cranial nerve. Author of Anatomicae Institutiones Corporis Humani (1611), widely used manual of anatomy. His sons Thomas Bartholin (1616-1680) and  Erasmus Bartholin (1625-1698) also contributed to advances in science.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bartolin_cas.html

http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Bartholin_Caspar_the_Elder.html

http://www.therfcc.org/kasper-bartholin-123244.html

Erasmus Bartholin *** Not in Gale

Erasmus Bartholin (1625-1698), Danish physician, mathematician, astronomer and physicist, was professor of medicine, Copenhagen (1657-98); discovered in Icelandic feldspar the phenomenon of double refraction of light. Son of Caspar Bartholin. Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bartolin_era.html:

Observed the comets of 1665 and other astronomical objects, and published about this topic.  As a physician, he introduced quinine in the fight against malaria.  Education: Taught initially by private teachers, then attented Latin school.  1642-4: University of Copenhagen, B.A. in 1644; M.A. in 1647.   Studied mathematics at the University of Leiden for several years beginning in 1645.  In 1651 Bartholin studied mathematics in France and Italy, ultimately at Padua where he was Consiliarius for the German Nation and Vice-syndicus for the university.  Acquired his M.D. in1654 at Padua.  For the next two years he travelled and studied in Italy.  He worked with Ole Roemer on Tycho's manuscripts and with Niels Stensen on crystallography.

Thomas Bartholin *** Not in Gale

Thomas Bartholin (1616-1680), known for his observations of the lymphatics, was professor of mathematics (1646-48), of anatomy (1648-61), at Copenhagen; physician to King Christian V (1670-80); enlarged his father's Institutiones Anatomicae, and defended Harvey's doctrine of the circulation of the blood.  Also pharmacologist.  Son of Caspar Bartholin.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bartolin_tho.html:

Bartholin published many works on anatomy, physiology and medicine, from 1645 through 1674, and a general work on pharmacology in 1658.  In 1654, along with the rest of the medical faculty at the university, Bartholin published advice to the people on how to take care of themselves during the plague.  In 1673 he held the first exams for midwives in Denmark.

Bartholin's father was a professor at the University of Copenhagen. His mother's father, Thomas Fincke, was a professor at the university, as was his aunt's husband, Ole Worm. Erasmus B. was his brother. Thomas's son Caspar, who was also an anatomist of importance, would follow at the university. Peder Soerenson, who is in the DSB as Severinus, and apparently held a chair at the university, also belongs in this circle; he was the husband of Fincke's cousin Drude Thorsmede, the daughter of the brother of Fincke's mother. Add to the circle Christian Soerensen (or Severin, known as Longomontanus) who was also related.

Sometime between 1641 and 43, Bartholin was made a member of the learned society of Venice, Accademia de' signori incogniti.  He maintained a lasting friendship with Marco Aurelio Severino, and a prolific correspondence with many scientists throughout Europe--among others, Pierre Bourdelet (France), Hermann Conring (Germany), Guy Patin (Paris), Johannes Scheffer (Uppsala), Niels Stensen (Denmark), Sktanislau Lubienitzsky (Poland). Letters are published in Epistolae medicinales (1663-7).  Thomas Bartholin was responsible for the royal decree of 1672 that decided the organization of Danish medicine for the next hundred years.

http://www.therfcc.org/thomas-bartholin-53258.html

Daniello Bartoli, S.J.

(1608-1685). Italian physicist and historian. Entered Jesuit order (1623); wrote religious novel L'uomo di lettere (1645), Dell'istoria della compagnia di Gesu (1653-73).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bartoli.html

Late in life Bartoli returned to interests that Riccioli had stimulated, and he expounded and popularized the works of contemporary physicists, particularly barometric experiments and the concept of atmospheric pressure. He also wrote on sound and on freezing.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02317b.htm

http://88.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BA/BARTOLI_DANIELLO.htm

Gian Giacomo Bartolotti *** Not in Gale

(c. 1471-c.1530).  Italian physician and educator.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bartloti.html

Bartolotti translated Cebe's Table (Pinax) in 1498, and later published his Opusculum de antiquitate medicinae, a brief treatise on the history of ancient medicine. In 1498 he was assigned to teach a course at the University of Ferrara, but he is not listed with the regular appointment.  Toward the close of the century he was practicing medicine, and in the early 16th century he was doing so at Venice.

Benjamin Smith Barton

A physician, natural historian, and professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815) was one of the central figures in Philadelphia’s early national scientific establishment. Having received his medical training in European universities, Barton was appointed Professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1789, lecturing on botany, materia medica, natural history. A prolific author, he established his reputation as one of the nation’s preeminent botanists through his botanical text book The Elements of Botany (1803), but his contributions to zoology, ethnology, and medicine were equally noteworthy. Barton’s monograph on the “fascinating faculty” of the rattlesnake and his efforts in historical linguistics (New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, 1798) were widely read, and his Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal (1804-1809) was one of the nation’s first medical journals and an important outlet for natural historical research.

From Benjamin Smith Barton Papers,1789-1815.  http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/b/barton.htm

Talib Barwani *** Not in Gale

Tanzanian electronics engineer.  Trained in the Britsh Royal Air Force in ground telecommunications.  Currently serves his missionary society as an extension secretary from his home in Loughborough, England.

Talib Barwani.  MUSULMANES QUE ENCONTRARON A CRISTO “13.Con Cristo vivo en plenitude,”  www.pminternacional.org/libros/PDF/Musulmanes%20que%20encontraron%20a%20Cristo.pdf

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.

Saint Basil the Great

(ca. 329-379). Greek Father of Eastern communal monasticism; founded a large hospital in Caesaria, Asia Minor (Turkey).  Named a Doctor of the Church after his death.  Patron saint of hospital administrators.

http://magnificat.ca/cal/engl/06-14.htm

“Basil the Great, Saint.” http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02330b.htm

“The Life of Saint Basil the Great.”  http://www.basilian.org/Publica/StBasil/

http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintb05.htm

Thomas Bateman *** Not in Gale

(1778-1821).  Physician and dermatologist. He became a pupil of Dr Robert Willan, a pioneer in the diseases of the skin, at the Carey Street Public Dispensary. In 1804, due to Willan’s influence, he was elected physician both at the Dispensary and at the Fever Institution (later the Fever Hospital). In 1805 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. Based on his experience at the Fever Institution, between 1804 and 1816, Bateman wrote a series of reports on the diseases of London and the state of the weather. He contributed these papers to the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, which he had jointly established in 1805 with Dr Duncan, junior, of Edinburgh, and Dr Reeve, of Norwich. The reports contributed to the establishment of his reputation, bringing him to the notice of a wider audience. The papers were later collected in one volume and published as Reports on the Diseases of London (1819).

At the Dispensary, under the tutelage of Willan, Bateman began to pay particular attention to diseases of the skin. Willan had been the first to describe these diseases in ‘a positive scientific manner, without being swayed by theoretical and formulistic conceptions’ (DNB, vol. III, p.393), and Bateman followed in his footsteps, extending and perfecting his methodology. With Willan’s retirement in 1811, Bateman became the principal authority in London on all affections of the skin.

From http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=7097&inst_id=8

British Association of Dermatologists.  http://www.bad.org.uk/general/history/earliest/

Don Batten, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

(Born 1951). Agronomy and horticultural scientist.  Private horticultural consultant, Creation Science Foundation, Brisbane, Australia, 1994–present.  Research Horticulturist, NSW Agriculture, Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville, 1976-990. Senior Research Horticulturist, NSW Agriculture, Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville, 1991–1994; Research Horticulturist, NSW Agriculture, Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville, 1976-1990.  B.Sc.Agriculture(First Class Honours) from the University of Sydney, 1969–72; Ph.D. from the University of Sydney, Department of Agronomy and Horticultural Science,1973–76, Thesis: Induction of adventitious root formation in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek).

Autobiography: http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/d_batten.asp

“I came to see, after considerable prayer and study, that evolution is really a belief system parading as science. It is an alternative religion designed to banish the creator God to the realm of abstract philosophy only (contrary to Romans 1:20). In the end I came to see the importance of the written Word of God.”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/events/bio.aspx?Speaker_ID=12

Don Batten and Carl Wieland talk to Raymond Jones. http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/3944.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/batten-d.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

William J. Bauer *** Not in Gale

is President of the Bauer Engineering Company of Chicago, which has designed many of the major engineering systems in Chicago and around the world. He has a Ph.D. in Hydraulics from the University of Iowa and is author of numerous technical papers. He is a frequent and effective speaker on scientific creationism.

William J. Bauer, Ph.D. “CREATION AND THE SEVEN-DAY WEEK,”- Impact, No. 75 September 1979, http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-075.htm.

Gaspard Bauhin

(1560-1624). Swiss botanist and anatomist. Professor, Basel (from 1582); one of first to describe ileocecal (Bauhin's) valve(1588); compiled Theatrum Anatomicum (1605), finest anatomical textbook of the day; introduced a binomial system of nomenclature for botany in Pinax theatri botanica (1623). His elder brother Jean Bauhin (1541-1613), physician and botanistat Basel; physician to duke of Wurttemberg (from 1571); compiled Historia plantarum universalis (1650-51).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bauhin_gas.html

Co-physician to Duke Frederick of Wuerttemberg (his father, son, and grandson were also physicians in various courts).  His books dedicated to various barons. Calvinist French Protestant. His father was a Huguenot refugee from France.

http://82.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BA/BAUHIN_GASPARD.htm

http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Bauhin_Gaspard.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bauhin

Jean Bauhin *** Not in Gale

(1541-1613).  Swiss physician and botanist at Basel; physician to Duke Frederick of Wurttemberg (from 1571); wrote  Historia plantarum universalis, a compilation of all that was then known about botany.  It was not complete at his death, but was published at Yverdon in 1650-51.  Elder brother to Gaspard Bauhin.

http://82.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BA/BAUHIN_GASPARD.htm

Studied botany at Tbingen under Leonard Fuchs (1501-1566), and travelling with Conrad Gesner, practiced medicine at Basel, where he was elected professor of rhetoric in 1766. Four years later he was invited to become physician to the Duke of Wurttemberg at Montbliard, where he remained till his death in 1613. He also wrote a book, De aquis niedicagis (1605).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bauhin_jea.html

Calvinist French Protestant. His father was a Huguenot refugree from France.  Displayed his archeological collections in a museum at Duke Frederick's chateau. 

Bauhin was friend and correspondent of Gesner collaborators and informants in many countries, and with botanists everywhere he went.  Jean Bauhin was instrumental in establishing the College of Medical Practioners in Montpeliard, which regulated the duties of all practitioners and provided free medical services to the poor.

Jean Gaspard Bauhin *** Not in Gale

(1606-1685).  Professor of botany at Basel for thirty years.  Son of Gaspard Bauhin.  Doctor to Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715).

Dr. Nathan Louis Bauld

(Born 1934).  Professor of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Research chemist, Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, 1960-61; postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 1959-1960.

Author: Radicals, Ion Radicals and Triplets, 1997; author 2 chapters; contributor over 100 articles to professional journals; patentee in field of ion physical-organic and cation radical chemistry.

Webpage: http://www.cm.utexas.edu/bauld/

Curriculum vitae: http://www.cm.utexas.edu/bauld/general/vita.html

Publications: http://www.cm.utexas.edu/bauld/general/publications.html

http://www.cm.utexas.edu/faculty/Bauld.html

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

John R. Baumgardner *** Not in Gale

Geophysicist.  Dr. John Baumgardner, a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory since 1984, was considered by U.S. News & World Report (June 16, 1997) to be “the world’s pre-eminent expert in the design of computer models for geophysical convection, the process by which the Earth creates volcanoes, earthquakes, and the movement of the continental plates.” He is creator of the program Terra used by geologists worldwide. Dr. Baumgardner earned degrees from Texas Tech University (B.S., electrical engineering), and Princeton University (M.S., electrical engineering), and earned a Ph.D. in geophysics and space physics from UCLA.

Biography.  http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/j_baumgardner.asp

“Scientists Who Believe: An Interview with Dr. John Baumgardner,” http://www.rae.org/believe.html:

“I believe science as we know it is a product of the Christian worldview. It was only in the Christian world that science developed and I believe could have developed. For example, in the Buddhist or Hindu worldview this physical realm is more or less regarded as an illusion and not representing ultimate reality. Of course, Christians don’t regard this world as eternal, but nevertheless it’s real. Science has flowed from a Christian understanding of reality, a Christian understanding of God, and a Christian understanding of the natural world. In general I believe that science is legitimate, that it does reveal the glory of God, that it does confirm what the Scriptures say is valid and true.”

http://www.icr.org/abouticr/facul-a.htm

John Baumgardner. “Why I Believe in God,” http://globalflood.org/papers/whyibelieve.html.  From testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

John Kenneth Beadles

(Born September 22, 1931). Biologist, educational administrator.  Teacher of science at Alva (Oklahoma) Public schools, 1957-62; Graduate research Assistant Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 1963-64, Graduate research trainee, 1964-65; Assistant Professor of biology Arkansas State University, State University, 1965-66, Professor biology, Chairman department of Biological sciences, 1968-84, dean Graduate School, 1984-93, retired, 1993; Professor, researcher, adviser U.S.AID program Oklahoma State University, Ethiopia, Africa, 1966-68; B.S., Northwestern State College, 1957; postgraduate Phillips University, 1959, University Oklahoma, summers 1960-61; M.S., Oklahoma State University, 1962, Ph.D., 1965.

Fish disease Consultant Trustee Jonesboro United Way, 1975-80, Board of Directors 83-85, Member allocations and admissions committee, 1975-80, 89-93; Member Crowley's Ridge Devel. Council, Board Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1972-73, Board Women's Recovery Center, 1987. Served with USN, 1950-54. U.S. Soil Conservation Service, grantee, 1975-78; Arkansas Game and Fish Commission grantee, 1979-80; U.S. C.E. grantee, 1972-78; Arkansas Eastman Co. grantee, 1974-75; Al C. Young Assocs. Tulsa Inc. grantee, 1981-82.

Member American Fisheries Society, Southwestern Association Naturalists, American Society Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Arkansas Academy Science (President 1981-82), Sigma Xi. Baptist. Lodge: Rotary (President 1978-79, dist. governor 1985-86).

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

George Carroll Beakley, Jr.

(Born 1922).  Engineering scientist.  Associate dean and director of engineering science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 1957-present. Previous posts: Tarleton State College (now Tarleton State University), Stephenville, Texas, associate professor of engineering, 1947-53; Bell Helicopter Corp., Hurst, Texas, design engineer, 1953-54; Airesearch Mfg. Co., Phoenix, Ariz., development engineer, 1956; Arizona State University, Tempe, professor of engineering, 1956-present, chairman of mechanical engineering, 1956-67.  Education: Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University), B.S.M.E., 1947; University of Texas, M.S.M.E., 1952; Oklahoma State University Ph.D., 1956.

Member: National Society of Professional Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Industrial Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education, Tau Beta Pi, Kappa Mu Epsilon, Phi Kappa Phi, Pi Tau Sigma, Sigma Xi, Alpha Pi Mu.  Southern Baptist.  U.S. Army, Infantry, 1943-46; became first lieutenant.

Author: (With H. W. Leach) Elementary Problems in Engineering, Macmillan, 1951, 2nd edition published as Engineering: The Profession and Elementary Problem Analysis, Macmillan, 1960, 3rd edition published as Engineering: An Introduction to a Creative Profession, 1967, 5th edition (with Evans and Keats), in press; (With Leach) Careers in Engineering and Technology, Macmillan, 1969, 3rd edition, 1984; (With Leach) The Slide Rule, Macmillan, 1953; (With Leach) The Slide Rule and Technical Problem Solving, Macmillan, 1963, 2nd edition published as The Slide Rule and Its Use in Problem Solving, 1969, 3rd edition published as The Slide Rule, Electronic Hand Calculator, and Metrification in Problem Solving, 1975; (With John Hawley and Donald D. Autore) Graphics for Design and Visualization: Problems, Macmillan, 1973; (With E. G. Chilton) Introduction to Engineering Design and Graphics, Macmillan, 1973; (With Chilton) Design: Serving the Needs of Man, Macmillan, 1974; (With Leach) Introduction to Engineering Graphics, Macmillan, 1975; (With Autore) Electronics Drafting, Bobbs-Merrill, 1982; Freehand Drawing and Visualization, Bobbs-Merrill, 1982; (With Lovell) Computation, Calculators, and Computers, Macmillan, 1983; Introduction to Technical Illustration, Bobbs-Merrill, 1983; (With Autore and Patterson) Architectural Drawing and Design, Macmillan, 1984; (With Haden) Computer Aided Processes in Instruction and Research, Academic Press, in press.

Contributor to professional journals.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Kenneth Mark Beane

(Born 1959). Designer, scientist, engineering researcher.  Registered geologist. Adjunct faculty engineering, Murray State University, 1996. Professional consultant, International Society for Responsible Technicians, Murray, 1995; Research Assistant, Mississippi State (Mississippi) University, 1992-95; Teaching Assistant, Mississippi State (Mississippi) University, 1991-92.  Achievements include development of slender load bearing structural wood systems, optical-computer based systems in technical communications and instruction, structural and systems design in industrial design, systems analysis and project mgmt. Education: BS, Murray State University, 1990; student, Mississippi School Arch., 1989-90; MET, Mississippi State University, 1992; MS, Mississippi State University, 1994; postgraduate, Syracuse University, 1996; postgraduate, Southern Illinois University, 1996.

Member: ASTM, Association Engineering Geologists, Society Engineering Science, National Registry Environmental Professionals (registered), Industrial Designers Society America (Certified), Tennessee Academy of Science, Society Wood Science and Tech., Association Conservation Engineers.  Southern Baptist.

Author: Architectural Design Specifications, 1989, Structural Mechanics and Design, 1994.

Johann Joachim Becher / Johann Joachim Beccher

(1635-1682). German chemist and physician. Physician to elector of Mainz (1663), elector of Bavaria (1664); commercial counsellor to Emperor Leopold I (1666); suggested establishment of German colonies in South America and building of Rhine-Danube canal. Carried on experiments for transmuting the Danube sand into gold. Advanced a theory of combustible earth that influenced Stahl's phlogiston theory of combustion. Author of Physica subterranea (1669), on the nature of minerals and other substances.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/becher.html

John H. Lienhard.  “Engines of Our Ingenuity.  No. 293: JOHANN JOACHIM BECHER,”  Click here for audio of Episode 293.

Antoine Henri Becquerel

Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) was a French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances, which laid the foundation for many scientific advances of the early twentieth century. In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie.  Becquerel’s other notable research included the effects of magnetism on light and the properties of luminescence.  He was a member of a scientific family extending through several generations, the most notable being his grandfather Antoine-Cesar Becquerel (1788-1878), his father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (1820-91), and his son Jean Becquerel (1878-1953).

“Antoine Henri Becquerel,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Antoine%20Henri%20Becquerel

Biography of A.H. Becquerel. http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/antoine_henri_becquerel.html

Isaac Beeckman

(1588-1637).  Dutch physicist, astronomer, mathematician, theologian, who also studied nautical science, Hebrew, medicine, and experimented in combustion, pumping and hydrodynamics. He had also been apprenticed in a factory where he learned a great deal about building devices to perform experiments.

Beeckman strongly believed that hypotheses should be verified through experimentation, a feeling echoed by Galileo. Beeckman applied logical mathematical methods in his experiments in physics and deduced numerous principles.

In 1613 Beeckman put forward the concept of inertia : so long as no outside force acted on an object, the object's velocity or direction should not change. (Beeckman reached this conclusion nearly 30 years before Isaac Newton was born.) Five years later he used his law of inertia to establish the law of uniformly accelerating objects. He discovered the distance that an object falls is directly related to the square of the amount of time it is falling, and used algebraic notation to express the law.

Beeckman believed that mechanical explanations for phenomena were more satisfactory than theories that had been accepted just because they were based on simplicity. He rejected the popular theory that an “internal magnetic force” was responsible for the movement of the Earth and suggested his concept of inertial motion was much more fitting.

Beeckman was also responsible for establishing Europe's first meteorological station in 1628.

“Isaac Beeckman.” World of Scientific Discovery, 2nd ed. Gale Group, 1999.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/beeckman.html

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/ebeeck.html

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Isaac_Beeckman.html (in German).

Carlo Willem Joannes Beenakker *** Not in Gale

(Born 1960).  Mesoscopic physicist.  Graduated in Physics from Leiden University, 1982; Doctorate in Theoretical Physics from Leiden University; Thesis advisor: P. Mazur, 1984; Postdoctoral research in Stanford and in Santa Barbara, as a Fellow of the Niels Stensen Foundation, 1985; Member of the scientific staff of the Philips Research Laboratories in Eind-hoven,1986–1991; External Professor of Theoretical Physics at Leiden University (chair sponsored by the Leids Universiteitsfonds), 1991; Professor of Theoretical Physics at Leiden University, 1992–present.

Honors: C.J. Kok prize of Leiden University for the Ph.D. thesis “On Transport Properties of Concentrated Suspensions,” 1985; PIONIER award, 1993; Royal/Shell prize for “the discovery and explanation of quantum effects in the electrical conduction in mesoscopic systems” (with H. van Houten and B.J. van Wees), 1993;Winner of the Dutch National Science Quiz, 1997; NWO/Spinoza award, 1999. Elected member of the Royal Holland Society of Sciences and Humanities, 2001. Elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2002. Physica Prize, 2003.  Consultant at the Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven (1992–1996).

Member of the Council for Physics and Astronomy of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2000–2005).

Member of the Scientific Council of the Dutch Forensic Institute (2001-2003).

Member of the Executive Board of the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter and of the Physics Division of the Netherlands Organization for ScientificResearch (2004–2008).

Advisory Editor, Physica A (1995–1999);Editorial Board Member, Physical Review B (1996–2002).

Editor, Physics Reports (since 1998); Divisional Associate Editor, Physical Review Letters (2003–2006).

Faculty webpage, Leiden University Netherlands. http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~beenakkr/cv/cv.html

Home page: http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~beenakkr/cv/

Curriculum vitae: http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~beenakkr/cv/cvengels/cvengels.html

Carlo Beenakker “Truth is strongest,” http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~beenakkr/cv/truth.html.

Lecture at the Phoenix Institute Symposium on “Responsibility in decision making” (Brugge, Belgium, 2000). http://www.linvision.com/body.php?lang=en&cat=hpc&page=case_lorentz

Jonathan Groubert.  “Federation Science Goes Where No Exhibition Has Gone Before,”  http://www.rnw.nl/science/html/startrek20000131.html.  Beenakker is a Star Trek fan.

Jean Beguin *** Not in Gale

(c. 1550-c. 1620).  German pharmacologist, chemist, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/beguin.html:

Beguin published the Tyrocinium chymicum in 1610. Most of the book was concerned with chemical operations rather than with theory, and he emphasized that the most effective therapy combined Galenic and Paracelsian remedies. Beguin was credited with the first mention of acetone, which he called ‘the burning spirit of Saturn.’ The Tyrocinium chymicum was immensely popular through the 17th century. It was translated into the major European languages and issued in many editions. It set the pattern for the notable series of French chemical textbook in the later part of the century.

Beguin wrote to his pupil, Jeremias Barth (1613) that he was engaged with transmutation.

The influence of the royal physician, Jean Ribit, and of Turquet de Mayerne enabled him to obtain permission to set up a laboratory and give public lectures.  He was almoner to King Henry IV.

Jeremias Barth encouraged Begiun to publish a “little book”. As a result, Begiun published his famous Tyrocinium chymicum.

Dr. Michael J. Behe *** Not in Gale
Professor of Biology, Lehigh University.

http://www.meta-library.net/bio/behe-body.html

Michael J. Behe graduated from Drexel University in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry. He did his graduate studies in biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and was awarded the Ph.D. in 1978 for his dissertation research on sickle-cell disease. From 1978-1982 he did postdoctoral work on DNA structure at the National Institutes of Health. From 1982-85 he was Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Queens College in New York City, where he met his wife. In 1985 he moved to Lehigh University where he is currently Professor of Biochemistry. In his career he has authored over 40 technical papers and one book, Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, which argues that living system at the molecular level are best explained as being the result of deliberate intelligent design.
Dr. Michael J. Behe. http://www.lehigh.edu/~inbios/behe.html

Michael Behe’s Home Page. http://www.lehigh.edu/~mjb1/mjb1.html

Access Research Network, Michael J. Behe, http://www.arn.org/behe/behehome.htm

Michael J. Behe On-line Articles, http://www.arn.org/behe/mb_articles.htm

Michael J. Behe.  “Darwin Under the Microscope,” The New York Times, Section A; Page 25 http://www.rae.org/darmicro.html.  “Pope John Paul II’s statement last week that evolution is ‘more than just a theory’ is old news to a Roman Catholic scientist like myself.”… “Pope John Paul II spoke of ‘theories of evolution.’ Right now it looks as if one of those theories involves intelligent design.”

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X

Interviewed in The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God, by Lee Strobel. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2004. ISBN 0-310-24144-8, (hardbound), ISBN 0-310-24050-6 (paperback).

Sir Charles Bell

Charles Bell (1774-1842) was a Scottish surgeon and anatomist who pioneered neurophysiological research. Bell’s experimental work served as a catalyst to other researchers in neurology and led to several important discoveries. Bell is remembered today for giving his name to Bell’s palsy after demonstrating that lesions on the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve) can cause facial paralysis. Author of New Idea of Anatomy of the Brain (1811), expanded into Nervous System of the Human Body (1830).

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst1633.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2103.html

Sir Charles Bell Society.  http://www.hyperlan.com/Scbs_1.htm

http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/bell_charles.htm

http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcne/founders/page0007.html

Bells Palsy Association. http://www.bellspalsy.org.uk/main.htm and  http://www.bellspalsy.org.uk/charlesbell.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Lorenzo Bellini

(1643-1704). Italian physician and anatomist. Professor, Pisa (1663-93); physician to Duke Cosimo III and Pope Clement XI (1693 ff.). Discovered complex of tubules comprising kidney (subsequently Bellini’s tubules) and described mechanical theory of excretion in Exercitatio anatomica de usu renum (1662); investigated senseof taste; published comprehensive mechanical-hydraulic theory in De urinis et pulsibus et missione sanguinis (1683) and Opuscula aliquot (1695).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bellini.html

http://94.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BE/BELLINI_LORENZO.htm

Pierre Belon

(1517-1564). French naturalist. Author of Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons marins (1551), containing pioneering work in comparative anatomy and embryology, Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables (1553) on his tour of eastern Mediterranean, and Histoire de la nature des Oyseaux (1955).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/belon.html

Kathryn Fenton, “Dolphin communication,” http://oceanography.asu.edu/Student%20Projects%20Webpage/Spring%202003/project_kathryn.htm:

“In 1551, it was Pierre Belon du Mans who classified dolphins as ‘fish with lungs.’ He was the first to notice that these animals weren’t like fish but more like land mammals. It wasn’t until the 1700’s, however, that these animals were classified taxonomically and were given the scientific name ‘Tursiops truncatus’.”

James Noble BeMiller

(Born 1933).  Biochemist.  Educator. Director Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, 1986; Professor Department food science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1986; Chairman Department medical biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1980-83; Dean College of Science, Southern Illinois University, 1976-77; Assistant Dean curriculum School Medicine, Southern Illinois University, 1977-79; Professor biochemistry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1971-85; Chairman Department chemistry and biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1966-67; Professor, Southern Illinois University, 1968-85; Associate Professor, Southern Illinois University, 1965-68; Assistant Professor biochemistry Department chemistry and biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1961-65; Assistant Professor biochemistry, Purdue University, 1959-61.  B.S. in Agricultural Biochemistry, Purdue University, 1954; M.S. in Biochemistry, Purdue University, 1956; Ph.D. in Biochemistry (with Distinction), Purdue University, 1959.

Member: Dr. BeMiller is a member of 14 professional societies and is, or has been, extensively active in the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Chemists (President 1988-89), the Institute of Food Technologists, the American Association of Cereal Chemists (President 2000-01), the Starch Round Table (President 1989-93), and the International Carbohydrate Organization (President 1986-88, 1998-2000).

Honors: Dr. BeMiller received a medal from the Japanese Society of Applied Glycoscience.

As of the end of 2003, he had 256 publications, two patents, and had edited 21 books and authored two. His editorships include: Editor, Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry; Associate Editor, Comprehensive Reviews of Food Science/Food Safety; Editorial Advisory Board, Starch/Staerke; Editorial Board, Journal of Applied Glycoscience; Editorial Board, Food Science and Biotechnology; Editorial Advisory Board, Carbohydrate Research; Editorial Advisory Board, Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry; Editorial Advisory Board, Food Hydrocolloids; Editorial Advisory Board, Carbohydrate Polymers; and Associate Editor, Cereal Chemistry.

Faculty webpage, Purdue University’s Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research http://www.whistlercenter.purdue.edu/BeMiller_Staff/jnb_page.htm

Staff directory, Purdue University Food Science, http://www.foodsci.purdue.edu/personnel/showperson.cfm?id=1

Biospace profile: http://biospace.intota.com/viewbio.asp?mode=&bioFile=/xml/biofull/603185data.xml&bioID=603185&perID=107639

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty,, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Giovanni Battista Benedetti *** Not in Gale

(1530-1590).  Mathematician, physicist, mechanic, astronomer, hydraulics and military engineer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/benedeti.html:

Benedetti published De resolutione in 1553, a book of geometry, and other mathematical works followed.  Issues of mechanics enter into his second book of geometry and were prominent in a later work.  In Parma he carried out astronomical observations, and he published a work on sundials. His interest in astrology was always obvious in his astronomical work.  Extensive considerations of optical issues, including the camera obscura, are found in his works.  He was one of the first to treat musical harmonies in terms of vibrations. However, his consideration of music is confined to two letters and seems less important in his work than other disciplines.

He designed and constructed fountains. In Turin he also inspected and improved military installations.

Neil Alfred Benfer

(Born 1920).  Oceanographer, writer, editor. Oceanographer U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Suitland, Maryland, 1951-56; soil science editor U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Beltsville, Maryland, 1956-57; earth sciences editor McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia Science and Technology, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1957-62; tech. writer, editor U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1963-65, U.S. Environmental Science Services Administration, Washington, 1965-70; General physical scientist NOAA, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, 1970-80. Served with U.S. Army, 1942-45, ETO.   Education: B.S., Bucknell University, 1948; M.S., Pennsylvania State University, 1951.

Editor: Natural Disaster Survey Series, Professional Paper Series, San Fernando, California, Earthquake of

Honors: Recipient Bronze medal Dept. of Commerce, 1980.

Member: Geological Society of America, Association Earth Science Editors.  Baptist.

Jerry R. Bergman / Jerry Rae Bergman

(Born 1946).  Biologist.  Science educator. Professor, Northwest College, Archbold, Ohio, 1987; Professor, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, 1981-86; Professor, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, 1973-80. Director Society for Study of Male Psychology and Physiology, Montpelier, Ohio, 1974; Research Associate, Adjunct Instructor Medical College of Ohio, Toledo.
Author: 22 books and monographs; contributor of 550 articles (translated into 14 languages) to professional journals. Recipient Langsford award for excellence in writing, 1998, Paul C. Krouse Teaching Award, 2000.

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/bergman.html

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/bergman-j.html

Jerry Bergman, Ph.D. “Some Biological Problems With The Natural Selection Theory,” http://www.rae.org/natsel.html

Jerry Bergman, Ph.D “Does Nothing in Biology Make Sense Except in the Light of Evolution?”  http://www.rae.org/nothing.html. 

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

John C. Bergstrom *** Not in Gale

Agricultural economist.  Professor of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia at Athens.

B. S., University of Maryland, College Park, December 1979; M. S., Clemson University, Clemson, August 1982; Ph. D., Texas A&M University, College Station, December 1986.

Honors: Special Honors Received for Academic Achievement Member, ODE - International Honor Society in Economics Izaak Walton League of America Conservation Scholorship, University of Maryland, 1979

Awards, Special Recognition; Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching Award, Agricultural and Environmental Economics Club, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, The University of Georgia, 1999; Selected by The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences to represent the College in the Class 7, ESCOP/ACOP Leadership Development Program, September, 1997-June, 1998; Outstanding Graduate Faculty Award, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, The University of Georgia, 1996; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Certificate of Appreciation, For outstanding leadership and technical design in conduct of the Guntersville project and collaboration in other projects, August, 1994; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Certificate of Recognition, Chequamegon and Nicolet National Forests, Wisconsin, 1993, For service and significant contributions to the Scientific Roundtable on the Socioeconomic Impacts of Ecosystem Management, June, 1993; Junior Faculty Award, Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society, 1992; Society of American Foresters Certificate of Appreciation, May, 1991, For service as session coordinator, National Conference on the Economic Value of Wilderness, Jackson, Wyoming, May, 1991; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Certificate of Appreciation, December, 1989, For Research on Equilibrium Modeling and other significant contributions to the 1989 RPA Outdoor Recreation and Wilderness Assessment.

Member: Phi Kappa Phi - National Honor Society, The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia http://www.uga.edu/cff/

Faculty webpage, John C. Bergstrom—College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics,University of Georgia, http://www.agecon.uga.edu/faculty/jbergstrom/index.html

Member: Curriculum vita: http://www.agecon.uga.edu/faculty/jbergstrom/vita.pdf

Leadership U. Faculty webpage, http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/AllStaffbyStaffID/jbergstrom?OpenDocument

John C. Bergstrom.  “Principles of a Christian Environmental Ethic: With Applications to Agriculture, Natural Resources, and the Environment,”

http://www.leaderu.com/science/bergstrom-enviroethics.html

George Berkeley

Born in the same year as the great composers Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Frideric Handel, and Domenico Scarlatti, Berkeley (1685-1753) was one of the seminal figures in Western philosophy, his doctrines exerting a particularly significant influence on analytic philosophy. As a mathematician, George Berkeley is known for his thought-provoking critique of the mathematical theories of his time, particularly infinitesimal calculus.

George Berkeley, An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Berkeley.html

Johann Bernoulli

Bernoulli (1667-1748), whose authority as a mathematician (especially after Newton’s death in 1727) seemed unrivaled, also furthered the field of mechanics.  Scholars believe that Bernoulli may have been the first to realize the importance of the principle of conservation.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Bernoulli_Johann.html

Robert James (Sam) Berry, FRSE

(Born 1934).  Evolution and ecology educator, researcher, Emeritus Professor of Genetics at University College London.  Professor, University College London, 1978; Lecturer., reader to Professor genetics, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine University of London, 1962-78.  He is a former President of the Linnean Society, the British Ecological Society, the European Ecological Federation, the Mammal Society, and Christians in Science.  Author: God and the Biologist and God’s Book of Works: The Nature & Theology of Nature  and coauthor of Science, Life and Christian Belief, and God’s Stewards (World Vision, 2002).  He has written a popular account of the environment of the Orkney Islands (Orkney Nature) plus many other books. In The Natural History of Shetland, R. J. Berry and co-author J. L. Johnston provide what Kenneth Mellanby termed in the Times Literary Supplement as the “first comprehensive record” of flora and fauna in the Shetland Islands.

Member: Natural Environment Research Council, 1981-87, Human Fertilization & Embryology Auth., 1990-96. In 1996 he received the UK Templeton Award for ‘sustained advocacy of the Christian faith in the world of science’, and in 2001 the Marsh Award for Ecology.

http://users.ox.ac.uk/~theo0038/biogberry.htm

http://www.jri.org.uk/intro/directors.htm

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004:  “As far as my Christian writings are concerned, these have all arisen from a need to use my scientific expertise to correct misunderstandings or misinterpretations of Scripture (which abound in the evolution area) or to advance debate in new areas—such as on the theology of DNA. In general, both my scientific and Christian writings spring from a belief that we have a responsibility to use any talents we have to the best advantage.”

Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel

The German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) established the modern ideals and standards of precision in astronomy and obtained the first measurement of the distance to a star.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Bessel.html

Bessel.  http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bessel.html

Friedrich Bessel.  http://www3.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/tan/lite/math/Tony.html

John A. Bewick / John Arters Bewick

(Born 1937).  Consulting firm executive.  John Bewick is the founder and president of Compliance Management, Inc., a firm specializing in environmental compliance systems for industry and government. Dr. Bewick has over 20 years of experience with environmental problems at the local, state and national levels. He is currently a Lecturer at MIT, teaching the Environmental Management course in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning. Previous positions: Scientist, Reactor Physics Division,  Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, 1961-63; Lecturer physics Peace Corps, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 1963-65; analyst EPA, N.Y.C., 1970-71; program analyst U.S. AEC, Washington, 1971-74; Development Manager energy group Cabot Corp., Boston, 1974-78; secretary Massachusetts Executive Office Environmental Affairs, Boston, 1979-83; acting Director Center for Environmental Management, Tufts University, 1983-84; President Bewick Assocs., Inc., Environmental Consultant Firm, 1984-90; founder Compliance Management, Inc., 1989. Education: BEngineering Physics, Cornell University, 1960; MS, University Michigan, 1962; MBA., Harvard University, 1967, DBA, 1972.  Baptist.

Honor: Named Man of Year, Utility Contractors Association, 1982.

Compliance Management, Inc. http://www.regulationmanager.com/about/bewick.html

William Bickford

(1774–1834).  An English leather merchant who invented the miner's safety fuse. He made a major contribution to safety and productivity in the mines and quarries, and even after electric ignition was introduced in 1952 the majority of charges were set off using fuses not very different from the one patented by him in 1831.  Bickford went into partnership with Thomas Davey, a working miner and a Methodist class leader, to construct the machinery for fuse production.

From Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography, © Helicon Publishing Ltd.

http://telematics.ex.ac.uk/realcornwall/peopleandplaces/william_bickford.htm

http://www.themagicofcornwall.com/Pages/history/bickford.htm

Govard Bidloo *** Not in Gale

(1649-1713).  Dutch anatomist, biologist, surgeon, studied microscopy.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bidloo.html:

Little is known about Bidloo’s education, but he must had received the traditional classical instruction, for at the age of 23 he translated a Latin anatomical treatise Ruysch into Dutch.

In 1670 he was apprenticed to a surgeon in Amsterdam and was obliged to attend Ruysch’s anatomical lessons and Gerard Blasius’ botany lessons at the Hortus medicus.  Bidloo’s chief work was his anatomical atlas, published with a Latin text in 1685 and with a Dutch text in 1690, the first large scale anatomical atlas since Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica. His anatomical atlas was plagiarized by Willim Cowper, who published in 1698 as The anatomy of humane bodies. Bidloo proved, in his other anatomical work, Opera omnia, that the nerves are not hollow tubes,as had been believed since the time of Galen, but are taut, transparent fibrous threads.  Bidloo is remembered as a biologist for his admirable work on the liver fluke. He described his work on this parasite in a letter to Leeuwenhoek.

In addition to his continuing medical practice Bidloo was also a surgeon. He also served as a physician and surgeon with the army.

Professor of anatomy at The Hague, 1988; Professor of medicine and surgery at the University of Leiden, 1694-1713.  In 1689, Bidloo accompanied William III to England as his personal physician. Until William’s death he was back and forth in England and the Netherlands, frequently in attendance on the King.  In 1690, William III appointed him “superintendent-general of all physicians, apothecaries and surgeons of the military hospitals of the Netherlands”. In 1692 he was given the additional duty of supervising the English hospitals. Physician in ordinary to William III, 1701-1702.

Member: Royal Society, 1701-1713.

Jacques de Billy, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1602-1679).  Mathematician, Astronomer, Educator.  Catholic, Jesuit.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/billy.html:

Taught mathematics at Jesuit college at Pont à Mousson while a theology student, 1629-30; taught mathematics at Jesuit college at Rheims, 1631-33. According to Humbert he taught also in the Jesuit college at Grenoble and was rector of Chalons, Langres, and Sens.  Master of studies and professor of theology at the College de Dijon, taught mathematics privately.  Professor of Mathematics, College de Dijon, 1665-68.

He dedicated his Tabulae lodoicae, 1656, (note the name) to Louis XIV.

Connections: Taught Jacques Ozanam, Claude Gasper Bachet de Meziriac; corresponded with Fermat and Bachet.

Appendix to Jesuit Geometers, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jgappendix.htm:

Le Journal des Savants (Scavans) (6 sept.1666) published his method for finding a date in the Julian calender.15 entries are found in Sommervogel; some examples are the following: Nova Geometriae Clavis Algebra (Paris, 1643), Opus Astronomicum (Paris, 1661) , De Proportione Harmonica (Paris, 1658), Discours de la Comete (Paris, 1665), Doctrinae analyticae inventum novum (Toulouse 1670). De Billy is frequently mentioned in Cajori’s History of mathematical notations.

Jean Baptiste Biot

(1774-1862). French mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. Professor, Beauvais (1797-1800), College de France (1800 ff.). With Gay-Lussac made balloon ascension (1804) to study upper atmosphere, terrestrial magnetism; with Arago studied optical properties of gases; with Felix Savart discovered (1820) Biot-Savart law describing strength of magnetic fields; investigated polarized light and became (1835) founder of saccharimetryby use of polariscope.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Biot.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Jean%20Baptiste%20Biot

Vannoccio Biringuccio

(1480-c.1539). Italian metallurgist, mineralogist, mining engineer, chemist.  Metallurgist and armorer in Siena, Parma, Ferrara, Venice; director of papal arsenal (from 1438).   He deviated from and discounted the centuries-old idea of alchemy and transmutation, that a particular (and as yet undiscovered substance) would transform common metals into silver or gold. Biringuccio’s theories and experiments laid the groundwork for what we know today as chemistry.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/birngcio.html:

Biringuccio’s reputation is derived from a single work, De la pirotechnia, published posthumously in 1540,  which describes techniques for mining ores and extracting metals from them.  This is the first printed comprehensive account of the fire-using arts, was a prime source on many practical aspects of inorganic chemistry. It discusses mineralogy as well as metallurgy.

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/Biringuccio.html

“Vannoccio Biringuccio,” http://www.glocken-online.de/glocken/form.htm. (in German)

James Emmett Black, Jr.

(Born 1951).  Computer scientist, engineer. Associate scientist Lockheed Electronics Co., Johnson Space Center, Houston, 1975-77; Senior systems analyst Sperry Univac National Accounts, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, 1977-80; Senior systems engineer General Electric Co., Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 1980-85; computer scientist, General Electric Corp. Research & Development, 1985; also independent research and development in computer communications and advanced computer architectures, methodologies, AI techniques for natural language processing and hypermedia for systems engineering and requirements management. Education: A.S., Walker College, 1971; B.S.E.E., University Alabama, 1974, postgraduate, 1974-75; postgraduate University Houston, 1975-77.

Member: IEEE, Association Computing Machinery, IEEE Computer Society, Phi Theta Kappa, Alpha Phi Omega. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Paul Black, OBE, KSG *** Not in Gale

Physics, science educator.  Emeritus Professor of Science Education, King’s College, London. Paul Black took his first degree in physics, and subsequently obtained his Ph.D. in Crystallography at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge in l954. Between 1956 and 1976 he was a faculty member in the Department of Physics in the University of Birmingham (England), but his interests gradually moved from research in physics to research and development on science education. He left Birmingham in 1976 to become Professor of Science Education and Director of the Centre for Science and Mathematics Education, at Chelsea College in London, and on merger of Chelsea College with King’s College in 1985 became head of the King’s Centre for Educational Studies, King’s College London (KQC). He retired in 1995 but is still active in research and development work.

Honors: Honorary Life Member and former President of the Association for Science Education; (with J.M.Ogborn) Bragg Medal and Prize of the UK Institute of Physics (1973); Officer of the Order of the British Empire (O.B.E.) l983; Chair of the International Commission on Physics Education (1992-98); Vice-President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics(1996-8); Medal of the International Commission on Physics Education 2000; Fellow of King’s College 1989; Honorary Doctor of the University, Surrey 1991; Honorary Doctor of the Universit,y Open University 2002; Honorary Doctor of Education, Kingston University 2003.

Author of Testing: Friend or Foe? The Theory and Practice of Assessment and Testing.

Faculty home webpage, King’s College, London: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/education/hpages/pblack.html

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/phpnews/wmview.php?ArtID=238

Elizabeth Blackwell

(1821-1910).  American physician, b. Counterslip, Bristol, England. To.U.S. (1832). M.D., Geneva Medical School of Western N.Y. (1849). First woman doctor of medicine in modern times. She later founded the first medical school for women, which resulted in both greater acceptance of female physicians and stricter standards for medical schools as a whole. Opened private dispensary in New York (1853), which became incorporated (1857) into New York Infirmary for Women and Children; Woman’s Medical College established there (1868). Settled in England (1869); Professor of gynecology in London School of Medicine for Women (1875-1907).  By the time of her death in 1910, the number of female doctors in the United States had risen to over 7,000.

“Elizabeth Blackwell,” http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/bla.html

“The Women of the Hall: Elizabeth Blackwell,” http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=20

http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_blackwell_eliz.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/blackwell/

http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/BLACKWELL.html

http://www.edwardsly.com/blackwel.htm

Willem Janszoon Blaeu / Guilielmus Janssonius / Willems Jans Zoon / Guillaume Jansonius Caesii

(1571-1638). Dutch mathematician, cartographer, geographer, and astronomer. Founder of a publishing firm at Amsterdam, known especially for its terrestrial and celestial globes and maps; author of  Nova universi terrarum orbis mappa (Amsterdam,1605), Het Licht der Zeevaert (Amsterdam, 1608), Novus Atlas (Amsterdam, 1634-62). His sons Cornelis Blaeu (1610-c. 1645, 1650) and Jan/Joan Blaeu (1596-1673) continued the firm.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/blaeu.html:

In 1595-1596, Blaeu worked with Tycho at the latter's observatory on the island of Hveen, Denmark.  In 1596 or 1597, he returned to Amsterdam where he soon established himself as a merchant of maps and globes, and as a printer.  In 1633, the States General of Amsterdam appointed Blaeu map maker of the Republic, and later he became the official cartographer of the Dutch East India Company.  He made terrestrial and celestial globes, a Planetarium, and a tellurium. He also made an extraordinary and beautiful quadrant.  He undertook the measurement of a degree on the surface of the earth. The presses of his design became almost general throughout the low contries and were introduced to England.

http://www.donaldheald.com/books/books_detail_01.php?cat=Atlases&itemnr=1545206

“Printing.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004:  About 1620 Blaeu added a counterweight to the pressure bar in the printing press in order to make the platen rise automatically; this was the so-called Dutch press, a copy of which was to be the first press introduced into North America, by Stephen Daye at Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1639.

“The Blaeu Family,” http://www.bentleys.co.za/blaeufamily.html

Jan Blaeu / Joan Blaeu

(1596-1673).  Geographer.  Cartographer.  Typographer.  Lawyer.  Son of Willem Janszoon Blaeu.

Leen Helmink.  “The Blaeus: Willem, Cornelis & Joan,” http://www.xs4all.nl/~helmink/blaeu.html:

In 1638, Joan was appointed his father's successor in the Hydrographic office of the V.O.C. (United East India Company).  His activity in the promotion of maritime cartography lacked the fervour of his industrious attitude towards geography. He aimed at the full description of heaven, earth and water which was unachievable, but his efforts culminated in the magnificent Atlas Magnus / Atlas Major (11 vols., 1650-62) and the town-books of the Netherlands and of Italy - works unsurpassed in history and in modern times, which gave eternal fame to the name of the Blaeus.
In 1667 Joan Blaeu's printing house was moved from the Bloemgracht to Gravenstraat. It was there that a fire ruined the business on February 23, 1672. One year later, Dr. Joan Blaeu died.

“The Blaeu Family,” http://www.antiquemaps.com/uk/examples/blaeu/blaeutxt.htm:

The business was carried on by his sons Joan II and Pieter. Many items were auctioned and in 1683 the globemaking part of the business was sold to J. van Keulen. The sons published a number of maps but the business never regained the influential position it had held in earlier years. Pieter died in 1706 and Joan II in 1712.

“The Printing House of the Family Blaeu: 17th Century Cartographic Printing from the Netherlands,”

http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/exhibits/blaeu/index2.html

Lytle Houston Blankenship

(Born 1927).  Wildlife research scientist, educator.  Certified wildlife biologist Michigan Dept. Conservation, Lansing, 1954-56; research biologist Minnesota Div. Game & Fish, St. Paul, 1956-61, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Tucson, 1961-69; research scientist Caesar Kleberg wildlife program Texas A&M University, Nairobi, Kenya, 1969-72; Professor, research scientist Texas Agricultural Experiment Sta., Uvalde, 1972; consultant World Bank in Kenya, Organization American States in Dominican Republic; Visiting Lecturer University. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1978; workshop consultant for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to India, 1981, 1982.

Trustee, Uvalde Community Christian School Wildlife Management Institute grantee, 1950-51; Michigan State University Fellow; People-to-People program Fellow, 1968. Education: B.S., Texas A&M University, 1950; M.S., University Minnesota, 1952; Ph.D., Michigan State University, 1956.

Member: The Wildlife Society (International affairs committee 1971-86, council 1979-, President 1986, Outstanding Service award Texas chapter), Wildlife Disease Association, East African Wildlife Society, Wildlife Society South Wildlife Society South Africa, Audubon Society. Baptist. Clubs: Uvalde Lions, Lions International (district Governor 1981-82), Uvalde County Aggie, Uvalde Band and Choir Booster (President 1974-75).

Contributor of numerous articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Francis Shellabear Blasdell

(Born 1927 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; American parents).  Biologist.  Zoologist.  Museum trainee Buffalo Mus. of Natural History, 1950-51; zool. technician Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc., Rochester, N.Y., 1951-54; Partner, Chairman Board of Directors National Biological Labs., Inc., Vienna, Virginia, 1955-70; br.Manager Mogul-Ed division Mogul Corp., Merrifield, Virginia, 1970-72; cataloguer, division reptiles and amphibians Smithsonian Instn., Museum of Natural History, Washington, 1973. B.A. in Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, 1950.

Scouting coordinator, committeeman troop 152 National Capital Area Council Boy Scouts America, 1961; elder Presbyterian Church. Served with USNR, 1945-46.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Edward F. Blick*** Not in Gale

Engineering scientist.   Dr. Blick is Professor Emeritus of Aerospace, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at the University of Oklahoma and formerly Associate Dean of Engineering there. He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Science from Oklahoma University, and has published many important research papers in the fields of aerodynamics and biomechanics. He worked on the Mercury Project and F4 fighter and has written 150 scientific papers.

Dr. Blick is author of  Scientific Analysis of Genesis, 1991;  Special Creation Vs Evolution , 1995; co-author of the textbook Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer.

Edward F. Blick, Ph.D. Evolution And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics. http://www.tccsa.tc/articles/entropy_blick.html, Chapter 4 of SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF GENESIS, First Edition, 1991.

Nathaniel Bliss

(1700-1764). English astronomer. Savilian Professor of Geometry, University of Oxford (1742-64); Fellow of the Royal Society, 1742; assisted James Bradley and succeeded him as fourth Astronomer Royal (1762-64). Bliss graduated from Pembroke College, Oxford (B.A., 1720; M.A., 1723), and became rector of St. Ebbe's, Oxford, in 1736.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nathaniel+Bliss

Nicolas-Francois Blondel *** Not in Gale

(1618-1686).  Engineer.  Educator.  Architect.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/blondel.html:

As a famous military engineer and architect, Blondel wrote and published many works on engineering and architecture. In his Cours d’architecture (1675-1683), he formulated the rule of art, approved by the Royal Academy of Architecture and applied universally ever since.  He directed construction for the region and drew up plans for Rochefort and its fortifications, and for restoration of the Saintes bridge and the Roman arch.  He undertook numerous military engineering projects, many of them having to do with the fortification of naval facilities or coastal defence. He also wrote two books: La nouvelle manière de fortifier les places, and L’art de jeter les bombes.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences.  He was admitted to the Royal Academy of Sciences as a geometer in 1669. He was appointed professor at, and director of, the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1671.

John Bloom / John A. Bloom

(Born 1952).  Physicist.  Scholar.  Professor and director of the M.A. in Science and Religion program at Biola University in La Mirada, California. Postdoctoral Research Associate, Cornell University, 81-82; Fellow, Interdisciplinary Bibl Res Inst, Hatfield, Penn, 88- ; Lecturer physics, Ursinus College, 84-89, 92; consult, computer software and hardware, 86- present ; Assistant Professor, 93-95, Associate Professor, physics, 1995. Field of interest: Physics, Biblical Studies; Research: Cross cultural comparative study of creation accounts and of prophetic material; exegetical/historical problems in Israelite prehistory and history through the First Temple period; membrane biology; evolution; ancient technologies and science (medicine and mathematics); ancient document preservation via computer technology; use of computer image enhancement techniques in the study of ancient cuneiform and papyrus documents.  Biola University Grinnell College, BA, 74; Cornell University, MS, 77, Ph.D., 80; Biblical Theological Seminary, MA, 83, MDiv, 83; Dropsie College, MA, 86, Ph.D., 92.

Member: American Association Physics Teachers; American Society for Engineering Educ; American Science Affiliation; Biophysical Society; Evangelical Theological Society; Sigma Xi; Society of Biblical Literature.

Awards: Grinnell College Honors Scholar, 70-74; Chem Senior Honors Awd, 74; Honors scholar, 80-83; Honors prog, Bibl Theological Seminary, 82-83; Honors scholar, Dropsie College, 83-86; Elise Bohstedt Scholar, 86-91; John Templeton Foundation, Science and Religion Course Prog, 97; Provost Award for Excellence in Bibl Integration, Biola University, 98.

Author: Truth Via Prophecy, Why Isn’t the Evidence Clearer, Ancient Near Eastern Temple Assemblies: A Survey, Prolegomena, Annenberg Research Inst, 92 (Ph.D. thesis); On Human Origins : A Survey, Christian Scholar’s Review, 97.

John Bloom. “Christian Scholar’s Review, On Human Origins: A Survey,” http://www.cccu.org/resourcecenter/resID.974,parentCatID./rc_detail.asp

Andrew Bruce Bocarsly
(Born 1954).  Dr. Andrew Bocarsly, Department of Chemistry, received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is an inorganic chemist, specializing in solar energy conversion. He has taught at Princeton since 1980.

Professor Bocarsly has published over 150 papers in peer reviewed journals and co-authored three patents. Presently, he co-directs Princeton’s Fuel Cell Laboratory with Professor J. Benziger. Research in this laboratory is focused on the chemistry and engineering associated with the development of high temperature (i.e. above the normal boiling point of water) proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Such cells have potential applications in mobile devices ranging from lab top computers to automobiles and transportation systems. Bocarsly’s research interests are centered around next generation materials for fuel cell and electrochemical applications. Currently his research group focuses on enhanced performance membrane materials and improved electrocatalysts.

Professor Bocarsly serves as a consultant and contractor to various fuel cell related companies including United Technologies Fuel Cell and Millennium Cell. He has received the Sigma Xi (Princeton Section) Science Educator Award, the American Chemical Society-Exxon Solid State Chemistry award, and has served as the electrochemistry editor for Methods in Materials Research: A Current Protocols Publication

http://www.princeton.edu/~pmi/bocarslybio.htm

Hans Leo Bodlaender

(Born 1960).  Computer scientist researcher, Mathematician, Institute of Information and Computing Sciences, Universeit Utrecht.  Docent, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 1987; postdoctoral Fellow, MIT, Cambridge, 1987; research Assistant Department of Computer Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, 1983-86. Theistic evolutionist.

Hans L. Bodlaender.  “My Religious Beliefs,” http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hansb/religion.html

Faculty page, Universeit Utrecht.  http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hansb/

Hans L. Bodlaender.  “How can a seriously intelligent person who spend his (almost) entire life in pursuit of serious logical inquiry, simply turn it off to follow the tenets of a given religion? “ http://www.cs.uu.nl/~hansb/religion/q.html

Author: Parallel algorithms for series parallel graphs, Parallel algorithms for series parallel graphs and graphs with treewidth two, Parallel algorithms for treewidth two, Treewidth: algorithmic techniques and results.

Hermann Boerhaave

(1668-1738). Dutch physician. Chemist.  Botanist.  Professor, Leiden (from 1708); credited with founding modern system of clinical instruction. He was the leading medical teacher of the early 18th century. His works on medicine and chemistry had widespread use as basic textbooks. Author of Institutiones medicae in usus annuae exercitationis domesticos digestae (1708) and Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis (1709), encyclopedic medical books widely translated; Elementa chemiae (1724); etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/boerhaav.html

Samuel Johnson.  “Hermann Boerhaave.” http://www.samueljohnson.com/boerhaave.html. First printed in the January, February, March, and April (1739) issues of The Gentleman’s Magazine. The edition used here is from The Works of Samuel Johnson, as printed by Pafraets Company (Troy, NY, 1903), volume 14, pages 154-184.

http://80.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BO/BOERHAAVE_HERMANN.htm

Boerhaave | Hermann | 1688-1738 | professor of medicine and botany, University of Leyden, http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/b/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P2127/

http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/boerhaave.htm~right

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Raymond G. Bohlin, Ph.D.  *** Not in Gale

Molecular biologist.  President, Probe Ministries. Dr. Bohlin was born and raised in Chicago, IL and is a graduate of the University of Illinois (B.S., zoology, 1971-1975), the University of North Texas (M.S., population genetics, 1977-1980), and the University of Texas at Dallas (M.S., Ph.D., molecular and cell biology, 1984-1991). He has been with Probe Ministries since 1975.

Author: (with Lane P. Lester) The Natural Limits to Biological Change; served as general editor of Creation, Evolution and Modern Science, and has published numerous journal articles. Dr. Bohlin was named a 1997-98 and 2000 Research Fellow of the Discovery Institute’s Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture.

DR. RAYMOND G. BOHLIN, http://www.probe.org/docs/bohlin.html

Probe Ministries.  http://www.probe.org/index.html

Ray Bohlin.  “Genetic Intervention: The Ethical Challenges Ahead,” http://www.cbhd.org/resources/genetics/bohlin_2000-04-07.htm

Ray Bohlin.  “The Case for Christ,” http://members.surfeu.fi/foragnostics/case.html

Johannes Bohn *** Not in Gale

(1640-1718).  German physician.  Physiologist (some Iatrochemical theories).  Founder of forensic medicine, especially forensic autopsy.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bohn.html

Farkas Wolfgang Bolyai

(1775-1856). Hungarian mathematician. Professor, Evangelical-Reformed College of Marosvasarhely (1804-53); spent entire life attempting toprove Euclid’s parallel-line postulate; wrote Tentamen Juventutem Studiosam in Elementa Matheseos Purae Introducendi (1832-33) in which fundamentals of geometry treated in new way.His son (1802-1860) concluded (1820) the parallel-line postulate could not be proved and then developed consistent non-Euclidean geometry outlined in Appendix Scientiam Spatii Absolute Veram Exhibens (1823).

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Bolyai_Farkas.html

Bernhard Bolzano

Bernhard Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano (1781-1848) was a Czechoslovakian theologian, philosopher, and mathematician who wrote and published pioneering works on infinite set series and the infinitesimal.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Bolzano.html

Rafael Bombelli *** Not in Gale

(1526-1572).  Italian mathematician.  Civil engineer.  Hydraulics expert.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bombelli.html:

Bombelli was the last of the algebraists of Renaissance Italy. His only published work, Algebra, gave a comprehensive account of the existing knowledge of the subject, enriching it with Bombelli’s own contributions. The influence that his Algebra had in the Low Countries was great. Leibniz called him an “outstanding master of the analytical art.”  Bombelli worked at reclaiming land and at least one other engineering task, but there is nothing to indicate that he furthered the sciences of hydraulics and engineering.

He spent the greater part of his working life as an engineer-architect in the service of his patron, Monsignor Alessandro Rufini, a favorite of Paul III who was later the Bishop of Melfi. By 1551 Bombelli had begun to work for Rufini in the reclamation of the Val di Chiana marshes; the work ended in 1560. In 1561 he took part in the attempt to repair the Ponte Santa Maria in Rome, an effort that failed.  He took part in the reclamation of the Val di Chiana marshes and in the attempt to repair the Ponte Santa Maria Bridge.

Federigo Bonaventura *** Not in Gale

(1555-1602).  Meteorologist.  Physician.  Natural philosopher.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bonvntra.html:

Bonaventura’s most important scientific writings deal with meteorology. Those writings attempted to determine the precise meaning of the ancient texts through philological techniques. He also wrote works on medical subjects (especially De natura partus octomestris, published in 1600) and political philosophy.

Giovan Bonomo / Giovan Bonomi *** Not in Gale

(1666-1696).  Italian physician.  Scientist.  Court official.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bonomo.html:

Bonomo’s major work, done in collaboration with Cestoni in Livorno, Observazioni intorno a’pellicelli del corpo umano (1687), affirmed that scabies was caused by mites and provided the first clinical and experimental proof of the “live” infection.

Anselmus Boetius de Boodt *** Not in Gale

(c. 1550-1632).  Belgian mineralogist.  Alchemist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/boodt.html:

In his chief work, Gemmarum et lapidum historia, Boodt made the first attempt at a systematic description of minerals. He enumerated about 600 minerals that he knew from personal observation, and described their properties, imitations, and medical applications.

George Boole

The English mathematician George Boole (1815-1864) invented mathematical, or symbolic, logic and uncovered the algebraic structure of deductive logic, thereby reducing it to a branch of mathematics.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Boole.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Lester Verlin Boone

(1931-1996).  Agronomist for Southern Illinois, University of Illinois, 1956-67, research and extension agronomist, Champaign-Urbana campus, 1967-96; state coordinator agronomy field research. Served with USAF, 1950-54. B.S., Southern Illinois University, 1956; M.S., University of Illinois, 1972.

Member: Field Consol. School Board Education, Texico, Illinois, 1964-67, Member American Society Agronomy, Soil Science Society America, International Society Soil Science, AAAS, Council Agricultural Science and Technology, American Registry Certified Professionals in Agronomy, Crops and Soils (Certified professional agronomist and soil scientist). Baptist.

Author: (with others) Producing Farm Crops, 1975, 2d edition, 1980; Contributor of numerous articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Pierre Borel *** Not in Gale

(c. 1620-1671).  Physician, botanist, chemist, pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/borel.html:

Borel is credited with the first description of brain concussions. Among his original contributions to medicine are the statement that cataract is a darkening of the crystalline lens and the recommendation of the use of concave mirrors in diagnostic examination of nose and throat.

He also wrote books on history of science.  His Horyus (1667) listed plants with known uses in medicine. He pioneered the use of concave mirrors in the examination of noses, throats, etc.

Calvinist.  He was evidently the regent of the Huguenot college of Castres. His death was entered in a Huguenot register.

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/Borel.html

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

(1608-1679). Italian physicist and physiologist. Professor, Messina (1649-56, 1667-74), Pisa (1656-67). In Del movimento della cometa (1665), published under pseudonym Pier Maria Mutoli, first suggested parabolic path for celestial object; postulated attractive force in Theorica mediceorum planetarum (1666) on motion of Jupiter’s satellites; founded iatrophysical school with attempt to explain movements of animal bodies on mechanical principles in De mota animalium (1680-81).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/borelli.html

http://www.bioingegneria.uniba.it/borelli.html

http://17.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BO/BORELLI_GIOVANNI_ALFONSO.htm

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli.html (in German)

Olaus Borrichius / Olaus Borch *** Not in Gale

(1626-1690).  Chemist.  Alchemist.  Physician.  Botanist.  Metallurgist.  Pharmacologist.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/borrichs.html:

Borrichius won fame as a physician during 1654 plaguge epidemic.  In 1655, he became tutor to the sons of Joachim Gersdorf, the lord high steward (Rigshofmester).  He was royal physician to Frederik III and Christian V.  In 1660, Borrichius was appointed Professor ordinarius of philology and professor extraordinarius of botany and chemistry (these were supernumerary until 1664); held these posts for nearly 30 years. 

Author: Docimastice metallica, 1667, (translated into many languages), which expounded the method of analyzing the most important metals; Metalischer Probierkunst, 1680; De usu plantarum indigenarum in medicina, 1688, a popular textbook with detailed demonstrations of how to heal common illnesses with the help of domestic plants.

Dr Andrew G. Bosanquet / Andrew George Bosanquet, BSc Ph.D. CBiol MIBiol CChem FRSC

(Born 1951).  Medical researcher.  Director, Wolfson Centre, Royal United Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, England, Cancer Research, 1987; researcher, Royal United Hospital, Bath, England Cancer Research, 1978.  Education: BS, Bristol (England) University, 1973; Ph.D., Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1978; CBiol, MBiol, Institute Biology, 1990.

Member: Fellow Royal Society Chemistry; AACR, British Society Haematology, European Haematology Association, Institute Biology.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Dr. Andrew G. Bosanquet, Director, Bath Cancer Research, http://caltri.org/index.htm

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Roger Joseph Boscovich, S.J./ Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich

(1711-1787). Croatian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. Joined Jesuits (1725); taught in Rome (1740), Pavia (1764), Milan (1770); director ofoptics for French navy (1773-83). First in Italy to write inadvocacy of Newton’s theories; developed methods for calculating orbits, rotation of celestial objects; improved geodetic surveys,led international project to measure meridian arcs.

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/boscovich.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Rudjer%20Joseph%20Boscovich

Buris R. Boshell / Buris Raye Boshell

(1926-1995).  Physician, educator and author.

From “Buris Raye Boshell.”http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/academy/b_boshel.html

Boshell earned the bachelor of science degree in Agriculture, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1947. He received the doctor of medicine degree in 1953 from Harvard School of Medicine and interned at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, 1953-1954. He was a Junior Assistant Resident in Medicine, 1954-1955; Senior Assistant, 1955-1956; Chief Medical Resident Physician, 1958-1959, and a Research Fellow in Medicine at Harvard University.

He joined the faculty of the School of Medicine, University of Alabama in Birmingham, as an Assistant Professor of Medicine, 1959; Associate Professor of Medicine, 1962; Chief of Medical Services, Veterans Administration Hospital, Birmingham, 1962-1968; Assistant Director, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, 1963-1968, and in 1968 was appointed Director of the Third Year Student Program, Department of Medicine.

In 1963 he was appointed Chief of Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; was named the Ruth Lawson Hanson Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, 1964, and was appointed Medical Director, Diabetes Research and Education Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, 1973. The University of Perpetual Help, Philippines, conferred the honorary degree Doctor of Science on him in 1981.

Member: American Medical Association, Alabama Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society, Fellow American College of Physicians, Fellow American Institute of Chemists, American Diabetes Association, Southern Society of Clinical Investigation, the Newcomen Society of North America, American Federation for Clinical Research, American College of Clinical Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, and the Medical Association of the State of Alabama. Sigma Xi, Alpha Omega Alpha, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Kappa Alpha, and Gamma Sigma Delta.  Baptist.

Honor: Senior U.S. scientist award from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, for West Germany, 1975.

Author: The Diabetic at Work and Play (1971), the Diabetes Mellitus Case Studies (1976) The Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine Disorders in Primary Practice, Addison-Wesley, 1982.

He either authored or co-authored ninety scientific papers and forty scientific abstracts.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

“Charles Martin AU Announces Boshell Chair for Diabetes Research,” http://www.vetMedicalauburn.edu/news/boshell.html

Roy Summerford.  “AU CHAIR ENDOWED IN HONOR OF LATE DR. BURIS BOSHELL,” http://www.auburn.edu/administration/univrel/news/archive/12_95news/12_95boshell.html. Auburn University News,

Leonardo Botallo / Leonardo Botalli / Leonardo Botal *** Not in Gale

(c. 1519 / 1587 or 1588).  Italian-born anatomist, physician, surgeon.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/botallo.html

His name is associated with Botallo’s duct and Botallo’s foramen. Through his observation, he discovered or independently rediscovered that the blood’s passage from the right to the left side of the heart in the fetus was by way of the foramen ovale cordis (Botallo’s foramen). His discovery was published in De catarrho commentarius (Paris,1564). He also observed the arterial duct from the pulmonary artery to the aorta that also carries his name. Note that he was not the original discoverer of either of these features; he does appear to have been an independent discoverer of them. He also published other works in anatomy and medicine.

Botallo was the major advocate who effectively introduced blood letting as a medical treatment into France.

He published one of the pioneering works on the treatment of gunshot wounds, as well as other works on surgical practice.  He appears to have developed an instrument for trapanning the cranium.

Edward A. Boudreaux, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

(Born 1933).  Theoretical chemist.  Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at ICR, Professor Emeritus of Physical Chemistry, University of New Orleans (retired).  B.S. in chemistry from Loyola University;  M.S. and Ph.D. Chemistry from Tulane University. President Origins Resource Association.

Author or co-author of four technical books regarding inorganic chemistry; author of numerous peer-reviewed scientific papers.

Edward A. Bourdreaux, Ph.D. “Basic Chemistry: A Testament of Creation,” http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-324.htm, from Impact, No. 324 June 2000.
Origins Resource Association: http://www.originsresource.org/welcome.htm

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Ismael Boulliau *** Not in Gale

(1605-1694).  Astronomer. Mathematician, Optics.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/boulliau.html

Member: Participated in the Mersenne Circle and the Cabinet DuPuy, and was a member of the group that became the Académie, but was not himself a member of the Académie.  Foreign associate of the Royal Society (1667), and a corresponding member of the Accademia del Cimento.

Claude Bourdelin *** Not in Gale

(c. 1621-1699).  French chemist.  Pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bourdlin.html

Bourdelin’s importance lies in his having made clear to some of his contemporaries and to his successors that progress in chemical knowledge required use of less antiquated experimental methods and the elaboration of hypotheses as guidelines for research.  He spent more than 30 years on research in chemical analysis. He practiced medicine as an apothecary, a common arrangement in that age.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1666-1699.  He was a member apparently from the original organization of the Académie, working with DuClos on the analysis of Royal mineral water.

Louis Bourguet *** Not in Gale

(1678-1742).  French-born geologist, paleontologist, mineralogist, natural philosopher.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bourguet.html

Bourguet was one of the first to occupy himself with the study of animal fossils on which he published, Dissertations sur les pierres figurées (1715). He studied the generation of the fossils and their evolution. His research reveals him to be one of the precursors of scientific geology and paleontology. He wrote on the generation of crystals and on petrefaction. He published Traité de petrifications in 1742, a collection of which several items were by himself.

In geology he claimed the originality of the idea of salient and reentering angles. His theory appeared in a memoir on the theory of the earth (1729). Bourguet’s goal was to provide a large-scale study of the theory of the earth. Although he never did accomplish his goal, Buffon adopted his idea. Buffon, unlike Bourguet, attributed the topographic formation of salient and reentering angles to the once present ocean currents in the valleys.

Bourguet read widely in archaeology, numismatics, and philology. He collected medals, antiquities, and rare books. His travels for the family business aided him in building his collections and put him into contact with many savants with whom he corresponded.

He was a universal savant who treated wide ranging issues in all of natural philosophy--and beyond.

He founded two journals and spent liberally in order to establish and maintain them. The Bibliotheque italique was designed to present the results of Italian scientists to the French. The Mercure suisse, later the Journal Helvetique, was devoted to literary, historical, and scientific subjects.

Member: Berlin Academy, Académie Royal des Sciences.  He became a member of the Berlin Academy in 1731, the Académie des Sciences in Paris, and the Etruscan Academy of Cortona. Among his correspondents were Leibniz, Buffon, Scheuchzer, Vallisnieri, Bonanini, Zannichelli, Conti, Haller, Reaumur, and others, and he had connections with a number of Italians scientists mentioned under patronage.  In 1740 he organized a loose association of Swiss scientists concerned with fossils.

Dr. Phillip Bowen / J. Phillip Bowen *** Not in Gale

Chemist. Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens. B.S., Piedmont College, 1979; Ph.D., Emory University, 1984.

Chemistry Faculty: J. Phillip Bowen, Ph.D., http://www.chem.uga.edu/DoC/ResFacJPB.html

Contact page: http://www.chem.uga.edu/phonebook/cgi/expand.cfm?ln=Bowen&fn=J_Philip

Sir Robert Lewis Fullarton Boyd, FRS, CBE

(1922-2004).  Physicist.  Regarded as the father of space science in the UK. As director of the Mullard space science laboratory from 1965 to 1983. Memberships: Royal Society (Fellow), Institution of Electrical Engineers (Fellow), Institute of Physics (Fellow), Royal Astronomical Society (vice-president, 1964-66). Created Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1972.  Editor of astronomical texts to “Oxford Physics Series.” Contributor of more than one hundred scientific papers to proceedings.

Obituary by A.M. Cruse.  “Sir Robert Boyd,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/spacedocumentary/story/0,2763,1145510,00.html.

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

David Ray Boylan, Ph.D.

(Born 1922).  (Retired 1992). Professor of Chemical Engineering, Dean of engineering school at Iowa State University.  Achievements include research in transient behavior and flow of fluids through porous media, unsteady state and fertilizer technolgy, developed fused-phosphate fertilizer processes, theoretical and experimental correlation of filtration, research in transient behavior and flow of fluids through porous media, unsteady state and fertilizer technology, developed fused-phosphate fertilizer processes, theoretical and experimental correlation of filtration. Consultant process engineering, 1992; Professor of chemical engineering, Iowa State University (College of Engineering), 1988-92; Dean, Iowa State University (College Engineering.), 1970-88; Director, Iowa State University (Engineering Research Institute), 1966; Associate Director, Iowa State University (Engineering Experimental Station), 1959; Professor of chemical engineering, Iowa State University, 1956; faculty, Iowa State University, Ames, 1948; plant manager, Arlin Chemical Co., Elizabeth, 1947-48; senior engineer, American Cyanamid Co., Elizabeth, N.J., 1947; project engineer, General Chemical Co., Camden, N.J., 1943-47; Instructor, University Kansas, 1942-43. His B.S. is from the University of Kansas, 1943, and his Ph.D. from Iowa State University, 1952.

Memberships: Fellow AAAS, American Institute Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society (Merit award 1987); National Society Professional Engineers (v.p.), Professional Engineers in Education (chairman), American Society Engineering. Education, Sigma Xi, Phi Lambda Upsilon, Sigma Tau, Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Beta Pi.  Formerly on Board of Directors of the Creation Research Society and Board of Regents of Christian Heritage College.

David A. Kaufmann, Ph.D.  “Former Iowa State University Dean Retires From CRS Board,”

http://www.creationresearch.org/creation_matters/98/cm9811.html

Robert Boyle

The English chemist, physicist, and natural philosopher Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was a leading advocate of “corpuscular philosophy.” Boyle is considered by many as the father of modern chemisty. He offered the first accurate definitions of elements and chemical reactions, is credited with pioneering modern scientific method, and also formulated the law that bears his name which describes the relationship between pressure and volume in gases.  He believed that all scientific disciplines should be subjected to the rigors of scientific experimentation, and that science itself could be explained through mathematical laws.  He made important contributions to chemistry, pneumatics, and the theory of matter.

In addition to leaving much of his estate for the furtherance of various Christian endeavors, he provided in his will for the establishment of an annual series of sermons, in his words, “for proving the Christian Religion against notorious Infidels.” These sermons, known as the Boyle Lectures, became by tradition one of the primary platforms for promoting the belief that in the study of nature could be found much of the evidence for religion.

From “Robert Boyle.” Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2^nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.

Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist 1661.

The Robert Boyle Project, University of London. http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/boyle.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson. “Robert Boyle,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html or http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html

Robert Doolan. “Robert Boyle (1627-91): The man who turned chemistry into a science,”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/Magazines/docs/v12n1_boyle.asp. First published in
Creation Ex Nihilo 12(1):22–23, December 1989–February 1990.

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

James Bradley

The English astronomer James Bradley (1693-1762), one of the most determined and meticulous astronomers, discovered the aberration of light (1728) and the nutation of the earth’s axis (the oscillation of the earth's axis, caused by the changing direction of the gravitational pull of the moon on the equatorial bulge), 1728.  Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, 1721, succeeded Halley as Astronomer Royal, 1742.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/James%20Bradley

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Walter Lee Bradley

(Born 1943).   Mechanical engineer, educator, researcher, consultant.  Distinguished Professor engineering, Baylor University, Waco, Texas., 2002; from Associate to full Professor and Senior TEES Research Fellow in the department of mechanical engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, 1976-2000; from Assistant to Associate Professor Department metall. engineering, Colo. School of Mines, Golden, 1968-76. Visiting Professor Lawrence Livermore (California) Labs., summer 1973, Fed. University of Minas Gerias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1974, Fed. Tech. University of Lausanne, Switzerland, summer 1991. Walter Bradley received his Ph.D. in materials science from the University of Texas at Austin. He has received over $3,000,000 in research grants and contracts resulting in the publication of 80+ technical articles. He has been honored for his technical contributions by being elected a Fellow of the American Society for Materials.

Co-author: Mystery of Life’s Origin: Reassessing Current Theories, 1984, (chapters) In-Situ Fracture Observation in SEM of Delamination in Composite Materials, (chapter) Rubber Toughening Plastics.

Dr. Walter L. Bradley Virtual Office, http://www.leaderu.com/offices/bradley/

Dr. Walter L. Bradley.  “My Quest for Success,” http://www.leaderu.com/offices/bradley/docs/myquest.html.  Testimony.

Walter Bradley. “Scientific Evidence For the Existence of God,” http://www.bridgesinternational.com/real/ri9403/evidence.html.  “I have discovered many additional areas in which alternative evidences for the existence of God can be found, persuading me of two things: (1) God’s fingerprints are ubiquitous in his creation, giving “clear evidence of his eternal power and divine nature through the things that have been created” (Romans 1:19-20); and (2) almost anyone who works in a field of science could potentially develop a presentation of this type in their area of expertise.”

Walter Bradley. “Is There Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God? How the Recent Discoveries Support a Designed Universe,” http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9403/evidence.html

http://www.iscid.org/walter-bradley.php

http://www.id.ucsb.edu/veritas/SPEAKERS/bradley.html

Thomas Bradwardine *** Not in Gale

(c.1295-1349). Archbishop of Canterbury, one of the first people to write
down an equation for a physical process

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bradwardine.html

http://www.medievalchurch.org.uk/p_brad.html

http://8.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BR/BRADWARDINE_THOMAS.htm

http://www.campusprogram.com/reference/en/wikipedia/t/th/thomas_bradwardine.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/thomas_bradwardine

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Sir William Henry Bragg

The English physicist, mathematician and teacher Sir William Henry Bragg (1862-1942) was the founder of the science of crystal-structure determination by x-ray diffraction methods. He received the Nobel Prize in physics jointly with his son, William Lawrence Bragg, in 1915. The mathematical equation derived from their discovery, called Bragg’s Law, is now used to study the molecular structure of complex substances.

“Biography of W.H. Bragg,” http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1915/wh-bragg-bio.html

Dame Kathleen Lonsdale.  “Bragg, Sir William,” http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/83_19.html

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/william_henry_bragg.html

http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/exhib/nobel/braggw.htm

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601). Danish astronomer. Established with royal aid Uraniborg observatory on island of Hven (now Ven) in The Sound (1576); in Bohemia under patronage of Rudolph II (1599), where he had Kepler as assistant (1600). Amassed records of most accurate astronomical observations made to date in Europe. Proved nova (1572) was a star. Rejected Copernican system and held that the five planets revolved about the sun, which in turn revolved about the earth. His observations published by Kepler in the Rudolphine Tables.  Author of De nova stella (1573), Astronomiae instauratae mechanica (1598) describing his life, discoveries, etc., and Astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata (1602-03,edited by Kepler). Crater Tycho Brahe on Mars named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/brahe.html

“The Noble Dane: Iamges of Tycho Brahe,” http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/tycho/index.htm

“Tycho Brahe,” http://www.nada.kth.se/~fred/tycho/index.html

“Tycho Brahe,” http://www.tychonides.se/

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Tycho Brahe,”  https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Brahe.html

http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/tycho.html

Benjamin Bramer *** Not in Gale

(1588-1652).  German mathematician, military engineer, architect, instrument-maker.

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson. “Benjamin Bramer,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bramer.html:

Bramer directed constructions of fortifications and castles within the district of Hesse-Kassel north of Bavaria. He was appointed master builder to the court in Marburg in 1612. In 1629 he directed the construction of fortifications of Marburg castle and fortifications of the town. He also directed the construction of a fortress at Rheinfels (1625) and fortifications in Kassel (1630-1634). In 1635 Bramer was appointed master builder of the fortress of Ziegenhain.

His first publication was on the calculation of sines. He also published on the vacuum, holding similar views to Galileo. He followed Alberti (1435), Dürer (1525) and Bürgi (1604) when in 1630 he constructed a device that enabled one to draw accurate geometric perspective. The instrument had been described in a 1617 publication. Bramer designed several other mathematical instruments.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bramer.html

Margaret Brand *** Not in Gale

(Born 1919).  Opthamologist specializing in the treatment of leprosy, wife of the late Paul Brand.  (See below.)

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Malcolm Ross Braid

(Born

University Montevallo Research grantee, 1985, 87, 93, 95, 97, USDA Forest Service grantee 1993-99, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service grantee 1994.

Member: Alabama Academy of Sciences, Beta Beta Beta, Gamma Sigma Delta, Sigma Xi.  Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Paul Brand *** Not in Gale

(1914-2003). Paul Brand was born in 1914 in the mountains of India, where his parents were missionaries. He went to London, England, for his education and had his medical and surgical training at London University. In 1946 Paul and his wife, Margaret, who is also a doctor, went to India, where Paul taught surgery at the Christian Medical College and Hospital in Vellore. Dr. Brand became the first surgeon in the world to use reconstructive surgery to correct the deformities from leprosy in the hands and feet. His pioneering work led to many honors. He was elected Huntarian Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1952.  In 1961 he was honored by Queen Elizabeth with appointment as “Commander of the Order of the British Empire.” He was also the recipient of the Distinguished Service Award from the Department of Health and Human Services, United States Public Health Service.

From Philip Yancey.  “God’s Astounding Laws of Nature.”  Philip Yancey interviewed Brand for the Christianity Today after Brand was awarded the prestigious Albert Lasker Medical Award and made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/127/42.0.html:

“Dr. Paul Brand was known in medical circles for two major accomplishments. First, he pioneered the startling idea that the loss of fingers and toes in leprosy was due entirely to injury and infection and was thus preventable.  Leprosy attacks chiefly the nervous system, and resultant tissue abuse occurs because the patient loses the warnings of pain—not because of inherent decay brought on by the disease. The theory, radically new when Brand first proposed it as a missionary surgeon in India, has gained worldwide acceptance.

Second, he was hailed as a skilled and inventive hand surgeon, and most major textbooks on hand surgery contain chapters by him. Brand was the first to apply tendon transfer techniques to the specific problems of leprosy patients, whose hands often harden into rigid ‘claw-hands.’”

Ms Janet Walmsley. “THE LEPROSY MISSION, A Legend has passed into history; Dr Paul Wilson Brand - 1914-2003. Obituary, An Extraordinary, Gifted Orthopaedic Surgeon who Straightened Crooked Hands and Unravelled the Riddle of Leprosy,” http://www.pastornet.net.au/jmm/articles/4786.htm

Charles Colson.  “Remembering Dr. Paul Brand

http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/RCBfile/paul_brand.htm. “Today,” [Brand] observes, “we can see from the victims of AIDS that people cannot survive without those immune cells from the thymus and bone marrow. A lot of biologists still cling to the idea of evolution by chance, but now it is scientists from mathematics, information theory, and computers that are forcing us to recognize that chance alone cannot possibly account for the code of DNA and the wonders of life. All of science points toward a Creator.”

Obituary.  http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/127/41.0.html

Dr Paul Wilson Brand – 1914-2003, An Extraordinary, Gifted Orthopaedic Surgeon who Straightened Crooked Hands and Unravelled the Riddle of Leprosy, http://www.tlm-ni.org/brand.htm

Paul Brand.  “God’s Good Earth,” http://www.gospelcom.net/rbc/ds/hp001/hp001.html

Paul Brand’s Information Page. http://members.hometown.aol.com/acoz206/

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Dan Brandenstein / Daniel Charles Brandenstein, Captain , USN

(Born 1972).  NASA astronaut. Retired Naval officer.  Daniel Brandenstein participated in four space shuttle missions and logged nearly 33 hours in space over 14 years. In his most significant mission, Brandenstein commanded the maiden voyage of the space shuttle Endeavor, which featured a dramatic, three-person spacewalk that rescued an errant, 4-ton communications satellite. He also served 192 missions in Vietnam as a U.S. Navy pilot. After retiring from active flights, he oversaw the astronaut office of the Johnson Space Center in Houston.

Previous positions: Vice President, Lockheed Martin Space Ops., 1999; Executive Vice President, Kistler Aerospace Corp., Kirkland, Washington, 1996-99; Director Program development, Loral Space Info. Systems, Houston, 1993-96; Chief astronaut office, NASA Johnson Space Center, 1987-93; astronaut, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, 1978-93; aviator, U.S. Navy, Whidbey Island, Washington, 1974-78; test pilot, U.S. Navy, Patuxent River, Maryland, 1971-74; aviator, U.S. Navy, Whidbey Island, Washington, 1967-71; student aviator, U.S. Navy, Pensacola, Florida, 1965-67; Retired, U.S. Navy, 1993; advanced through grades to Captain, U.S. Navy, 1984; Commanding officer, U.S. Navy, 1965.

Education: BS, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, 1965; postgraduate, U.S. Naval Text Pilot School, Patuxent River, Maryland, 1971.

Member: AIAA (Haley Space Flight award 1993), Society Experimental Text Pilots (Ivan C. Kinchloe award 1992), U.S. Naval Institute, Association Space Explorers.

Honors: SETP Iven C. Kincheloe Award, 1992; AIAA Haley Space Flight Award, 1993; United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, inducted 2003; Two NASA Defense Superior Service Medals the Legion of Merit; Distinguished Flying Cross; Defense Meritorious Service Medal; 17 Air Medals; Two Navy Commendation Medals with Combat V; Meritorious Unit Commendation; Two NASA Distinguished Service Medals; Two NASA Outstanding Leadership Medals; Four NASA Space Flight Medals; National Defense Service Medal; Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal; Vietnam Service Medal; Sea Service Deployment Ribbon; Legion of Honor (France); Medal of King Abdul Aziz (Saudi Arabia); Republic of Vietnam Air Gallantry Cross with Silver Star; Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation; Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal; Distinguished Alumnus, University of Wisconsin-River Falls; Honorary Doctor of Engineering, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls; Federation Aeronautique International Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal; American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award.

 “Astronaut Bio: Daniel C. Brandenstein,” Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Website, http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/brandenstein-dc.html/ (

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/astronauts/brandenstein.html

http://www.astronautix.com/astros/brastein.htm

Former NASA chief supports Panama youth outreach http://www.lhmint.org/news/2001stories/nasa.html

 “Astronaut Enjoys Space-Age Questions,” Dayton Daily News, http://www.daytondailynews.com/inventingflight/content/inventingflight/daily/0708astronaut.html (

“Brandenstein a Veteran of 4 Shuttle Flights,” Baytown http://web.baytownsun.com/story.lasso?WCD=11914 (

Brandenstein Biography, National Space Society website, http://www.nss.org/about/bios/Brandenstein.html (

Gustavus Brander *** Not in Gale

Gustavus Brander (1720-1787), English naturalist, who came of a Swedish family, was born in London in. 1720, and was brought up as a merchant, in which capacity he achieved success and became a director of the Bank of England. His leisure time was occupied in scientific pursuits, and at his country residence at Christchurch in Hampshire he became interested in the fossils so abundant in the clays of Hordwell and Barton. A set of these was presented by him to the British Museum, and they were described by D. C. Solander in the beautifully illustrated work entitled Fossilia Hantoniensia collecta, et in Musaeo Britan1rico deposita a Gustavo Brander (London, 1766). Brander was elected F.R.S. in 1754, and he was also a trustee of the British Museum. He died on st of January 1787.

From http://88.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BR/BRANDER_GUSTAVUS.htm

Edouard Eugène Désiré Branly

(1844-1940). French physicist. Inventor (1890) of coherer, primitive form of radio detector that made wireless telegraphy possible. Preceded Guglielmo Marconi in performing experiments resulting in the invention of wireless telegraphy and radio.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02740a.htm

http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/branly.html

http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/BRANLY_BIO.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/B/Branly/1.html

Dr. Phil Brannen *** Not in Gale

Botanist.  Assistant Professor, Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens.  Research interests: Developing and promoting systems approaches to disease management for fruits. Use of weather-monitoring equipment and satellite systems to access disease epidemics in peach and apple. Comparison of existing fungicide technologies with new chemistries and biological control. Plant Protection & Pest Management, Georgia Southern University, 1981; B.S. Plant Protection & Pest Management, University of Georgia, 1983; M.S. Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 1986; Ph.D. Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 1996.

Phil Brannen.  Plant Pathology Faculty, http://www.plant.uga.edu/faculty/Brannen.htm

Susan Power Bratton

(Born 1948). Biologist.  U.S. National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN, research biologist, 1974-81; University of Georgia, Athens, research biologist for U.S. National Park Service, 1981-91; Messiah College, Grantham, PA, professor of biology, 1991-92; University of North Texas, Denton, Associate Professor of religion, 1992-present.  Education: Columbia University, A.B. (cum laude), 1970; Cornell University, Ph.D., 1975; Fuller Theological Seminary, M.A., 1987. In December 1997, she completed a second Ph.D. in interdisciplinary arts and humanities at the University of Texas at Dallas. Her dissertation is entitled “The Natural Aryan and the Unnatural Jew: Environmental Racism in Nazi and Weimar Film.”

Member:  International Society for Environmental Ethics, Ecological Society of America, Society for Conservation Biology, Southern Appalachian Botanical Club, Torrey Botanical Club.

Author: Six Billion and More: Human Population Regulation and Christian Ethics, Westminster/John Knox, 1992.

http://www.hds.harvard.edu/cswr/research/ecology/bio_bratton.html

Susan P. Bratton, “Christianity and Reflexive Modernity: Population, Environmental Risk and Societal Change,” http://cesc.montreat.edu/GSI/GSI-Conf/discussion/Bratton.html

Susan P. Bratton, Environmental Studies, Associate Professor, Faculty webpage, http://www3.baylor.edu/Envir_Studies/Faculty/Susan/Susan.html

Susan Power Bratton told Contemporary Authors: “My major purpose is to tie Christian thought and practice to environmental issues, hopefully to produce a mutually beneficial relationship.”

Fedor Aleksandrovich Bredikhin *** Not in Gale

Bredikhin, Fedor Aleksandrovich (1831-1904) Russian astronomer. He was born on November 26 (December 8), 1831. Educated at home and at the Richelieu College in Odessa, he entered the University of Moscow in 1851. There he devoted himself to the study of astronomy and after his graduation he continued to study at the University while working at the observatory. In 1857 he was appointed Assistant Professor of astronomy at the University of Moscow and in 1865 he became a full professor there. In 1867 he went abroad, spending over a year in Italy. From 1873 to 1876 he was the dean of the physical-mathematical faculty at the University of Moscow Observatory. He edited eleven volumes of the Annals of the Moscow Observatory. His principal work was the investigation of the form of comets in connection with his theory of meteors. He founded the first Russian School of Astronomy at the University of Moscow. In 1890 he accepted the post of director of the Pulkovo Observatory. In 1895 he found it was necessary for him to relinquish this job for reasons of ill-health. in addition to belonging to the Moscow Mathematical Society and the Russian Astronomical Society, he held membership in numerous scientific societies abroad. He is well-known for his research on comets. Two of his monographs on this subject are: O khvos-takh komet (On the Tail of Comets, 1862); and Vozmuschchenia komet, mezavisyashcie ob planetnykh prityazheny (Comet Perturbations Which are not Caused by Attractions by the Planets; doctoral dissertation, 1863). He died in St. Petersburg on May 1 (14), 1904.

From http://www.philately.com/philately/biobobz.htm

David Brewster

In addition to the kaleidoscope, David Brewster (1781-1868) perfected the stereoscope, an ingenious device that was the first “three-dimensional” viewing apparatus. Brewster also persuaded the British government to adopt a new lighthouse technology developed by Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1827) in France, utilizing lightweight, flat lenses. Brewster helped found the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1821 and was knighted in 1862, at the age of 51.

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0353.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Edward Joseph Breyere

(Born April 25, 1927).  Geneticist, educator, immunogenetics researcher.  Director research Sibley Meml. Hospital, Washington, 1961-79; Associate Professor American University, Washington, 1961-68, Professor biology, 1968.  Education: B.S., University of Maryland, 1951, M.S., 1954, Ph.D., 1957. Postdoctoral fellow National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 1957-61;

Honors: Recipient Research award American University, 1977; National Cancer Institute fellow University of Maryland, College Park, 1955-57.

Member: American Association Cancer Research, AAAS, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi. Democrat. Roman Catholic.

Contributor of numerous articles on cancer research to professional publications.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Calvin Blackman Bridges

(1889-1938).  American geneticist.  Orphaned at three years old and unable to graduate from high school until he was 20, Calvin Blackman Bridges nonetheless became an original researcher whose work led to the formulation of many of the concepts of modern genetics, including proof of the part played by chromosomes in conveying hereditary characteristics. Described by his friends as a gentle, absent-minded, and even naive individual, Bridges combined tireless laboratory research, breeding some 800 generations of the small tropical fruit fly Drosphila, with brilliant theoretical insights.

“Calvin B. Bridges.” Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present. Gale Group, 2001.

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0808907.html

http://www.fact-index.com/c/ca/calvin_bridges.html

James Wilfrid Bridges / James Wilfrid Jim Bridges

(Born 1938).  Pathologist, toxicologist, educator, consultant. Province chancellor (designate) International Relations, University Surrey, England, 2000; head European Institute Health and Medical Sciences, University Surrey, England, 1992-2000; Dean of Science, University Surrey, England, 1988-92; Professor, Director of Robens Institute, University Surrey, England, 1978-88; Reader, University Surrey, England, 1968-78; Lecturer, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, 1962-68; Research Assistant, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, 1960-62.
Education: BSc, University of London, 1960; Ph.D., University of London, 1963; DSc, University of London, 1992.

Member: Fellow Royal Society Chemistry, Institute of Biology; Royal College Pathologists, British Toxicology Society (past President).  Chairman, science committee toxicology, ecotoxicology and environmental, European Economics Commission, Brussels, 1997, member science steering group, 1997, Chairman, veterinary residries committee (U.K.), 2001; member HSE watch committee, England, 1986; member veterinary products committee, London, 1981-97; founder European Drug Metaobolism workshop.
Co-author (with Olga Bridges): Losing Hope; Contributor of more than 300 articles to science and professional journals.
Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Henry Briggs

(1561-1630). English mathematician. Professor of geometry, Gresham College, London (1596-1620), Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University (1619-31). Proposed decimal system of common (or Briggsian) logarithms now universally used; calculated and published logarithmic tables. His works included Arithmetica Logarithmica (1624) and Trigonometria Britannica (1633, completed by Henry Gellibrand).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/briggs.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Henry Briggs,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Briggs.html

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/briggs.htm

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/B/Briggs/1.html

http://25.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BR/BRIGGS_HENRY.htm

Briggs | Henry | 1883-1935 | Hood Professor of Mining at the University of Edinburgh and Professor of Mining at Heriot-Watt College http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/b/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1265/

http://www.therfcc.org/henry-briggs-133875.html

Albert Perry Brigham

(1855–1932).  American geographer.  Professor.  Graduate of Colgate University, 1879; M. A. Harvard, 1892. After nine years in the Baptist ministry (1882–91) he became professor of geology at Colgate, where he taught for 30 years. A founder of human geography, Brigham helped to shape the development of geographic thought in the United States by recognizing and expounding upon the influence of the earth on man. He published many articles and textbooks including Geographic Influences in American History (1903), a book that widely influenced history students and scholars.

From http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/B/Brigham.html

Timothie Bright *** Not in Gale

(1551-1615).  Timothie Bright, the physician of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, wrote the  Treatise on Melancholy, the first book in the English language on the subject of mental illness. Some of the phrases Bright used in his descriptions of disordered behavior appeared later in the plays of William Shakespeare.

From http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0523.html.

In 1588 Bright authored the first practical system of shorthand published in the English language. Dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I, Bright’s system had no alphabet and consisted of more than 500 arbitrary characters that had to be memorized.

Magnus von Bromell / Magnus Bromelius *** Not in Gale

(1679-1731).  Swedish anatomist, surgeon.  Anatomist.  Mining engineer.  Paleontologist.  Botanist.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/bromell.html

Bromell’s Lithographiae suecanae specimen secundum, 1727, is a study of fossils in Sweden.  Olov Celsium asserted that after Rudbeck Bromell was Sweden’s most celebrated botanist.

In 1697, at the age of 17, Bromell left for Leiden, when he stayed for three years. He studied surgery and anatomy under Bidloo, botany and therapy under Hotton. He went on botanical excursions with Hermannis and accompanied Dekker on hospital rounds. He attended Lemort’s lectures on chemistry and pharmacy during a year. He also studied physics. He visited Leeuwenhoek to learn how to use the microscope. (Bromell is said to have been very eager to learn.) I assume a B.A. or equivalent.  Bromell left the Netherlands for London and Oxford, where he visited libraries and colleges. He returned to Leiden in September 1700 to attend Boerhaave’s lectures. He disputed twice under Bidloo (first, “De phlyctenis” and two weeks later, “De non existensia spirituum”).  In the fall of 1702 he went to Paris where he got more training in anatomy and surgery from Petit and Duverney and got a chance to practice dissection for himself.  He became friends with Tournefort who gave him free lectures. Bromell also received several rareties from Tournefort’s herbarium.  He also studied anatomy under Littie and surgery under Mery.  After a year he went to Rheims where he received his doctorate in medicine in 1703.  After this he left France for Amsterdam where he attended the lectures of Fredrik Ruysch.

In 1713, he became a medical assistant at the University of Uppsala, where he also taught natural history and botany. He started dissecting again and studied humans as well as animals, birds, fish, and reptiles. In 1716 he was elected professor of medicine in Uppsala, but was soon called to Stockholm by the King, or to be more explicit ordered by the King, to be as professor of anatomy.

1720 named assessor of the chemical laboratory of the Board of Mines and in 1724 superintendent of the laboratory and president of the Lappis Mines.

Introduced to the Collegium Medicum in 1705, and elected head of it in 1724.

Detlev Wulf Bronk

(1897-1975).  American biologist.  Founded biophysics; pioneered use of electro-microscopy to monitor human nerve network. Professor, Swarthmore (1926-29), University of Pennsylvania (1929-49), head of Institute of Neurology there (1936-40, 1942-49); president of Johns Hopkins University (1949-53), Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, now Rockefeller University (1953-68). Chairman, National Research Council (1946-50); president, National Academy of Sciences (1950-62).

A plaque in front of the Detlev Wulf Bronk Laboratory on the campus of the Rockefeller University in New York City: “He was a rare individual, a scientist, educator, and humanist.”

http://books.nap.edu/books/0309025494/html/2.html

Biographical Memoirs V.50 (1979)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

Nat’l Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs (1979), Detlev Wulf ...

http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/B/Bronk-D1e.asp

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. / Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. *** Not in Gale

(1931-present).  Computer engineer.  Old-Earth advocate.  Coined the term “computer architecture.”

“Frederick P. Brooks (1931-) 2001 Fellow Award Recipient, For his contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering,” http://www.computerhistory.org/events/hall_of_fellows/brooks/:

“Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. is Kenan Professor of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill (1975-present). He grew up in North Carolina, graduated summa cum laude in physics from Duke (1953), and took his SM (1955) and Ph.D. (1956) in computer science at Harvard under Howard Aiken.

He joined IBM in 1957 and served as one of the architects of the IBM Stretch and Harvest computers. From 1961-1965 he was corporate project manager for the IBM System/360, developing both the hardware and software. For this achievement, he shared the National Medal of Technology with Bob Evans and Erich Bloch.

Brooks joined UNC in 1964, where he founded the Department of Computer Science and served as chairman for its first 20 years. His research has included computer architecture, software engineering, and interactive 3-D computer graphics, or ‘virtual reality.’ His best-known book is The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering (1975, 1995); his latest work is Blaauw and Brooks, Computer Architecture: Concepts and Evolution (1997).

Brooks has served on the National Science Board and the Defense Science Board. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, a foreign member of the Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) and of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Brooks and his wife are faculty advisors for a graduate-student chapter of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship.”

Honors: National Medal of Technology, 1985; A.M. Turing Award, Association for Computing Machinery, 1999; Bower Award and Prize in Science ($250,000), Franklin Institute, 1995; Allen Newell Award, Association for Computing Machinery, 1994; John von Neumann Medal, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993; Harry Goode Memorial Award, American Federation of Information Processing Societies, 1989; McDowell Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Computer Art, IEEE Computer Group, 1970; Distinguished Service Award, Association for Computing Machinery, 1987; Honorary Doctor of Technical Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 1991; Distinguished Fellow, British Computer Society, 1994; Royal Academy of Engineering, (U.K.) Foreign Member, 1994; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Foreign Member, 1991; National Academy of Science, Member, 2001; National Academy of Engineering, Member, 1976; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow, 1976; Guggenheim Fellowship for studies on computer architecture and the human factors of computer systems, 1975, at Cambridge University, England; Computer Pioneer Award, IEEE Computer Society, 1982; Association for Computing Machinery, Fellow (initial inductee), 1994; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Fellow, 1968; Fellow Award, The Computer Museum History Center, 2001; Thomas Jefferson Award, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1986; Order of the Golden Fleece, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Computer Sciences Man-of-the-Year Award, Data Processing Management Association, 1970

CyberEdge Journal Annual Sutherland Award, April 1997.

Patents: U.S. 2,981,020 “Alphabetical Read-Out Device” U.S. 3,048,332 “Program Interruption System” with D.W. Sweeney; also French, German, British patents on same. Broad coverage of mask-controlled interruption, vectored interruption, etc.

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., Kenan Professor of Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, Sitterson Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. 27599-3175, http://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/

Frederick P. Brooks Jr., faculty webpage, http://www.cs.unc.edu/People/Faculty/Bios/brooks.html

Curriculum Vitae: http://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/brooks_cv.html

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.: “A little reflection shows us that the power to make things, in imitation of our Maker, is a gift for our sake, not his. As he scornfully reminded the people of Israel, he doesn’t need our creative powers: ‘The cattle on a thousand hills are mine; if I were hungry, would I ask you?’ [Psalms 50:12].

 “What comes out of a human imagination can be achingly beautiful or painfully ugly, deeply true or deeply false, wonderfully good or horribly evil. As Jesus said, what comes out depends upon the condition of the heart itself.” From “Computer Scientist as Toolsmith II” http://www.cs.unc.edu/~brooks/Toolsmith-CACM.pdf.

“Fred Brooks is the first recipient of the ACM Allen Newell Award—an honor to be presented annually to an individual whose career contributions have bridged computer science and other disciplines. Brooks was honored for a breadth of career contributions within computer science and engineering and his interdisciplinary contributions to visualization methods for biochemistry.  Here, we present his acceptance lecture delivered at SIGGRAPH 94.”

Wilhelm Schickard Museum of Computing History at Concordia UniversityWisconsin.  http://www.cs.cuw.edu/museum/History.html

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2003/cs4451b_fall/Brooks_flier.pdf

“Science seminar to feature Brooks,” http://gazette.unc.edu/archives/00nov09/file.5.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Frederick%20Brooks

Neil Broom / Neil D. Broom
Biophysicist.  Associate Professor, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland (1989 - present).  Since 1975 he has been a Research Fellow at the Health Research Council of New Zealand involved in bioprosthetic heart valve development, joint tissue biomechanics and arthritis research, and spinal biomechanics. Present research: Joint tissue biomechanics; Cartilage/bone and spinal tissue studies. BE (Met) Honors, Melbourne, Ph.D. Auckland.

Member: American Scientific Affiliation; Fellow, International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design.

Associate Editor, The International Journal of Connective Tissue Research.

Author: How Blind is the Watchmaker? http://www.gospelcom.net/cgi-ivpress/author.pl/author_id=1133

About 77 refereed papers in international journals including Journal of Connective Tissue Research, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Clinical Orthopaedics, Medical Engineering and Physics, Biomaterials, SPINE, and Journal of Anatomy; 40 conference proceedings.

Faculty webpage, University of Auckland, http://www.ecm.auckland.ac.nz/staff/ndb/

Neil D. Broom.  “In the Beginning: Navigating a safe passage through the stormy creation/evolution debate,” http://www.reality.org.nz/articles/28/28-broom.html

William Brouncker

(1620-1684).  English geometer.  Viscount William Brouncker is noted as the first English mathematician to use continued fractions to express  and the quadrature of a rectangular hyperbola. Brouncker was 16 years old when he began his studies at Oxford University in London. He showed an aptitude for mathematics, languages, and medicine, as well as an ability and fondness for music; at the age of 27, he was granted the degree Doctor of Physick.

Charles II appreciated and rewarded loyalty. When Brouncker proposed a special institute to promote scientific discussion, the Royal Society of London was chartered in 1662. When the king nominated Brouncker as the Society’s first president, there was no opposition--and Brouncker was reconfirmed annually as its president until he chose to resign the office in 1677.

“William Brouncker.” Notable Mathematicians. Gale Research, 1998.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/brounckr.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “William Brouncker,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Brouncker.html

John Brown

(1735-1788).  Scottish physician.

“Significant Scots: John Brown,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/brown_john.htm:

In his Elementa Medicinae, first published in 1780, Scottish physician John Brown challenged prevailing medical thought, most notably in his opposition to bloodletting in many cases of fever. His “Brunonian” system was controversial into the nineteenth century, but mainstream medical practice eventually incorporated its key elements. Benjamin Rush was interested in Brown’s theories, and Thomas Jefferson owned a copy of the English translation of the Elementa Medicinae (dnb, 3:14-17; George W. Corner, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush: His “Travels Through Life” together with his Commonplace Book for 1789-1813 [Princeton, 1948], 44, 87-8, 364-5; Sowerby, No. 897).

http://98.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BR/BROWN_JOHN.htm:

An edition of his works, with notice of his life by his son, William Cullen Brown, appeared in 1804.

http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Brown_John_doctor.html

http://www.saunalahti.fi/arnoldus/brown.html (in Finnish).

Robert Henry Brown, Ph.D.

(Born 1915).  Physicist.  Retired Professor physics, Loma Linda (California) University, 1980-88; Professor geophysics, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, 1973-80; director, GeoScience Research Institute, Berrien Springs, Michigan, 1973-80; President, Professor, Union College, Lincoln, 1970-73; Vice President, Walla Walla College, 1961-70; Professor physics, Walla Walla College, 1954-70; member faculty, Walla Walla College, 1947-70; Instructor physics, University of Washington, 1948-49; Head Science department, Canadian Union College, Lacombe, Alberta, 1945-47; research engineer, Sylvania Electronic Products Co., 1942-45; Assistant Instructor physics, University of Nebraska, 1940-42.BA, Union College, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1940; MS, University of Nebraska, 1942; Ph.D., University of Washington, 1950.

Author: Origin By Design (with Harold G. Coffin), 1983.

Robert H. Brown, Geoscience Research Institute.  “THE UPPER LIMIT OF C-14 AGE?”

http://www.grisda.org/origins/15039.htm

Robert H. Brown.  “Science Through the Eyes of Biblical Writers,”  http://www.atoday.com/magazine/archive/1994/sepoct1994/articles/Brown.shtml.  From AToday: Magazine Archives: Sep/Oct 1994.

Walt Brown / Walter T. Brown

(Born 1937).  Mechanical Engineer. Air Force Colonel.  Brown received a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he was a National Science Foundation Fellow. He has taught college courses in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Brown is a retired full colonel (Air Force), West Point graduate, and former Army ranger and paratrooper. Assignments during his 21 years in the military included: Director of Benet Research, Development, and Engineering Laboratories in Albany, New York; tenured Associate Professor at the U.S. Air Force Academy; and Chief of Science and Technology Studies at the Air War College. For much of his life, Walt Brown was an evolutionist, but after many years of study, he became convinced of the scientific validity of creation and a global flood. Since retiring from the military in 1980, Dr. Brown has been the Director of the Center for Scientific Creation and has worked full time in research, writing, and speaking on origins.

Author: In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood (Phoenix, Arizona: Center for Scientific Creation, 2001), available online at www.creationscience.com.

Endorsed by: Dr. Stanley A. Mumma, Professor of Architectural Engineering, Penn State University.

George Mulfinger and Julia Mulfinger Orozco.  http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/Julia.html  The preceding link is one chapter from Christian Men of Science, Ambassador Emerald International, 2001, www.emeraldhouse.com, reproduced with permission. Other chapter biographies in this book include Johannes Kepler, Robert Boyle, Michael Faraday, Lord Kelvin, Samuel F. B. Morse, James Clerk Maxwell, and Henry Morris. These easily readable accounts contain human-interest events, struggles, failures, and accomplishments.

Walt Brown’s website, www.creationscience.com

Warner Timothy Brown, Jr.

(Born 1930).  Microbiologist, educator. Research microbiologist Columbia, N.Y.C., 1956; medical microbiologist NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 1957-58; research biologist Walter Reed Army Institute, Washington, 1958-65; microbiologist U.S. Naval Applied Science Lab., Brooklyn, 1965-68; Teacher Wyandanch (N.Y.) High School, 1968-69, Woodlands High School, Hartsdale, N.Y., 1969; Adjunct instructor biology Pace University, 1979.  Education: B.S., Virginia State College, 1951; M.S., Howard University, 1957, postgraduate, 1963-64; postgraduate Queens College, 1969, Wilkes College, 1971.

Elder, Presbyterian Church, 1968, clerk of session, 1981-86, Chairman finance committee, 1968-71. Served to 1st lt. AUS, 1951-53; to major, 1958-64. NSF grantee, 1971, 78.

Member American Society of Microbiology, National Science Teacher Association, AAAS, N.Y. Academy of Science, Alpha Phi Alpha.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Sir Thomas Browne

(1605-1682).  The works of the English author Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) are in large part inquiries into religion, morality, science, and human error. A doctor and scholar, he is chiefly famed for Religio medici, which is marked by his masterly prose style.

Author: Religio Medici, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial,1658, The Garden of Cyrus,1658; Letter to a friend, 1656, pub. post. 1690; Christian Morals, 1670’s pub. post. 1716; Musaeum Clausum Tract 13 of 13 Miscellaneous Tracts first pub. post. 1684.

http://www.bartleby.com/217/1001.html

The San Antonio College Litweb Sir Thomas Browne.  http://www.accd.edu/Sac/english/bailey/browne.htm

Sir Thomas Browne.  RELIGIO MEDICI, HYDRIOTAPHIA, AND THE LETTER TO A FRIEND.
http://www.uoregon.edu/~rbear/browne/intro.html

John Butler. “Sir Thomas Browne(1605-1682),” http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/browne/brownebio.htm

Sir Thomas Browne page, University of Chicago.  http://penelope.uchicago.edu/index.shtml.  Links to his works.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas%20Browne.

Library of Sir Thomas Browne.  http://www.fact-index.com/l/li/library_of_sir_thomas_browne.html

William Brownrigg *** Not in Gale

(1711-1800).  British chemist, first to describe platinum & use of pneumatic trough for collection of gases.  Co-winner in 1776 of The Copley Medal, a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London.

From http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/brownrigg_william.shtml

Brownrigg studied medicine at the University of Leyden before setting up practice in the Lake District. He became interested in gas-related problems in the mines, and arranged to have flammable substances pumped directly into his house for experiments. However, the work that first brought him to national attention was his treatise on salt. Salt was widely used as a preservative for meat and fish but supplies were often unpredictable and hard to secure. … However, Brownrigg argued that England did have enough sun to evaporate seawater into the finest salt, and conducted experiments in Hampshire to prove his case. His paper was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and he was elected a Fellow shortly afterwards.

Jan Brozek /Broscius / Brocki / Broski / Broszcz / Brzoski / Zbroek *** Not in Gale

(1585-1652).  Polish mathematician.  Astronomer.  Cartographer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/brozek.html

Brozek was the author of more than 30 publications. The ones concerning Copernicus, and particular those dealing with mathematics, won him the reputation of being the greatest Polish mathematician of his time. In the second group were his pure mathematical works and opuscules, the most important being Arithmetica integrorum (1620), in which logarithms were introduced in schools; Aristoteles et Euclides defensus contra Petrum Ramum ( 1638), a dissertation containing original research on the star-shaped polygons.

Ann Bruce *** Not in Gale

Animal breeding specialist.  Scientific Administrator of the Roslin Institute, and Research Assistant, Edinburgh University Research Centre for the Social Sciences.  BSc in Agriculture at the University of London, Wye College, and an MSc in Animal Breeding at Edinburgh University.  Member of The Society, Religion and Technology Project, Church of Scotland, Edinburgh.  Married to Donald Bruce (See below).

Co-author: Engineering Genesis, 1998.

Donald M. Bruce *** Not in Gale

Chemist.  Director of the Society, Religion and Technology Project of the Church of Scotland (SRTP) in Edinburgh since 1992.  He has a BSc and Ph.D. in chemistry from Leicester University, a diploma in theology from Oxford University (1992) and a Ph.D. in theology from Edinburgh University (2003).  Dr. Bruce worked for 15 years in nuclear energy research and safety assessment for BNFL Sellafield, UKAEA Harwell and HM Nuclear Installations Inspectorate.  He has also worked on energy policy for the Chief Scientist’s Group of the then UK Department of Energy.  He has been a member of the Bioethics working group of the Conference of European Churches since 1993.  He is an official observer to the International Bioethics Committee of UNESCO and a member of the International Association of Bioethics, the European Society for Agriculture and Food Ethics, the Society for Risk Analysis, the Society for Philosophy and Technology, Christians in Science and the Science Religion Forum. Dr Bruce represents the Church of Scotland on the Commission on Justice, Peace, Social and Moral Issues for Action of Churches Together in Scotland, and the Environmental Issues Network of Churches Together in Britain and Ireland (CTBI). He is one of the enabling team of the European Christian Environmental Network, of which he is also webmaster. He is on the steering committee of the Eco-Congregation Programme of the UK Government’s Going for Green initiative. He and his wife Ann live in Edinburgh, and they are joint editors of Engineering Genesis (Earthscan, 1998) on the ethics of genetic engineering in non-human species.

John Ray Initiative, http://www.jri.org.uk/intro/directors.htm

http://www.srtp.org.uk/whatisrt.shtml#Director

http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmsctech/6/6we29.htm

Society, Religion and Technology Project. http://www.srtp.org.uk/srtpage3.shtml

Otto Brunfels *** Not in Gale

(c. 1489-1534).  German botanist, physician, pharmacologist.  Catholic, then Lutheran (“Lutheraner mit

wiedertäuferischem Einschlag”)

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/brunfels.html

Brunfels compiled practical pharmacological texts to be used by physicians and apothecaries, including the city ordinance for apothecaries in Bern. He translated older works and wrote on herbal pharmacology.

John Allen Bryant, FRSE, FIBiol

(Born 1944).  Professor of Biological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter.  Previous positions: Research Fellow UEA 1969-70, Lecturer University of Nottingham 1970-74, Reader University College Cardiff 1982-85 (Lecturer 1974-77, Senior Lecturer 1977-82), Professor of biological sciences University of Exeter 1985-present (Head of biology 1986-91); Chairman Biotechnology South West; Society for Experimental Biology: member Council 1981-87 and 1992-, Honorary sec 1983-87, member Cell Biology Committee 1988-97, vice-President 2001-03, President 2003-present; member: Plant Science and Microbiology Committee SERC 1986-89, Board of Directors, East African Institute for Scientific Research and Development, 1991-99, Professional and Educn Committee Biochemical Society 1994-97; member Editorial Board: Journal of Experimental Botany, Plant Biosystems, Science and Christian Belief; Chairman Christians in Science 2001-present, member Annals of Botany Co; CBiol 1984, FIBiol 1986 (MIBiol 1970), FRSA 1989. 

Education: Whitgift School Croydon, Queens’ College Cambridge (BA, MA, Ph.D.).

Society Experimental Biology (council 1981-87, 92, honorary secretary 1983-87, Vice President 2001), BioChemical Society (committee 1993-96), International Society Plant Molecular Biology, Christians in Science (chair 2001).

Editor, co-editor, or author of 12 books; contributor 75 research and technical articles to professional journals.

Faculty webpage: http://www.ex.ac.uk/biology/about/acadstaff/john_bryant.shtml

Professor John Bryant, University of Exeter.  “Teaching Ethics to Bioscience Students: One Dilemma After Another,” ftp://bio.ltsn.ac.uk/events/bristolethics/bryant_files/v3_document.htm

Professor John Bryant.  “The Human Genome Project,” http://www.christianityandrenewal.com/archoct2000b.htm

Richard H. Bube

(Born 1927) Radio Corporation of America Laboratories, Princeton, N.J., member of research staff, 1948-62; Stanford University, Stanford, California, Associate Professor, 1962-64, Professor of materials science and electrical engineering, 1964-present, chairman of materials science and engineering, 1975-present.

Richard H. Bube.  “We Believe in Creation,” Department of Materials Science & Engineering
Stanford University, Stanford, CA .  [From Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 23:121-122 (1971) and also in the special issue Origins and Change: Selected Readings from the Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation, pp. iii-iv (1978)] ©1996 by the American Scientific Affiliation, http://www.asa3.org/ASA/JASA12-71Bube.html

Richard H. Bube.  “Tension in Theology: Creation vs. Redemption,” Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California . This is one of three keynote addresses on the theme, “Choices We Face,” presented at the 1979 Annual Meeting of the American Scientific Affiliation at Stanford University, Stanford, California.

From the Journal of American Scientific Affiliation 32 (December 1980):1-4

American Institute of Physics articles, http://authors.aip.org/Richard_H._Bube.html

Bube: “The written word fascinates me, and I can barely stand to have an idea without writing it down. A main concern of my writing is directed toward the integration of an authentic scientific view of life and an authentic Christian view of life based on the historic Christian faith. This means not only recognizing that the scientific method has its limitations in dealing with life’s significant questions and still is a valid and reliable procedure for understanding God’s work in the created universe, but also working out in one’s person the implications of scientific knowledge and Christian faith in all of the areas of life. We live in a day when the religious tend to reject science, and when the scientific no longer see the relevance of authentic Christian faith. I would serve, with whatever skill I have, to tear down that false dichotomy and thereby to attempt to live out what it means to be a disciple of my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ here and now.” Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

William Buckland

(1784-1856)  Geologist. Throughout history, there are many accounts of the clash between science and religion. Throughout his career, William Buckland attempted to reconcile these issues—to show how science and theology complimented, rather than contradicted, each other.

John R. Armstrong, “William Buckland in Retrospect“ PSCF 42.1:34-38 (3/1990)

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0161.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

John David Buckwalter

(Born

Education: BS, Houghton College, 1973; MA, SUNY, Geneseo, 1980. Certification: Certified Teacher biology and chemistry 7-12, N.Y.

Member: American Science Affiliation, Empire State Association of Two Year

Honors: Recipient Outstanding award Outstanding Young Men America, 1986, Excellance award National Institute for Staff and Orgnl. Devel., 1993; named Teacher of Year SUNY Alfred Alumni Association, 1991.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

J. Budziszewski / Jay Dalton Budziszewski (pronounced “Boo-jee-shef-skee”)
(Born 1952).  Political Scientist.  Professor in Philosophy and Political Theory at the University of Texas, Austin.  University of South Florida, B.A., 1975; University of Florida, M.A., 1977; Yale University, Ph.D. in Political Science, 1981. Although his research focuses on Natural Law, he has written widely on topics at the intersection of politics, ethics, philosophy, and theology.

Member: North American Society for Social Philosophy, American Political Science Association, Southern Political Science Association, Conference Group on Political Economy.

He is the author of six scholarly books, as well as a work of popular apologetics. For his 1997 book, Written on the Heart: The Case for Natural Law, he received a 1998 Christianity Today book award. His latest book What We Can’t Not Know: A Guide is published by Spence Publishing. Dr. Budziszewski has published numerous articles in First Things, the American Journal of Jurisprudence, and the Journal of Politics.

http://www.boundless.org/common/authorlist.cfm?aid=jb

http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=39&isFellow=true

ABOUT J. BUDZISZEWSKI. “Aletheia Forum,” http://www.aletheiaforum.org/aboutbud.html

Articles.  http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=submitSearchQuery&query=J.%20Budziszewski&orderBy=date&orderDir=DESC&searchBy=author&searchType=all

J. Budziszewski, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Government and Philosophy, University of Texas at Austin.  “The Real Issue: Escape from Nihilism: A Christian scholar chronicles his journey from faith to nonreason, and back,” http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9801/budziszewski.html

Joost Buergi *** Not in Gale

(1552-1632).  Swiss-born mathematician, astronomer, instrument-maker, watchmaker.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/buergi.html

As a mathematician Buergi developed the ‘prosthaphairesis,’ and possibly thought of and developed logarithms.  He constructed clocks, and astronomical and practical geometry instruments (notably the proportional compass and a triangulation instrument useful in surveying).

Neal Dollison Buffaloe

(Born November 15, 1924 in Leachville, Arkansas, United States).  Theistic evolutionist.  Biologist.  Professor emeritus, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, 1987; Professor, biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, 1957-87; instructor, biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 1954-56; instructor, biology, David Lipscomb University, Nashville, 1949-54.Education: BS, David Lipscomb University, 1949; MS, Vanderbilt University, 1952; Ph.D., Vanderbilt University, 1957.

Member: Fellow AAAS; Arkansas Academy of Science (President 1960).

Author: Principles of Biology, 1962, 67, Animal and Plant Diversity, 1968, Concepts of Biology, 1972, Microbiology, 1976, 81; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Alumni and Friends / Alums make gift in honor of former professor 04/21/2004 http://www.uca.edu/news/index.php?itemid=849&catid=33

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon / Comte de Georges-Louis Leclerc Buffon / Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon / Georges-Louis Leclerc Buffon

(1707-1788). French naturalist. Theistic evolutionist, pre-Darwin.  Director of Jardin du Roi (now Jardin des Plantes) and of royal museum (1739). Admitted to French Academy (1753), his inaugural address being the celebrated Discours sur le style.  Author (with others) of Histoire naturelle (44 vols., 1749-1804), completed by B. G. E. de Lacepede.  Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon published works in all fields of natural history, as well as in mathematics and astronomy. His seminal work, Histoire naturelle (Natural History), was based upon an extensive cataloging project of the French—royal collections in natural history. Far more than a mere museum catalog, Buffon’s book was an attempt to provide a scientific account for nature as a whole while at the same time presenting a comprehensive overview of anthropology, geology, and natural history. Buffon is considered by many historians of science to be one of the founders of the academic discipline of natural history.

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/buffon2.html

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Buffon.html or http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Buffon.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Buffon.html

Rodger Keith Bufford

(Born 1944).  Licensed psychologist, educator.  Research interests include: 1) research in empirical psychology of religion emphasizing spiritual well-being and spiritual maturity, spiritual/religious interventions in psychotherapy, and spiritual outcomes of psychotherapy; 2) theoretical understanding of the relationship of psychology and Christian faith (sometimes referred to as “integration”). A licensed psychologist, Bufford practices part time at Western Psychological and Counseling Services Center. Private practice, 1973; Director integration, George Fox College, 1997; Professor, Director Research and integration, George Fox College, 1995-97; Professor, Chairman Graduate School Clinical Psychology, George Fox College, 1990-95; Professor, Chairman, Western Baptist Seminary., Portland, 1986-90; Associate Professor, Chairman dept. psychology, Western Baptist Seminary., Portland, Oregon, 1982-86; psychologist, Atlanta Counseling Center, 1980-82; Associate Professor, Psychological Studies Institute, Atlanta, 1977-81; Assistant Professor, Chairman dept. psychology, Huntington (Indiana) College, 1976-77; Assistant Professor psychology, American University, Washington, 1971-76; psychologist, Adolph Meyer Zone Center, Decatur, Illinois, 1969-70. Career-Related: allied health care professional Portland Adventist Medical Center, 1982, Cedar Hills Hospital, 1984-93, Woodland Park Hospital, 1988-97; Director Mental Health Association, Huntington, Indiana, 1976-77; Academic Advisory Board Family Research Council of America. Education: BA, King’s College, 1966; MA, University Illinois, 1970; Ph.D., University Illinois, 1971.

Member: APA, Western Psychological Association (editor newsletter 1996), Christian Association Psychological Studies, American Science Affiliation, Oregon Psycholical Association.  Baptist.

Honor: Distinguished Member Award by the Christian Association for Psychological Studies-Western Region in 1999.

Author: The Human Reflex: Behavioral Psychology in Biblical Perspective, 1981, Counseling and the Demonic, 1988; Contributing editor Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1982-present, Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 1982-87, Marriage and Family, 1999; Contributor of chapters to texts and numerous articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Rodger K. Bufford. Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, George Fox University, Newberg, OR.  “The Scientist as Christian or Atheist,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/dialogues/practical-atheists/12-96.htm. From PSCF 46 No. 4, (December 1996): 258-260.

George Fox University, Doctor of Psychology.  (scroll down) http://www.georgefox.edu/academics/graduate/doctor_psyc/psydfaculty.html

“Demon Possession: What is it?,” http://www.rbpstore.org/images/prodImages/5172/5172_content.pdf

Michael Bumbulis, Ph.D *** Not in Gale
Bumbulis holds an M.S. degree in Zoology from Ohio State University and a Ph.D in Genetics from Case Western Reserve University. He is an Associate Professor of Biology at Baldwin-Wallace College. He teaches Genetics (Bio211), Molecular Biology (Bio336) and Human Anatomy (Bio203). He also teaches Cell Biology (Bio405), Human Biology (Bio101) and coordinates the Senior Seminar (Bio463).

Home page: http://homepages.bw.edu/~mbumbuli/.

Michael Bumbulis, Ph.D. “Christianity and the Birth of Science,” http://www.ldolphin.org/bumbulis/

Dr. Rebecca Bunce / O. Rebecca Bunce *** Not in Gale

Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Scientist. Associate Professor (1982 – present), Assistant Professor (1977 – 1982), Instructor (1972 – 1977), Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens. B.S., Food Science, Food Sciences, 1966; M.S., Food Science, 1966, Ph.D., Food Science, 1971, all at Food Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens. Dr. Bunce’s research interests are and have been mechanisms of mammary tumor promotion and tumor biology.

Faculty webpage, http://pbs.rx.uga.edu/faculty/detail.asp?gID={F928830E-CC8F-4BD7-B37C-1F9EDF6EF010}

Paolo del Buono *** Not in Gale

(1625-1659).  Italian physicist.  Civil engineer.  Hydraulics expert.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/buono.html

Buono was a pupil of Galileo near the end of Galileo’s life. He studied in Pisa under Famiano Michelini, and received his doctorate degree in 1649.

His contributions include an instrument to demonstrate the incompressibility of water and the proposition that water enclosed in glass vials generates air in amounts dependent on the temperature of the environment. His letter to Prince Leopold that Middleton prints, the whole of our first hand knowledge of Buono’s scientific capacity, outlines an impressive program of pneumatic experimentation, including an experiment like that which led to Boyle’s law.

He is said to have made an instrument to demonstrate the incompressibility of water and an inclined barometer.

He worked on a pumping mechanism to drain mines.

Stuart Burgess, BSc, Ph.D., CEng, MIMechE *** Not in Gale
Mechanical engineer.  Reader (second highest academic rank in British Commonwealth universities)  in Engineering Design in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol. He has also lectured in Engineering Design at Cambridge University where he was a Bye-Fellow of Selwyn College. He has published over 50 papers and patents in the area of engineering design and is a recipient of the Worshipful Company of Turners Engineering Design Gold Medal [1993]. He is a member of Buckingham Chapel in Bristol and has a Diploma in Theology from the London Reformed Baptist Seminary.

Research interests: Efficiency modelling of structures and mechanisms; design and nature; structural efficiency of trees; insect flight mechanisms; roller chain wear and efficiency modelling; car transport efficiency.

From http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/s_burgess.asp

Faculty webpage, University of Bristol: http://www.men.bris.ac.uk/contact/acstaff/scb.html

Stuart Burgess.  “Critical characteristics and the irreducible knee joint,”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/docs/v13n2_knee.asp and http://www.trueorigin.org/knee.asp First published in TJ 13(2):112–117,1999.

Stuart Burgess.  “In the Lion’s Den,” http://www.evangelical-times.org/ETNews/Sep01/sep01n20.htm.  Stuart Burgess recalls witnessing to the in a pub and their reactions. “ Many nodded in agreement when I argued that blind evolution does not work, but there was deathly silence when I said that I believed in a Creator God. At the end I stated my belief in a day of judgement and that the only way of salvation is through Jesus Christ.”

Derek Burke / Derek Clissold Burke, CBE, DL

(Born 1930).  Retired academic administrator.  Formerly Vice-Chancellor,University of East Anglia, Norwich,1987-1995, Professor of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, 1969-1982.

Specialist advisor to the House of Commons, Science and Technology Select Committee, 1995-2003, and chairman of the UK Government Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes. Governor, Institute for Food Research, Norwich, 1995-2002; EU-US Consultative Forum on Biotech., Brussels, 2000-01. Science Director, Allelix Inc., Toronto, Can., 1983-87; from Lecturer to Senior Lecturer, University Aberdeen, 1960-69; research scientist, National Institute for Medical Research, 1955-60; Research Fellow in chemistry, Yale University, 1953-55. Education: BSc, University Birmingham, England, 1950; Ph.D., University Birmingham, England, 1953; LLD, University Aberdeen, Scotland, 1985; DSc, University East Anglia, England, 1995.

Author: Creation and Evolution (1985), Strategic Church Leadership (with Robin Gill, 1996), Cybernauts Awake! (1999); numerous scientific and popular articles on interferon and viruses and on plant genetic engineering.

Member: Editorial Board Journal of General Virology 1969-92, editor-in-chief Journal of General Virology 1978-82; member European Life Sciences Group, Brussels, 2000-2004.

Author: (book) Christians and Bioethics, 2000; editor, author: (book) Cybernauts Awake, 1999.

Professor Derek Burke CBE, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of East Anglia “Assessing Risk: Science or Art,” http://www.cis.org.uk/conference/Sheffield_2003/burke.htm

Articles: http://www.cis.org.uk/articles/

Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Also known as: Jocelyn Susan Bell Burnell, Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Susan Jocelyn Bell, S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell, (Susan) Jocelyn Bell Burnell

The radio astronomer Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943) discovered the first pulsar (stars that release regular bursts of radio waves) in 1967 while working under Antony Hewish at Cambridge University. Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1974 for this discovery and Bell Burnell was not included in the citation. Jocelyn was appointed Professor of Physics at the Open University in 1997 (when she was appointed, the number of female professors of physics in the United Kingdom doubled). She was recently a visiting Professor at Princeton University in the USA and now is Dean of Science at Bath University.  Jocelyn studied at The Mount School in York, whose other pupils have included Judi Dench, Margaret Drabble and A.S. Byatt. Recipient Michelson award Franklin Institute, 1973, Oppenheimer Memorial prize Center for Theoretical Studies, 1978, Rennie Taylor award American Tentative Society, 1978, honorary fellowship New Hall, Cambridge, 1996, CBE, 1999, Edinburgh medal, 1999.

Author: Broken for Life, 1989; editor: Next Generation Infrared Space Observatory, 1992; contributor of articles to professional journals.

http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/babell.html

NASA profile.  http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/bell.html “I think the thing that surprises people most is that I am religious. I’m an elder in my church, which is the Quakers, or The Religious Society of Friends. A lot of people think that scientists aren’t religious. It’s not true.”

W. Neal Burnette / Walter Neal Burnette

(Born

Member: AAAS, FASEB, American Society Microbiology, Association Military Surgeons U.S., Society Armed Forces Medical Laboratory Science.

Assoc. editor Journal Vaccine Research, 1990; Contributor of articles to Journal Molecular Biology Science, Proc. National Academy Science USA.

Lawrence Anthony Burns

(Born 1940).  Ecologist. Research Assistant University N.C., Chapel Hill, 1968-71, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1973-76; research aquatic biologist, region 4, EPA, Naples, Florida, 1971-73, ecologist, Environmental Research Lab., EPA, Athens, Georgia, 1977.  Education: B.A., NYU, 1968; Ph.D., University N.C., 1978.

Honors: N.Y. State Regents fellow, 1968-71; recipient Civil Service Silver medal EPA, 1973.

Member AAAS, American Institute Biological Sciences, American Society Limnology and Oceanography, Ecological Society of America, International Society Ecol. Modelling, Society Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Amnesty International (group coordinator 1981-84). Presbyterian.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Research Division. Biographical information. http://www.epa.gov/athens/staff/members/burnslawrencea/

Glenn W. Burton / Glenn Willard Burton

(Born

Glenn W. Burton.  Georgia Agricultural Hall of Fame, http://interests.caes.uga.edu/aghalloffame/burton.htm

University Foundation Professor, University of Georgia, 1957; Chairman division agronomy, USDA and University of Georgia at Tifton Experimental Station, 1950-1964; principal geneticist, USDA and University of Georgia at Tifton Experimental Station, 1952; with, USDA and University of Georgia at Tifton Experimental Station, 1936.Education: BS, University of Nebraska, 1932; DSc, University of Nebraska, 1962; MS, Rutgers University, 1933; Ph.D., Rutgers University, 1936; DSc, Rutgers University, 1955.

Member: Fellow, American Society Agronomy (v.p. 1961, President 1962, Stevenson award 1949, John Scott award 1957); member: National Academy of Science, American Society Range Mgmt., American Genetic Association, Gamma Sigma, Alpha Zeta, Sigma Xi.

Honors: Recipient 1st Annual Agricultural award, So. Seedsman Association, 1950, Sears-Roebuck School award, 1953, 1960, Superior Service award, USDA, 1955, 1st Ford Almanac Crops and Soils School award, 1962, Distinguished Service award, 1980, President’s award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, 1981, National Medal of Science, 1983, named Man of Year, So. Agriculture Progressive Farmer, 1954, named to Hall of Fame, USDA ARS, 1987, numerous other awards and citations.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Jacques Buot *** Not in Gale

(c. 1675-date of death unknown).  French astronomer, physicist, geometer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/buot.html

Buot invented an astronomical instrument, the équerre azimutale.

Original member of the Académie des Sciences, evidently appointed as an astronomer.

Johannes Buteo *** Not in Gale

(c. 1492- c. 1564,1572).  French mathematician.  Monk of the order of St. Antoine de Viennois.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/buteo.html

Buteo’s fame rests only on his books, published after he was sixty years old. His most important book, the Logistica, deals with arithmetic and algebra.  In other books he discussed mechanical, arithmetical, and geometrical problems, criticizing errors of many his contemporaries, particularly in terminological questions.

Archimedes Project Page Viewer.   http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/toc/toc.cgi?step=thumb&dir=buteo_opera_506_la_1559

Larry Butler / Larry Gene Butler

(1933-1997).  Biochemistry educator, researcher. Achievements include patents on hydrophobic bonding of proteins and enzymes to a specially derivatized form of cellulose; on the synthesis of phosphonate monoesters and their utilization as substrates for phosphodiesterase enzymes; discovery of first germination stimulant of the parasitic weed Striga from host plant, of several compounds from sorghum that protect the plant against pests, of proline rich salivary proteins as a natural defense against dietary tannins, of proline content as the key to affinity of proteins for tannin; development of chemical treatments for overcoming the antinutritional effects of sorghum tannins. Professor, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1973; Associate Professor, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1968-73; Assistant Professor, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1966-68; postdoctoral researcher, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1965-66; Assistant Professor biological sciences, L.A. Baptist College, Newhall, Calif., 1964-65.  Education: BS, Oklahoma State University, 1960; postgraduate, University of Minnesota, 1960-63; Ph.D., UCLA, 1964.

Member: American Chemical Society, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Society for Chemical Ecology, Crop Sci. Society of America, Phytochemical Society of America, International Allelopathy Society.

Honors: Recipient Outstanding Achievement in Sorghum Utilization award, National grain Sorghum Producers Association, 1991, Career Development award NIH, 1970-75.

Contbributor of over 200 articles to professional journals; over 50 book chpts.; patentee chemicals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

OBITUARY - LARRY BUTLER. http://www.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/haustorium.nsf/pages/haustorium34

Niccolo Cabeo, S. J. *** Not in Gale

(1586-1650).  Italian scientist, specializing in magnetism, natural philosophy, electricity, hydraulics and mechanics.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cabeo.html or http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/SAM-C.htm

Cabeo was a Jesuit, having entered as a novice in 1602.  Cabeo is remembered partly because he was acquainted with Giovanni Battista Baliani, who experimented with falling weights, and wrote about Baliani’s experiments. His interpretation that two different weights fall in the same length of time without regard to the medium became the indirect cause of other experiments conducted by Vincenzo Renieri.

Cabeo experimented with pendulums.  Cabeo taught theology and mathematics in Parma until 1622, and was then a preacher in various Italian cities. Ultimately he returned to the Jesuit college in Genoa where he taught mathematics.  He was employed by the Gonzaga on hydraulic projects. He differed with Castelli on the management of the Po at Ferrara.

Cabeo published two major works, Philosophia magnetica (1629) and In quatuor libros meteorologicorum Aristotelis commentaria (1646), an anti-Aristotelian work.

http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_CABEO.HTM

James Robert Cade, M.D. *** Not in Gale

Nephrologist.  Professor of medicine and physiology, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida.

Faculty webpage, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, http://www.medicine.ufl.edu/neph/cade.shtml

Dr. Cade joined the University of Florida in 1961. He is internationally known for inventing Gatorade®, the first sports drink that offered both fluid and electrolyte replacement. The University of Florida has received millions of dollars in royalties from the popular drink. These funds have been used to support research projects and endowments.  Research interest:  Dr. Cade conducts research in kidney and liver diseases, hypertension, lupus, and diabetes. His current focus is relative to autism, schizophrenia, serious mental illnesses and epilepsy research. During recent research, Dr. Cade’s team has published findings in the Journal of Autism showing a possible link between the inability to break down a specific milk protein and autism and schizophrenia. Dr. Cade also works with athletes to help them improve their training and performance.

http://atc.ruv.net/infopedia/ca/Cade,_Robert.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Dr.%20Robert%20Cade

http://www.autism-diet.com/people.html

Dr. J. Robert Cade is an internist and nephrologist trained at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in Dallas, 1954. His research spans 35 years, with the last 15 years spent studying the effects of a gluten and casein-free diet in children with autism. www.Autism-Diet.com is dedicated to the research of J. Robert Cade, MD and R Malcolm Privette, PA-C into the causes and treatment of autism.

http://www.tlu.edu/news/stories/03/10/031029_cade.html

Dr. J. Robert Cade and Mary S. Cade of Gainesville, Florida, established the J. Robert and Mary S. Cade Vanguard Award at Texas Lutheran University to provide funding for faculty projects or initiatives designed to enrich the cultural, spiritual or intellectual life at TLU.

“Where did Gatorade originate?” http://www.inspirationline.com/Brainteaser/gatorade.htm

“Milk Linked to Autism, Schizophrenia,” http://www.mercola.com/fcgi/pf/1999/archive/milk_linked_to_autism.htm

John Caius / John Keys / John Kees

(1510-1573).  English physician and humanist. Caius (the Latin form of his name that he adopted, which has at least 10 alternative spellings) is best known for his 1552 book A Boke or Counseill against the Disease commonly called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse, considered one of the first original descriptions of an epidemic. He was also noteworthy as a physician to three English monarchs, King Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, and a founder of Gonville and Caius College (1557, master (1559-73) at Cambridge, England’s first school for formal medical education. Caius was a notable man of letters, translating and lecturing and publishing on subjects ranging from British dogs to philosophy, to the origins of universities.

Educated at Gonville Hall, Cambridge. Studied medicine under Vesalius at Padua; lecturer on anatomy, London (1544-64).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/caius.html

http://www.fact-index.com/j/jo/john_caius.html

http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/admissions/subjects/medicine/index.php

http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/college/past/ingram/historyjcaius.php

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03144b.htm

http://www.threerivers.gov.uk/_table/information/john_caius.htm

Mary Whiton Calkins

(1863–1930).  U.S. psychologist who created a method of memorization called the right associated method. She was the founder of the psychology department at Wellesley College, Boston, Massachusetts, and the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905 and of the American Philosophical Association in 1918. Taught at Wellesley (1891-1930); her works included Der doppelte Standpunkt in der Psychologie (1905), The Persistent Problems of Philosophy (1907), The Good Man and the Good (1918).

http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/marycalkins.html

http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/calkins.html

http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/CALKINS.html

http://www.kzoo.edu/psych/calkins/calkins.html

http://www.kzoo.edu/psych/calkins/Biography.html

http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch07/bio7c.mhtml

http://www.webrenovators.com/psych/MaryWhitonCalkins.htm

http://www.earlham.edu/~harriem/contributions.htm

http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Calkins_Mary_Whiton.html

http://physics.uwstout.edu/staff/mccullough/mcalkins.htm

Rudolf Jakob Camerarius / Rudolf Jakob Camerer

(1665-1721). German physician and botanist. Professor at Tubingen (from 1688); demonstrated sexuality in plants (reported 1694).  Camerarius attended the University of Tubingen, where he studied philosophy and medicine. He earned his B.A. in 1679, the M.A. in 1682, and his M.D. in 1687.  In 1688, he was appointed Professor Extraordinary of Medicine and Director of the Botanical Garden at Tubingen. From 1689-95, Camerarius served as Professor of Natural Philosophy. When his father died in 1695, he succeeded him to the title of Full Professor and First Professor of the University. When Camerarius died in 1721, his son succeeded him to the professorship.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/camrarus.html

http://82.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CA/CAMERARIUS_RUDOLF_JAKOB.htm

Giuseppe Campani

(1635-1715). Italian optician. Invented (1664) lens-grinding lathe to grind and polish spherical lenses; built numerous telescopes; made observations of Jupiter’s moons and Saturn’s rings; invented screw-barrel microscope.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/campani.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03222a.htm

John Angus Campbell *** Not in Gale
Communications University of Memphis

Professor and Graduate Program Director Rhetoric; Rhetorical Criticism and Theory, in the Department of Communication at the University of Memphis.  Professor Campbell teaches rhetoric of science and speech. Ph. D., Rhetoric, University of Pittsburgh.

Associate Editor, Quarterly Journal of Speech. He has published numerous highly regarded technical articles and book chapters analyzing the rhetorical strategy of Darwin’s Origin of Species.

Honors: He has twice won the Golden Anniversary Award from the National Communication Association (1971 and 1987) for his scholarly essays and was a recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award (1993) and the Dean’s Recognition Award (1994) from the University of Washington. Most recently, he was named Communication Educator of the Year by the Tennessee State Communication Association (2001). In his research, he has specialized in the study of the rhetoric of science and is one of the founders of this increasingly important and growing academic subspecialty.

Review of Darwinism, Design and Public Education. http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?program=News-CSC&command=view&id=1694 Discovery Institute, "2004" Day="8" Month="1" January 8, 2004.

John Angus Campbell, University of Memphis.  “THE EDUCATIONAL DEBATE OVER DARWINISM,” http://www.jis3.org/samplearticle.htm

Margaret (Peg) McCree, The University of Memphis.  “John Campbell Nomination,” http://www2.volstate.edu/tca/campbellnomination.htm

Jonathan Wesley Campbell

(Born 1950).  NASA astrophysist, aerospace engineer. President, Redstone Aerospace Inc.; space scientist, supervisory aerospace engineer propulsion, executive. Assistant to Director, lead engineer space telescope fine guidance sensor, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, 1980; astrophysicist, aerospace engineer, Missile and Space Intelligence Center, Huntsville, Alabama, 1978-80; Instructor physics, Auburn University, 1972-74; coop. engineer, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, West Palm Beach, Florida, 1968-70.

Education: BS, Auburn University, 1972; MS, Auburn University, 1974; MS, University Alabama, 1988; Ph.D., University Alabama, 1992.

Member: AIAA, Air Force Association, Res. Officer Association, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Scabbard and Blade, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Gamma Tau, Sigma Pi Sigma. Consultant, Starflight Associates.

Honors: Decorated Legion of Merit; recipient Eagle Scout award, Presidential Certificate of Appreciation.

“Alexander City, Ala. native Dr. Jonathan W. Campbell — full-time NASA astrophysicist/part-time Methodist pastor,” http://www1.msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/news/releases/2003/03-132.html "2003" Day="30" Month="7" 07/30/03

“As a NASA astrophysicist and research scientist at the National Space Science and Technology Center (NSSTC), Dr. Jonathan Campbell explores the feasibility of using powerful lasers to deflect asteroids, meteoroids and other space debris that potentially could be harmful to Earth. He also ministers part-time at two Methodist churches in Jackson County, Alabama The NSSTC is a partnership with the Marshall Center, Alabama universities and industry.”

Campbell: “Growing older, I realize that what is fundamentally important is not personal glory, climbing the career ladder, or other material considerations; rather that we can look back on our lives and see that we have done our best to use with compassion God’s blessings to make a positive difference.”

Giovanni Battista Canano / Giovanni Canani / Cannano *** Not in Gale

(1515-1579).  Italian anatomist, surgeon, instrument-inventor.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/canano.html:

Canano’s only published work was Musculorum humani corporis picturata dissectio, c. 1543, a small book but of outstanding importance for its originality. Based exclusively on direct observation of structures of the human body and of living animals, the Picturata dissectio contained the first anatomical drawings of the lumbricales and of the interossei of the hand, and the first description and drawing of the short palmar muscle and of the oblique head of the adductor pollicis, which Vesalius did not observe and which was unknown to Galen.

Another important contribution by Canano was the observation of the valves of the deep veins, and the assertion that they serve to prevent the reflux of the blood.  His book on muscles was intended as the first volume of a major work on the whole of anatomy, but Vesalius’ De fabrica forestalled him.

Canano invented instruments for certain surgeries.

He received several visits from Andreas Vesalius in his home in 1540, and when he met Vesalius again in 1544 he told him about his observation of the valves of deep veins.

He was Prior of the Medical College of Ferrara.

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor

The German mathematician Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (1845-1918), developed a number of ideas that profoundly influenced 20^th-century mathematics. Among other accomplishments, he introduced the idea of a completed infinity, an innovation that earned him recognition as the founder and creator of set theory.  He was a Messianic Jew.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Cantor.html

CANTOR. http://euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/cantor.html

“Cantor,” http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Cantor.html

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Cantor.html

Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz *** Not in Gale

(1606-1682).  Spanish ecclesiastic, mathematician, astronomer, hysicist, natural philosopher, military engineer, navigation expert.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/caramuel.html:

Juan Caramuel developed a system to determine longitude via lunar position.

Member: Accademia degli Investiganti (Naples); attended Accademia degli Investiganti, dedicated to the study of physical nature through experimentation, in Naples while Bishop of Campania.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Caramuel.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Caramuel.html:  In a work in 1670 he expounded the general principle of numbers to base n pointing out the benefits of some other bases than 10. Caramuel proposed a new method of trisecting an angle and developed a system of logarithms to base 109 where log 1010 = 0 and log 1 = 10. Among Caramuel’s other scientific work was a system he developed to determine longitude using the position of the moon.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03329c.htm

http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/c/caramuel_lobkowitz.shtml (in German)

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Caramuel/caramuel.htm

Pierre de Carcavi / Pierre de Carcavy *** Not in Gale

(c. 1600-1684).  French cartographer, mathematician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/carcavi.html

In 1668, Colbert charged Carcavi, along with Huygens, Roberval, Auzout, Picard, and Gallois, to judge the feasibility of the method to determine longitude submitted to the Academy by a German noble.

Served the Duke of Liancourt, 1648-1663; Classified Colbert’s library, 1663; Custodian of the Royal Library, 1663-1683.

Member of the Académie Royal des Sciences from 1666 until death in 1684.  He had many friends, including Huygens, Fermat, and Pascal, and carried on an extensive correspondence.

John Robert Cardinal

(Born 1943).  Chemist.  Researcher.  Pharmaceutical scientist. v.p. Great Valley Pharmaceutical, Malvern, Pennsylvania, 1993.  Previous positions: Research Assistant University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1967-1971; Assistant Professor University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1972-79, Associate Professor, 1979-82, Adjunct Associate Professor, 1982-89; project leader Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Conn., 1982-83, Manager, 1983-88; Director Merck & Co., Inc., 1988-90, Senior Director, 1990-93; Visiting Professor Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1980. B.S., University Michigan, 1967; M.S., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1969, Ph.D., 1973.

Member: Board of Directors, Cottenwood Inc., Salt Lake City, 1979-81. Fellow Academy Pharmaceutical Sciences (vice-chairman basic pharmaceutics sect. 1985), American Association Pharmaceutical Scientists (chairman pharmaceutics drug delivery sect., 1988), American Association Advisory. Science; member American Chemical Society, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Controlled Release Society (Board of governors, 1991-93), Sigma Xi, Rho Chi Society. Roman Catholic.

Holder several patents; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Brian Joseph Cardott

(Born 1955). Coal geologist, organic petrologist. Organic petrologist, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Norman, 1981; Assistant Manager, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1978-81; Research Assistant, Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, 1977-78.  BS, University Illinois, 1977; MS, Southern Illinois University, 1981.

Member: International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (Associate), Society for Organic Petrology (founding member, President 1995-96), American Association Petroleum Geologists (energy minerals div. mid-continent sect. councillor 1994-98, secretary 1998), Geological Society American (coal geology division member-at-large 1989-91).

Author: Source Rocks in the Southern Midcontinent, 1992, Guidebook for Selected Stops...Arbuckle Mountains, 1993, Hartshorne Coalbed Methane, 1998; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Oklahoma Geological Survey, http://www.ogs.ou.edu/.

Harold Edwin Carley

Plant pathologist, researcher.  Quality Assurance Manager, Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, 1993; product developmentManager, Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, 1983; group leader, Rohm and Haas Co., Spring House, Pennsylvania, 1972-82; Senior biologist, Rohm and Haas Co., Spring House, Pennsylvania, 1969-72.  Education: BS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1964; MS, University ID, Moscow, 1966; Ph.D., University Minnesota, St. Paul, 1969.

Member: American Chemical Society, American Phytopathological Society, Sigma Xi.

Honors: Recipient Shevlin fellowship, Graduate school, University of Minnesota, Mpls., 1968; Caleb-Dorr award University Minnesota, St. Paul, 1967.

Contributor of articles to professional journals; patentee in field.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Paul Carlson *** Not in Gale

(1928-1964).  A missionary doctor in Congo, ministering to hundreds until he was seized hostage, tortured, and martyred in a rebel Simba attack.

“Making a Mark around the World – Paul Carlson: A Sacrificial Martyr

http://www.fbctroy.org/CHURCH/YOUTH/Missions/Lesson%2014%20-%20Paul%20Carlson.htm

http://www.culvercity.org/cityinfo/history/carlson.html

Cover of Time Magazine, "1964" Day="4" Month="12" December 4, 1964: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/archive/covers/0,16641,1101641204,00.html

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Russ Carlson / Russell W. Carlson *** Not in Gale
Molecular Biologist. Since 1988, Dr. Russell W. Carlson has been Professor of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Adjunct Professor of Microbiology, and Technical Director of the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.  Dr. Carlson received his B.A. degree (major: Chemistry; minor: Mathematics) from North Park College, Chicago, IL in 1968.  After serving four years in the U.S. Navy he received an M.S. in Biochemistry at the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1974, and a Ph.D in Biochemistry from the University of Colorado in 1976.. He then completed two years of post-doctoral research under the direction of Dr. Peter Albersheim at the University of Colorado, after which, he joined Monsanto Agricultural Research Products Company in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1979 Dr. Carlson joined the Chemistry Department at Eastern Illinois University in Charleston, IL where he served as Professor until 1988. In 1996 Dr. Carlson was elected scientific councillor of the International Endotoxin Society, and he is the discoverer on two and co-discoverer on a third patent application. Dr. Carlson has over 93 publications.

Member: Fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design.

Honors and Awards: Merit Award for Outstanding Research, Eastern Illinois University, 1982 ; 1985 --Invited Convenor of a session on “Recognition in Rhizobium -legume Symbiosis”, 6^th International Conference on Nitrogen Fixation, Oregon State University 1985; Merit Award for Outstanding Research, Eastern Illinois University, 1986; Elected to the Organizing Committee for the 1994 International Endotoxin Society Meeting in Helsinki, Finland, 1993.

Russell W. Carlson, Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Executive Technical Director - Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia.  http://www.ccrc.uga.edu/web/personnel/carlson/carlson1.html

Faculty webpage, Leadership University.  http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/AllStaffbyStaffID/rcarlson?OpenDocument

Biographical Information for Russell W Carlson http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/Bios+By+Staff+ID/rcarlson?OpenDocument

http://www.secenterbiothreats.org/RussCarlson.htm

http://www.iscid.org/russell-carlson.php

Russell W. Carlson, Professor of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,University of Georgia. “My Decision,”
http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/Storys+By+Staff+ID/rcarlson?OpenDocument

“I have learned that the Bible is reliable and true, and that it can be trusted as a guide for my life. I have learned that God is real; that it is reasonable to believe and trust Him, and that He has been directing and guiding my life. I have learned that, while it is important to know God’s will for my life, it is even more important for me to be willing. I have learned that by being willing, I was able to follow the interests and talents that God gave me which, for me, were to pursue my interest in science. As a scientist, I have learned that faith in God and science are complementary and that knowing and trusting God through Jesus Christ has enhanced my understanding and appreciation of nature.”

Richard L. Carpenter, Jr., Ph.D. *** Not in Gale
Research Meteorologist, Center for Computational Geosciences,University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.

Testimony: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/OUChristianFAS/carpente.htm

“And the Author of love, truth, and beauty has shown me that He reveals those qualities not only through His creation, but also through His word, the Bible.”

Emma Perry Carr

(1880-1972).  U.S. chemist, educator and researcher, internationally renowned for her work in absorption spectroscopy, far ultraviolet vacuum spectroscopy, and the structure of unsaturated hydrocarbons. It is a lasting tribute to this renowned woman of science that the chemistry building at Mount Holyoke College bears her name.

http://www.ceemast.csupomona.edu/nova/carr.html

http://home.mtholyoke.edu/~dalbino/photos/women/ecarr.html

Alexis Carrel / Alexis (Marie Joseph Auguste Billiard) Carrel / Alexis Marie Joseph Auguste Billiard Carrel

(1873-1944).  American biologist.  Surgeon. With Charles Lindbergh, invented perfusion pump called artificial heart, 1936; Nobelist, 1912.

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1912/carrel-bio.html

http://crishunt.8bit.co.uk/alexis_carrel.html

http://www.alenasites.com/alexis-carrel/

Earl Lawrence, Pell City, Alabama. “Alexis Carrel: Forgotten Hero in Medicine and Perfusion,” http://members.aol.com/amaccvpe/history/carrel.htm. Taken in part from a 'Thomas G. Wharton Memorial Lecture’ The Proceedings of the American Academy of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Volume 6. January 1985.

Dr. Tucker Carrington, Jr.  *** Not in Gale
Professor of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Canada. B. Sc. 1981 (University of Toronto), Ph.D. 1985 ( University of California at Berkeley). Vibrational-rotational energy levels of polyatomic molecules. Investigation of intramolecular energy relaxation in polyatomic molecules. Treatment of large amplitude motions in spectroscopy and dynamics.

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Rachel Louise Carson

(1907-1964).  Marine biologist. University of Maryland, College Park, member of the zoology staff, 1931-36; U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (now the Fish and Wildlife Service), Washington, D.C., aquatic biologist, beginning, 1936, editor in chief, 1949-52; full-time writer, 1952-64. Instructor at Johns Hopkins University, summers, 1930-36.  Education: Pennsylvania College for Women, A.B., 1929; Johns Hopkins University, A.M., 1932; further graduate study at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. Member: American Ornithologists' Union, National Institute of Arts and Letters, Royal Society of Literature (fellow), Audubon Society (director in Washington, D.C.), Society of Women Geographers. Presbyterian.

Honors: Eugene Saxton Memorial fellowship, 1949; George Westinghouse Science Writing Award, 1950; National Book Award, 1952, for The Sea Around Us; Guggenheim fellowship, 1951-52; John Burroughs Medal, 1952; Henry G. Bryant Gold Medal, 1952; Page-One Award, 1952; Frances K. Hutchinson Medal, 1952; Silver Jubilee Medal from Limited Editions Club, 1954; book award from National Council of Women in the U.S., 1956; achievement award from American Association of University Women, 1956; Schweitzer Medal from Animal Welfare Institute, 1962; Women's National Book Association Constance Lindsay Skinner Award, 1963; New England Outdoor Writers Association Award, 1963; Conservationist of the Year Award from National Wildlife Federation, 1963; achievement award from Einstein College of Medicine, 1963; Gold Medal from New York Zoological Society; special citations from the Garden Club of America, the Pennsylvania Federation of Women's Clubs, and the Izaak Walton League of America, 1963. D.Sc. from Oberlin College, 1952; D.Litt. from Pennsylvania College for Women, 1952, Drexel Institute of Technology, 1952, and Smith College, 1953.

Author: Under the Sea-Wind: A Naturalist's Picture of Ocean Life, illustrated by Howard French, Simon & Schuster, 1941, new edition, Oxford University Press, 1952, reprinted, New American Library, 1978; Food from the Sea: Fish and Shellfish of New England, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943; Food from Home Waters: Fishes of the Middle West, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1943; Fish and Shellfish of the South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944; Fish and Shellfish of the Middle Atlantic Coast, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945; The Sea Around Us, illustrated by Katherine L. Howe, Oxford University Press, 1951, revised edition, Watts, 1966, reprinted, Oxford University Press, 1989; The Edge of the Sea, illustrated by Bob Hines, Houghton, 1955, reprinted, 1980, reprinted with a new introduction by Sue Hubbell, 1998; Silent Spring, illustrated by Lois Darling and Louis Darling, Houghton, 1962, limited edition, Limited Editions Club, 1980, 25th anniversary edition, Houghton, 1987; The Sense of Wonder, Harper, 1965, reprinted, Perennial Library, 1984; Life Under the Sea (selection from The Sea Around Us), Golden Press, 1968; The Rocky Coast, Macmillan, 1971; The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (selections), edited by Paul Brooks, Houghton, 1972; Silent Spring Revisited, American Chemical Society, 1987; Always, Rachel: The Letters of Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, 1952-1964, edited by Martha Freeman, Beacon, 1995; Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson, edited and with an introduction by Linda Lear, Beacon Press (Boston), 1998.

Website: http://www.rachelcarson.org/

Biography: http://www.rachelcarson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=bio

http://refuges.fws.gov/history/bio/carson_fs.html

http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/carson.html

“Who is Rachel Louise Carson? Biography of a woman who was instrumental in raising the awarness of the need to protect the environment,” http://idid.essortment.com/whoisrachello_pwv.htm

http://www.serve.com/rcsc/carson.htm

Verna Benner Carson, RN, Ph.D., C.S. *** Not in Gale

Psychiatric nursing specialist. Associate Professor of Nursing, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland.  Verna Benner Carson, Ph.D., is the national director of RESTORE Behavioral Health for Tender Loving Care at Staff Builders Home Health and Hospice. She was an Associate Professor of psychiatric nursing at the University of Maryland School of Nursing for twenty-one years. She is the author of four books, including Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice, 1989. She lives in Fallston, Maryland.

Course Manager: Verna Benner Carson, “Course Title: Spirituality in Nursing Practice,”

http://www.ihpnet.org/nrs4.htm

“I am absolutely upfront about my Christianity, but I stress to students that I value the gift of free will which God gives to each of us. We are free to choose Him or not. If God allows this, how can I demand something different? I try to be open and loving to students so I don’t think they feel threatened even when their beliefs are different than mine.”

http://www.researchnews.org/live/archives/2002/Jul_health_religion.html

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Lynn K. Carta, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Nematologist.  Research Plant Pathologist with the USDA. She is listed as a Reasons to Believe Science Scholar. http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/Beltsville/barc/psi/nem/carta.htm or http://www.barc.usda.gov/psi/nem/carta.htm

Contact page, Agricultural Research Service, http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=897

Publications: http://www.barc.usda.gov/psi/nem/lkc-pubs.htm

George Washington Carver

George Washington Carver (1864-1943) started his life as a slave and ended it as a respected and world-renowned agricultural chemist.

Gale Group: “George Washington Carver,” http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/carver_g.htm

National Park Service.  George Washington Carver National Monument, About George Washington Carver, http://www.nps.gov/gwca/expanded/gwc.htm

“George Washington Carver, Jr.: Chemurgist,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/carver.html

George Washington Carver Papers, 1893-(ongoing), Iowa State University.  http://www.lib.iastate.edu/arch/rgrp/21-7-2.html

GEORGE CARVER, M. S. in Agr., Director, EXPERIMENTAL STATION, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, “How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption,” Seventh Edition, January 1940. http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/recipes/peanutrecipes.html. Reprinted 1983 for Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, George Washington Carver National Monument by Eastern National Park and Monument Association.

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Carver: “I love to think of nature as an unlimited broadcasting system, through which God speaks to us every hour, if we will only tune in.”

Giulio Casseri / Guilio Casserio *** Not in Gale

(c. 1552-1616).  Italian anatomist, physiologist, embryologist, physician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/casseri.html

Casseri’s achievemens are collected in three anatomical works: De vocis auditusque organis historia anatomica (Ferrara, 1600- 1601), Pentaestheseion, hoc est de quinque sensibus liber (Venice, 1609), and Tabulae anatomicae LXXIIX, omnes nec ante hac visae (Venice,1627).

He left important illustrations of the formation of the foetus.

Gian Domenico Cassini [Cassini I]

(1625-1712).  Astronomer.  Optician, cartographer, engineer.  Hydraulics specialist.  Gian Domenico, later Jean-Dominique (1625-1712),b. Italy; professor at Bologna (1650-68).  He studied with the Jesuit priests and astronomers Giovanni Riccioli (1598-1671) and Francesco Grimaldi (1618-1663) before becoming an astronomy professor at the University of Bologna at the age of twenty-five.  He was invited to join French Royal Academy of Sciences (1668); naturalized French citizen (1673); first director of the Paris observatory. Observed comets, planetary surfaces; constructed tables of Jovian satellites; discovered four of Saturn’s satellites (1671-84); observed a dark division in Saturn’s ring; made earliest systematic observation of zodiacal light; determined parallax of sun, obliquity of ecliptic,and eccentricity of earth’s orbit; in mathematics, discovered Cassinian oval. Cassini retired from the Paris Observatory after going blind in 1710, and was succeeded in his post by his son and later his grandson.

On October 17, 1997 an unmanned spacecraft blasted off from Kennedy Space Center, headed for Saturn. It arrived at Saturn in 2004, and carried out an ambitious program of observations of the planet and its moons. It will also release probes to study the atmosphere and surface of Titan. It was named “Cassini.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cassini_gia.html

An official expert during the negotiations between Bologna and Ferrara on the flooding of the Po. He composed several memoires on the flooding and how to avoid it.  Named by the Pope as superintendent of the fortifications “du fort d’Urbain” in 1663.  Deeply involved in French mapping endeavors.

Member of the Académie Royal des Sciences, participated in certain meetings of the Accademia del Cimento.

Lunar Crater Cassini named in his honor.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Giovanni Domenico Cassini,”  https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cassini.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03405b.htm

Jacques Cassini [Cassini II]

French astronomer, cartographer, physicist Jacques Cassini (1677-1756) succeeded his father Gian Domenico Cassini as director of Paris observatory (1712); known for work to determine figure of the earth; measured meridian of Paris (1718); published De la grandeur et de la figure de la terre (1722), celestial tables, etc.  Also dealt with electricity and optics.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cassini_jac.html

Jacques travelled with his father through Italy, Flanders, the Netherlands, and England making numerous geodesic measurements as well as several astronomical observations.  He presented a new method for the determination of longitudes by means of the eclipses of the stars and planets by the moon.  In 1713 he took the position supporting the hypothesis of the elongation of the terrestrial ellipsoid. In his work, De la grandeur et de la figure de la terre (1722), he presented information confirming his hypothesis. In 1733-34 he undertook the determination of the perpendicular to the meridian of Paris from Saint-Malo to Strasbourg in order to defend his views against those of Desaguliers, Maupertuis, and Poleni.

In astronomy Cassini’s primary interests were the study of planets and their satellites, the observation and theory of comets, and the tides. Cassini fought continually to defend the work of his father and to reconcile the facts of observation with the theory of vortices. As an astronomer he improved instruments; especially important was a new micrometer.  (The improvements of instruments and the appearance of new methods were not used to their full extent by this timid Copernican and convinced Cartesian.)

He gave papers to the Academie on electricity, the recoil of firearms, barometers, and burning mirrors.

Jacques worked with his father (1700-1701) and himself later finished the measurement of the arc of the meridian through Paris.

After 1740 he collaborated with his son, Cassini de Thury (Cassini III) on a map of France.

Members: Académie Royal des Sciences, Royal Society, Berlin Academy, Institute Bologna.

Member of the Académie (1694-1756)--Associate, 1699; Pensionnaire, 1712.

While on his travels with his father he met Newton, Flamsteed, and Halley and became a member of the Royal Society, c. 1698.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  Jacques Cassini.  https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cassini_Jacques.html

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/cassini2.html

Jacques Cassini was honored by naming asteroid (24102) Jacquescassini, which had been discovered by C.W. Juels at Fountain Hills observatory on November 9, 1999, and provisionally designated 1999 VD9.

César-François Cassini de Thury [Cassini III]

(1714-1784).  Franch astronomer, cartographer.  Son of Jacques Cassini and the grandson of Giovanni Domenico Cassini. Casar succeeded Jacques as director of the Paris observatory (1756); began topographical map of France (1744); specialized in geodesy (1748-1845).

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “César-François Cassini de Thury,”

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cassini_de_Thury.html

Cassini’s data supported the view that the Earth was flattened at the poles and he published his conclusions in 1744 in La méridienne de l’Observatoire royal de Paris véifiée dans toute l’étendue du royaume.  His life-long work was to survey France and produce an accurate map of the country. He began with a preliminary survey in 1740 when he reported that he had set up 400 triangles on eighteen accurately measured bases and would use these to produce his first map of France.

Cassini published Geometric description of the world (1775) and Geometric description of France (1783). When Cassini died of smallpox in 1784 only two of the 182 sheets of his map of France were still to be completed. The project was finished off by Cassini’s son Dominique Cassini who had been helping his father with the project for the previous ten years.

Taton gives this summary of Cassini’s achievements:

While he was a good geodesist and a talented cartographer, Cassini III was only a second-rate astronomer; and the name of this third representative of the Cassini dynasty at the Paris Observatory will remain associated with the first map of France produced according to modern principles.

Jean-Dominique Comte de Cassini [Cassini IV]

(1748-1845).  French astronomer.  Son of César-François Cassini de Thury, the grandson of Jacques Cassini and the great-grandson of Giovanni Domenico Cassini. Jean-Dominique Cassini succeeded his father as Director of the Paris Observatory (1784-93); completed Cesar’s map of France (published 1793); and created count by Napoleon.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Jean-Dominique Comte de Cassini,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cassini_Dominique.html

Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus

 (480/485/490-ca. 575/580/585). The Roman statesman and author Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator [surname, not rank] introduced the tradition of preserving and copying classical literature in Christian monasteries, and his writings provide information about the period of Ostrogothic rule of Italy.  He exerted great influence on the preservation of works of classical literature in Christian monasteries from the 6^th century through the Middle Ages.

James J. O’Donnell.  Cassiodorus webpage: http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/cassiodorus.html.

James J. O’Donnell. Cassiodorus: Table of Contents, http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/texts/cassbook/toc.html.  Online biography.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03405c.htm

Cassiodorus.  Variae. http://freespace.virgin.net/angus.graham/Cassiodorus.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Cassiodorus

http://8.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CA/CASSIODORUS.htm

Benedetto Castelli *** Not in Gale

(1577-1643).  Italian astronomery physicist, mathematician, specialist in hydraulics and optics, instrument inventor.  Catholic, a Benedictine.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/castelli.html:

Castelli suggested to Galileo the method of observing sunspots, really a device.  He apparently first suggested a device to measure rainfall.  Papal consultant on hydraulics, 1626. Castelli’s entire career was devoted primarily to this practical activity.

Connections: Knew Galileo very well. Taught Borelli, Cavalieri, and Toricelli.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03408d.htm:

His chief work is Della misura dell'acqua corrente (Rome, 1628; 3rd ed., 1660), translated into English by Salusbury (London, 1661), and into French by Saporta (1664), reprinted (Bologna, 1823) in Cardinali's collection d'autori italiani che trattano del moto dell'acqua. Another work is Risposta alle oppositioni del Sig. Lodvico, &c., contro al trattato del Sig. Galileo, Delle cose che stanno sopra acqua (Bologna, 1655). According to Poggendorf, the invention of the helioscope is ascribed to him.

http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/castelli.html

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/galileo/lettercastelli.html

http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11957/latest/

Alexis Caswell

Alexis Caswell (1799-1877), college president and scientist, was a twin son of Samuel and Polly (Seaver) Caswell.  His standing as a scientist is also shown by his election as Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1850, and by the government’s choice of him as one of fifty incorporators of the National Academy of Sciences in 1863. His most important publication was, perhaps, the account of his own meteorological observations at Providence, R. I., from December 1831 to May 1860, in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. XII (1860).

http://www.famousamericans.net/alexiscaswell/

Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, Past Presidents.  http://www.brown.edu/Administration/President/past/caswell.html

Walter Cochran Bronson. Dictionary of American Biography.  “[Caswell] was untroubled by the supposed conflict between science and religion; ‘the legitimate results of all true science, and all discovery,’ he wrote in 1841, ‘will be to fix the truths of Christianity upon a broader and deeper foundation.’”

Pietro Antonio Cataldi

(1548-1626).  Italian number theorist, algebraist, and astronomer.  Pietro Antonio Cataldi published 30 mathematical works in the course of his life. The most important of these treatises, published in 1613, delineated some of the earliest work on continued fractions, including its definition, common form, and symbolism using standard notation. Cataldi also used continued fractions to discover numerical square roots. Cataldi’s mathematical accomplishments were not limited to continued fractions: he published treatises concerning algebra, perfect numbers and arithmetic, and served as an editor of other mathematical books. An influential teacher as well as a mathematician, Cataldi taught at higher learning institutions in Perugia and Bologna for most of his career.

Author: Trattato del modo brevissimo di trouare la radice delli numeri, 1613.

From “Pietro Antonio Cataldi.” Notable Mathematicians. Gale Research, 1998.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cataldi.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Pietro Antonio Cataldi,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cataldi.html

David Catchpoole, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Plant physiologist. Writer and speaker for Answers in Genesis in Brisbane, Australia, and writer for Creation magazine. Dr. Catchpoole earned his B.Ag.Sc.(Hons) from the University of Adelaide, South Australia, and his Ph.D. from the University of New England, Australia. Catchpoole has worked as a plant physiologist and science educator (including six lectures a year at James Cook University), specializing in tropical agriculture and horticulture. Until his mid-20s, David was an ardent evolutionistic atheist, but a personal crisis while working in Indonesia brought him to embrace Christianity.

From http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/d_catchpoole.asp.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/events/bio.aspx?Speaker_ID=14

A scientist’s testimony: David Catchpoole. (Audio presentation.  Introduction begins about a minute-and-a-half into the audio.  Catchpoole begins speaking at three minutes.  Don Batten introduced at 36 minutes): http://www.answersingenesis.org/AnswersMedia/play.aspx?mediaID=010123_special09b

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/catchpoole-d.html

David Catchpoole.  “The Koran vs Genesis,”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v24/i2/koran.asp and http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/quran-genesis.html

Augustin Louis Cauchy

The French mathematician Augustin Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) provided the foundation for the modern period of rigor in analysis. He launched the theory of functions of a complex variable and was its authoritative pioneer developer.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Cauchy.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cauchy.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03457a.htm

http://www.fact-index.com/a/au/augustin_louis_cauchy.html

http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/Math/Cauchy.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Augustin%20Louis%20Cauchy

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Francesco Bonaventura Cavalieri

(1598-1647). Italian mathematician, geometer, theologian. At early age entered order of Jesuati; Professor at Bologna (1629). Originated the method of indivisibles, a precursor of integral calculus, which he published as Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota (1635) and by means of which was able to solve problems proposed by Kepler; improved method in Exercitationes geometricae sex (1647); also wrote on trigonometry, conics, etc.

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Cavalieri.html

Italian mathematician who was a student of Galileo. In 1635, he stated Cavalieri’s Principle, which states that if two solids have the same height, and if their cross sections taken parallel to and at equal distances from their bases are always equal, then the solids have the same volume. This was a stepping stone towards calculus.

Author: Directorium generale uranometricum, 1632; Geometria indivisibilbus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota, 1635; Ckompendio delle regole dei triangoli con le loro dimostrationi,1639; Centuria di varii problemi,1639; Nuova pratica astrologica,1639; Tavola prima logaritimica. Tavola seconda logaritimica. Annotationi nell’opera, e correttioni de gli errori piu notabili,(date unknown); Trigonometria plana, et sphaerica, linearis et logarithmica,1643; Tratato della ruoaato planetaria perpetua,1646; Exercitationes geometricae sex,1647.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10209b.htm

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cavalieri.html

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cavaleri.html

http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cavaleri.html

http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/biomerse.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Marin%20Mersenne

http://mathforum.org/library/view/3453.html

From A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598 - 1647), http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Cavalieri/RouseBall/RB_Cavalieri.html

CAVALIERI Bonaventura (1598-1647).  http://almez.pntic.mec.es/~agos0000/Cavalieri.html.  (in Spanish)

Edith Cavell

(1865-1915).   English nurse. First matron of Berkendael Institute in Brussels (1907), which became Red Cross hospital (1914); assisted about 200 English, French, and Belgian soldiers to escape to Dutch border (Nov.1914-July 1915); arrested by Germans, admitted her successful efforts; condemned to death by court-martial; shot along with a Belgian, Phillippe Baucq, who had furnished guides.

The Edith Cavell Website: http://www.edithcavell.org.uk/

Peter Clowes for Military History Magazine.  “Nurse Edith Cavell,” http://womenshistory.about.com/library/prm/bledithcavell1.htm

http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/docs/cavell.htm

http://www.nurses.info/personalities_edith_cavell.htm

Institut Médical Edith Cavell, Les cliniques Edith Cavell, de la Basilique et Lambermont, http://www.cavell.be/cavell/

Juan de Celaya  *** Not in Gale

(c. 1490-1558).  Scholastic philosopher.  Spaniard.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/celaya.html

Celaya stayed in Paris, teaching, until 1524. During these years he maintained a prolific output in logic and natural philosophy; his commentary on the Physics is especially important for its discussion of motion.

Celaya returned to Spain about 1524. He became the Rector and professor of theology at the University of Valencia. He appears to have stayed in that position until the end of his life.

Federico Cesi *** Not in Gale

(1585-1630).  Italian botanist, pharmacologist, specialist in scientific organization.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cesi.html:

Cesi will always be remembered primarily for his Accademia dei Lincei, which is often cited as the first modern scientific society.  He made the principal function of the Accademia the preparation of a precis of the Spanish physician, Francisco Hernandez’s Nova plantarum et mineralium mexicanorum historia (a work referred to under various titles, in one of which the word thesaurus is central) for publication. A preliminary version of this was published in 1628; the complete version appeared only in 1651, more than twenty years after Cesi’s death. It contained Cesi’s own Phytosophicae tabulae, a pioneer effort at a classification of plants.

Using a microscope (which he received from Galileo), Cesi discovered the spores of cryptogams.  The final table (of the Phytosophicae tabulae) concerned the medicinal uses of plants. Cesi was a leading simpler of the age, and his herb garden was known as one of the best in Italy.

Cesi organized the Accademia dei Lincei originally in 1603, although its significant years came later when he had long since passed beyond adolescence. The Accademia is remembered primarily because Cesi enrolled Galileo in it, and Galileo referred to himself in his major works as the Academician. In addition to Galileo’s Letters on Sunspots and Il Saggiatore, the Accademia published some minor works by Porta and others.

Giacinto Cestoni / Diacinto Cestoni *** Not in Gale

(1637-1718).  Italian natural historian, entomologist, microscopist, pharmacologist, zoologist, physician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cestoni.html

Cestoni was a natural historian devoted to detailed observation--e.g., of the metamorphic cycle of the flea. He was interested in the generation of insects. In connection with his observations in entomology, he discovered (or discovered in connection with the Livornese physician Bonono) the acarid etiology of mange. Cestoni used the microscope systematically. He did experimental work on pharmacology, and his observations in natural history included things like shell fish and chameleons.

The estimation of Cestoni seems to be constantly rising, and some historians are even touting him as the most important Italian scientist (perhaps they mean in the field of the life sciences) in Italy during his age.

Cestoni was in Rome in the service of a pharmacist, 1650-56; working for a pharmacist in Livorno, 1656-60.

He traveled partly outside of Italy much of this time, although he was back in Livorno with the pharmacist part of this time. For about four months he worked for a pharmacist in Geneva, 1660-66.  He settled as a pharmacist in Livorno where he spent the rest of his life.  Cestoni is called a skillful surgeon as well as a pharmacist, and the epigraph on his tomb called him a physician.

Ludolph van Ceulen *** Not in Gale

(1540-1610). Dutch mathematician. Professor of fortification at Leiden (1600-10); known for computations of the value of (sometimes known as Ludolph’s number), which he finally carried to 35 decimal places.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ceulen.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.   “Ludolph Van Ceulen,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Van_Ceulen.html

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Ludolph_van_Ceulen.html (in German)

Giovanni Ceva

(c. 1647-1734).  Italian geometer and engineer.  Giovanni Ceva was an authority on his era’s geometric problems with an vast interest in pure geometry. He proved theorems on transversals and developed what is now known as Ceva’s theorem, which concerns when lines from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides intersect at a common point. In Ceva’s most important work, De lineis rectis, he combined his background in mechanics and geometry to attack the problems of geometric systems. Ceva also demonstrated applications of geometry statics and wrote an early treatise on mathematical economics.

Author: De lineis rectris, 1678; Opuscula mathematica, 1682; Geometrica motus, 1692; De Re Numeraria, 1711.

Brother of Tomasso Ceva.

“Giovanni Ceva.” Notable Mathematicians. Gale Research, 1998.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ceva_gio.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Giovanni Ceva,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ceva_Giovanni.html

Alex Bogomolny.  “Cut The Knot!  An interactive column using Java applets,” http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Generalization/CevaPlus.shtml A Matter of Appreciation.  October 1999.  Any analysis of Ceva’s Theorem.

Tomasso Ceva *** Not in Gale

(1648-c. 1737).  Italian mathematician, natural philosopher.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ceva_tom.html

Ceva entered the Society of Jesus in 1663. He spent the whole of his adult life within the order.

At an early age he became professor of mathematics and rhetoric at Brera College in Milan (a Jesuit college), and he taught there for more than forty years.

Ceva’s Opuscula mathematica (1699), summarizing all of his mathematical work, dealt with gravity, arithmetic, geometric- harmonic means, the cyloid, division of angles, and higher order conic sections and curves.

Ceva’s contribution to mathematics was, however, modest.  His first scientific work, De natura gravium (1669), dealt with physical subjects--such as gravity and free fall--in a philosophical way.  However, he was later the author of Philosophia novo-antiqua (1704), which tried to yoke experimental philosophy to Scholasticism, anti-Copernicanism, and anti-Cartesianism. (Recall that he was a Jesuit.) Ramat calls the Philosophia one of the last efforts of Scholasticism against the new philosophy.  Ceva was a fairly important literary and theological figure, and much more into these fields than into science.

Ceva designed an instrument to divide a right angle into a specified number of equal parts.  He also prepared stage effects, such as artificial fire, for official pageants in the early 18th century.

Art Chadwick/ Arthur Vorce Chadwick, Ph.D.  *** Not in Gale

(Born 1943).  Molecular biologist.  Department Chair, Department of Biology and Department of Geology, Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas.  BA (Biology) LaSierra University, Ph.D. (Molecular Biology) University of Miami. 

Research interests: Taphonomy of late Cretaceous Dinosaur bone beds, Sedimentology of the Tapeats sandstone in the Grand Canyon, Methodology for mapping excavation sites using GIS, Global paleocurrent patterns.
Member: Geological Society of America, Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.

Faculty webpage, Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas, http://biology.swau.edu/faculty/bios/chadwick.html

Arthur V. Chadwick, Ph.D. “Abiogenic Origin of Life: A Theory in Crisis,”

http://origins.swau.edu/papers/life/chadwick/default.html

Art Chadwick, Ph.D. Southwestern Adventist University, Department of Biology. Personal webpage:

http://biology.swau.edu/faculty/personal.html

Eugene F. Chaffin *** Not in Gale

Physicist.  Dr. Chaffin is currently Professor of Physics at Bob Jones University (since 1999).  He has a B.S. (1970) and M.S. in Physics (1972) and a Ph.D. in Theoretical Nuclear Physics from Oklahoma State University (1974). Dr. Chaffin did post-doctoral studies at the Institute for Applied Nuclear Physics in Karlsruhe, Germany (1975-1976). This involved two years of research on the theory of nuclear fission. Dr. Chaffin taught Physics for four years at the Naval Nuclear Power School (1977-1981). He was responsible for training Naval personnel for duty operating and maintaining nuclear reactors on board U.S. Navy submarines and surface ships. Dr. Chaffin served on the faculty at Bluefield College, Virginia, 1981-1999.  He was the editor of the Creation Research Society Quarterly from 1993-1999, and is currently the physics editor.  His research interests include theoretical studies of possible variations in physical “constants,” and he is a member of the RATE (Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth) group, a group of six physicists and geologists who are committed to a young earth viewpoint and are seeking better models to explain radioisotope data and the age of the earth.

Natural Science Faculty webpage, Bob Jones University, http://www.bju.edu/academics/cas/science/faculty/index

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/chaffin-ef.html

Thomas Chalmers

The Scottish church reformer and theologian Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847) was a central figure in the 1843 secession of the Free Church from the Presbyterian Establishment. Chalmers attempted to broaden evangelicalism by reconciling its zeal with secular ethics, science, and philosophy and with concern for social and economic issues.

Thomas Chalmers,1780-1847. Discourses on the Christian revelation, viewed in connection with the modern astronomy. To which are added, Discourses illustrative of the connection between theology & general science. By Thomas Chalmers. New York, R. Carter & brothers, 1855

Thomas Chalmers: Biography.  http://www.newble.co.uk/chalmers/biography2.html

William Ralph Champion

(Born February 17, 1938).  Computer science educator.  Education:  Programming instructor, Academy Computer Technology, Houston, 1969-70, Coastal Carolina Community College, Jacksonville, N.C., 1970-73; business programmer Belo Corp., Dallas, 1973-74; Senior instructor Texas Institute Dallas, 1974-80; Associate Professor computer science DeVry Institute Technology, Irving, Texas, 1980; Adjunct teacher Tarrant County Community College, Hurst, Texas, 1982-84; pascal tutoring, Dallas, 1980-81. Education: A.B., University of Alabama, 1960.

Member Data Processing Management Association, Association Systems Management. Baptist.

Honor: Recipient Teaching Excellence award Delta Chi, 1983.

Author: Pascal for Business, 1984, Data Structures (turbo Pascal), 1986, C Primer, 1987.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Walter Charleton *** Not in Gale

(1619-1707) Physician.  Natural philosopher and historian, physiologist, anatomist.  President of the Royal College of Physicians.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/charlton.html:

Charleton’s most important work was in general natural philosophy. He entered the world of learning as a disciple of van Helmont (Spiritus gongonicus, a Helmontian theory of the formation of stones in the human body, and A Ternary of Paradoxes, mostly a translation from Helmont, both in 1650. Then three works in the atomist tradition: The Darkness of Atheism, 1652; Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charletoniana, 1654; The Immortality of the Human Soul [sic], 1657; The Natural History of Nutrition, Life and Voluntary Motion, 1659, was one of the first books in English on physiology; Onomasticon zoicon, 1668, was a work more or less in taxonomy.  He also published some anatomical lectures and Onomasticon contained anatomies of two animals that he had dissected.

Member: Royal Society, 1660-1707.  Royal College of Physicians, 1650-1707; President, 1689-91. Charleton was a Candidate in 1650, an Honorary Fellow in 1664 (a status that allowed him to pay dues and to practice), and ordinary Fellow in 1676.

Walter Charleton.  Walter Charleton: Immortality of the Human Soul (1657)

http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/charleton.html

Nai Y. Chen

(1926).  Born in China, Nai Y. Chen is a chemist, chemical engineer, researcher, technical consultant and energy conservation advocate. He received his B.Sc. degree in chemistry from the University of Shanghai, China in 1947, his M.S. degree in chemical engineering from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in 1954, and his Sc.D. in chemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959. His career, retrospectively, includes the following posts: Senior scientist, Research advisor, Mobil R&D Corp., Princeton, N.J., 1986; Senior scientist, Manager, Mobil R&D Corp., Princeton, N.J., 1980-86; Senior scientist, acting Manager, Mobil R&D Corp., Princeton, N.J., 1979-80; Senior scientist, Mobil R&D Corp., Princeton, N.J., 1960-79; Research Assistant, MIT, Cambridge, 1954-60; Research Assistant, Louisiana State University, 1952-54; Deputy section head, Taiwan Sugar Corp., 1947-52.
He retired in 1994 after almost 34 years as a scientist with Mobil Research & Development Corp. He is credited with the first commercial catalytic process using a natural zeolite. His discovery of the unique properties of ZSM-5 in the late 1960s helped to pioneer shape-selective catalysis. He is the author and co-author of 10 books, including Shape Selective Catalysis in Industrial Application, 1989;  and numerous articles.  He holds more than 126 U.S. patents in catalysis and petroleum, refining and petrochemicals.

Member: Member NAE (life), American Institute Chemical Engineers, N.American Catalysis Society (annual award Philadelphia club 1985, annual award N.Y. club 1991), Chinese American Chemical Society (Board of Directors 1991), Sigma Xi.  Baptist.

Honors: He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1990. Recipient Achievement award Chinese Institute of Engineers, 1990; inducted into Engineering Hall of Distinction, Louisiana State University, 1983.

Nai Y. Chen.  “An environmentally friendly oil industry,” http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/cinnov/31/i04/html/04n_chen.html

Thomas F., Jr Degnan, Nai Y. Chen.  Handbook of Experimental Catalysis, March, 2004.

George Cheyne *** Not in Gale

(c. 1673-1743).  English physician, mathematician, natural philosopher.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cheyne.html

Cheyne’s first book was A New Theory of Fevers, 1701; in the tradition of iatromechanics.  In 1703 Fluxionum methodus inversa, a pedestrian work on the calculus; he did not further pursue mathematics.  Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion, 1705, and in 1715 the other half as it were, Philosophical Principles of Revealed Religion. Both of these drew heavily on Newtonian natural philosophy. All of his later medical books contained discussions of natural philosophy, a mechanistic philosophy influenced by Newtonian concepts of force, and in his old age with a vitalistic principle added.

In his years in Bath Cheyne became one of England’s most widely read medical writers, propounding a life of pious moderation (in contrast to his own early behavior, which left him weighing about 450 pounds.)

During his first years in London Cheyne supported himself as a tutor (in mathematics) to William Ker, the younger brother of the Duke of Roxburgh.  Medical pactice, 1702-43, initally in London, after 1720 in Bath. Cheyne had many eminent patients, including Samuel Richardson, Alexander Pope, John Wesley, Samuel Johnson, David Hume, and members of the squirarchy and aristocracy such as Richard Tennison, Sir Joseph Jekyll, and the Countess of Huntingdon.

Membership: Royal Society, Fellow in 1702.  Informal Connections: At least a peripheral member of a prominent circle of medical and scientific writers that included David Gregory, Edmund Halley, Richard Mead and John Arbuthnot.  Friendship with Samuel Richardson.  Correspondence with the Countess of Huntingdon.

Joshua Childrey *** Not in Gale

(1623-1670).  Natural historian from England.  Meteorologist.  Instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/childrey.html

Childrey’s first books were on astrology: Imago astrologica, 1652, and Syzygiasticon instauratum, 1653.

In attempting to elaborate an experimental astrology, he confirmed an old idea that there was a 35 year cycle in the weather. He made numberous observations on the weather and the tides.  His most important book was Britannia baconia, 1660, in natural history.  Childrey made and improved telescopes.

K. K. Chin

Speech recognition specialist.  Born in Ipoh, Malaysia.  Currently reading for MPhil. in Computer Speech and Language Processing in Department of Engineering Machine Intelligence Laboratory (Formerly Speech, Vision and Robotics Group) at Darwin College at the University of Cambridge. Earned bachelor degree in Computer System Engineering at the Department of Computer Science of University of Warwick. Final year project: Speech Recognition Using Neural Network (Develop a speech recognition tools under Unix and X-window environment).

Member: AISDEL, the Artificial Intelligence System Development Laboratory.

Employed by SIRIM, the Standard and Industry Research Insitute of Malaysia.

Thesis, “MPhil. in Computer Speech and Language Processing. Cambridge University Engineering Department,” http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~kkc21/thesis_main/thesis_main.html

K. K. Chin’s Home Page. http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~kkc21/

Detail about K. K. Chin.  http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~kkc21/detail.html.  “I am a Christian. I beleive in Jesus’ redemption work on the cross and salvation through faith by the grace of God.”
Unknown. “The transformation of an atheist,” http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~kkc21/atheist.html.  Testimony. “Many of my questions stumped my Christian friends. When they could not give me answers, they brought me to see people who could or lent me books on the subject. It took several years of soul-searching, intellectual struggle and serious study of the Bible, but finally I was able to overcome the many seemingly insurmountable hurdles that stood in the way of faith. From a staunch atheist, I was transformed into a believer willing to give my life for God’s service. Looking back, I could see that the breakthrough had to be both intellectual and emotional.”

Donald Ernest Chittick, Ph.D.

(Born 1932).  Physical chemist. Consultant. Director of research and development, Alpha Tech, Inc., Newberg, Oregon, 1982 – present.  Instructor to Associated Professor, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, 1958-68; Assistant Professor, 1959-65, Associate Professor of chemistry, 1965-68; Professor of chemistry, George Fox College, Newberg, Oregon, 1968-79; chairman of department of science and mathematics, George Fox College, 1974-79; Director research and Development, Pyrenco Inc., Prossor, Washington, 1979-82; Consultant, Chittick and Assocs., Newberg, 1982.  BS, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, 1954; Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1960. He also holds patents on alternate fuels and in ‘programmed instruction.’ He has traveled and lectured in many countries. He and his family also run a ministry entitled ‘Creation Compass.’

Donald Chittick told Contemporary Authors: “I am an inventor and hold patents in the area of biomass gasification and programmed instruction. My present work is involved with research and development work in converting waste materials into useable fuels and energy. I have developed one of the world’s smallest conversion devices for changing agricultural wastes into gaseous fuel suitable for running small engines to generate electricity or pump water.”

Member: American Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Creation Research Society, New York Academy of Sciences.

Author: The Controversy: Roots of the Creation-Evolution Conflict, 1985, The Puzzle of Ancient Man, 1997.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/d_chittick.asp

Carl Wieland, AiG–Australia, “Interview with Physical Chemist, Dr. Don Chittick, Ph.D.” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/1157.asp.  First published in
Creation Ex Nihilo 15(4):46–48, September–November 1993.

Biography, http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/d_chittick.asp?vPrint=1

Creation Compass.  http://sites.onlinemac.com/creationcompass/home.htm

David K. Y. Chiu *** Not in Gale
Biocomputing specialist.  Professor in the Department of Computing and Information Science and a Graduate Faculty in the Biophysics Interdepartmental Group in the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Before joining the University of Guelph, he has done consulting work with NCR Canada Ltd. and VIRTEC Vision, Intelligence, Robotics Technology Canada Ltd. on unconstrained character recognition.

He is associated with the PAMI Laboratory and an adjunct Professor in Systems Design Engineering in the University of Waterloo. He was a recipient of the Science and Technology Agency (STA) Fellowship of Japan and a visiting researcher to Electrotechnical Laboratory (currently National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) in 1992. He was awarded the United Nation Development Program (UNDP) Fund to give lectures in Beijing and Guangzhou in 1992. He was a visiting Professor to University of Montreal in 1995, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 1999, University of Sao Paulo in 2001 and Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 2002.  David K. Y. Chiu received the B.A. from the University of Waterloo, Canada, BSc from University of Guelph, M.Sc. degree in Computing and Information Science from Queen’s University and the Ph.D. degree in Systems Design Engineering from the University of Waterloo in Canada.

He has been involved in the program committees of AI’2003, FLAIRS Uncertain Reasoning Track, 2002, 2003, International Conference on Computing & Information, International Conference on Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition and Image Processing (CVPRIP’2002), International Conference on Computational Biology and Genome Informatics (CBGI’2000, CBGI’2001), global technical committee of Third International DCDCIS Conference of Engineering Applications and Computer Algorithms (DCDIS’2003). He will be chairing CBGI in 2003. He was one of the keynote speakers of InBio Brazilian Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Bioinformatics in 2001.

In addition, he has served as reviewer to international journals of Pattern Recognition, Pattern Recognition Letters, International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, Asia-Pacific Engineering Journal, Computer Applications to the Biosciences (currently the Bioinformatics Journal), IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Journal of Information Science and International Conference on Neural Information Processing. Recently, he participates in the reviewing of a special issue on bioinformatics in Information Sciences Journal. He is a member of the International Advisory Board of Knowledge Engineering & Discovery Research Institute at the Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand. He has involved as a member of the editorial board of Journal of Korean Data and Information Science Society, and the international editorial advisory board of The Journal of Information and Communication Technology in Africa.

His research interests are in the general area of pattern analysis (including neural networks), knowledge discovery and their applications to image analysis, spatial and image databases, medical diagnosis and bioinformatics.

Publications, http://www.cis.uoguelph.ca/~dchiu/publications.html

Faculty webpage, Pattern Learning Research Group.  http://www.cis.uoguelph.ca/~dchiu/contact.html

Pattern Learning Research Group.  http://www.cis.uoguelph.ca/~dchiu/

Alfred Yi Cho

(Born in China 1937, naturalized U.S. citizen 1962).  Electrical engineer. Award-winning specialist in microwave and optoelectronics, he contributed significantly to the fields of electronics and quantum physics through his work in the development of molecular beam epitaxy. 75 patents related to crystal growth and electronic and photonic devices.

Research Assistant, University Illinois, Urbana, 1965-1968; Fellow, Bell Labs., Lucent Techs. (formerly AT&T Bell Labs.), 1992; semicondr. Research lab. v.p. Bell Labs., Lucent Techs. (formerly AT&T Bell Labs.), Murray Hill, 1990-2002; Director Materials Processing Research Laboratory, AT&T Bell Labs., Murray Hill, 1987-1990; dept. head, Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ, 1984-1987; Member tech. staff, Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ, 1968-1984; Member tech. staff, TRW-Space Tech. Labs., Redondo Beach, California, 1962-1965; Research physicist, Ion Physics Corp., Burlington, Mass., 1961-1962.  Education: BSEE, University of Illinois, 1960; MS, University of Illinois, 1961; Ph.D., University Illinois, 1968; D, University of Illinois, 1999; DSc, City University of Hong Kong, 2000; DSc, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2001.

Member: Fellow: IEEE (Morris N. Liebman award 1982, IEEE Medal of Honor 1994, Third Millennium medal 2000), American Physics Society (International prize for new materials 1982); member: Third World Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Art and Sciences, American Philos. Society, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Academia Sinica (Taiwan), Materials Research Society (Von Hippel award 1994), Electrochemical Society (electronic division award 1977, Solid State Science and Technology medal 1987), American Vacuum Society (Gaede-Langmuir award 1988), Sigma Tau, Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi.

Honors: Named to, N.J. Inventors Hall of Fame, 1997; recipient Electrical. and Computer Engineering Distinguished Alumnus award, University of Illinois, 1985, Distinguished Achievement award, Chinese Institute Engineers, USA, 1985, International Gallium Arsenide Symposium award, 1986, Heinrich Welker Gold medal, 1986, The College Engineering Alumni Honor award, University of Illinois, 1988, World Materials Congress award, ASM International, 1988, Achievement award, Industrial Research Institute, Inc., 1988, Thomas Alva Edison Science award, N.J. Governor, 1990, International Crystal Growth award, American Association for Crystal Growth, 1990, Asian American Corp. Achievement award, 1992, Chinese American Engineers and Scientists Association Southern Achievement award, 1993, National Medal of Science, NSF, 1993, Elliott Cresson medal, The Franklin Institute, 1995, Computer and Communications prize, Japan, 1995, W.E. Lamb medal for laser science and quantum optics, 2000.

Author: Progress in Solid State Chemistry. Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Volume 10, edited by G. Somorjai and J. McCaldin. Pergamon, 1975, p. 157; Technology of Physics of Molecular Beam Epitaxy. Molecular Beam Epitaxy, edited by H. C. Parker and M. B. Dowsett. Plenum, New York, 1985.

Contributor of over 590 articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Bell, T.E.  “Alfred Yi Cho [biography],” Spectrum, IEEE, Volume: 31, Issue: 10, Oct. 1994,
Page(s): 70-73.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/6/7769/00328644.pdf?isNumber=7769&prod=JNL&arnumber=328644&arSt=70&ared=73&arAuthor=Bell%2C+T.E.

Doo-Sup Choi

(Born University of California, San Francisco, 1997-98; Research Associate, Cheil Foods & Chems., Seoul, 1991-92.  Education: B.S. in Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 1988; M.S. in Biochemistry / Molecular Biology (PI, Yu Sam Kim), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Thesis: Cloning of a Gene Encoding a Subunit of Malonyl-CoA Synthetase in Pseudomonas Fluorescens., 1990; Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology (PI, Luc Maroteaux; Director, Pierre Chambon), CNRS / Inserm (IGBMC), Université L. Pasteur, Strasbourg, France. Thesis: Physiological Role of the Serotonin 5-HT2B Receptors., 1997.

Member: Fellow: Center of International des Etudiants et Stagiares; Member: International Behavioral & Neural Genetics Society, Society for Neuroscience, Serotonin Club, Alcohol and Drug Advisory Board in Marin County.
Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

http://bric.postech.ac.kr/biotrend/scientist/scientist_detail.php?nNum=824&nSID=3699

Clement Kin-Man Choy

(Born 1947).  Research scientist. Research Fellow, Clorox Technical Center, Clorox Services Co., Pleasanton, California, 1997; Research Associate, Clorox Technical Center, 1994-97; Technical Manager Asia Pacific region, Clorox International Co., Hong Kong, 1993-94; Senior Research Associate, Clorox, Pleasanton, California, 1989-93; project leader, Clorox, Pleasanton, California, 1982-89; Senior scientist, Clorox, Pleasanton, California, 1981-82; scientist, Clorox, Pleasanton, California, 1980-81; Technical staff, Procter and Gamble, Cincinatti, OH, 1976-80; Assistant Director, General MedicalLabs, Warrensville, Ohio, 1974-76; technician, University Hospitals, Cleveland, 1974-76.Education: diploma, Hong Kong Baptist College, 1970; MS, Cleveland State University, 1972; Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University, 1976.

Member: American Chemical Society, American Society Oil Chemists (member-at-large, surfactant division, Executive Board 2001), American Association Clinical Chemists, Consumer Specialty  Products Association (chair science committee 1998-present, Executive Board cleaning products division 1999).

Sir Robert Christison *** Not in Gale

(1797-1882).  Scottish toxicologist and physician.  His fame as a toxicologist and medical jurist, together with his work on the pathology of the kidneys and on fevers, secured him a large private practice, and he succeeded to a fair share of the honors that commonly attend the successful physician, being appointed physician to Queen Victoria in 1848 and receiving a baronetcy in 1871. Among the books which he published were a treatise on Granular Degeneration of the Kidneys (1839), and a Commentary on the Pharmacopoeias of Great Britain (1842).

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CH/CHRISTISON_SIR_ROBERT.htm

http://epona.lib.ed.ac.uk:1821/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1388.html

Jacob Christmann *** Not in Gale

(1554-1613).  Cerman astronomer, mathematician.  Instrument-maker.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/chrstman.html

Christmann developed an instrument which involved a telescope to take the altitude of stars.

Appointed professor of Hebrew at Heidelberg,18 June 1584; From 1591 on taught Aristotelian logic.

1602, made rector of university.  In 1608, Frederick IV appointed him professor of Arabic.

Pak Lim Chu, BE (Hons.), ME, Ph.D. (UNSW) FTSE, FOSA, FIEAust

(Born 1940).  Electrical engineer.  Emeritus Professor, University of New South Wales Engineering, Professor (Chair) of Electronic Engineering, Director of Optoelectronics Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong.  Professor Pak L. Chu was born in China and received his high school education in Hong Kong. He received the degrees, B.E.(1963, Hons.), ME (1967) and Ph.D. (1971) from the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
After graduation, he spent a year with AWA Pty. Ltd in Sydney working on microwave antenna research and development. A year later he returned to the School of Electrical Engineering, University of New South Wales, as a tutor and then moved up the rank through Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor and finally Professor and Head of the Optical Communications Group. He resigned from the university and took the position as the Director of Optoelectronics Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong. His research interests are in optical communication, optical fibre technology, optical waveguide technology, electromagnetic theory, plasma oscillations, and wave propagation in nonlinear media. He has published more than 370 papers in journals and conferences in these areas.
He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, a Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA), a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers Australia, Institute Radio and Electronics Engineers Australia, and the Australian Optical Society.
He was a consultant to various organizations in Australia such as Thomson-Marconi-Sonars Pty Ltd, Siemens Ltd, Defence Department of Australia, Telecom Research Laboratories Australia, Law firms etc.

Faculty webpage, City University of Hong Kong, http://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityu/about/professors/fse-ee-pak_lim_chu.htm

Researcher profile.  http://roweb2.cityu.edu.hk/rr0203/profile/2014F.htm

Optoelectronics Research Centre (RCO), http://www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/~optoelec/

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

John Michael Cimbala *** Not in Gale

(Born 1957).  Mechanical Engineer.  Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. John M. Cimbala received his B.S. degree in Aerospace Engineering in 1979 from The Pennsylvania State University. From there he went to The California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he obtained his M.S. degree in 1980 and his Ph.D. degree in 1984, both in Aeronautics, and both under the direction of Professor Anatol Roshko. His Ph.D. thesis was entitled, “Large Structure in the Far Wakes of Two-Dimensional Bluff Bodies.”  In July of 1984, Dr. Cimbala returned to Penn State as Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering. In July of 1990, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and was granted tenure. In July of 1997, he was promoted to Professor of Mechanical Engineering. During the academic year 1993-94, Professor Cimbala took a sabbatical leave from the University, and worked at NASA Langley Research Center, where he advanced his knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and turbulence modeling.

Honors: Recipient of the George W. Atherton Award for Excellence in Teaching, Pennsylvania State University, 1997.

Home Page for Professor John M. Cimbala of the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering of The Pennsylvania State University.  http://www.me.psu.edu/cimbala/ or http://www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala/

Professional Information about John M. Cimbala, http://www.me.psu.edu/cimbala/

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/cimbala-j.html

Personal Information about John M. Cimbala, http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jmc6/.

John Cimbala is a Christian, and has written a short testimony about how and why he became a Christian. He also has put together a List of useful Christian web sites. He is active in his local church, and is currently President of the Penn State Christian Faculty/Staff Fellowship . He also recently served on the Board of Directors of Mt. Nittany Christian School in State College, Pennsylvania, and created the school’s web site. John Cimbala has given lectures at several churches and to several campus and youth ministries on topics related to the Bible and science, particularly the creation/evolution controversy .

John M. Cimbala, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, My Christian Testimony http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jmc6/testimony.html.  “In this article, I briefly discuss how I became a Christian, and why I believe that the Bible is the inspired word of God.”

John M. Cimbala.  “Does the Second Law of Thermodynamics Prove the Existence of God?” http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jmc6/second_law.html

John M. Cimbala.  Penn State Christian Faculty/Staff Fellowship Speakers Directory, “The ABCs of Creation/Evolution,” http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jmc6/CFSF/Speakers.dir/Cimbala/abc.html

John Cimbala, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering, Penn State University, “The Real Issue: A  ‘Closet Christian’ Steps Out,” http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9601/cimbala.html.  A Christian professor explains how he was motivated to begin sharing his faith with students and colleagues.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

York H. Clamann

(Born

Member: Fellow International Planetarium Society; AAAS, Science Teachers Association Texas, PTA.  Citizens advisory board Abilene Jr. League, 1979; regional Director CPR, American Heart. Association, 1990-96; Director Holy Family Sabbath Choir, 1994; precinct election judge Taylor County, Abilene, 1988. Served in U.S. Army, 1968-71.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Mark T. Clark / Mark Thomas Clark

(Born 1955).  Political scientist.  Defense policy analyst.  Professor and Chair, Political Science Department, and Director, National Security Studies Program California State University, San Bernardino, CA.  Mark T. Clark was appointed to the position at Cal State beginning in the fall 1990 term. Clark is an Adjunct Fellow at the Claremont Institute for the Study of Statesmanship and Political Philosophy, has served as a consultant to TRW and the U.S. government on National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, has been a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, and served in the U.S. Marine Corps, 1973-1977. Christian apologist, Reasons to Believe, Glendora, California, 1991 to present.  B.A.; History, Classical Civilizations, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, June 1984. M.A.; School of International Relations, University of Southern California, December 1986; Ph.D.: School of International Relations, University of Southern California, May 1989. Dissertation: “The Soviet Political Campaign Against the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative.”

Member: Committee on Present Danger, Security and Intelligence Foundation, Air Force Association, Phi Alpha Theta.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Curriculum vita: http://dcr.csusb.edu/nss/pages/mclark.html

Mark T Clark and Kathy Ross. “What is Apologetics?” http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/whatisap.shtml?main

Mark T. Clark.  “The Paradox of War and Pacifism,” http://www.leaderu.com/socialsciences/clark.html. From Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 47, (December 1995): 220-232.

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.  “Although interpretations of data and theology may differ, the facts of reality – natural and even political reality – and the words of the Bible never do.  The reason is simple.  Since the one and only God who created the universe (the creation of which science has been confirming since Einstein)) also gave us the words of the Bible, and cannot lie, then it follows that both the facts of nature and the words of the Bible must fit together.  The difficulty arises with interpretations of one or the other or both.”

Reginald Wayne Clark

(Born 1938).  Physicist. Office, Foodco Corporation, San Diego, CA. Previous posts: Served to 1^st Lieutenant USAF, 1962-65.  Research scientist University of Texas-Cornell University, 1972; staff member Los Alamos Science Laboratory, New Mexico, 1973; Senior Experimental physicist Maxwell Labs., Inc., San Diego, 1973-78; Manager radiation physics dept., 1978-84; v.p., research and engineering Lucidyne, Inc., San Diego, 1983-84, v.p., General Manager, 1984.  Education: B.S., University of Texas at Austin, 1962; M.S., 1968, Ph.D., 1971.

Member: American Physics Society, N.Y. Academy of Science, Phi Eta Sigma, Eta Kappa Nu. Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Robert E. D. Clark / Robert Edward David Clark

(1906-1984). Instructor and researcher at Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, 1928-39, Gordonstown School, Scotland, 1939-40, and Bournemouth School, 1940-45; Paternoster Press, scientific editor, 1945-48; Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, Cambridge, England, Lecturer in chemistry, 1948-71. Education: Attended St. Lawrence College, Kent, England; St. John's College, Cambridge University, B.A., 1928, M.A., Ph.D., 1932.

ASA Book Reviews, http://www.asa3.org/ASA/BookReviews1949-1989/6-69.html#Clark

Author: Conscious and Unconscious Sin, Williams & Norgate, 1934; The Universe and God, Hodder & Stoughton, 1939; (With B. C. Saunders) Order and Chaos in the World of Atoms, English Universities Press, 1942, reprinted as Atoms and Molecules Simply Explained, Dover, 1964; Scientific Rationalism and Christian Faith, Tyndale Press, 1945; Creation, Tyndale Press, 1946; The Atomic Bomb: What of the Future?, Paternoster, 1947; The Universe: Plan or Accident?, Paternoster, 1949, 3rd edition, Muhlenberg Press, 1961; Darwin: Before and After, Paternoster Press, 1950, new edition, 1958, reprinted, Folcroft, 1977; Christian Belief and Science: A Reconciliation and a Partnership, English Universities Press, 1960; (Contributor) W. C. Johnson, editor, Organic Reagents for Metals, Volume II, Hopkin & Williams, 1964; Semi-Micro Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Pergamon, 1965; The Christian Stake in Science, Paternoster, 1967; (Contributor) R. H. Vee, editor, Creation: Nature's Designs and Designer, Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1971; Science and Christianity: A Partnership, Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1972; Does the Bible Teach Pacifism?, Fellowship of Reconciliation, 1976; God Beyond Nature, Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1978.

Contributor to The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church, Zondervan, 1974. Editor, Science and Religion, 1948-50 and Faith and Thought: Journal of the Victoria Institute of Philosophical Society of Great Britain, 1971-1984; former editor, Transactions of Victoria Institute.

Robert E. D. Clark wrote Contemporary Authors: “I am motivated entirely by my Christian faith. When young I was very backward (a serious illness, frequent moving, World War I bombing and shelling, a school fire). At 11 or 12 I could see little point in learning to read, since grown-ups read such rubbish. Then, word by word, sentence by sentence, I struggled through the Bible: I found it thrilling and motivating. Academically I soon shot to the top. Science fascinated me. Chemistry, because it made manipulation of unseen atoms possible, as in Christianity, you live in a world of faith as if seeing the invisible. The properties of atoms were so obviously planned to make life on a planet possible. In physics the entropy law pointed backwards to a beginning, a creation by a thoughtful Creator. In biology it seemed obvious enough (and still is to me) that Darwin did not kill the design argument.

“Now, more than half a century later, I see no reason to change these youthful views. Indeed, new discoveries have confirmed them repeatedly. Science, as I see it, is a precious gift of God; its abuse a hideous crime which is causing some to reject the gift.

“Of the many writers who have influenced me I owe the most to Robert Govett (1813-1901), an Oxford don and, later, a non-conformist minister. Though not a scientist, his superb reasoning, utter honesty, unconventionality and research-mindedness in interpreting the Bible made science come easily to me. Even today, despite his enormous output, few theologians have heard of him and large libraries have only a fraction of his writings--fortunately for me my dear mother collected and treasured his books. Without them, would I have felt that the Bible made sense? Would I ever have passed a single examination? I do not know.

“In World War I the death roll of university men had been appalling. Good teachers were not available. I can think of no one on our mediocre school staff who whetted my appetite for learning--an appetite that is still insatiable. It was nurtured in my Christian faith.”

William Fairlie Clarke, FRCS *** Not in Gale

(1833-1884).   English Assistant-Surgeon to Charing Cross Hospital.  Author: Manual of the Practice of Surgery.  Affiliated with Medical Missionary Association.

Ben Clausen / Benjamin L. Clausen *** Not in Gale

Nuclear Physicist.  Geophysicist. Research scientist, Geoscience Research Institute, Loma Linda, CA.  Adjunct Professor, Department of Natural Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA and Department of Physics, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA.  Previously Research Associate (post-doctoral position), 1987-1989, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Research Assistant, 1984-1987, Nuclear Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; Contract teacher for physics/mathematics, 1981-1983, Physics & Mathematics Departments, Loma Linda University, Riverside, CA; High school math and science teacher, 1978-1980,  Sandia View Academy, Corrales, NM; Volunteer high school math and science teacher, 1974-1975, Solusi College, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Africa; Technical Assistant for seismic data processing, 1974,  Amoco Oil Company, Houston, TX.

Education: University of Colorado, Boulder, CO — Ph.D., Nuclear Physics — 1987,Thesis: Pion Scattering to 8- Stretched States in 60Ni - [Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory thesis LA-11213-T (March 1988)]; Loma Linda University, Riverside, CA — MS, Geology — 1983, Thesis: Stratigraphy and Structure of the Miocene “Esmeralda” Formation in Stewart Valley, Mineral County, Nevada; Union College, Lincoln, NE — BA, Math/Physics — 1978.

Faculty Travel Grant, Associated Western Universities (USDOE), 1990; University Fellowship, University of Colorado, 1983; Research Grant, Geoscience Research Institute, 1982; President’s Award, Loma Linda University, 1982; Research Grant, Geological Society of America, 1981; University Fellowship, Loma Linda University, 1980

Member: American Geophysical Union, 1982 - present; American Physical Society, 1983 - present;  Geological Society of America, 2002 - present.

Webpage: http://www.grisda.org/bclausen/pers.htm

“BEN CLAUSEN, Professional Information,” http://www.grisda.org/bclausen/Professorhtm

“BEN CLAUSEN - Home Page,” http://www.grisda.org/bclausen/index.html

Ben Clausen. “CHRISTIANITY AIDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE,” http://www.grisda.org/bclausen/papers/aid.htm or http://www.rae.org/develsci.html

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/clausen-b.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Debbie Clausen / Debra Clausen, RN, MSN, FNP-C *** Not in Gale

Wife of Ben Clausen:  “She grew up in Texas, is a registered nurse, spent a year working at a hospital in Zambia, enjoyed a summer as Girl Scout camp nurse in the Colorado Rockies, finished a nurse practitioner masters degree at Azusa Pacific University, and is currently working as Director of the Diabetes Treatment Center at Loma Linda University Medical Center.”

From “BEN CLAUSEN, Professional Information,” http://www.grisda.org/bclausen/Professorhtm

Christopher Clavius, S.J. / Christoph Clavius

(1537-1612). Bavarian astronomer and mathematician. Entered Jesuit order (1555); Professor, Collegio Romano (1565-1612); contributed to algebraic notation; developed proposal adopted (1582) as Gregorian calendar reform. Author of extended commentary on Euclid’s Elements (1574), Algebra (1608), etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/clavius.html

“Christopher Clavius, S. J. and his Gregorian Calendar,” http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/clavius.htm

Gerald Bryan Cleaver

(Born 1963). Physicist, researcher.  Assistant Professor of Physics, Baylor University, 2001.  Visiting Assistant Professor, Texas A&M University, 2000-2001; postdoctoral researcher, Texas A&M University, 1998-2000; postdoctoral researcher, University Pennsylvania, 1996-98; postdoctoral researcher, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1993-96. Dr. Cleaver earned his M.S. in Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1988; B.S.in Mathematics, Valparaiso University,1985; B.S. Physics, Valparaiso University, 1985; Ph.D. in Physics at California Institute of Technology (1993) and three post-doctoral fellowships. His area of expertise is string theory within the larger field of cosmology, the study of the structure and dynamics of the universe.

Member: Fellow Mensa Society, Prometheus Society; International Society for Philophican Enquiry, American Physics Society, Mathematics Association of America, American Association of Physics Teachers, American Science Affiliation, Triple-9 Society, Alpha Phi Omega, Sigma Pi Sigma.

Contributor articles to professional journals.

Faculty webpage, Baylor University Department of Physics:  http://www.baylor.edu/character/index.php?id=13055

Faculty webpage, http://www.baylor.edu/physics/index.php?id=10276

Home page: http://www3.baylor.edu/~Gerald_Cleaver/Page_1x.html

Curriculum vitae: http://www3.baylor.edu/~Gerald_Cleaver/res/Page_1x.htm

Dr. Henry H. Cobb, III *** Not in Gale

Pharmacy Practicioner.  Associate Clinical Professor, University of Georgia, Athens.  M.S., University of Georgia. “My job is rewarding, exciting, varied and involves teaching portions of courses in each year of the curriculum. These courses include: pathophysiology (lung and colon cancer and the diseases of the eye) in the first year, in the second year disease management and the accompanying pharmacy practice laboratories, in the third year the OTC course (cough, colds, asthma, the eye and ear) and pharmacokinetics (non-linear), and in the fourth year hospital pharmacy rotations.”
Member: Alpha Iota

Rx Profile: Henry H. Cobb, III, Associate Clinical Professor, http://www.rx.uga.edu/main/home/quarterly/fall03/rx_profile.html. Interview: What three words that describe you? “Joyful Christian, humble grandfather, thankful husband!”

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft / John D. Cockcroft

(1897-1967). British physicist. Professor, Cambridge (1939-46); Director of Great Britain’s Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell(1946-58); president, Manchester College of Science and Technology (1961-67). With Ernest T.S. Walton developed Cockcroft-Walton high-voltage generator for use as particle accelerator (1932); used it to split lithium and other atoms; with Walton awarded Nobel prize for physics (1951). Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, fellow of St. John's College, 1928-46, Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy, 1939-46; British Ministry of Supply, chief superintendent of Air Defence, Research and Development Establishment, 1941-44; National Research Council of Canada, director of Atomic Energy Division in Montreal, Quebec, 1944-45, director of Chalk River Laboratory in Chalk River, Ontario, 1945-46; British Ministry of Supply, director of Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, 1946-58; United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, member for scientific research, 1954-59, part-time member, 1959-67; Cambridge University, master of Churchill College, 1959-67. Member of scientific advisory committee, British Broadcasting Corp., 1948-52, and governing board of National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science, 1957-65. Member of court, University of London, 1959-66; chancellor of Australian National University, Canberra, 1961-67; president of Manchester College of Science and Technology, 1961-67.

Education: University of Manchester, B.Sc., 1919, M.Sc., 1922; St. John's College, Cambridge, B.A., 1924, Ph.D., 1928.

Member: Royal Society (London; fellow), British Association (president, 1962), Institute of Physics and Physical Society (fellow; president, 1961-62), Institution of Electrical Engineers, Royal Swedish Academy (foreign member), Royal Danish Academy (foreign member), Australian Academy of Sciences (foreign member), American Academy of Arts and Sciences (honorary foreign member); honorary member of various engineering institutes in England; Savile Club and Athenaeum Club (both London).

Honors: Commander, Order of the British Empire, 1944; knighted, 1948; Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur, 1950; Nobel Prize for physics (with Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton), 1951; Knight Commander of the Bath, 1953; Knight Commander, Military Order of Christ (Portugal), 1955; Order of Merit, 1957; Grand Cross, Order of Alfonso X (Spain), 1958; Atoms for Peace Award (United States), 1961. Medal of Freedom with golden palms (United States), 1947; J. A. Ewing Medal of Institution of Civil Engineering, 1948; Royal Medal of Royal Society, 1954; Feraday Medal of Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1955; Kelvin Medal (joint engineering institutions award), 1956; Churchill Gold Medal of Society of Engineers, 1958; Niels Bohr Medal (Denmark), 1958; Wilhelm Exner Medal (Austria), 1961. More than twenty honorary degrees from universities and colleges in England, Ireland, Scotland, Australia, Canada, United States, and the Netherlands, including Oxford University, University of Dublin, Temple University, University of St. Andrews, Dalhousie University, Cambridge University, and University of Western Australia.

Papers on nuclear physics published in Proceedings of Royal Society, and technical papers in Journal of Institute of Electrical Engineers.*

Biography of J.D. Cockcroft, http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1951/cockcroft-bio.html

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, http://nobelprizes.com/nobel/physics/1951a.html

Professor John Cogdell / John Richard Cogdell *** Not in Gale

(Born 1936).  Electronic and Computer engineer. Texas Registration No. 50298.  Radio astronomer.  Associate Professor (1972-present), Assistant Professor (1966-1972), Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin. The University of Texas at Austin, Electrical Engineering, BSEE, 1958; The University of Texas at Austin, Electrical Engineering, MSEE, 1959; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering, Ph.D., 1963. MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Student employee, 1959-1963, Staff Engineer, 1963-1965.

Dr. Cogdell’s background emphasizes electromagnetics, with applications in antenna theory and practice and in radio astronomy. He has spent the past 25 years working as an undergraduate advisor and teacher. Specifically, he has worked to improve ECE course offerings to nonmajors, and wrote two books in the process. His Foundations of Electrical Engineering is into its second edition, and even more recently he has published Foundations of Electric Circuits, Foundations of Electronics, and Foundations of Electric Power. Currently, he is working on a new method for teaching probability, statistics, and random processes. This method used Mathematica as a base for interactive learning. As a result of his work as a writer and course designer, Dr. Cogdell has developed a strong interest in technical writing and the pedagogy of engineering education. A more complete resume is available.

Faculty webpage, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~cogdell/

Honors: Distinguished Advisor Award, The University of Texas Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, 1968-1969, 1969-1970, 1971-1972, 1977-1978, 1978-1979; Student Engineering Council Outstanding Teacher Award, 1973-1974; Engineering Foundation Faculty Award, 1993; Award of Excellence from Halliburton Foundation, Inc., 1993.

Member: American Scientific Affiliation, American Society for Engineering Education, Eta Kappa Nu,
Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi

http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~cogdell/Resume.html

Volcher Coiter *** Not in Gale

(1534-1576).  Dutch-born anatomist, embryologist, physician, physiologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/coiter.html:

Coiter was the first to raise comparative anatomy to independent status in biology. His research covered almost the entire vertebrate series.  His studies on the development of the chick were epochal. Based on observations made on 20 successive days, they presented the first systematic statement since the three- period description provided by Aristotle.

Sid Cole *** Not in Gale

Physical Chemist. Research Associate at the Sanitarium Health Food Company, Australia.  Former Director of the Australasian Food Research Laboratories.  B.S. and M.S. in chemistry from Melbourne University; Ph.D. in ligand binding by metalloporphyrins from Newcastle University.

Australian Institute of Food Science Fellow.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/cole-s.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Francis S. Collins / Francis Sellers Collins

American geneticist, medical research scientist, Federal agency administrator.  Theistic evolutionist.  Born April 14, 1950, in Staunton, Virginia, Francis S. Collins is a medical geneticist who is leading the international effort to map the location and function of every gene in the human body. Head of the publicly-funded National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in Washington, DC. The National Center for Human Genome Research--which is now known as the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)--was established in 1989 to serve as the world headquarters of the Human Genome Project, a monumental effort to map the location, function, and exact sequence of the constituent chemical parts of the estimated 100,000 genes in the human body. Given that this involves about three billion bits of information, the project is expected to take up to fifteen years to complete. Its ultimate goal is to make it possible for doctors to “cure” some of the diseases caused by flawed genes as well as reverse, correct, or prevent changes in cells that lead to cancer.

“Francis S. Collins.” Contemporary Heroes and Heroines, Book III. Edited by Terrie M. Rooney. Gale Research, 1998.

Education: B.S., University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 1970; M.S., Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1972; Ph.D., Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1974.

Member: IOM, NAS, AMA (Scientific Achievement award 2001).

Honors: Co-recipient Gairdner Foundation International award for work on cystic fibrosis, 1990.  Honorary degrees include D.Sc., Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 1990; L.H.D., Mary Baldwin College, 1991; D.Sc., Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1992; D.Sc., Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 1993; D.Sc., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.  See curriculum vitae for full list.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Webpage: http://www.genome.gov/10000779

Full biography: http://www.genome.gov/10001018

Curriculum vitae: http://www.genome.gov/10000980

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/human_genome/753711.stm

Francis S. Collins.  “Faith and the Human Genome,”  http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2003/PSCF9-03Collins.pdf

Francis Collins.  http://www.meta-library.net/transcript/coll-body.html:

Collins: “I actually do not believe that there are any collisions between what I believe as a Christian, and what I know and have learned about as a scientist. I think there's a broad perception that that's the case, and that’s what scares many scientists away from a serious consideration of faith. But, unless one chooses to make an absolutely literal interpretation of the book of Genesis and the story of creation -- which I believe is not a choice that people made even before science came along in the last century to cast some doubt upon the timing of the creation events -- other than that I am not aware of any reasons why one cannot be a completely dedicated person of faith who believes that God inspired the writings in the Bible, and also be a rigorous, intellectually completely honest scientist, who does not accept things about the natural world until they're proven.”

Bob Abernethy. Interview with Dr. Francis Collins.  http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/transcripts/collins.html:

Collins: “I think there’s a common assumption that you cannot both be a rigorous, show-me-the-data scientist and a person who believes in a personal God. I would like to say that from my perspective that assumption is incorrect; that, in fact, these two areas are entirely compatible and not only can exist within the same person, but can exist in a very synthetic way, and not in a compartmentalized way. I have no reason to see a discordance between what I know as a scientist who spends all day studying the genome of humans and what I believe as somebody who pays a lot of attention to what the Bible has taught me about God and about Jesus Christ. Those are entirely compatible views.

“Science is the way -- a powerful way, indeed -- to study the natural world. Science is not particularly effective -- in fact, it’s rather ineffective -- in making commentary about the supernatural world. Both worlds, for me, are quite real and quite important. They are investigated in different ways. They coexist. They illuminate each other. And it is a great joy to be in a position of being able to bring both of those points of view to bear in any given day of the week. The notion that you have to sort of choose one or the other is a terrible myth that has been put forward, and which many people have bought into without really having a chance to examine the evidence. I came to my faith not, actually, in a circumstance where it was drummed into me as a child, which people tend to assume of any scientist who still has a personal faith in God; but actually by a series of compelling, logical arguments, many of them put forward by C. S. Lewis, that got me to the precipice of saying, ‘Faith is actually plausible.’ You still have to make that step. You will still have to decide for yourself whether to believe. But you can get very close to that by intellect alone.”

Robin Collins *** Not in Gale

Physicist.  Cosmologist.  Robin Collins teaches at Messiah College in Grantham, Pennsylvania where he is an Associate Professor of Philosophy (May 1999-Present). Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Messiah College (1994- May 1999); Postdoctoral Fellow, Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Northwestern University (1993-94).  B.A., Mathematics, Washington State University, 1984; Ph.D Program in Physics, University of Texas at Austin,1984-86; Ph.D, Philosophy, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 1993.

Winner of a Pew Evangelical Scholars Fellowship, 1999-2000; Fellow, Discovery Institute, 1997 -2004; Fellow, Center for Philosophy of Religion, Notre Dame, Spring 2003

Author of around twenty articles/book chapters published, many discussing cosmology and fundamental physics providing evidence for design. He is currently completing a book on the argument for design from physics and cosmology tentatively entitled The Well-Tempered Universe: God, Cosmic Fine-Tuning, and the Laws of Nature.

 “Welcome to Robin Collins’ Home Page,” http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/home.htm

Curriculum Vita: http://home.messiah.edu/~rcollins/VITA.htm

Discovery Institute profile, http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=54&isFellow=true

Interviewed in The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God, by Lee Strobel. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2004. ISBN 0-310-24144-8, (hardbound), ISBN 0-310-24050-6 (paperback).

Realdo Colombo / Matteo Realdo Colombo

(c. 1516-1559).  Realdo Colombo was one of the first anatomists in the Western world to describe pulmonary circulation, observing that blood travels between the right and left ventricles of the heart by way of the lungs. Previously, it was believed that blood traveled through a hidden passage (or passages) connecting the ventricles.  Although two other Europeans wrote about this phenomenon around the same time, it was Colombo’s book, The 15 Books Written Concerning Anatomy, that directly influenced seventeenth-century anatomist William Harvey’s concept of the heart as a pump circulating blood throughout the body.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/colombo.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04125a.htm:  He studied medicine at the University of Padua with Vesalius, became his assistant, and in 1544 his successor as lecturer on surgery and anatomy.

http://www.fact-index.com/r/re/realdo_colombo.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Colombo/1.html:

Italian anatomist who discovered pulmonary circulation, the process of blood circulating from the heart to the lungs and back.  This showed that Galen’s teachings were wrong, and was of help to William Harvey in his work on the heart and circulation. Colombo was a pupil of Andreas Vesalius and became his successor at the University of Padua.

Federico Commandino *** Not in Gale

(1506-1575).  Italian mathematician.  Physician. Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/comandno.html

Commandino was the most important figure in the translation (mostly from Greek into Latin) and publication of the classics in mathematics (for example, Euclid and Archimedes). He also translated Euclid into Italian. He added his own essay, On the Calibration of Sundials, to Ptolemy’s Planisphere, which was edited by him and published in 1562. His only other original work, dealing with the center of gravity of solid bodies, was published in 1565 at Bologna.

At the request of the anatomist Eustachio (note this, not at the request of a military figure) Commandino improved on the reduction compass apparently invented by Fabricio Mordente, developing it into the polimetric proportional compass, the forerunner of Galilio’s compass.

http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/projects/perspective/commandino.htm

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.   “Frederico Commandino,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Commandino.html

Arthur Holly Compton

(1892–1962).  U.S. physicist remembered for discovering the Compton effect, a phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves such as X-rays undergo an increase in wavelength after having been scattered by electrons. For this achievement he shared the 1927 Nobel Prize for Physics with the British physicist C.T.R. Wilson. Compton was also a principal contributor to the development of the atomic bomb. Founder and Director, Metallurgical Project at the University of Chicago, developed first nuclear reactor (1942-45); chancellor (1945-54), professor (1953-61), Washington University. Today light quanta are generally referred to as photons, a term coined by Compton in 1928.

Author: The Intensity of X-Ray Reflection, and the Distribution of the Electrons in Atoms, Press of the New Era Printing Company (Lancaster, PA), 1917; X-Rays and Electrons, Van Nostrand ( New York, NY), 1926;

(With S. K. Allison) X-Rays in Theory and Experiment, Van Nostrand, 1935; The Freedom of Man, Yale University Press (New Haven, CT), 1935; The Human Meaning of Science, University of North Carolina Press ( Chapel Hill, NC), 1947.  The Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton, edited by Marjorie Johnston (1968), contains Compton's “Personal Reminiscences,” a selection of his writings on scientific and nonscientific subjects, and a bibliography of his scientific writings. Compton discusses his role in the development of the atomic bomb in Atomic Quest: A Personal Narrative, Oxford University Press (New York, NY), 1956.

Biography of A.H. Compton.  http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1927/compton-bio.html

Compton, Arthur Holly (1892 - 1962).  http://www.xrefer.com/entry.jsp?xrefid=170682&secid=.-&hh=1

St. Louis Walk of Fame - Arthur Holly Compton.  http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/arthur-compton.html

http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cossc/cgro/compton.html or http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgro/compton.html

http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/138_84.html

http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html

http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/arthur-compton.html

http://www.nuclearfiles.org/rebios/arthurcompton.htm

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/arthur_holly_compton.html

Raymond J. Seeger.  “Compton, Christian Humanist,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1985/JASA3-85Seeger2.html. From JASA 37 (March 1985): 54-55.

Guy Consolmagno, S.J.

(Born 1952).  Astronomer, planetary scientist, author, lecturer, and researcher. Harvard College Observatory, postdoctoral fellow and lecturer, 1978-80; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, postdoctoral fellow and lecturer, 1980-83; U.S. Peace Corps, Kenya, Africa, teacher of physics and astronomy, 1983-85; Lafayette College, Easton, PA, Assistant Professor of physics, 1985-89; entered Society of Jesus (Jesuit) order, 1989, took vows as Jesuit brother, 1991; Vatican Observatory, Castel Gandolfo, Italy, researcher, 1993-present, curator of meteorite collection, 2000-present. Loyola College, Baltimore, MD, visiting professor of physics and astronomy; Loyola University, Chicago, IL, visiting professor of physics and astronomy; Goddard Space Flight Center, visiting scientist. Education: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B.S., 1974, M.S. (earth and planetary sciences), 1975; University of Arizona, Ph.D. (planetary science), 1978; Loyola University, Chicago, IL, studied philosophy and theology; University of Chicago, studied physics.

Honors: MacLean Chair for visiting Jesuit scholars, St. Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, 2000; asteroid named in his honor in recognition of his work in asteroid and meteorite studies (4597 Consolmagno, also known as “Little Guy”), International Astronomical Union, 2000.

Author: (With Dan M. Davis) Turn Left at Orion: A Hundred Night Sky Objects to See in a Small Telescope and How to Find Them, illustrations by Karen Kotash Sepp and Anne Drogin, Cambridge University Press (New York, NY), 1989, revised 3rd edition, 2000; (With Martha W. Schaefer) Worlds Apart: A Textbook in Planetary Sciences, Prentice Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ), 1994; The Way to the Dwelling of Light, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, (Rome, Italy), 1998; Brother Astronomer: Adventures of a Vatican Scientist, McGraw-Hill (New York, NY), 2000.

Author of several dozen scientific publications.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

http://clavius.as.arizona.edu/vo/R1024/GConsolmagno.html

Br. Guy Consolmagno, SJ, Vatican Observatory. “Astronomy, God, and the Search for Elegance,”

http://homepage.mac.com/brother_guy/.cv/brother_guy/Public/Astronomy%20God%20Elegance.pdf-link.pdf

(Talk given at the H. R. MacMillan Space Center, Vancouver, "2003" Day="15" Month="5" May 15, 2003)

Reverend Daniel Conybeare

(1787-1857). English geologist and paleontologist. Vicar in Devonshire (1836-44); Dean of Llandaff (1844-57). First to describe Icthyosaurus (1821). Author of On the Origin of a Remarkable Class of Organic Impressions Occurring in Nodules of Flint (1814) and classic Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales (1822, with William Phillips), on Carboniferous stratigraphy of Britain.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Conybeare

http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/geocolls/buckland/buck1816.htm

Josiah Parsons Cooke

(1827-1894). American chemist, b. Boston. Professor, Harvard (1850-94); investigated atomic weights of elements.  He exerted a wholesome influence on American education, secondary and collegiate, by his determined and energetic championship of the study of science. As an investigator he was singularly clear in thought, undismayed by experimental difficulties, ingenious in devising apparatus and methods, and keen in his enthusiasm for research.

Josiah P. Cooke, Jr, Religion and chemistry; or, Proofs of God’s plan in the atmosphere and its elements. Ten lectures delivered at the Brooklyn institute, Brooklyn, N.Y., on the Graham foundation. New York,C. Scribner, 1865.

http://www.famousamericans.net/josiahparsonscooke/

Julian Lowell Coolidge

(1873-1954).  Mathematician. He attended Exeter Academy and graduated summa cum laude in 1895 from Harvard College, where he also received a medal for running the mile in the record time of 4 minutes, 30 4/5 seconds. He then went for two years to Oxford, where he stroked the second Balliol crew and in 1897 took the first B.Sc. degree ever awarded by that university. Returning to the United States, he taught for two years at the Groton School, founded in 1884 by his cousin Endicott Peabody, before becoming an instructor in mathematics at Harvard in 1899, where he taught for the next 41 years.  In 1902 Coolidge took a two-year leave of absence for graduate study in mathematics at the universities of Paris, Greifswald, Turin, and Bonn; he received the Ph.D. from Bonn in 1904 with a dissertation on non-Euclidean line geometry. Returning to Harvard he became Assistant Professor in 1908 and professor in 1918. His faculty colleagues wrote after his death: “Half-truths and slack performance were anathema to him. Many learned from him, some of them the hard way, that there can be no compromise between right and wrong. Yet he had withal a truly Christian tolerance; of him it can be said that he never forgot a kindness, nor ever remembered an injury.”

The Clarendon Press at Oxford published his Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry in 1909 and, over the next forty years, seven other substantial books: A Treatise on the Circle and Sphere (1916), The Geometry of the Complex Domain (1924), Introduction to Mathematical Probability (1925), A Treatise on Algebraic Plane Curves (1931), A History of Geometrical Methods (1940), A History of the Conic Sections and Quadric Surfaces (1945), and The Mathematics of Great Amateurs (1949). Coolidge wrote more than seventy articles, the last of which was in press at the time of his death.

Excerpted from Walter Muir Whitehill. “Julian Lowell Coolidge.”Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 5: 1951-1955. American Council of Learned Societies, 1977.

J J O'Connor and E F Robertson.  “Julian Lowell Coolidge,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Coolidge.html

Julian Lowell Coolidge, Ph.D. The Development of Harvard University, 1869-1929, Since the inauguration of President Eliot, 1869-1929 Chapter XV. Mathematics, 1870-1929; Edited by Samuel Eliot Morison, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1930.  http://www.math.harvard.edu/history/coolidge/

Nicolaus Copernicus / Nicholas Copernicus / original name Mikolaj Kopernik

(1473 – 1543). A Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. He was born in Torun in the Polish province of Royal Prussia. He was also a church canon, governor and administrator, a jurist, astrologer and a doctor. His theory about the Sun as the center of the solar system, turning over the traditional geocentric theory (that wanted the Earth to be its central star), is considered one of the most important discoveries ever, and is the fundamental starting point of modern astronomy. His theory affected many other aspects of human life.

From Nicolaus Copernicus http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nicolaus%20Copernicus

He attended various European universities, and became a Canon in the Catholic church in 1497. His new system was actually first presented in the Vatican gardens in 1533 before Pope Clement VII who approved, and Copernicus was urged to publish around this time. Copernicus was never under any threat of religious persecution - and was urged to publish both by Catholic Bishop Guise, Cardinal Schonberg, and the Protestant Professor George Rheticus. Copernicus referred sometimes to God in his works, and did not see his system as in conflict with the Bible.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/coprnics.html

J J O'Connor and E F Robertson.  “Nicolaus Copernicus,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html

“Astronomy Rocks! Nicolaus Copernicus,” http://www.intelligentchild.com/astronomy/copernicus.html

“The Scientists: Nicolas Copernicus,” http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Copernicus.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm

France Anne-Dominic Córdova

(Born 1947).  Astronomer, astrophysicist, administrator. Achievements include analysis of ultra-soft x-ray emission from active galactic nuclei; observations and modeling of the winds from accretion disks; studies of the interstellar medium using ultraviolet spectroscopy of nearby hot binary stars; observations and modeling of extended x-ray emitting regions in close binary systems; understanding the accretion geometry of magnetic binaries with accreting white dwarfs; coordinating radio and x-ray observations of x-ray binaries in an effort to find a unified model for correlated behavior; search for evidence of galactic magnetic monopoles by identifying a class of ultrasoft x-ray emitters; studying the multispectial emission from neutron stars; making observations of an x-ray emitting pulsar and its associated supernova remnant in the radio and infrared; conceiving space instruments and data systems for imaging detectors (U.S. principal investigator for opticalUV Telescope to fly 1999 on ESA's X-Ray Multi-Mirror mission); making multifrequency observations of high-energy sources. vice chancellor for Research, University California, Santa Barbara, 1996.  . From 1993 to 1996, Córdova worked as the chief scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the youngest person ever to hold that post.   Previously, she was Professor, head dept. astronomy and astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 1989-93; dep. group leader space astronomy and astrophysics group, Los Alamos National Lab., 1989; staff scientist earth and space science division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1979-89. Member, National Committee on Medal of Science, 1991-94; member adv. Committee for astronomical sciences NSF, 1990-93, external adv. Committee Particle Astrophysics Center, 1989-93; Board directors, Association Universities for Research in Astronomy, 1989-93; member Space Telescope Institute Council, 1990-93; member Committee space astronomy and astrophysics Space Science Board, 1987-90, International users Committee Roentgen X-ray Obs., 1985-90, extreme ultraviolet explorer guest observer working group NASA, 1988-92, Committee Space Science and Applications Group, NASA, 1991-93; member Hubble Telescope Adv. Camera Team, 1993; chair Hubble Fellow Selection Committee, 1992.  Education: BA, Stanford University, 1969; Ph.D., California Institute Tech., 1979.

Member: International Astron. Union (U.S. National com. 1990-93), American Astron. Society (v.p. 1993-96, chair high energy astrophysics division,1990, vice chair 1989), Sigma Xi.

Honors: Named One of America's 100 Brightest Scientists under 40, Science Digest, 1986; numerous grants NASA, 1979-present, recipient group achievement award, NASA, 1991.
Author: The Women of Santo Domingo, 1969; guest editor Mademoiselle mag., 1969; editor: Multiwavelength Astrophysics, 1988, The Spectroscopic Survey Telescope, 1990; Contributor to over 100 articles, abstracts and revs. to Astrophysics Journal, Nature, Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Advanced Space Research, Astron. Astrophysics, Mon. National Royal Astron. Society, chapters to books.

Córdova, France A, Chancellor. http://www.facultydirectory.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=2007

http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/chh/bio/cordova_f.htm

Kris Lovekin (April 2002).  “Astrophysicist to lead UCR; France A. Córdova had been chief scientist for NASA,” http://www.fiatlux.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/display.cgi?id=2

Euricius Cordus *** Not in Gale

(1486-1535).  German Botanist.  Catholic, then Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cordus_eur.html

Valerius Cordus *** Not in Gale

(1515-1544).  German botanist and pharmacologist.  Lutheran.  Worked with apothecaries.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cordus_val.html

Wrote first official Dispensatorium north of the Alps.

Vincenzo Maria Coronelli *** Not in Gale

(1650-1718).  Italian geographer, cartographer, engineer.  Hydraulics specialist.  Inventor.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/coroneli.html

Coronelli’s work includes more than 100 large and small globes that have survived, several hundred maps, printed separately and as parts of atlases, an incredible number of geographic and cartographic publications, and seven volumes of a projected forty-five volume encyclopedia (Biblioteca universale).

It is partly for his globes that Coronelli is remembered: their accuracy, the wealth of information displayed, and their artistic excellence distinquish their maker as one of the leading geographers and cartographers of the baroque period. In the early 80’s he made two famous globes, one celestial and one terrestrial, for Louis XIV--four meters in diameter. He later made a globe three meters in diameter for Innocent XII, and for the Duke of Parma he made globes of about four feet in diameter. He made a host of smaller ones, down to one inch.

He also published on geography, with special attention to Venetian conquests (not then known to be temporary) from the Turks. His Atlante veneto, 1690f, included 1,200 maps. His maps incorporated the latest discoveries.

At the end of his life he published a work on hydrostatics, Effete naturali delle acque.

He was known as a civil engineer in Venice, and was invited to Vienna and consulted by the emperor on flood control measures in 1717.  In 1699 Innocent XII called him to Rome to sound the harbor of Anzio.  He was the inventor of a number of military machines (canons, mortars, etc.).

Founded the Accademia Cosmografica degli Argonauti in Venice in 1684. It was the first geographical society. The academy had an immense success, enrolling some 200 members from all of Europe by 1693. Its only function was to promote the works of Coronelli.

J. Daniel Couger / James Daniel Couger

(1929-1998).  Information scientist.

Association for Information Systems. “J. Daniel Couger,” http://www.aisnet.org/award/bios/couger.html

“Dan Couger was one of the important developers of the academic field of information systems and also an important contributor to information systems practice. His publications provided essential source material for the field. His research aided the development of IS personnel. He was a participant in the most significant IS model curriculum efforts. His influence was global.
Dan earned his bachelor’s degree in journalism from Philips University in Enid, Oklahoma, in 1951. After two years in the Air Force and a short stint as an industrial engineer with a government contractor, he went to work in 1954 for Hallmark, where he was unsuccessful in his attempt to get ‘Mr. Hall,’ the company’s founder, to buy a computer for the company. Dan earned a Master’s degree in Economics from the University of Kansas and a Doctorate in Business Administration from the University of Colorado in 1964.
He joined the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, in 1965. Dan was one of the founding professors for IS at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, and a pioneer in teaching students how to combine computer technology with business strategy. He was honored by his university with the rank of distinguished professor. In 1998, Scott Oki, a former student, endowed the J. Daniel Couger Professorship of Information Systems. Dan was elected a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, one of a very small number who have been so recognized. Among other awards was the Outstanding Teacher Award by the DPMA.
During the critical years at the beginning of the field, Dan published the Computing Newsletter for Collegiate Schools of Business, supported initially by IBM. It was the best source of information on current developments affecting teaching of computing and information systems in schools of business.
Dan was involved in major model curricula efforts for information systems. He was a member of the committee that produced the 1972 ACM graduate program. He was the author of the 1973 ACM undergraduate model curriculum report. He was a member of the 1983 revision of the ACM Information Systems curriculum. He continued this involvement through the 1997 report, “IS’97 Model Curriculum and Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Information Systems,” by ACM, AIS, and AITP.
He wrote 18 books, had hundreds of articles published in professional journals, and lectured in more than 60 countries. Several of his books are noteworthy contributions to the field. Two of the books filled a need in the field by describing systems analysis and techniques and methodologies: System Analysis Techniques (with R. W. Knapp, Wiley, New York, 1974) and Advanced System Development/Feasibility Techniques (with M. A. Colter and R. W. Knapp, Wiley, New York, 1982). He published the results of pathbreaking research on IS personnel (Motivating and Managing Computer Personnel, with R. Zawacki, Wiley, New York, 1980; Maintenance Programming: Improved Productivity through Motivation, with M. A. Colter, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1985). At his death, he was actively engaged in research on creativity with special emphasis on creativity of information systems personnel (Creativity & Innovation in Information Systems Organizations, Boyd & Fraser, Danvers, CT, 1996).”

Positions: Industrial engineer, National Gypsum Co., 1953-54; Hallmark Cards, Inc., Kansas City, MO, industrial engineering department supervisor, 1954-58; Martin Marietta Corp., Littleton, CO, computer department section chief, 1958-65; University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, professor of computer and management science, beginning 1965. Member of affiliate faculty of Japan American Institute of Management Science. Has lectured in twenty-three countries. President of Gethsemane Christian Church, Colorado Springs, 1972-73. Consultant to International Business Machines Corp., Dow Chemical Corp., and Hewlett Packard Co.  Education: Phillips University, B.A., 1951; University of Kansas City (now University of Missouri--Kansas City), M.A., 1958; University of Colorado, D.B.A., 1964.

Member: Operations Research Society of America, Institute of Management Sciences, Society for Management Information Systems (secretary; member of executive council), Association for Computing Machinery (chair of lectureship series), American Institute for Decision Sciences (vice-president), Association for Systems Management, Data Processing Management Association, Christian Churches of Colorado and Wyoming (chair of new church development, 1969-71), Boy Scouts of America (cubmaster, Denver Area Council, 1965-66).  Presbyterian.

Honors:  National award from American Association for Collegiate Schools of Business, for curriculum innovation; distinguished service award, 1966, from Association for Systems Management; University of Colorado, Distinguished Faculty Award, 1976, and Chancellor’s Award, 1977; U.S. Computer Science Man of the Year award, 1977, from Data Processing Management Association.

Author: Computers and the Schools of Business, Business Research Division, School of Business Administration, University of Colorado, 1967; (With Loren E. Shannon) FORTRAN IV: A Programmed Instruction Approach, Irwin, 1968, 3rd edition, 1976; (With Shannon) FORTRAN: A Beginner’s Approach, with programmed learning aid, Irwin, 1971; (Editor with Robert W. Knapp) Systems Analysis Techniques, Wiley, 1974; Acts of the Holy Spirit, Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship, 1974; (With Fred McFadden) Introduction to Computer-Based Information Systems, Wiley, 1975; (With McFadden) A First Course in Data Processing, Wiley, 1977; (Coauthor with Robert A. Zawacki) Motivating and Managing Computer Personnel, Wiley (New York, NY), 1980; (Coauthor with Mel A. Colter) Advanced System Development/Feasibility Techniques, Wiley (New York, NY), 1982; Creative Problem Solving and Opportunity Finding, (Boyd & Fraser) (Hinsdale, IL), 1995; Creativity and Innovation in Information Systems Organizations, Boyd & Fraser 1996.

Editor, “Business Data Processing” series, Wiley, beginning 1965. Columnist, Computerworld, beginning 1970. Contributor of over fifty articles to professional journals. Editor, Computing Newsletter for Schools of Business, beginning 1967.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Articles by J. Daniel Couger: http://aisel.isworld.org/article_by_author.asp?Author_ID=3629

Charles Augustin Coulomb / Charles Augustin de Coulomb

The French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) was famous for establishing the relation for computing the force between electrical charges. He also did pioneering work on sliding and fluid friction.

http://www-groups.cs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Coulomb.html

“Charles Augustin de Coulomb,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Charles%20Augustin%20de%20Coulomb

Charles Alfred Coulson

(1910-1974). King’s College, University of London, London, England, Professor of theoretical physics, 1947-52; Oxford University, Oxford, England, Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics, 1952-74, Wadham College, Fellow, 1952-74. Riddell Lecturer, King’s College, 1953; Rede Lecturer, Cambridge University, 1954; McNair Lecturer, University of North Carolina, 1954; Bruce Preller Lecturer, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1956; Firth Lecturer, University of Nottingham, 1957; Eddington Memorial Lecturer, Cambridge University, 1958; Fisher Baker Lecturer, Cornell University, 1959. Vice-president, Methodist Conference, 1959.

http://www.quantum-chemistry-history.com/Coulson1.htm

Michael A. Covington *** Not in Gale

Computer scientist. Senior Research Scientist, Adjunct Professor of Computer Science, Associate Director,
Artificial Intelligence Center, The University of Georgia.

B.A. (Linguistics), summa cum laude, University of Georgia, 1977; M.Phil. (Linguistics), Cambridge University, 1978; Ph.D. (Linguistics), Yale University, 1982.

Member: Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Member, University of Georgia Linguistics Faculty and Engineering Faculty, Erdös number: 3 (via D. Potter and R. Robinson), 

The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia http://www.uga.edu/cff/.

Faculty webpage, Michael A. Covington—Associate Director, Artificial Intelligence Center,
http://www.ai.uga.edu/~mc/

Curriculum vitae (PostScript) (PDF) (not always 100% current)

Personal website: Covington Innovations.  http://www.covingtoninnovations.com/

Michael and Melody Covington, Athens, Georgia.  “What Christianity is All About: Basic information about the Christian faith,” http://www.covingtoninnovations.com/christian.html. “Michael and Melody Covington are Christians who live in Athens, Georgia. Michael is Associate director of the Artificial Intelligence Center at the University of Georgia; he has a Ph.D. from Yale University. Melody is a graphic artist and typesetter; she has a B.F.A. from the University of Georgia. They attend Beech Haven Baptist Church.”

Michael A. Covington.  “Christianity and the History of Mathematics,” http://www.covingtoninnovations.com/chrmath.pdf.  "1995" Day="17" Month="5" May 17, 1995.

Dr. Michael Covington.  Christian Student Survival Conference Session 7: “Jesus and the Historical Reliability of the Bible,” http://www.leaderu.com/cl-institute/cssc/survival10.html.

Irving Cowperthaite *** Not in Gale

(1904-1999).  Chemist, engineer, metallurgist.  One of the five founders of the American Scientific Affiliation.  Chief Engineer and Metallurgist at Thompson Steel Co. in Mattapan, MA, 1937-1969. Born in Worcester, Irving earned his bachelor’s degree in chemistry at MIT and doctorate at Columbia University. He taught chemistry at Columbia from 1930-37, then joined Thompson Steel. He retired in 1969.

F. Alton Everest.  “Irving A. Cowperthwaite, 1904-1999,” http://users.stargate.net/~dfeucht/SEPOCT99.htm:

“Irving received the BS degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in chemistry in 1926. About that time Professor D.A. MacInnes left MIT for Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research and he took Cowperthwaite with him. For the next four years Irving was a research chemist at Rockefeller Institute in New York City while pursuing a full graduate Ph.D. program at Columbia University.

In 1937 Irving left Columbia University to become Chief Engineer and Metallurgist at Thompson Wire Company in Boston. He retired from Thompson in 1969 with an impressive list of scientific papers to his credit.

Irving married Fae Irene Poore, a graduate student at Teachers College, in 1931 whom he had met at Calvary Baptist Church of New York City. An interesting twist: Will H. Houghton was pastor of Calvary at that time. It was in Dr. Houghton’s Board Room at Moody Bible Institute that ASA ‘first saw the light of day.’”

Gertrude Mary Cox

(1900-1978).  American stastician.  Professor of Statistics at North Carolina State University at Raleigh. Founder of the Department of Experimental Statistics at North Carolina State University (1940), the Institute of Statistics of the Consolidated University of North Carolina (1946), and the Statistics Research Division of the Research Triangle Institute. President of the American Statistical Association (1956). In 1949 became the first female elected into the International Statistical Institute (1949). Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1975.

Cox made substantial contributions to the theory of statistics and experimental design. Richard Anderson wrote in Biographical Memoirs that her most valuable contribution to science was organizing and administering programs. She was exceptionally successful in generating financial support for research.

Although she received numerous honors, including her 1975 election to the National Academy of Sciences, Cox was particularly pleased with the dedication of the statistics building at North Carolina State University as “Cox Hall” in 1970 and the establishment by her former students of the $200,000 Gertrude M. Cox Fellowship Fund for outstanding students in statistics at NCS in 1977.

J J O’Connor and E F Robertson.  “Gertrude Mary Cox,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cox.html

http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/cox.htm

http://www4.stat.ncsu.edu/~gumpertz/thumbnailbios/GMCox5.doc

http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/10920/Cox.htm

http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/educ_school/CI/3m/Gertrude_Mary_Cox_files/v3_document.htm

Plaza of Heroines.  http://www.las.iastate.edu/kiosk/2492.shtml

Biographical Memoirs V.59 (1990), National Academy of Sciences (NAS), http://books.nap.edu/books/0309041988/html/116.html

North Carolina State University Libraries’ Special Collections Research Center Guide to the Gertrude Mary Cox Collection, 1918 – 1983, Collection Number MC 117, http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/archives/collections/html/cox_mc117.html

William Sands Cox *** Not in Gale

(1802-1875). Physician. http://www.institutions.org.uk/hospitals/england/warks/queens_hospital.htm.

To William Sands Cox is due the merit of establishing the Queens Hospital. He was a remarkable man. Born in Birmingham in 1802, educated at King Edward’s School, articled to his Father (a Birmingham Surgeon), he began to study at the General Hospital and continued his studies at Guy’s and St. Thomas’s Hospitals in London and Paris. He returned to Birmingham in 1825, and giving up all thought of acquiring a large general practice resolved to start a School of Anatomy of his own.

Robert Arnott.  “A SHORT HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM MEDICAL SCHOOL, 1825-2001,” http://medweb5.bham.ac.uk/histmed/medschoolhist or http://www.medicine.bham.ac.uk/history/

William Crabtree *** Not in Gale

(1610-1644).  English astronomer.  Cartographer.  Instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/crabtree.html

Crabtree made precise observations, which convinced him of the accuracy of the Rudolphine Tables; he became one of the early converts to Kepler’s system. He converted the tables to decimal form. By observation he established the latitude of Manchester.  He was one of the earliest Englishmen to study the sunspots. He collaborated with Horrock’s work on the moon.  Crabtree was occasionally employed as a surveyer, and a map of the estate of Sir Humphrey Booth that he did in 1637 survives.

He recognized the importance of instruments in refining observational accuracy, and his correspondence with Gascoigne is filled with discussions of this issue. The correspondence refers to clocks, telescopes, micrometers, and related pieces. Like Horrocks and Gascoigne, he apparently made his own telescopes and other instruments (which means, for parts other than lenses, that he employed local craftsmen to make things to his specifications).

William Lane Craig

(Born 1949).  Scholar. William Lane Craig is Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology in La Mirada, California.

Virtual Office of William Lane Craig, http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/

At the age of sixteen as a junior in high school, he first heard the message of the Christian gospel and yielded his life to Christ.  Dr. Craig pursued his undergraduate studies at Wheaton College (B.A. 1971) and graduate studies at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (M.A. 1974; M.A. 1975), the University of Birmingham ( England) (Ph.D. in Philosophy, 1977), and the Ludwig Maximilians Universität-München, Germany (Doctorate in Theology, 1984). For two years he was a Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, writing on the historicity of the resurrection of Jesus.   From 1980-86 he taught Philosophy of Religion at Trinity, during which time he and his wife Jan started their family. In 1987 they moved to Brussels, Belgium, where Dr. Craig pursued research at the University of Louvain until 1994.

Member: American Philosophical Association, American Academy of Religion, Society of Biblical Literature, Leibniz Society of America, Society of Christian Philosophers, ASA; SRF; PTS; ETS; EPS.

He has authored or edited over thirty books, including Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus, 1989; Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up? (with John Dominic Crossan), 1998; Time and the Metaphysics of Relativity, Kluwer Academic, 2000; and Jesus’ Resurrection: Fact or Figment? (with Gerd Lüdemann), as well as numerous articles in professional journals such as New Testament Studies, Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Expository Times, and Kerygma und Dogma.

Biographical sketch.  http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/menus/vita-pubs.html

Curriculum vitae: http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/menus/vitae.html

Publications: http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/menus/publications.html

Craig told Contemporary Authors: “My special interest is investigating the rational basis of Christian faith.”

Interviewed in The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God, by Lee Strobel. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2004. ISBN 0-310-24144-8, (hardbound), ISBN 0-310-24050-6 (paperback).

Elma Aisha Crawford

(Born August 17, 1959 in Libya, came to U.S., 1980).  Biologist, researcher. Graduate Teaching Laboratory Assistant S.C. State College, Orangeburg, 1983-84; Necrospy and histology technician, Life Science, Hazleton, Vienna, Virginia, 1985; intern Teacher Assistant Shriner's Hospital School, 1980. B.S.C., Claflin College, 1983; postgraduate S.C. State University, 1983-84, Georgetown University, 1984-85.

Coordinator Young Christians for Global Justice, Orangeburg, S.C., 1982. Methodist, Baptist.

Author monograph, How to Achieve Happiness in this World Full of Evil, 1981.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Richard Critchfield / Richard Patrick Critchfield

(1931-1994).  Journalist, author.  Awarded one of the first MacArthur Foundation “genius” grants in 1981, journalist Richard Critchfield was best known for his nonfiction accounts of ordinary life in villages throughout the world. “My central finding, that the spread of Western medicine, agriculture, and communications were bringing about a great change in the general human condition, was reported in the Economist on Foreign Affairs.”  Richard Critchfield received his B.A. from the University of Washington, Seattle. In 1957 he received his M.S. in journalism from Columbia University and did additional graduate work at the Universities of Vienna and Innsbruck as well as Northwestern University.

Member: Explorers Club, Overseas Press Club of N.Y.C. (award best daily reporting Vietnam 1965), Cosmos Club, Commonwealth Club of California, Phi Kappa Psi.

Richard Critchfield reported from all over the world, concentrating mainly on the Third World. He wrote for the Christian Science Monitor, The Economist, The New York Times, Reader’s Digest, The Wall Street Journal, American University Fieldstaff Report and the Washington Post. In 1965 he won the Overseas Press Award for his reporting in Vietnam. His books include Lore and Legend of Nepal (1971); The Long Charade: Political Subversion in the Vietnam War (1968); The Golden Bowl Be Broken: Peasant Life in Four Cultures (1973 and 1988); Shahhat: An Egyptian (1978); Villages (1981); Those Days: An American Album (1986); An American Looks at Britain (1990); Tress, Why Do You Wait? (1991); and Villagers (1994).

Honors: Recipient Alicia Patterson Fund award, 1970-71; Ford Foundation grantee, Asia, Africa, Latin American, U.S., 1972-74, 76-81, 86-87, 90-92, Mexico, 1993-94; Institute Current World Affairs grantee, 1971; Rockefeller Foundation humanities fellow, 1978, grantee, 1990-92, MacArthur Foundation Prize fellow, 1981. He continued to work as a journalist and author up to his death from a stroke on December 10, 1994.

 Critchfield’s notes, including 450 Vietnam notebooks, are kept at the Mass Communications Library of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Richard Critchfield Papers, 1954-1994 (Mss 206), Biography,

http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndirs/collections/manuscripts/lit&music/Critchfield2/biography.html

Richard Critchfield Papers, 1954-1994 (Mss 206), Scope and Content, http://www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndirs/collections/manuscripts/lit&music/Critchfield2/scope&content.html

William Croone / William Croune *** Not in Gale

(1633-1684).  English physiologist, physician, embryologist, anatomist, physicist.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/croone.html

Croone was especially interested in muscular action and embryology. He published De ratione motus musculorum in 1664, and in 1672 read a paper , “De formatione pulli in ovo,” (radically preformationist) to the Royal Society in 1672. He gave reports to the Royal Society on a range of physiological questions. He lectured on anatomy to the Barber Surgeons for years, and also pursued some comparative anatomy.  As an experimenter he was associated with Boyle’s study of pressure and volume in air. Croone discovered, and demonstrated experimentally, that water has its maximum density above the freezing point.  He carried out systematic observations of the weather with crude thermometers and hygroscopes and with barometers.

Member: Medical College, Royal Society, 1660-84. Croone was one of the original members. He was Register (i.e., Secretary), 1660-2, frequently on the Council throughout the rest of his life, and in general active in the Society’s affairs.  Royal College of Physicians, 1663-84; Candidate 1663; Fellow 1675; Censor, 1679.

Informal Connections: London circle.  Correspondence with N. Steno, Henry Power, and others.

Jean-Pierre de Crousaz

(1663-1750). Swiss philosopher, mathematician, natural philosopher, mechanic and theologian. Professor at Lausanne (1700-24, 1738-49); tutor to Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (1726-32). Works included Nouvel essai de logique (1712), Traite du beau (1714), Traite sur l’education des enfants (1722), critique of Pope’s Essay on Man (1737), refutations of Bayle and Leibnitz.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/crousaz.html

His Commentaire sur l’analyse des infiniment petits, appeared in 1721, made him famous.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1725-1750; Associate member of the Académie des Sciences.  Associate member of the Académie des Sciences of Bordeaux, 1735-1750.

http://63.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CR/CROUSAZ_JEAN_PIERRE_DE.htm

http://www.polybiblio.com/tabooks/BOOKS054879.html

William Cruickshank ***

(?-1811). English chemist William Cruickshank designed the first electric battery capable of mass production (1802) by joining zinc and copper plates in a wooden box filled with electrolyte. He also performed experiments leading to electroplating.  Discovered the metal strontium in 1787.  Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Academy at Woolwich. He described and studied proteinuria in 1799 in Rollo’s Diabetes (see Neild G 1998).

Member: Fellow of Royal Society, 1802.

“Batteries in a Portable World,” http://www.buchmann.ca/Article3-page3.asp

“The Heritage of Alessandro Volta,” http://dibinst.mit.edu/BURNDY/OnlinePubs/Volta/chapter13.html

“The first of the long list of those to improve the battery was Dr. William Cruickshank who discovered the metal strontium in 1787. He arranged square sheets of copper which he soldered at their edges to similar sized sheets of zinc. These couples were placed into a long rectangular wooden box lined with a resinous cement. The couples were set into grooves and an electrolyte of brine or dilute acid was added to fill the box. This arrangement avoided the drying out of the spacers as in Volta's battery and also provided a much more powerful source of electric current.

“With this battery Dr. Cruickshank was able to extract metals out of their solutions, thereby establishing the art of electroplating. Although the new arrangement was an important improvement, the cells still leaked and were untidy. Cruickshank decomposed the chlorides of magnesia, soda and ammonia and he was able to precipitate pure copper and silver from their salt solutions - a process that led to the beginnings of the great metal refineries of today.

“Additional discoveries showed that the liquid around the poles connected with the positive wire of the battery proved to be alkaline and the liquid around the negative wire was shown to be acid. Finally, the common term ‘cell’ associated with the elements of an electric battery was derived from Cruickshank's arrangement of elements in his trough battery.”

http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/cruickshank.html

William Cumberland Cruickshank

(Often confused with the chemist William Cruickshank of Woolwich)

(1745-1800).  Scottish surgeon who discovered the ovum in mammals.  Incorrectly labeled as “Cruickshanks” in the following biography.

“Significant Scots: William Cruickshanks,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/cruickshanks_william.htm:

“CRUICKSHANKS, WILLIAM, F.R.S. an eminent surgeon in London, the assistant, partner, and successor of the famous Dr. William Hunter of the Windmill Street Anatomical School, was the son of an officer in the excise, and was born at Edinburgh in the year 1745.

“After completing the elementary branches of his education at the schools of Edinburgh, he commenced the study of divinity at that university; but he soon forsook his clerical studies and directed his attention to medicine. With a view to that profession, he removed to Glasgow, where he went through a complete course of medical education at the university. Having devoted eight years of his life to assiduous study, he obtained, through the recommendation of Dr. Pitcairn, the situation of librarian to Dr. William Hunter of London; and so highly did that great man estimate his talents, that he soon after appointed him his assistant, and ultimately raised him to the honour of being his partner, in superintending his establishment in Windmill Street. On the death of Dr. Hunter in the year 1783, the students of that institution thought so favourably of Mr. Cruickshanks' professional acquirements, that they presented an address to him, and to the late Dr. Baillie, requesting that they might assume the superintendence of the school; which they did.

“Mr. Cruickshanks is known to the world by his medical publications; and as a teacher and writer he acquired a high reputation for his knowledge of anatomy and physiology. In the year 1786, he published his principal work The Anatomy of the absorbent vessels of the Human Body, a production of acknowledged merit, which has been translated into several languages. He also wrote an ingenious paper on the nerves of living animals, which establishes the important fact of the regeneration of mutilated nerves. This paper, however, although read before the Royal Society, was not published in the transactions of that body until several years afterwards. This delay was owing to the interference of Sir John Pringle, who conceived that Mr. Cruickshanks had controverted some of the opinions of the great HaIler. In the year 1797, Mr. Cruickshanks was elected fellow of the Royal Society.  [Note: The Royal Society names him as ‘Cruickshank’.]  In 1799, he made his experiments on insensible perspiration, which he added to his work on the absorbent vessels.”

Billy Lee Crynes

(Born 1938). Chemical engineering educator.  Dean College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 1987; head dept., University of Oklahoma, Norman, 1978-87; President Chemical Engineering, University Oklahoma, Norman, 1967.  Consultant, ERPI; Consultant, Global Engineering; Consultant, General Mills; Consultant, Arco Corp.; Consultant, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Research Engineer, E.I. duPont, 1968-70; Research Engineer, Standard Oil, 1968; Research Engineer, Nalco Chemical Co., 1969-70;  BS, Rose-Hulman Institute Tech., 1963; MS, Purdue University, 1966; Ph.D., Purdue University, 1968.

Member: American Chemical Society (National Treasurer 1975-83), American Chemical Society (chairman elect Industrial and engineering chemistry division, 1983), American Institute Chemical Engineers

Recipient Young Engineer of Year Award, Oklahoma Society Professional Engineers, 1972; MASUA Visiting scholar, 1976-77.

Contributing author: Chemistry of Coal Utilization, 1981, (with L.F. Albright and W.H. Corcoran) Pyrolysis: Theory and Industrial Practice, 1983, (with L.F. Albright) Pyrolysis: Theory & Practice, 1983.

Jack Cuozzo, D.D.S. *** Not in Gale

Orthodontist.  Paleontologist.  Research orthodontist and head of the orthodontic section, Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, New Jersey.  Dr Cuozzo was also a member of the St. Barnabas Hospital Medical Staff and served on their Cleft Palate Team. He also was a member of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine for many years. Dr. Cuozzo has been an orthodontist in New Jersey for 33 years. He prepared for his career through studies at Georgetown University (biology major, philosophy minor) and degrees from the University of Pennsylvania (D.D.S.) and Loyola University / Chicago Graduate School of Dentistry (M.S., Oral Biology; Certificate of Specialty in Orthodontics). He also was a Lieutenant in the Navy serving aboard the USS Enterprise (CVAN-65). He and his wife Diane have five grown children and four grandchildren.

In 1977 he studied in Switzerland with the late Dr. Francis Schaeffer and in 1979 embarked upon an original study of Neanderthal fossil specimens with the aid of the late Dr. Wilton M. Krogman, noted anthropologist and Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Cuozzo’s paleontology studies have been conducted at the laboratories in the Musee de l’Homme in Paris, the British Museum in England under Christopher Stringer, the University of Liege in Belgium, the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem, the Museum of Prehistory in East Berlin, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., the Field Museum in Chicago, the Peabody Museum at Harvard University, and the paleontology collection of Southern Methodist University.

He has also studied the Paleolithic caves in Southern France. Part of his work has included taking the first cephalometric (orthodontic) radiographs in history of the Neanderthal fossils (1979-1991).

He also has served as an adjunct Professor of biology at the former King’s College (Briarcliff Manor, NY). He has taught seminars and courses on the growth and development of ancient man, the fossil record, cave research, and the philosophical basis of evolution. He has lectured at numerous churches, colleges, and organizations. Dr. Cuozzo has conducted paleontology tours of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City for the last four years.

Dr. Cuozzo’s publishing efforts have included three articles in the Journal of the New Jersey Dental Society and one article and one editorial review of his work in Creation magazine. He has also published in the Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal and the Creation Research Society Quarterly. Some of his work was included in The Creation series (editor: Josh McDowell; Here’s Life Publishers Inc.), and the movie series: Origins: How The World Came To Be, The Illustrated Origins Answerbook (edited by Paul Taylor, 4^th ed.; Eden Productions). In 1996 he made a series of six TV programs for Cornerstone TV in Wall, Pennsylvania. that have been aired over a satellite network. Dr. Cuozzo’s first book, Buried Alive, was released in 1998 by Master Books of Green Forest, Arkansas. He is one of six authors of the book, When Christians Roamed The Earth, published by Master Books.

Web site at: www.jackcuozzo.com.

Biography: http://www.jackcuozzo.com/bio.html

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/j_cuozzo.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/cuozzo-j.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Robert Floyd Curl / Robert F. Curl, Jr.

(Born 1933).  Physical chemist. American scientist Robert F. Curl, Jr., a professor of physical chemistry at Rice University, won the 1996 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, along with fellow Rice professor Richard E. Smalley and Briton Harold W. Kroto from the University of Sussex, for the discovery of a new form of the element carbon, called Carbon 60. The third molecular form of carbon (the other two forms are diamonds and graphite), C60 consists of 60 atoms of carbon arranged in hexagons and pentagons and is called a “buckminsterfullerene,” “fullerene,” or by its nickname “Buckyball” in honor of Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles.

Curl was the chairman of the Rice University Chemistry Department from 1992 to 1996. As the school's Harry C. and Olga K. Wiess Professor of Natural Sciences, his current research centers on gas phase chemical kinetics, spectroscopy, and environmental monitoring. BA, Rice University, 1954; Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1957; D, University Buenos Aires, 1997; D, University Littoral, 2002.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Curl has received the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award in 1984 and the APS International Prize for New Materials in 1992.  He has been named to the Texas Science Hall Fame; recipient Clayton prize, Institution Mechanical Engineers, London, 1958, Order of Golden Plate, 1997, Achievement award, American Carbon Society, 1997, Texas Distinguished Scientist award, 1997, Johannes Marcus Marci award in spectroscopy, 1998, Madison Marshall award, 1998, Space Act award, 1998, Centenary medal, Royal Society Chemistry, 1999; fellow NSF, Alfred P. Sloan, 1961-1963, NATO postdoctoral, 1964. He has also been a NATO fellow, an Alfred P. Sloan fellow, and an Optical Society of America fellow.

Member: Royal Society of New Zealand (honorary); NAS, European Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters (titulaire member), American Chemical Society, Sigma Xi, Phi Beta Kappa.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Rice University bio, http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1996/curl-autobio.html

Peter Brian Edwin Curtis-Prior

(Born

Member: Fellow Institute Biology; Brit. Pharm Society, Biochemical Society, Society for Medicines Research, Society of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Assoc. Clinical Research Pharm. Ind., Christian Medical Fellowship, Army and Navy Club. Foundation Member Bethany Trust, Cambridge, 1990; Foundation Chairman Prison Fellowship, Cambridge; President Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International, Cambridge. Major parachute regiment British Army, 1964-75.

Honor: Recipient Terr. Declaration award Ministry of Defense, London, 1976.

Editor: (series) The Biochemical Pharmacology of Metabolic Disease States, vol. 1, 1983, Prostaglandins: Biology and Chemistry of Prostaglandins and Related Eicosanoids, 1988, Icosanoids, 2004; Contributor of over 100 articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

“The Eicosanoids - Definitive Work on Ubiquitous Molecules,” http://www.apu.ac.uk/bulletin/articles/010704_molecules.shtml.  “Professor Peter Curtis-Prior is Visiting Professor in Health Sciences in the School of Health Care Practice (and a University Public Orator) and outside of APU is engaged, primarily, in the development of new ‘medicines’ from natural sources (mainly herbs) at Cambridge Research Institute. He has been involved in research in the area of prostaglandins for over 30 years. In that time he has worked for various prestigious organisations including the Department of Experimental Medicine at Guy's Hospital, the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Marie Curie Cancer Research and in the pharmaceutical industry in France at Synthelabo and the Institut Henri Beaufour. He wrote the definitive work on prostaglandins in 1988 and this year, as editor, has planned and arranged this second updated multi-author definitive work, The Eicosanoids.”

Malcolm Armstrong Cutchins

(Born 1935).  Aerospace engineer, educator, researcher. Professor of Aerospace Engineering at Auburn University, where he has twice won Auburn’s Outstanding Faculty Award.  Various positions to senior mechanics engineer, Lockheed-Georgia Co., 1956-66.  Principal investigator on research for NASA, USAF, others.  He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1967.  He was recognized by the journal Industrial Research for “developing one of the 100 most significant new technical products of 1973.” (701 Sanders, Auburn, Alabama .)  Contributor of articles to professional journals; patentee in field.

Recipient Engineer of Year award Alabama Society Professional Engineers, 1985.

Faculty webpage.  Samuel Ginn College of Engineering. Auburn University, http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~cutchins/

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Edward B. Cutler

(Born

Member: Oneida County Solid Waste Agency, 1969-73; Board of Directors Planned Parenthood Association, 1973-77, 81-84; past President Utica Comm. Development Corp., 1968-72; Member numerous coms.; Board of Directors Vision Foundation, Watertown, Mass., 1990-95, Foundation Fighting Blindness, 1996; Member Public Information Commission, Association Public Trans., 1991-94; Member consumer's advisory council. WGBH’s Discriptive Video Service, 1992-93; Member Old South Church With USN, 1955-58.  Elder First Presbyterian Church.

Honors: Recipient fellowshipsgrants NSF, 1963, 64, 66-89, Office of Naval Research, 1963, Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program, 1970, Danish Natural Science Research Council, 1973, numerous others.

Author: (monograph) The Sipuncula, Their Systematics, Biology and Evolution, 1994; Contributor of more than 40 articles to professional journals and publications on posonophora and sipuncula.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Edward B. Cutler, Museum Associate, Museum of Comparative Zoology.  http://www.mcz.harvard.edu/Departments/InvertZoo/cutler.htm

Winnifred Berg Cutler

(Born Time (12/1/86), Newsweek (1/12/87) and a front page story in the Washington Post newspaper, (11/18/86) because it established the first scientific proof that human pheromones affect the relationship between men and women. Inventor of  Athena Pheromone 10:13 cosmetic fragrance additive.  Director, President, Athena Institute for Women's Wellness Research, Haverford, Pennsylvania, 1986; Co-founder, Science Director, Woman's Wellness Program University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, 1984-86; Research Associate, Gynecology Dept. University of Pennsylvania Hospital, 1981-84; Assistant Professor biology, Beaver College, Glenside, Pennsylvania, 1982-83; post doctoral fellow in behavioral endocrinology, Stanford University, 1980. Founder, Stanford Menopause Study, California, 1980-81.  Education: B.S. in Psychology cum laude from Ursinus College Collegeville, Pennsylvania. in 1973, earned her Ph.D. in Biology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1979 followed by postdoctoral work in behavioral endocrinology at Stanford University.

Member: International Society for Study of Time, International Academy Sex Research, American Fertility Society, Conference on Reproductive Behavior, Human Biology Council.  Member Outreach Council Bryn Mawr Presbyterian Church, Pennsylvania, 1984-90.

Honor: Named Business Women of the Year in the U.S. National Association of Women Business Owners, 1992.

Author of six books on women's health translated into 7 languages including Hysterectomy: Before and After, 1988, Love Cycles: The Science of Intimacy, 1991; co-author: Menopause: A Guide for Women and the Men Who Love Them, 1983, rev. editor, 1992, The Medical Management of Menopause, 1984, Searching for Courtship: The Smart Woman's Guide to Finding a Good Husband, 1993.

She has published over 35 scientific papers, is co-inventor on 5 patents.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Athena Institute.  http://www.athenainstitute.com/science.html

Biography.  http://www.athenainstitute.com/biowbc.html

Baron Georges Léopold Cuvier

The French zoologist and biologist Baron Georges Léopold Cuvier (1769-1832) made significant contributions in the fields of paleontology, comparative anatomy, and taxonomy and was one of the chief spokesmen for science in post-revolutionary France.

http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Cuvier.html

Johann Baptist Cysat, S.J. *** Not in Gale

One of the first refractor users in the astronomical field, Cysat discovered independently of PEIRESC the Orion Nebula (M42) in 1619 and recorded the first telescopic observation of a comet.  Catholic, a Jesuit. Architect of the Jesuit college chapel at Innsbruck.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cysat.html

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/cysatus.html

http://www.bingo-ev.de/~ks451/ingolsta/cysat-01.htm (in German)

Bernard d’Abrera *** Not in Gale
The Australian entomologist and Natural History photographer (born 1940), is arguably the best-known ‘Butterfly Man’ in the world.  Scientist at the Lepidoptera British Museum (Natural History) in London and a Fellow with the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design (ISCID).

From http://www.iscid.org/bernard-dabrera.php:

A graduate of the University of New South Wales, Bernard d’Abrera first began his series on the butterflies of the world in 1970, with Butterflies of the Australian Region, now in its 3^rd Edition. Since that time he has completed The Butterflies of the World in 18 volumes, Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region, The Butterflies of Ceylon, Butterflies of the Oriental Region, Butterflies of the Neotropical Region, Butterflies of the Holarctic Region, and Concise Atlas of the Butterflies of the World.

Bernard d’Abrera has also completed a monograph (1 volume) on the Hawkmoths of the World entitled Sphingidae Mundi, and 2 volumes of a projected 3-volume set on the Saturniid Moths of the World (Saturniidae Mundi). He is also revising his famous 1975 book devoted to The Birdwing Butterflies of the World (Ornithoptera Mundi). All his books are based on the peerless collections held in the British Museum (Natural History) in London.

http://www.harrytaylor.free-online.co.uk/bernard.htm

Jacques Dalechamps *** Not in Gale

(1513-1588).  French botanist, physician, surgeon.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dalchamp.html

Dalechamps’s most important scientific work is the Historia generalis plantarum (1586-1687), the most complete botanical complilation of its time and the first to describe much of the flora peculiar to the region around Lyons. His other more or less original work is the Chirugie franciose (1570).

Much of his effort was directed toward editing and translating earlier scientific and medical writings.

Dr. Cham Dallas / Cham E. Dallas *** Not in Gale,

Toxicologist. Chair and Professor, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences University of Georgia, 2002-present.  Chair, Editorial Board for Nuclear, Radiological, and Conventional Weapons, State of Georgia Public Health Medical Readiness, 2002-present.  Associate Professor, 1995-2002; Assistant Professor, 1990-1995 at the University of Georgia.  Since its inception in 1995, Dr. Dallas has been the Chair of the Coordinating Committee Program, which governs the graduate academic and research program at UGA. He teaches in four of the graduate toxicology courses and has been the recipient of several teaching awards at UGA. His research interests involve the toxicokinetics of environmental contaminants, with specific applications in radioecology, genotoxicology, inhalation toxicology, and risk assessment. These studies have included the validation of predictive models of the kinetics and toxicity of inhaled toxins, as well as the measurement of biomarkers of the impact of environmental toxins on molecular and genetic endpoints. Field investigations have included investigations at the Savannah River Site and in the regions contaminated by the Chernobyl nuclear accident in the former Soviet Union . Dr. Dallas has an active history of federal extramural research funding; he has been Principal Investigator on toxicology research projects totaling 1.3 million dollars over the last decade and Co-Principal Investigator on another 1.2 million dollars of research funding.

Southeastern Center for Emerging Biologic Threats, Faculty webpage: http://www.secenterbiothreats.org/ChamDallas.htm

Cham E. Dallas, Ph.D.,Associate Professor of Toxicology, University of Georgia, “The Real Issue

Into The Exclusion Zone,” http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri-intro/thezone.html or http://www.clm.org/real/ri-intro/thezone.html.  Dr. Cham Dallas, Associate Professor of Toxicology at the University of Georgia, led a research team into the Exclusion Zone. This area contains the highest radioactive contamination following the world’s worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl. Dr. Dallas shares how Christian Leadership Ministries helped him combine his professional pursuits with spiritual ministry in this formerly closed area of the world.

In 1998, Dr. Dallas became the Director of the University of Georgia Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, which is one of only three Strategic Academic Excellence Programs funded by the University System Chancellor’s Office in Georgia. Dr. Dallas serves as the Civilian National Consultant for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) for the U.S. Air Force Surgeon General, in which he works to coordinate the military, academic, and medical community response to the use of WMD within the U.S.

In 2002, Dr. Dallas became the Director of the Center for Leadership in Education and Applied Research in Mass Destruction Defense (CLEARMADD), funded by the Centers for Disease Control as a Specialty Center in Public Health Preparedness. The mission of CLEARMADD will be to reduce the casualties and social disruption in WMD events by preparing specialty professions that will encounter the unique and unprecedented circumstances in domestic WMD attacks.

Education: B.A., Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 1975; M.S., Toxicology (1982) and Ph.D., Toxicology (1984), University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas.

Honors: Richard B. Russell Undergraduate Teaching Award for the University of Georgia (University-Wide Teaching Award), May 1994; Phi Delta Chi Teacher of the Year Award (College-Wide Teaching Award), 1994; Dedication for the Georgia Pharmacist Magazine, 1993; Teacher of the Year, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, May 1992; Richard K. Seavers Award for Excellence in Research in Environmental Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, June 1982.

Member: Faculty advisor, Christian Pharmacists Fellowship International. http://www.cpfi.org/cp/index.asp

Faculty biography webpage, Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Atlanta:  http://pbs.rx.uga.edu/faculty/detail.asp?gID=%7bB86C4452-9804-4870-8592-1C114E332AB1%7d

Dave Eberhart, “U.S. Prepares ‘for Mass Casualties” ,”  http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/11/14/183901.shtml, NewsMax.com,

UGA College of Pharmacy Develops First WMD Pharmacy Practice Rotation in United States

http://www.uga.edu/news/artman/publish/030602WMDPharmacyRotation.shtml

John Dalton

The English chemist and physicist John Dalton (1766-1844) provided the beginnings of the development of a scientific atomic theory, thus facilitating the development of chemistry as a separate science. His contributions to physics, particularly to meteorology, were also significant.  Quaker.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John%20Dalton

http://www.slcc.edu/schools/hum_sci/physics/whatis/biography/dalton.html

John Dalton.  http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/dalton.html

In German: http://www.chemie.uni-bremen.de/stohrer/biograph/dalton.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Stephen Dalton

Stephen Dalton (born 1937) began photographing wildlife when, as a young boy, his photographer father gave him a box Brownie camera. Fascinated by insects, Dalton began work on the development of high speed flash equipment, lens, and camera shutter that would enable him to photograph insects during free flight, a feat no photographer had yet accomplished.

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/dalton.html

Raymond V. Damadian

Raymond Damadian (born 1936) was the first to take a nuclear magnetic resonance image (MRI) image of a human body, and went on to develop the MRI as an indispensable tool for medicine.

http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/36.html

“Raymond V. Damadian: Super-Scientist Slams Society’s Spiritual Sickness! Dr. Raymond Damadian, Pioneer of MRI,”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/docs/v16n3_mri.asp. First published in:
Creation Ex Nihilo 16(3):35–37, June–August 1994.

Carl Wieland. “The Not-so-Nobel Decision: Recognition denied for achievement of great scientist—who is also a creationist,”  http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2004/0528damadian_decision.asp

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/damadian.html

http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_5.htm#damadian

Kelly Damphousse *** Not in Gale

Sociologist. Assistant Professor, Sociology, University of Oklahoma.  Dr. Damphousse was born and raised in northern Canada. He attended Lethbridge Community College, earning an associates degree in Law Enforcement in 1982. He graduated from Sam Houston State University with a BS in Criminal Justice (specializing in law enforcement and police science) in 1987. He completed his Ph.D. at Texas A&M University under Howard Kaplan, Director of the Laboratory for the Studies of Social Deviance (the deviance lab). His dissertation examining the long-term consequences of drug use by adolescents was completed in 1994. After graduation, he took a position as Assistant Professor in the Department of Justice Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. After a year there, he took a position as Assistant Professor in the College of Criminal Justice at SHSU (to be closer to his wife’s family). After two years, he took a position in the Department of Sociology at the University of Oklahoma (to work at the home of a national championship football team), where he has been ever since. He directs several research projects, most notably the American Terrorism Study and the Oklahoma City Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring project.

Faculty webpage, University of Oklahoma. http://www.ou.edu/soc/Kelly_Damphousse.htm

James Dwight Dana

James Dwight Dana, (1813-1895), geologist and zoologist. In 1840 he had been made editor of the American Journal of Science, or “Silliman’s Journal” as it was commonly known, and on the retirement of Silliman in 1849 was appointed Professor of natural history in Yale College, though he did not take up his duties until six years later. In 1864 the title of the professorship was changed to that of geology and mineralogy. This position he retained until he resigned from active duties in 1890.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/James+Dwight+Dana

doi: 10.1130/1052-5173(2003)013<0020:JDDMZG>2.0.CO;2
GSA Today: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 20–21.

James H. Natland. “James Dwight Dana (1813–1895): Mineralogist, Zoologist, Geologist, Explorer,”Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL , USA.

http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-document&issn=1052-5173&volume=013&issue=02&page=0020

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

William Louis Daniel

(Born September 20, 1942).  Geneticist, educator.  Assistant Professor, Illinois State University, Normal, 1967-71, Associate Professor, 1971-72; Assistant Professor, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1972-76, Associate Professor genetics, 1976; Director section for genetics dept. pediatrics, University of Illinois College Medicine, Urbana, 1975-94; Assistant Director School of Life Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1995. Education:  BS, Mich. State University, 1964, Ph.D., 1967. Diplomate American Board Medical Genetics.

Honors:  Recipient Eagle Scout award Boy Scouts of America, 1955, numerous teaching awards, University of Illinois; named Outstanding Community Leader, 1972. Fellow American College Medical Genetics; member Genetics Society of America, American Genetics Association, American Society Human Genetics, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Illinois Academy of Sciences, AAAS, Phi Kappa Phi. Roman Catholic.

Author: Medical Genetics for Health Professionals, 1979, (with others) Genetics and Human Variation, 1982, 86, 91, 95; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

L. Ann Daniels

(Born November 25, 1950).  Biologist.  Health educator.  Registered health education specialist, N.C. Society Public Health Educators. Associate control biologist, Cutter Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Raleigh, N.C., 1973-75; Director health education City of Eden (N.C.), 1975-77; Director allied and public health education Bowman Gray School Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C., 1977, instructor health education, 1980; Adjunct instructor health education University N.C., Chapel Hill, 1980; Consultant on education and training VA Medical Center., Salisbury, N.C., 1981. Board of Directors American Cancer Society, Winston-Salem, 1982, Battered Women's Services, Winston-Salem, 1983, Consumer Counseling-Credit Services, Winston-Salem, 1984.  B.S., N.C. Central University, 1973; M.Ed., University NC, 1979.

Honors: Recipient Outstanding Woman Achivement award Professional Business League, Winston-Salem, N.C., 1982.

Member ASTD, National Association Professional Consultant, National Association Female Executives, National Society Prospective Medicine, Triad Trainers Guild (program Director Winston-Salem 1982-83), Eta Sigma Gamma.  Baptist.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Egnatio Pellegrino Rainaldi Danti / Egnazio Danti / Ignazio Danti *** Not in Gale

(1536-1586).  Italian astronomer, mathematician, cartographer, scientific instruments, optics.

From The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/danti.html:

In 1574 he determined by observation that the equinox was eleven days earlier than the calendar. Danti continued to pursue this issue, and was one of the more important figures in the reform of the calendar. He published his grandfather’s translation of Sacrobosco’s Sphere with his own commentary on it. He also published other astronomical work and mathematical works (as for example an edition of some of Euclid). Danti prepared huge mural maps in Florence (in the Palazzo Vecchio) and later in the Vatican, and he published a work on a surveying instrument that he improved upon. Danti published the Perspective of Euclid together with that of Eliodoro Larisseo. He translated Ptolemy’s Geography.

Danti constructed an astronomical quadrant and an equinoctial armillary mounted on the facade of Santa Maria Novella for observations meant to determine the true equinox in order to correct the calendar. He later built a gnomon in Santa Maria Novella for that purpose, and after he moved to Bologna the more famous gnomon in the cathedral there. He published extensively on astronomical instruments.  He built anemoscopes (instruments to show the direction of the wind) for a number of aristocrats in Florence and Bologna. He build anemoscopes (to indicate the direction of the wind) in Florence and in Bologna.  He mapped the region embracing Perugia and later the papal states. He perfected the rado latino, a surveying instrument.

Danti was a member of the Accademia del Disegno in Perugia and later in the Accademia of Santa Luca in Rome.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Danti.html or https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Danti.html

http://www.geometry.net/scientists/danti_egnatio.php

Dr. Nancy M. Darrall

Botony.  Holds a B.S. with first class honors in agricultural botony from the University of Wales, Abery-stwyth, an M.S. in speech and language pathology and therapy from the University of London, and a Ph.D. in botany from the University of Wales.  Had 14 years of experience working in the area of environmental research at the National Power, Technology and Environmental Centre at Leatherhead, studying the environmental impact of electricity generation, and in particular the physiological effects of gaseous air pollutants on agricultural crops. Affiliated with Bolton Primary Care Trust.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/darrall-n.html

Nancy M. Darrall. “Tracing mother Eve using mitochondrial DNA,” http://www.biblicalcreation.co.uk/origins_archaeology/bcs023.html

The Genesis Agendum Autumn Lecture in London, http://www.genesisagendum.org.uk/LecturedetailL2.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Cunradus Dasypodius [Rauchfuss] *** Not in Gale

(c. 1530-1600).  German mathematician, astronomer, mechanic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dasypods.html

Dasypodius published extensively on mathematics, at the textbook level. He also did some astronomy and he translated Hero’s Automata into Latin and drew upon it for the famous clock.  In 1571-74, he designed the famous clock in the cathedral at Strasbourg.

L. Merson Davies *** Not in Gale

Davies (1890–1960) was a paleontologist (specializing in foraminifera), a member of several scientific royal societies, a lieutenant-colonel, and an active member of the Evolution Protest Movement. In The Bible and Modern Science (1953), he argued both for the gap theory and for geological effects of the Flood.

Edward B. Davis

(Born 1953).  Scholar.  History of Science; Research: Robert Boyle; Religion and science since 1650; Anti-evolutionism.  Professor of the History of Science, Messiah College, 1996-present; Associate Professor of Science and History, Messiah College, 1990-1996; Assistant Professor of Science and History, Messiah College, 1985-1990; Visiting Assistant Professor, Departments of History and Philosophy, Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN), 1984-85

B.S. (Physics), Drexel University (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), June 1975; M.A. (History and Philosophy of Science), Indiana University (Bloomington, IN), October 1981; Ph.D (History and Philosophy of Science), Indiana University ( Bloomington, IN), August 1984. Dissertation title: “Creation, Contingency, and Early Modern Science: The Impact of Voluntaristic Theology on 17^th Century Natural Philosophy”. Major Professor: the late Richard S. Westfall.

Homepage: http://home.messiah.edu/~tdavis/home.htm

Edward B. Davis.  “A Whale of a Tale: Fundamentalist Fish Stories,”

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1991/PSCF12-91Davis.html From Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 43:224-237 (1991), with minor editorial changes.

DR. EDWARD DAVIS.  Guest Presenter, Physical Sciences,”Why History (of Science) Matters,” http://www.facultylinc.com/conf/Conferences.nsf/a7db9ec42aac707186256b7800210d63/73d4f330572d272186256e7d0062efea?OpenDocument

Robert Scott Davis

(Born February 14, 1954, in Shirley, MA).  Computer programmer.  Historian.  Wallace State College, Hanceville, AL, director of Family and Regional History Program, 1991-present.  Education: Piedmont College, B.A., 1978; North Georgia College, M.Ed., 1980; Pickens Area Vocational-Technical School, Certificate in Computer Programming, 1982; University of Alabama at Birmingham, M.A., 1996.

Memberships: Society for Documentary Editing, Georgia Historical Society, Blountsville Historical Society.  Baptist.

Honors: National Award of Merit, National Genealogical Society, 1986; grant for England, R. J. Taylor, Jr. Foundation.

Author: Kettle Creek: The Battle of the Cane Brakes, Georgia Department of Natural Resources (Atlanta, GA), 1975; Georgia Citizens and Soldiers of the American Revolution, Southern Historical Press (Easley, SC), 1979; Kettle Creek Battle and Battlefield, Washington-Wilkes Publishing (Washington, GA), 1979; Thomas Ansley and the American Revolution in Georgia, Ansley Reunion Press (Red Springs, NC), 1980; Research in Georgia: With a Special Emphasis on the Georgia Department of Archives and History, Southern Historical Press, 1980; Encounters on a March through Georgia in 1779: The Maps and Memorandums of Lieutenant John Wilson, 71st Highlanders, Partridge Pond Press (Sylvania, GA), 1986; Quaker Records in Georgia: Wrightsborough, 1772-1793, Friendsborough, 1775-1777, Augusta Genealogical Society (Augusta, GA), 1986; Georgians in the American Revolution: At Kettle Creek (Wilkes County) and Burke County, Southern Historical Press, 1986; History of Montgomery County, Georgia, Wolfe Publishing (Roswell, GA), 1992; Pickens Past: A Photographic History of Pickens County, Georgia, Wolfe Publishing, 1995; Cotton, Fire, and Dreams: The Robert Findlay Iron Works and Heavy Industry in Macon, Georgia, 1839-1912, Mercer University Press (Macon, GA), 1998; A Blountsville Picture Book, Blountsville Historical Society (Blountsville, AL), 1999; Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, Mercer University Press, 1999; (Complier) Supplement to the Wilkes County Papers, 1773-1833, Southern Historical Press (Greenville, SC), 2000; Tracing Your Alabama Past, University of Mississippi Press (Jackson, MS), 2003.

Contributor of more than six hundred articles to genealogy and popular history journals, and to magazines and newspapers, including Journal of the North Carolina Friends Historical Society, Atlanta Historical Journal, Huntington Library Quarterly, Georgia Historical Quarterly, Georgia Librarian, and Railroad History.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

William Morris Davis

(1850–1934).  Theistic evolutionist.  Geologist, meteorologist, and the leading U.S. physical geographer of the early 20th century.  The son of a Philadelphia Quaker businessman, Davis studied science at Harvard University. After a spell as a meteorologist in Argentina, Davis served with the U.S. North Pacific Survey before securing an appointment as a lecturer at Harvard in 1877. Becoming a professor, he taught geology at Harvard 1876-1912. During those 30 years, Davis became the most prominent U.S. investigator of the physical environment.   Developed Davisian system of landscape analysis based on “cycle of erosion”.  Author of Elementary Meteorology (1894), Geographical Essays (1909), Coral Reef Problem (1928), etc.  In all he wrote some 500 papers, chiefly on physical geography but also on the teaching of geography in schools and universities. These included 42 papers on meteorology.

The Father of American Geography: William Morris Davis
http://geography.tqn.com/library/weekly/aa122198.htm

William Morris Davis.  http://oz.plymouth.edu/~biology/history/davis.html

William Morris Davis.  http://www.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/davis.html

http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/davis.html

http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/williamdavis.htm

Davis, William M. 1909. Geographical Essays. Boston: Ginn & Company. (Only Chapter 1 available) http://www.colorado.edu/geography/giw/davis-wm/davis-wm.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Morris%20Davis

Sir Humphry Davy

The English chemist and natural philosopher Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) isolated and named the elements of the alkaline-earth and alkali metals and showed that chlorine and iodine were elements.

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0175.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sir%20Humphry%20Davy

In German: http://www.geschichte.2me.net/bio/cethegus/d/davy.html

Verne E. Davison / Verne Elbert Davison

(1904-1991).  Wildlife biologist.  State Game Department, Ellis County, OK, ranger and manager of game refuge, 1923-1935; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., soil, water, fisheries, and wildlife regional biologist in South Dakota, North Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana, 1935-37, in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Arkansas, 1937-1964, and in western states, 1964-1969; writer and researcher, 1969-1991. Cattle rancher in Ellis County, OK, 1921-1935. Conducted research and demonstrations on the lesser prairie chicken, 1931-1935. Fisheries research scientist for American Embassy, Burma, 1952; aquatic biologist for U.S. Department of State, 1952; fisheries specialist in South Vietnam, 1966.

Member: Wildlife Society (charter member), Soil Conservation Society, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, American Ornithologists Union.  Presbyterian.

Honors: Conservation award from Nash Motors, 1954; outstanding performance award from Soil Conservation Service, 1958; superior service award from U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1959.

Author: Fish for Food from Farm Ponds, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1944; Bobwhites on the Rise, Scribner, 1949; Homemade Fishing, Stackpole, 1953; (With John M. Lawrence and Lawrence V. Compton) Waterweed Control on Farms and Ranches, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1962; Attracting Birds: From the Prairies to the Atlantic, Crowell, 1967. All published by the U.S. Government Printing Office: Protecting Field Borders, 1939; Shrubs for Wildlife on Farms in the Southeast, 1940; Southern Piedmont Experiment Station, Watkinsville, Georgia, --Aug. 1942--A Bluegill Bream Caught by a Small Girl, Grace Wither, in a Farm Pond, (photographic print), 1942; Bicolor Lespedeza for Quail and Soil Conservation in the Southeast, 1948; Lespedezas for Quail and Good Land Use, 1954; Managing Farm Fishponds for Bass and Bluegills, 1955; (With William W. Neely) Managing Farm Fields, Wetlands, and Waters for Wild Ducks in the South, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1959, revised edition published as Wild Ducks on Farmland in the South, 1966, 1971; Warm Water Ponds for Fishing, 1965; (With Dale H. Arner) Wild Turkeys on Southeastern Farms and Woodlands, 1970.  Contributor of about two hundred articles to technical and popular magazines.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Peter Donald Day

(Born

Member: Fellow Royal Anthropol. Institute,

Author: Eastern Christian Liturgies, 1972, The Liturgical Dictionary of Eastern Christianity, 1993.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Jan Cornets De Groot / Johan Hugo de Groot *** Not in Gale

(1544-1640).  Dutch scientist specializing in mechanics, optics and hydraulics.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/degroot.html

De Groot was a distinqueshed amateur scientist, and best known for the experiment he performed with Stevin, published in Stevin’s Waterwicht (1586), in which they proved that lead bodies of different weights in falling traverse the same distance in the same time.  He was also knowledgable in optics.  With Stevin in building windmills on contract.

Kenneth de Jong / Kenneth J. de Jong *** Not in Gale
(Not Kenneth A. De Jong, Professor of Computer Science, George Mason University)

Linguist.  Associate Professor of Linguistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington.  Research Interests: The relationship between speech actions and linguistic structure. “I am particularly interested in how speech actions are organized into fluent utterances, how this organization is governed by the prosodic conventions of a particular language, and how this organization indicates the relationship of the utterance to the surrounding discourse. I also have more general interests in the role of speech production and perception in the formation of linguistic conventions.” Research includes a project to study English dialects through computer synthesis. His acoustical analysis of Brooklyn English has uncovered a connection between simplifying the act of speaking—those who “talk Brooklyn” do so simply because it is easier—and how a language changes. B.A. at Calvin College, 1984; M.A. at Ohio State University, 1987; Ph.D. in Linguistics, Ohio State University, 1991.

Faculty webpage, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.  http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/people/homepages/dejong.html

http://newsinfo.iu.edu/sb/page/normal/657.html

John R. De Laeter / John Robert De Laeter, AO, Cit(WA), BEd(Hons), BSc(Hons), Ph.D., DSc(W Aust), FTS, CPhys, FInstP, FAIP

(Born 1933).  Australian physicist.  Researcher.  Dr. John R. De Laeter is the Emeritus Professor of physics at Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics in Perth, WA, Australia, and until his retirement was the University’s Deputy Vice Chancellor of Research and Development.   Previously Dean of Science, Curtin University, Perth, 1974-80; Head of physics Department, Curtin University, Perth, 1966-74; Senior Lecturer, Curtin University, Perth, 1960-65; Senior master Department of Education, Perth, 1956-59.  Education: BSc, University Western Australia, 1954; BEd, University Western Australia, 1958; Ph.D., University Western Australia, 1966; DSc, University Western Australia, 1985; DTech, Curtin University, Perth, 1995.

Amongst his many honours and recognition he received the ANZAAS medal, the Kelvin Metal of the Royal Society of WA, the WR Browne medal of Australian Geological Society and has been recognised as an Officer of the General Division of the Order of Australia.

Editor Science and Tech. Policy, 1993, 94; Contributor of articles to science and professional journals

Webpage, IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), http://www.iupac.org/organ/members/d/delaeter.html

Webpage, Curtain University of Technology, http://www.physics.curtin.edu.au/dept/staff/jdl.html

In a fitting tribute to a renowned Australian scientist, the Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry (CEMS) (est. 1999) was re-named the John de Laeter Centre of Mass Spectrometry in 2002. Over the past four decades, Emeritus Professor John de Laeter has won acclaim as a researcher and science visionary who was the driving force behind many science landmarks in WA: Technology Park, Scitech Discovery Centre and CEMS. Along the way, de Laeter has gathered local, national and international awards in a career that’s embraced nuclear physics, atomic weights, geochronology, mass spectrometry, astrophysics, education and business. Who’s Who devotes nearly half a page to him. There’s even a planet bearing his name (Minor Planet de Laeter 3893 – a main belt asteroid orbiting between Mars and Jupiter). www.alumni.curtin.edu.au/documents/2002_sem2.pdf

http://announce.curtin.edu.au/release2002/c2802.htm

John De Laeter Centre of Mass Spectronomy.  http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/centre/cems/

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Augustus De Morgan

(1806-1871). English mathematician and logician. Author of Essay on Probabilities (1838), Formal Logic (1847), Trigonometry and Double Algebra (1849), and treatises on calculus; with George Boole, laid foundation for modern symbolic logic; developed new terminology for logical expression; formulated De Morgan’s laws; introduced and rigorously defined term “mathematical induction.”

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Morgan.html

http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Gallery/deMorgan_note.html

http://www.shu.edu/projects/reals/history/demorgan.html

http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/A/Augustus-De-Morgan.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Augustus%20De%20Morgan

Saint Vincent de Paul

(1581-1660).  French clergyman. Renowned for his benevolence, zeal, and genius for practical organization; founded hospitals, and started two Roman Catholic religious orders: Congregation of the Mission (1625), known as Lazarists or Vincentians, and, with St. Louise de Marillac, Daughters of Charity (1633), also known as Vincentians. Canonized (1737).

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15434c.htm

Larry Michael Deal

(Born March 9, 1956).  Geologist.  Biologist.  Project inspector USDA Soil Conservation Service, Ozark, Alabama, 1976-78, Engineering Assistant, 1978-80, surveyor, 1980-81; land surveyor O'Neal Ham Inc., Ozark, 1978-82; Senior geologist Mountain Coals Inc., Bulan, Ky., 1982; Consultant, London, Kentucky, 1984.  Student, Enterprise State Jr. College, 1974-76; B.S. in Biology, Troy State University, 1979; B.S. in Geology, Auburn University, 1981.

Member: American Institute Professional Geologists (Associate), American Association Petroleum Geologists (jr.). Baptist. 

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Dr. Frank Dean *** Not in Gale

Research Manager at Ion Science Ltd. in Fowlmere.

“My work concerns gas sensors, particularly for production-line leak testing. It’s a fascinating job, and I really enjoy it. A sensor (a thermometer, for example) is often effective by engaging a very subtle or tiny physical effect. Therefore one has to be ready for anything, and ready to try anything. It is thrilling to see something of the molecular world from day to day. On rare occasions this comes as a revelation. It is a very special moment, similar to the time you first feel the heart pulse. If I am in the laboratory, I tend to pace up and down in a state of nervous agitation; if not, I head straight there. I wish to share the discovery with someone. Often I can only thank God.

“I have no doubt at all that every iota of human knowledge is from God, and science is just the part of that knowledge which is ascertainable by observation and experiment.”

From http://www.ely.anglican.org/parishes/camgsm/Majestas/1998/May.html

Claude F. M. Dechales, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1621-1678).  French-born mathematician.  Engineer.  Specialist on navigation.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dechales.html

Dechales is best remembered for his Cursus seu mundus mathematicus, a complete course of mathematics, including practical geometry, mechanics, statics, geography, magnetism, architecture, optics, astronomy, natural philosophy, and music. He taught the arts of navigation and military engineering.

He became a Jesuit in 1636 and was for a time a missionary in Turkey.

Martin Ralph DeHaan

(1891-1964).  Founder, Radio Bible Class. DeHaan moved to Chicago to attend the College of Medicine of the University of Illinois and prepare for a career as a doctor. During his years there, he met Priscilla Venhuizen, whom he eventually married. In 1914 DeHaan graduated as class valedictorian, was licensed to practice medicine, and was married, all within a matter of months. He established a practice in Byron’s Corner, 14 miles east of his hometown. He settled down to become a much-loved but obscure country doctor.  Seven years later, the church-going doctor faced a crisis following an almost fatal reaction to some medicine he had been given. He reexamined his life while in the hospital and had a born-again experience. The following year he sold his practice and entered Western Theological Seminary to prepare for the ministry. He also gave up the use of alcohol, which he had been known to abuse occasionally.

“Martin R. Dehaan, 1891-1965,” http://www.believersweb.org/view.cfm?ID=125

Dr. Cees Dekker *** Not in Gale

(Born 1959).  Dutch Professor of Molecular Biophysics, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.  Specialist in single-molecule biophysics, carbon nanotubes, molecular electronics, nanotechnology, single-molecule techniques (SPM, nanostructures, tweezers,..) Master degree in Experimental Physics, University of Utrecht, 1984 Ph.D. in Physics, University of Utrecht, 1988. Ph.D. thesis: “Two-dimensional spin glasses”.

1984-1988 research assistent (promovendus), University of Utrecht

1988-1993 permanent scientific staff (universitair docent), University of Utrecht

1990-1991 visiting researcher in the group of dr. R.H. Koch, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, USA

1993-1999 permanent scientific staff (universitair hoofddocent), Delft University of Technology

1999-2000 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Professor, Delft University of Technology

2000-now Professor of Molecular Biophysics, Delft University of Technology

Recipient, 2003 Spinoza Prize.

Webpage: http://www.mb.tn.tudelft.nl/user/dekker/index.html

“An Interview with Professor Cees Dekker,” http://www.esi-topics.com/nano/interviews/Cees-Dekker.html

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Richard Delamain / Richard Delamaine *** Not in Gale

(Born: unknown first recorded in 1629. Died: before 1645 when his widow petitioned).  English mathematician.  Cartographer.  Instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/delamain.html

Delamain is known almost entirely for his essay, Grammelogia, or the Mathematical Ring, which deals with practical mathematics and a couple of instruments, and for the controversy the work generated with Oughtred. He also published The Making, Description, and Use of . . . a Horizontal Quadrant, 1631, which was part of the controversy.  He constructed a number of mathematical instruments, including a large silver sundial. Two instruments were central to the quarrel with Oughtred and the charge of plagiarism--the circular slide rule and the horizontal instrument (a sundial with other uses as well).  His mathematics was wholly practical, and the circular slide rule was a calculating device.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Richard Delamain,”

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Delamain.html

Delamain became mathematics tutor to Charles I, who was king of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49). Delamain was the same age as the king he tutored, both being born in 1600. Delamain became a student of Oughtred and they were great friends at first. Oughtred wrote

As I did to Delamain, and to some others ... I freely gave ... my helpe and instruction. ... But Delamain was already corrupted with doring upon instruments, and quite lost from ever being made an artist.

They had a bitter dispute over the invention of a circular slide rule. Oughtred described the slide rule in 1622 but the circular slide rule was not described by him until 1632. Delamain described a circular slide rule in a 32 page pamphlet Grammelogia which was sent to the King in 1629 and published the following year. His fame as a mathematician rests on this work.

As well as mathematical instruments Delamain also made sundials.

Keith S. Delaplane *** Not in Gale

Entomologist.  Professor of Entomology, University of Georgia Entomology.  Education: B.S., Purdue University, Animal Science, 1983;M.S., Louisiana State University, Entomology, 1986; Ph.D., Louisiana State University, Entomology, 1989.

Honors: Winner, Silver Medal, Academic Books, Apimondia Congress, South Africa 2001; Journal of Apicultural Research, Gold Medal Winner at 2003; Apimondia Congress, Slovenia.

Member: The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia http://www.uga.edu/cff/

Core values: http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/Personnel/Delaplane/values.htm

“The central fact of my life is that I am a believer and follower of Jesus Christ. This is not irrelevant to this website nor to my professional program at the University of Georgia. To the contrary, it establishes the performance criteria and guiding philosophy for every professional activity and personal interaction I undertake. It establishes my worldview—a Christian worldview.”

Books, http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/Personnel/Delaplane/books.htm

Author: Honey bees and beekeeping: A year in the life of an apiary, The Georgia Center for Continuing Education, 138 pp., 1993. 2^nd edition. 1996; (with D.F. Mayer). Crop pollination by bees. CAB International, Oxon, United Kingdom, 2000, 344 pp.; (editor, withWebster, T.C). Mites of the honey bee. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois, 2001, 280 pp. Senior editor, Journal of Apicultural Research, http://www.ibra.org.uk/

Faculty webpage, Keith S. Delaplane—College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Department of Entomology http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees

Keith S. Delaplane (Athens), University of Georgia Entomology,  http://www.ent.uga.edu/personnel/faculty/delaplane.htm

Home page, http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/Personnel/Delaplane/Delaplane.htm

University of Georgia Honey Bee Program, http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/

Honey Bee Program Personnel and Facilities, http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/Personnel/Personnel.htm

K. S. Delaplane.  “My Beekeeping Experience,” http://www.ent.uga.edu/bees/Personnel/Delaplane/experience.htm

Dr. Keith S. Delaplane. Christian Student Survival Conference, Session 2, “Naturalism: What You See is All There Is,” http://www.leaderu.com/cl-institute/cssc/survival06.html

Guillaume Delisle

(1675-1726). French geographer. Chief geographer to King Louis XV (1718); through use of astronomical observations created world and continental maps of a new order of accuracy; published maps showing voyages of discovery and exploration; regarded as a founder of modern cartography.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/delisle.html

http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/D/Delisle.html

Delisle’s most important work is a world map (1700), as accurate as the data available at that time permitted and the first map on which the errors of Ptolemy were wholly absent. Delisle is called the founder of modern cartography. He was geographer to Louis XV.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04700a.htm

Jean Andre Deluc

(1727–1817) Jean Deluc is principally remembered for having invented the dry pile, a type of electric battery, but his contributions to geology and meteorology were no less important. Authority on Swiss Alps; tried to reconcile science with biblical book of Genesis.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=enweath0871

William A. Dembski *** Not in Gale

A mathematician and a philosopher, William A. Dembski is Associate research Professor in the conceptual foundations of science at Baylor University’s Institute for Faith and Learning (1999 – present) and a senior Fellow with Discovery Institute’s Center for the Renewal for Science and Culture in Seattle (1996 – present). He is also the Executive Director of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (www.iscid.org). Dr. Dembski previously taught at Northwestern University (Postdoctrinal Fellow, 1992-1993), the University of Notre Dame (Postdoctrinal Fellow, 1996-1997), and the University of Dallas (Adjunct Assistand Professor, 1997-1999). He has done postdoctoral work in mathematics at MIT (1988), in physics at the University of Chicago (1989), and in computer science at Princeton University (1990). A graduate of the University of Illinois at Chicago where he earned a B.A. in psychology (1981), an M.S. in statistics (1983), an M.A. in philosophy (1993) and a Ph.D. in philosophy (1996), he also received a Ph.D. in mathematics (1988) from the University of Chicago and a master of divinity degree from Princeton Theological Seminary (1996). He has held National Science Foundation (1982 – 1985) graduate and postdoctoral fellowships.

Dr. Dembski has published articles in mathematics, philosophy, and theology journals and is the author/editor of seven books. In The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance Through Small Probabilities (Cambridge University Press, 1998), he examines the design argument in a post-Darwinian context and analyzes the connections linking chance, probability, and intelligent causation. The sequel to The Design Inference appeared with Rowman & Littlefield in 2002 and critiques Darwinian and other naturalistic accounts of evolution. It is titled No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligence. Dr. Dembski is currently coediting a book with Michael Ruse for Cambridge University Press titled Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA.

He is academic editor of Foundation for Thought and Ethics, Associate editor of Origins & Design, and serves on the editorial board for Princeton Theological Review and the advisory board for Torrey Honors Program, Biola University.

Member: Discovery Institute—senior Fellow, Wilberforce Forum—senior Fellow, American Scientific Affiliation, Evangelical Philosophical Society, Access Research Network.

WILLIAM A. DEMBSKI Biographical Sketch, http://www.designinference.com/biosketch.htm

Curriculum Vitae, http://www.designinference.com/documents/05.02.CV.htm

Access Research Network, http://www.arn.org/dembski/wdhome.htm

Official home page: http://www.designinference.com

Discovery Institute, http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=32&isFellow=true

http://www.meta-library.net/bio/billd-body.html

Leadership U webpage, http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/AllStaffbyStaffID/wdembski?OpenDocument

THE WRITINGS OF WILLIAM A. DEMBSKI. http://www.designinference.com/

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Thomas Denman *** Not in Gale

(1733-1815).  English obstetric physician, surgeon.  Student of William Smellie.

“Biography of Thomas Denman (1733-1815),” http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/dnb.denman.html:

Denman’s eldest son became chief justice of England, one of his two daughters married Dr. Matthew Baillie, the morbid anatomist, and the other Sir Richard Croft, M.D.

Denman was the first physician whose authority made the practice general in England of inducing premature labour in cases of narrow pelvis and other conditions, in which the mother's life is imperilled by the attempt to deliver at the full time. This had been suggested before, but never successfully established as a rule of practice; while since Denman's time it has never been opposed in Europe except by certain theologians. His first publication was “A Letter to Dr. Richard Huck on the Construction and Method of using Vapour Baths,” London, 1768. He recommends the use of an apparatus in which steam from the spout of a kettle is introduced within the envelope of blankets in which a patients body is enclosed. This method, now in common use, was then known to very few people. In the same year were published Essays on the Puerperal Fever and on Puerperal Convulsions, papers only of temporary interest. In 1782 he published An Introduction to the Practice of Midwifery, which reached a fifth edition in 1805, and is a lucid, philosophical work, still to be read with advantage. His most popular work appeared in 1783, Aphorisms on the Application and Use of the Forceps and Vectis on Preternatural Labours, on Labours attended with Hemorrhage and with Convulsions, a duodecimo volume in which all the important points of the subject are stated with admirable precidion. It has had seven English and three American editions, and was translated into French. In 1786 three separate essays appeared “On Uterine Hemorrhages depending on Pregnancy and Parturition,” “On Preternatural Labours,” “On Natural Labours”; and in 1787 “A Collection of Engravings to illustrate the Generation and Parturition of animals and of the Human Species.” In 1790 he wrote a paper “On the Snuffles in Infants” in the Medical Journal. This is the first accurate description of the nasal and laryngeal catarrh of congenital infantile syphilis. The symptoms are accurately described, but Denman failed to discover their pathological nature, and though he had noted that calomel was sometimes useful he did not learn that mercury was curative, a fact now so well known that Sir William Jenner, speaking of this affection before a royal commission in 1867, stated that he had told a clinical assistant who failed to prescribe it that he was guilty of the death of the patient. Denman subsequently published further observations on the same subject, “Observations on Rupture of the Uterus,” “On the Snuffles in Infants,” and “On Mania Lactea,” 1810; and “Plates of Polypi of the Uterus,” 1800, and “Observations on the Cure of Cancers,” 1810. The book on cancer contains more conjecture and fewer observations than any of his other writings, the general characteristics of which are the exact record of observation and the strict relation of his conclusions to his facts.

http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=5881&inst_id=6

Educated at Bakewell grammar school; studied medicine at St George's Hospital, London from 1853; surgeon's mate in the navy, surgeon, 1757; attached to the ship Edgar to 1763; continued his medical studies, attending the lectures on midwifery of Dr. Smellie; graduated MD, Aberdeen, 1764; began practice as a physician, Winchester; surgeon to a royal yacht; lectured on midwifery, and continued to do so for fifteen years; physician accoucheur to the Middlesex Hospital, 1769-1783; licentiate in midwifery, College of Physicians, 1783; moved to Feltham, Middlesex, 1791 and reduced his practice; made the practice of inducing premature labour in cases of narrow pelvis and other conditions general in England.
Denman’s other publications include: Aphorisms, respecting the distinction and management of preternatural presentations [London, c 1780]; Directions for the application of the forceps [London, c 1780]; An Essay on Uterine Hemorrhages depending on Pregnancy and Parturition (J Johnson, London, 1785); An Essay on Difficult Labours (J. Johnson, London, 1787-1791).

“Instruments of Denman,” http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/in.denman.html

B. Lynn DeOgny

(Born May 26, 1939).  Research biologist.  Laboratory executive.  Cytology certified, University of Oklahoma, 1961. Research biologist, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 1967-74, California Institute Technology, Pasadena, 1975-81; Research Associate AMGEN, Thousand Oaks, California, 1981-83, DNAX, Palo Alto, California, 1983-85; v.p. OCS Labs., Inc., Denton, Texas, 1985; research biologist, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, 1985; Consultant pharmaceutical cos. and labs. Education: B.S. in Science, Central State University, Edmond, Oklahoma, 1966.

Member: National Association Female Executives. Baptist.

Contributor of article to Clinica Chemica Acta, 1974.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

James Derham

(Born ca. 1762).  James Durham, born a slave, became the first black physician to practice in the United States. His success in treating such life-threatening diseases as yellow fever and diphtheria earned him the respect of many prominent doctors, notably Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia. Durham became well-known as an expert on diseases of the throat, and he was also noted for his theories on the connection between disease and climate.

“First 3 African American physicians,” http://ohoh.essortment.com/africanamerican_rqdo.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

William Derham

(1657-1735).  Scholar, botanist, meteorologist, astronomer, physicist, entomologist, natural philosopher, etc. William Derham made the most accurate measurements of the speed of sound up to his time. English physicist Sir Isaac Newton accepted these measurements and used them in his landmark publication Principia. With a wide range of interests, Derham wrote on philosophy, theology, and the sciences. His first publication was a treatise on clocks, titled The Artificial Clockmaker (1696). His extensive writings included papers on wildlife, the behavior of mercury barometers, telescopes, and astronomy. His best known works were Physico-Theology (1713) and Astro-Theology (1714). These books were teleological arguments for the being and attributes of God, and were used by Paley nearly a century later. In Physico-Theology, Derham discussed atmosphere, light, gravity, and biology. While studying the speed of sound, Derham instructed friends to fire shotguns on a set time with synchronized pocket watches from distant locations (often the towers of churches). Derham then observed the interval between the flash and the arrival of sound, using telescopes and a half-second pendulum. Derham also invented an instrument for finding the meridian.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/derham.html

http://37.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DE/DERHAM_WILLIAM.htm:

In 1702 Derham was elected fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1716 was made a canon of Windsor. He was Boyle lecturer in 1711-1712. His last work, entitled A Defence of the Churchs Right in Leasehold Estates, appeared in 1731. He died on the 5th of April 1735. Besides the works published in his own name, Derham, who was keenly interested in natural history, contributed a variety of papers to the Transactions of the Royal Society, revised the Miscellanea Curiosa, edited the correspondence of John Ray and Eleazar Albins Natural History, and published some of the MSS. of Robert Hooke, the natural philosopher.

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/derham.html:

He went to Trinitiy College at Oxford 1675-81 (B.A., 1679) and became an Anglican clergyman with first appointment as a vicar of Lady Grey in 1679. Later positions include that of a vicar of Wargrave, Berkshire in 1682-9, vicar of Upminster, Essex, 1689-1735, chaplan of the Prince of Wales, 1715, and canon of Windsor, 1716.

He was interested in a variety of sciences including natural philosophy and history, meteorology, entomology, physics and astronomy, and published numerous papers in the Philosophical Transactions. For example, he collected birds and insects, measured the velocity of sound to remarkable acuracy, and was among the first to see the “ashen light” of Venus on May 2, 1715.

At age 75, William Derham published a list of 16 nebulous objects (Derham 1733), of which he had extracted 14 from Hevelius‘ Prodomus Astronomiae without further verification but in case of the “Nebulous Star in Andromeda’s Girdle”, actually the Andromeda Galaxy M31, and two objects he found from Halley‘s catalog of southern stars. He also states to have observed the five northern nebulae from Halley’s list and resolved into stars the one “in Antinous” (M11). Derham’s catalog became quite welknown and was also translated to French by Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis.

Derham’s Catalog of 16 “Nebulous Stars,” http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar/derham.html

William Derham, 1733. Observations of the Appearance among the Fix’d Stars, called Nebulous Stars. Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 38, No. 428, p. 70-74. Available online at http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar/derham_pt.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Derham

Charles DeSassure

(Born "1961" Day="19" Month="4" April 19, 1961 in Eutawville, South Carolina, United States).  Computer Science, Information Technology Instructor.  Compensatory, remedial education teacher, 1984-87; Coordinator, computer instructor, 1988-90; Micro Computer Specialist, programmer, 1990-93, LAN administrator, 1993-96; Computer Field Technology, analyst, 1996-98; Marcus Cabler, Information System mgr, 1998-01; Computer Science & Information Technology Instructor, 2000-present.  Education: Claflin College, BS, 1984; Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical College, AS, 1989; Webster University, MA, 2000.

Member: El Center College Computer Technology Advisory Comm, bd mem, 1993-97; The Assn for Corporate Computing Technical Professionals, 1997-; NAACP; Orangeburg Calhoun Tech College Advisory Board, former mem; St Jones Baptist Church, board of directors, former member; Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc, 1981-; Arlington City Youth and Families Board, 1998-present; Arlington-Sundown Kiwanis Club, 2000-present.

Honors: Department of SC, American Legion Bronze Medal, 1993; SC NAACP Conference, Presidential Award for Leadership, 1993; Claflin College, Creative Writing Contest Award, 1981; Phi Beta Sigma, Leadership Award National, 1982; Clafin College, Editor-in-Chief Leadership Award, 1983.Achievements:Certified Novell Administrator, CNA, 1995; Pres, SC Youth and College Conference, NAACP, 1981-83; Outstanding Teacher of the Year, Mansfield Business College, Columbia, SC, 1988-89; Editor-in-chief, Les Memoir, College Yearbook Staff, 1982-83; Outstanding Undergraduate of the Year, Southeastern Region, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc, 1982-83.

Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

René Descartes

The French thinker René Descartes (1596-1650) is called the father of modern philosophy. He initiated the movement generally termed rationalism, and his Discourse on Method and Meditations defined the basic problems of philosophy for at least a century.

René Descartes was an analytical genius. He conceived and articulated ideas about the nature of knowledge that were essential to the Enlightenment and created the philosophical underpinnings for the development of modern science, which included the idea that laws of nature are constant and are sufficient to explain natural phenomena. Descartes felt that truth was clear and accessible to the ordinary human intellect, if the search for truth was directed properly. Two of his writings, Rules for the Direction of the Mind and Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason defined ways of obtaining knowledge. The latter work contained Geometry, that introduced the Cartesian coordinate system and marked the birth of analytic geometry, in which geometric relationships are investigated by means of algebra. Descartes also contributed to areas of music theory, mechanics, physics, optics, anatomy, and physiology.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Descartes.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04744b.htm

Boccaccio Link Page. http://www.sfu.ca/~finley/decaguide.html

Descartes. http://www.literature.org/authors/descartes-rene/

Rene Descartes. http://www.mystical-www.co.uk/descarte.htm

Rene Descartes. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exhibitions/Mind/Descartes.html#Descartes

World Wide School Library (E-texts): Descartes’ Reason Discourse
http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/phil/epistemology/ADiscourseonMethod/toc.html

Douglas Dewar *** Not in Gale

(1875–1957). Ornithologist.  Barrister-at-Law, Auditor General of India from 1920 to 1947.

David Allen DeWitt

(Born 1969).  Science educator. Visiting Assistant Professor of research, Department of Pathology, University of Vir., Charlottesville, Virginia, 2002; Associate Professor biology, Department of Biology & Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, 1996; research Associate, Case Western Reserve University, Cleve., 1996. BS, Michigan State University, 1991; Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University, Cleve., 1996.
Achievements include discovery of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Honors: Best Biological Abstract award N.E. Ohio Aging Association, 1995, President Award for Teaching Excellence, Liberty University, 2001.

Member: Society Neuroscience, Society Experimental Biology & Medicine, Creation Research Society.
Contributing author: Non-neuronal Cells Alzheimer’s Disease, 1995, Science and its Times, 2000; contributor articles to professional journals.

David DeWitt, Ph.D., Associate Director of Creation Studies at Liberty University, “Why Darwinism Is Incompatible with the Christian Faith,” http://www.nljonline.com/October1999/evolution4.htm.

Donald Bouwman DeYoung

(Born 1944).  Physicist, specializing in solid-state and nuclear science, as well as astronomy.  Chairman of the Department of Physical Sciences and Professor (1972) of Physics at Grace College in Winona Lake, Indiana, and is Vice-President of the Creation Research Society. Michigan Tech University (B.S., M.S., Physics), Iowa State University (Ph.D., Physics), Grace Seminary (M.Div.) Author: The Moon: Its Creation, Form and Significance, 1980, Astronomy and the Bible, 1989, Weather and the Bible, 1992, Object Lessons, 1992, 93.  Published articles in The Journal of Chemistry and Physics of Solids, The Journal of Chemical Physics, and Creation Research Society Quarterly.  Editor of the Creation Research Society Quarterly (March 1989 - March 1994).

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/d_deyoung.asp

Michael Matthews.  “Professor Makes a Stand for Creation,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2003/0714deyoung.asp

http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/bios/d_deyoung.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/deyoung-db.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Gordon Edwin Dickerson

(Born

Member: Fellow AAAS, American Society Animal Science (breeding and genetics award 1970, Morrison award 1978); American Dairy Science Association, Genetics Society America, American Genetics Association, World Poultry Association, British Society Animal Production, University of Nebraska Emeritus Association (President 1988-89), Poultry Science Association, Sigma Xi (President University Nebr. chapter 1987-88), Gamma Sigma Delta (International Disting. Service Agriculture award 1990).  Presbyterian.

Honor: Named to Agricultural Research Service Hall of Fame, 1990.

Editor: Proceedings 3rd World Congress on Genetic Applied Livestock Production, 1987; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

VAN VLECK LLOYD D. and CUNDIFF LARRY V.  “GORDON EDWIN DICKERSON, 1912 - 2000: A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY,” http://www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000013/83/0000138305.html or http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=138305  Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.  http://www.asas.org/Bios/dickerson.pdf

“Gordon Edwin Dickerson was an international leader for most of the 20th Century in the field of quantitative animal breeding and genetics. This short biography sketches Gordon's personal, academic and scientific paths which are naturally intertwined. The sketch begins with his birth in Lagrande, Oregon in 1912, and ends with commentary on his life by former students and colleagues on his death in the year 2000. His scientific career encompassed more than 60 years of his 88 years of life. His significant accomplishments included contributions while at the University of Wisconsin; the Regional USDA Swine Breeding Laboratory in Ames, Iowa; the University of Missouri; Kimber Farms in Fremont, California; Agriculture Canada in Ottawa; and at the University of Nebraska and the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE. His many notable accomplishments led to many honors for a truly humble but exacting scientist and teacher. Such accomplishments were achieved while being an active community leader. Gordon and Myra, his partner and wife for 67 years, were role models for hundreds of students, visitors, and colleagues from around the world.”

Ryan Ruppert.  “BIF [Beef Improvement Federation] Honors Gordon Dickerson,” http://www.redangus1.org/newredsite/themagazine/jan03/bifhonors.html

Leonard Digges

(c. 1520-c. 1559).  English mathematician.  Court Secondary.  Optician.  Astronomer.  Experimented with magnifying effects from combinations of lenses, and was said to have anticipated invention of the telescope.  Father of Thomas Digges, who published his mathematical treatises.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/digges_leo.html

It is difficult to establish Digges's scientific productions precisely because it was mostly published by his son, Thomas Digges, with his own work mixed in. However, Tectonicon, 1556, a surveying manual emphasizing practical mathematics, was all his.  Thomas Digges published Pantometria (surveying and cartography), 1571, and Stratioticos (military engineering), 1579, both as essentially his father's work.  In Pantometria, Thomas Digges described his father's skill in optics.

Digges' Prognostication, first published in 1553, reprinted frequently until 1605, was an almanac with, among other things, astronomical information, for example on how to determine the hour at night from the stars, and information about instruments for observation.

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/D/Digges.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. Thomas Digges. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Digges.html

Thomas Digges*** Not in Gale

(c. 1545-1595).  English mathematician, astronomer, cartographer, engineer, optician, expert on navigation. M.P. (1582, 1585); mustermaster general of English forces in Netherlands (1586-94); published his father Leonard Digge’s mathematical treatises; author of works on applied mathematics and military engineering. Joint author with his son Sir Dudley Diggs of Four Paradoxes or Politique Discourses (1604).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/digges_tho.html

In Pantometria, 1571; it is impossible to separate Thomas Digges’ part of this work on surveying and mapping from that of his father. The work includes a treatise on the geometric solids that is certainly by Thomas Digges.

Alae seu scalae mathematicae, 1573, with observations of the new star, and trigonometric theorems useful for determining parallax. Digges’ observations of the new star established him as one of the ablest observers of his time.

Digges became the leader of the early English Copernicans. He attached “A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes,” a Copernican statement, to his republication of his father’s Prognotication, 1576. In 1579 (Stratioticos) Digges said that he was working on a commentary on Copernicus.

Stratioticos, 1579, on military organization, including enough mathematics for a soldier and a discussion of ballistics that was based on his father’s earlier work. This was the first serious study of ballistics in England.

Like his father Digges was skilled in so-called “perspective glasses.”

He was involved in the plans for the repair of Dover Harbor, in charge of fortification, in 1582. He wrote extensively on surveying, and published a plan of Dover Castle, town, and harbor in 1581.

Digges was interested in the application of mathematics in military as his publications suggest. In the Preface to Stratioticos he mentioned a Treatise of the Arte of Navigation, a Briefe Treatise of Architecture Nauticall, a Treatise of Great Artillerie, and a Treatise of Fortification, all in preparation and intended for publication but delayed by the lawsuits in which Digges was tied.

J. J. O'Connor and E F Robertson.  “Thomas Digges,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Digges.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Digges.html

http://www.camcity.co.uk/articles/Thomas_Digges/

He attempted to determine the parallax of the 1572 supernova observed by Tycho Brahe, and concluded it had to be beyond the orbit of the Moon. This contradicted the accepted view of the universe, according to which no change could take place among the fixed stars.  He was an early supporter of the Copernican heliocentric theory. In 1576 he published A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes.  He served as a member of Parliament and also had a military career from 1586 to 1594 during the war with the Netherlands.

"Thomas Digges," in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 136: Sixteenth-Century British Nondramatic Writers, Second Series. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by David A. Richardson, Cleveland State University. The Gale Group, 1994, pp. 76-79.  “Thomas Digges was, perhaps, Elizabethan England's most important producer of scientific texts. For his mathematical and astronomical learning, he deserves to be set alongside John Dee and Thomas Harriot. But in terms of his success in reaching popular as well as learned audiences and in preaching a modernized cosmology and scientific method, he is in a class of his own. Above all, his multifaceted career exemplifies the humanist belief that scholarly theory must be applied in civic practice: his educational preparations were followed by activities in the world of print as an editor and author, and in the government as an engineer, member of Parliament, and military officer.

“In November a supernova appeared in the constellation Cassiopeia, generating speculation and interpretation throughout the courts of Europe. Digges sent a letter to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, explaining the significance of the star for the government's fortunes, and in 1573 he brought out a volume outlining the impact of the phenomenon on the old Aristotelian cosmology. This work, Alae seu Scalae Mathematicae, contained Digges's text of that title and Dee's brief treatise on stellar parallax. The book brought both mathematicians international renown, and Digges's ideas, in particular, made a deep impression on the leading astronomer Tycho Brahe.”  Many of Thomas Digges's manuscript letters, speeches, and treatises are in the British Library and in the State Papers (Domestic and Foreign) at the Public Record Office, London.

A Perfit Description of the Caelestial Orbes.  http://inicia.es/de/aribas/digges.html

Sir Dudley Diggs *** Not in Gale

(1583-1639).  Knight of Chilham Castle, Diplomat and judge; Member of Parliament (1610, 1614, 1621, 1624-26, 1628); ambassador in Russia (1618); opened case for impeachment of Buckingham (1626); Master of the Rolls to King Charles I(1636);  joint author with his father Thomas Digges of Foure Paradoxes or Politique Discourses (1604).  17^th generation in line of descent from King William I, the Conqueror.  Member of the London Co., an investor who ventured or risked his capital in the Virginia enterprise. Those who actually went to Virginia were called “planters,” one of whom was Digges's son Edward. Also wrote Fata mihi totum mea sunt agitanda per orbem.

Sir Dudley Digges; The Compleat Ambassador: or Two treaties of the Intended Marriage of Que. Elizabeth of Glorious Memory. 1654. http://www.bartleby.com/217/0804.html

Mark Discher / Mark R. Discher
(Born 1964).  Scholar.  Professor and Chair of Philosophy & Religion, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Kansas.
Discher received his BA at Wheaton College in Illinois in 1986. He has a master of Divinity from Fuller theological Seminary in Pasadena, CA (1991) and a Master of Theology from Yale University (1993). He received his Doctorate from Oxford University (1997).

Member: AAR/SBL; SCE; EPS; APA; CPA.

Author: “Jonah as a Paradigm for the Universality of Divine Care,” The Allen Review, Michaelmas (1995); “Does Fennis Get Natural Rights for Everyone?,” New Blackfriars (Jan. 1999); “Tolerance and Truth,” American Baptist Evangelicals Journal (June 1999); “A New Natural Law Theory as a Ground for Human Rights,” The Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy (winter 1999).

Eustachio Divini

(1610-1685). Italian instrument maker. Built clocks, compound microscopes, long-focus telescopes; made astronomical observations and published (1649) copper-engraved map of the moon.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/divini.html

http://www.lhl.lib.mo.us/events_exhib/exhibit/exhibits/moon/p6.htm

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/divini.html (in Italian)

Website: http://www.divini.net/~info/edivini/ (in Italian)

Daniel B. Dix *** Not in Gale
Mathematician.  Associate Professor of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (1997 – present). Assistant Professor, University of South Carolina, 1991-1997

Postdoctoral Scholar, Pennsylvania State University, 1989-1991; Postdoctoral Member, Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, 1988-1989.  Education: University of South Alabama, Mathematics B.S., 1980; University of Chicago Mathematics S.M., 1984; University of Chicago Mathematics Ph.D., 1988.

Advisor, International Friendship Ministries

Faculty webpage: http://www.math.sc.edu/~dix/

Curriculum Vita: http://www.math.sc.edu/~dix/vita.pdf

Denis Dodart *** Not in Gale

(1634-1707).  French botanist, physician, physiologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dodart.html

Dodart’s main work was the Mémoires pour servir a l’histoire des plantes, a preliminary study and an announcement of a large collective work that never appeared. Recommending a phythochemical analysis, this work marked a new step in botany.  He also published a good description of ergotism (1676) and several anatomical, pathological, and embryological observations. He was the first since Aristotle and Galen to present new ideas on the mechanism of phonation. His three memoirs on phonation appeared between 1700 and 1707.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1673-1707.  When it was reorganized he was among the first group of titulaires named directly by Louis XIV.

http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jm.ouvrard/armor/fami/d/dodart.htm (in French)

Rembert Dodoens

(1517-1585). Dutch botanist, physician, pharmacologist.  Author of Cruydeboek (1554 and 1563) on domestic and foreign plants.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dodoens.html

Among his many publications, the Stripium historiae pemptades sex sive libri XXX, published in full in 1583, was the most important scientific work. In this work, he divided plants into 26 groups and introduced many new families, adding a wealth of illustration.

http://www.califice.net/belge/notes/dodoens.shtml (in French)

http://users.pandora.be/ha-graduaat-mechelen/WieWasDodoens.htm (in Flemish?)

http://bush.cs.tamu.edu/FLORA/cushing/Dodoens.htm

Desmond Daniel Dolan

(Born November 19, 1916 in Nelson-Miramichi, Canada came to U.S., 1941. Died 2001).  Geneticist, researcher.  Ret., Agriculture School Service USDA, Geneva, N.Y., 1987; school geneticist, Agriculture School ServiceUSDA, Geneva, N.Y., 1953-87; Associate school Professor, University of R.I., Kingston, 1946-53; vegetable pathologist, Canadian Agriculture, Fredericton, 1938-41; soil surveyor, New Brunswick Dept. of Agriculture, Fredricton, 1938; Assistant agronomist, N.B. Dept. of Agriculture, Fredricton, 1936.  Education:  BSc, McGill University, 1937; MSc, McGill University, 1939; Ph.D., Cornell University, 1946.

Member:  American Society for Horticulture Science, American Society Agronomy.  Roman Catholic.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Sergey Vladimirovich Dolgov

(Born

Member: European Association for Research on Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands, International Society for Horticultural Science, Brussels. Orthodox Christian.
Author: (book) Biotechnology in Agriculure and Forestry, Vol. 44, 1999.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

MOLECULAR BREEDING OF FRUIT TREES. http://www.eucarpia.org/03publications/abstractsxvi/XVI_090.html

Lambert T. Dolphin  *** Not in Gale.

Physicist.  Electrical engineer.

Lambert T. Dolphin.  “A Very Brief Resume” http://www.ldolphin.org/LTDres.html

“I received an AB degree with high honors in physics and distinction in mathematics from San Diego State University in June 1954. After two years of graduate study in Physics and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, (1954-1956), I joined the staff of SRI International (formerly Stanford Research Institute), in Menlo Park, California where I remained almost continuously for the next 30 years. I left my position at SRI as a Senior Research Physicist in 1987 to pursue small-scale independent geophysical consulting services, and to devote the bulk of my time to Bible teaching, writing and Christian counseling.”

LAMBERT DOLPHIN’S Resources http://www.ldolphin.org/

Lambert T. Dolphin.  “My Search,” http://www.ldolphin.org/Faith2.shtml.  Testimony.

Marko Antonije Dominis / Mark Antun de Dominis, S.J.

(1566-1624). Italian prelate.  Physician.  Optician.  Bishop of Segnia (1596); archbishop of Spalato (1600) and primate of Dalmatia and Croatia. Involved in quarrel between papacy and Venice, crossed to England (1616); became convert to Anglicanism and dean of Windsor (1619); attacked the papacy in Consilium profectionis (1617) and De republica ecclesiastica (1617). Returned to Rome (1622) and recanted in Sui reditus ex Angliae consilium (1623); imprisoned by the Inquisition.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dominis.html:

He published two works in physics. The De radiis visus et lucis (Venice, 1611) deals with lenses, telescopes, and the rainbow, and the Enripus seu de et refluxu (Rome, 1624) [obviously something is wrong with this title] is concerned with the tides.

http://www.umas.hr/~tl/tekstCD/:

A Croatian Jesuit Mark Antun de Dominis (1560-1624) ranked among the greatest philosophers and scientist of his time. He was a university professor in several Italian universitites (Verona, Padua, Brescia) and in 1617 also lectured at Cambridge and Oxford universities. Cambridge University awarded him the title of the doctor of divinity.

At various stages of his university career, Mark Antun de Dominis taught rhetorics, logics, mathematics and philosophy. As a scientist, he is however best known for his treatises in physics. According to Isaac Newton, he was the first to develop the theory of the rainbow, a distincion later disputed in favor of Descartes. His treatise on the phenomenon of tide was the foremost work of his time on the subject.  The aim of this project is to popularize the work of one of the greatest Croatian scientists from the beginning of modern time who, like many other equally inventive contemporaries, ended his life imprisoned by the Inquisition, and whose papers were burnt at the stake on the 21 of December 1624 at Campo dei Fiori in Rome, together with his earthly remains.

Tom Dooley

(1927-1961).  Tom Dooley was a medical missionary in Southeast Asia. At every opportunity, Dooley shared his dream of a worldwide organization that would send out medical teams to undeveloped corners of the globe, wherever they were needed. “We believe we can win the friendship of the people only by working beside them, humans-to-humans, toward goals they understand and seek themselves,” he explained. “Our instrument for this shall be medicine.” His dream soon became reality in the form of MEDICO (short for Medical International Cooperation), a nonprofit volunteer agency dedicated to providing medical care to remote areas. By the end of 1960, MEDICO had seventeen projects operating in twelve countries, including seven hospitals in Southeast Asia.

“Dr. Thomas A. Dooley Biography,” http://www.umsl.edu/~whmc/exhibits/dooleybio.htm

Johan Gabriel Doppelmayr *** Not in Gale

(1671-1750). German astronomer, mathematician, physicist, cartographer, geographer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/doplmayr.html

Doppelmayr made no discoveries for which he is known. He published works that were very useful in disseminating scientific knowledge.  He was Professor of math at Aegidien Gymnasium in Nuremberg, 1704-death in 1750.

Member of Academia Caesarea Leopoldina, Berlin Academy, St. Petersburg Academy, Royal Society of London.

Robert Harry van Gent.  “The Atlas Coelestis (1742) of Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr,” http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/doppelmayr/doppelmayr.htm

Doppelmayr wrote on astronomy, geography, cartography, spherical trigonometry, sundials and mathematical instruments. He often collaborated with the cartographer Johann Baptista Homann (1664-1724), a former Dominican monk from Oberkammlach in Schwabia who in 1688 had settled in Nuremberg and became a map engraver for the publishing firms of Jacob von Sandrart and David Funck. In 1702, Homann founded an influential cartographic publishing firm that after his death was continued by his son Johann Christoph Homann (1703-1730) and after the latter’s death by his friend Johann Michael Franz (1700-1761) and his stepsister’s husband Johann Georg Ebersberger (1695-1760) under the name “Homännische Erben”. The publishing firm remained in business under different names until 1848.

Doppelmayr was elected as a member of several scientific societies, including the Berlin Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society (in 1733, not in 1713 as mentioned in several sources) and the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1740).

In 1791, the German lunar and planetary observer Johann Hieronymus Schröter named a lunar feature on the near-side of the Moon at latitude 28.5° south and longitude 41.4° West for Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr.

Doppelmayr was responsible for the edition and translation of several important works in astronomy, geography and scientific instrument making.

Kenneth J. Dormer, M.S., Ph.D.., F.A.H.A.*** Not in Gale

Neurophysiologist. Specialty: Cardiovascular and Auditory Physiology.
Professor, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 1979 - present.  Adjunct Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, 1998-present. Clinical Neurophysiologist for the Cochlear Implant Center at Integris Baptist Medical Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Co-Founder, Chief Scientific Officer, NanoBioMagnetics Inc., 2001 – present, seeking to bring medical implants into the nanometer size range; Co-Founder, Vice President for Research & Development, SOUNDTEC Inc. 1997 – present; Co-Founder, Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President, Hough Ear Institute, 1997 – present; Education: Cornell University, Marine Biology, B.S. 1966; University of California, Physiology, M.S. 1969;University of California, Los Angeles, Biology/Physiology, Ph.D. 1974 (with Kenneth S. Norris);University of Texas Medical Br., Galveston, NIH Postdoctoral Fellow (with H.L. Stone).

Honors: Who’s Who in Science and Engineering, 1997-present; Nominated by C. Everett Koop, M.D., U.S. Surgeon General, to become the National Science Advisor or President George H. Bush (White House Appointed Position) 1989; Oklahoma Bar Association, Patent and Trademark Division: Oklahoma Inventor of the Year for 1985; Innovator of the Year Award for Oklahoma technology start up companies (SOUNDTEC Inc.) . Dr. Dormer has published over 100 medical and scientific articles.

Biographical sketch.  http://www.okepscor.org/programs/resumes/dormer.doc

http://www.soundtecinc.com/bios.html

http://www.nanobmi.com/pages/3/

Kenneth J. Dormer and George Kinoti. “Science and Development in
Developing Countries,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Science-Technology%20Ministry/PSCF9-99Dormer.html. From Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 51 (September 1999): 146.

Jerri Culpepper.  University of Oklahoma Heath Sciences Center, “National Conference On Nanotechnology Selects OU Health Sciences Center Professor’s Work To Showcase,” http://www.ouhsc.edu/article-display.asp?idnum=741

Ted Byron Dodd

(Born 1952). Environmental scientist. Chemist, City of Huntsville (Texas), 1977-79, City of Conroe (Texas), 1979; plant chemist Pilot Industries Texas, Houston, 1979-80; ops. Manager People’s National Utilities, Houston, 1980-85; environmental scientist Coe Utilities Inc., Pinehurst, Texas; systems administrator H&J Water Co., 1985-86; President American Utilities Co., 1985-88; owner Republic Water Systems Texas, Houston, 1977-88; Director public works City of Perryton, Texas, 1988; consultant Demar Engineering, Champ’s Utilities, West Montgomery Utilities Corp. Served with USAF, 1971-75. Education: B.S., Sam Houston State University, 1979.

Member: American Chemical Society, American Water Works Association, Sam Houston Water Utilities Association (2d v.p.), Green Forest Water Utilities Association. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Winthrop W. Dolan / Winthrop Wiggin Dolan

(Born 1909).  Mathematician.  Dolan is an Emeritus professor of mathematics at Linfield College, MicMinnwille, OR, where he taught from 1948 to 1974. During his career at Linfield, he served twice as interim president, in 1968 and 1974. Now an emeritus member of the Linfield Board of Trustees, Dolan served from 1974 to 1989. He was also active in the Linfield Research Institute for many years. Positions: Bacone Junior College, Bacone, OK, Dean, 1931-42; Denison University, Granville, Ohio, Assistant professor of mathematics, 1943-45; University of Oklahoma, Norman, Assistant professor of mathematics, 1947-48; Linfield College,  professor of mathematics, 1948-74, Dean of faculty, 1949-54, 1959-65, 1968-69, acting president, 1968, vice-president, 1968-74. Assistant director of Linfield Research Institute, 1956-59, trustee, 1963-present. Education: Denison University, B.A., 1930; Harvard University, M.A., 1937; University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1947.

Memberships: Mathematical Association of America, American Commons Club, Oregon Academy of Science (president, 1963-64), Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Pi Mu Epsilon, Sigma Pi Sigma.  American Baptist.

Distinguished scientist award from Oregon Academy of Science, 1975.

Author: Contributor) L. Marton, editor, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Volume VIII, Academic Press, 1956; A Choice of Sundials, Stephen Greene Press, 1975.

Contributor to mathematics and physics journals.

“http://www.linfield.edu/press/detail.php?id=308

“Winthrop Dolan of McMinnville will receive the Walker Award, which is given to individuals who have distinguished themselves through long-standing, unselfish and significant service to Linfield College. The award is named in honor of Charles and Cherie Walker. Charles Walker served as president of Linfield College from 1975 to 1992.”

Dr. Boris P. Dotsenko *** Not in Gale

Nuclear physicist, mathematician. Onetime head of nuclear physics, Institute of Physics, Kiev, USSR.

Dr. Boris P. Dotsenko received his first academic degree in physics and mathematics at the University of Lvov, in the Soviet republic of the Ukraine, in 1949. He was awarded an M.Sc. degree at the University of Leningrad, and obtained his doctorate at Moscow State University in 1954 for research in physical and mathematical sciences. After working for three years in the prestigious Academy of Sciences of the USSR, on intercontinental and space rocket research, Dotsenko moved to the Institute of Physics in Kiev, where he was eventually appointed Head of the Nuclear Laboratory. He sought political asylum in Canada in 1966, while he was traveling on official business. Since then, he has taught at a number of schools and colleges, including the Waterloo Lutheran University, in Waterloo, Ontario, and the University of Toronto, Canada.

From Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric Charles Barrett and David Fisher (Photographer). The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.

Testimony from Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories: http://www.vietlutheran.org/view_article.asp?Article_ID=138

David Douglas

(1798-1834). Scottish botanist. Collector in U.S. for Royal Horticultural Society (1823) and on later expeditions in western America and Canada; discovered the Douglas fir (1825) whose Latin name, Pseudetsiga menziessi, also commemorates the botanical efforts of Archibald Menzies; the Douglas squirrel named for him.

“Significant Scots: David Douglas,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/douglas_david.htm

Michael Hugh.  “Fir and wide,” Geographical, v. 73, May 2001, p. 52.  “On 7 April 1825, when the Hudson's Bay Company ship William and Ann anchored in Baker's Bay near the mouth of the huge Columbia river, Douglas had spent eight-and-a-half months at sea. It was here that he first saw the giant fir that was to bear his name. At the end of his career, and life, nine years later, at the age of just 35, Douglas had introduced 215 new plants to Britain, winning great acclaim in the horticultural world. It has been said of him, ‘To no single individual is modern horticulture more indebted’.”

Peter Fish.  “Names for the New World. (searching for the place in Hawaii where botanist David Douglas died) (includes related article on Douglas's trail),” Sunset, v201, n5, Nov 1998, p14(2).  “There is a high school named for him in Portland; a monument to him in Scone, Scotland. In Honolulu, Kawaiahao Church (where he was buried in the cemetery, although the grave site is now lost) has a plaque: it reads ‘victima scientiae,’ victim of science. And there is the monument on the Big Island.”

James Douglas *** Not in Gale

(1675-1742).  Scottish anatomist, surgeon, physician, botanist, zoologist.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2489.html:

James Douglas was the brother of John Douglas (died 1759), a well-known lithotomist. He achieved a great reputation both as a learned and a physician, and as life physician to the Queen of England. He obtained his medical doctorate at Reims and in 1700 returned to London. He became a well known anatomist and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1706, FCP in 1721. He practised midwifery and was life physician to Queen Caroline of England. He did public dissections at his home and died in London.
Associated eponyms: Douglas' abscess, Suppuration in Douglas' pouch, most often seen in appendicitis or adnexitis. Douglas' cul-de-sac, Peritoneal space formed by deflection of the peritoneum. Douglas' fold, A fold of peritoneum forming the lateral boundary of Douglas' pouch.  Douglas' line, The arcuate line of the sheath of the rectus abdominalis muscle. Douglasitis, Inflammation of Douglas' cul-de-sac.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/douglas.html:

In 1707 Douglas published a handbook on comparative myology, probably related to the anatomical lectures he was delivering at that time--Myographiae comparatae specimen. He also did a number of other anatomical works (some as papers in the Philosophical Transactions), and in 1730 his most important work, A Description of the Peritoneum. Several anatomical features still bear his name, especially the pouch of Douglas. His Bibliographiae anatomicae, 1715, was a list of writers on anatomy. A large work Osteographia, manuscripts for which survive, would apparently have been a landmark.

A paper delivered to the Royal Society defined the possibility of the so-called high operation for the stone, which his brother then performed. Douglas wrote a History of Lithotomy (in manuscript) and The History of the Lateral Operation (for the stone), published, 1726.

He wrote some works, which remain in manuscript form, on medicine, especially diseases of women, and he kept extensive case histories, many of which survive.  His Index materiae medicae, 1724, discussed his own prescriptions.  Douglas wrote a number of papers on specific plants, on their growth and their anatomy. He also published some on animal specimens, especially one on the flamingo.

Memberships: Royal Society, Medical College.

 “Significant Scots: James Douglas,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/douglas_james1.htm.  “When we consider the period in which he lived, and the essential services he rendered towards the advancement of medical science, the homage of the highest respect is due to his memory.”

John Douglas *** Not in Gale

(1675–1759).  Scottish surgeon who re-introduced suprapubic lithotomy in 1719.  He too realized that the full bladder could be approached safely without entering the peritoneal cavity, and published his successful work Lithotomia Douglassiana, in 1723.  Brother of James Douglas.

“Significant Scots: John Douglas,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/douglas_john1.htm

John Lester Dovale

(Born 1965 in St. Maarten, The Netherlands). Environmental engineer, information scientist. Owner, systems analyst, International Data Ltd. Co., St. Maarten, 1993; coordinator, Counter Disaster Development Committee, St. Maarten, 1992-94; owner, consultant, Caribbean Crisis Management, St. Maarten, 1992; informations systems Manager, A & P Development Consultant, Suva, Fiji Islands, 1991-92; vol. Assistant tech. advisor, UN Dept. Humanitarian Affairs South Pacific Programme Office, Suva, Fiji Islands, 1990-92.  Consultant Princess Juliana International Airport, St. Maarten, 1990, St. Maarten Ports Authority, 1992; Assistant editor Pacific Disaster News, 1991.  Education: BS, University of North Texas, 1990.

Creator simulation exersize Operation Teamwork ‘93.

Member: St. Maarten Sea Rescue (planner 1993), Sigma Alpha Epsilon.  Southern Baptist.

Honors: Geodessy Institute & Environmental Systems Research Institute grantee, 1993; recipient Summer Institute Coastal Management award University of R.I. Coastal Resources Center, 1992.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

“Neoware Partners to Deliver Appliance Computing to St. Maarten Government; Neoware and NetworkIDL provide IT solution for Tourism Bureau’s PC replacement Strategy,” http://investor.neoware.com/pages/news01.html?d=19653

Dr. Christopher Downs *** Not in Gale

Biochemist.  Chris Downs completed his Ph.D. protein biochemistry at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia in 1991. He joined Crop & Food Research division of the New Zealand Crown Research Institute in 1995, working in both science and business, leading both the institute’s Nutrition and Health team at Palmerston North, and being a business manager. In July 2003 he was promoted toGeneral Manager Corporate Strategy and Policy. Crop & Food Research chief executive, Paul Tocker, said Dr .Downs had grown and developed the science capability of his team, which was now recognised nationally and internationally.

“Chris combines considerable strengths in strategic thinking with a strong commitment to his new role.

“As General Manager Strategy he will manage and develop the very important Public Good Science Fund portfolio while guiding Crop & Food Research’s science strategy within New Zealand and offshore, and our ability to be in science areas with future commercial value.”

Mr Tocker said it was satisfying to be able to appoint a second internal candidate of such high calibre into an important senior management role.

From http://www.acri.cri.nz/media/636d6270c90d644b9db113fa7b5f886b.html#page-content

 He is an elder at St Albans Presbyterian Church in Palmerston North and is an advisor for TCCF (Tertiary Students Christian Fellowship) at Massey University.

Dr. Christopher Downs.  “Essays on Science and Christianity,” http://www.stalbans.org.nz/teachings/chris_downs/science-index.htm, 1999.

Geoff Downes, BSc, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Forestry Researcher.  Principal research scientist with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Forestry and Forest Products, Australia (2001 – present). Senior Research Scientist, CSIRO Division of Forestry and Forest Products 1992-2001.

Geoff Downes completed a B.Sc. with honours at Monash University in 1983, majoring in Botany and Biochemistry. In May 1984 he commenced a Ph.D. at the University of Melbourne School of Forestry at Creswick, looking at the effects of copper deficiency on the wood structure and chemistry of Pinus radiata. In November 1987 he took up a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland investigating the effects of age on the ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizas on Sitka Spruce associated with aging and senescence. His Ph.D. was awarded in May 1988. Geoff returned to the University of Melbourne as a Research Fellow in December 1988 to study the structural causes of stem deformity in fast grown pines. In 1992 he joined CSIRO Forest Products as a Senior Research Scientist examining climatic and environmental effects on wood formation. Dr Downes is currently pursuing these research activities at CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, located in Hobart. He has been involved in the development of SilviScan since 1992 and is currently responsible for the operation of SilviScan services.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/558.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/downes-g.html

http://www.austimber2004.com/bios/Downes.PDF

CSIRO webpage, http://www.ffp.csiro.au/tigr/staff/downes.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Daniel Drake

(1785-1852).  Physician, Scientist, Activist, Writer.  Active in the social, political, and economic development in the Ohio Valley, he founded the medical school in Cincinnati, OH, and advocated temperance and national unity.  The work upon which Drake’s reputation chiefly depends is, A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiological and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, as they Appear in the Caucasian, African, Indian and Eskimoux Varieties of its Population. The first volume, about 900 pages in length, was published in 1850, and the second, of approximately the same length, in 1854, two years after the author’s death. It is a mine of information on the topography, meteorology, character of population, customs and diseases, of the interior of North America.

“Chapter 4: Daniel Drake (1785-1852), Medical Educator,” http://elane.stanford.edu/wilson/Text/4f.html

“Daniel Drake, physician and educator, was born in Plainfield, N.J.,http://www.xroyvision.com.au/drake/library/bios/bio09.html

http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/hough/Drake.html

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohc/history/es/peo/draked.shtml

http://www.sfsu.edu/~multsowk/title/116.htm

Cornelius Drebbel

(1572-1633).  Dutch inventor. “As an adolescent Drebbel was apprenticed to an engraver but soon developed an interest in alchemy and mechanical inventions. In 1598 he was granted a patent for a perpetual motion machine which reportedly used changes in atmospheric pressure to power a clock. This ‘invention’ is thought to have established Drebbel’s fame in scientific and aristocratic circles in Europe. Around 1604 he journeyed to England, where he was awarded an annuity by King James I (1566-1625) to continue his scientific work. Drebbel has been credited with constructing the first compound microscope using two sets of convex lenses, and he employed his skill as lens grinder to manufacture a variety of optical instruments.

“During the early 1620s Drebbel designed and built his most famous invention, the submarine. Although a similar design had been described some fifty years earlier, Drebbel’s is the first known to have been constructed. Consisting mainly of greased leather stretched over a wooden frame, Drebbel’s submarine was propelled by oars projecting through the sides and sealed with leather flaps. The vessel was capable of traveling twelve to fifteen feet (3.6 to 4.5 meters) below the surface, and fresh air was supplied by tubes running to the surface with floats at the top. Drebbel successfully tested his submarine several times in the Thames River in England.

“Drebbel invented the first thermostat, which used a column of mercury and a system of floats and levers to maintain a steady temperature within a furnace. He later invented an incubator for hatching eggs which used the same principle for temperature regulation. Drebbel also discovered the first permanent scarlet fabric dye, which became popular throughout Europe, and developed a process for manufacturing sulfuric acid from sulfur and saltpeter.”

“Cornelius Van Drebbel.” World of Invention, 2nd ed. Gale Group, 1999.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/drebbel.html

http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/specials/special_drebbel.htm

UITVINDINGEN VAN CORNELIS DREBBEL. http://members.chello.nl/~asnoek/uitvindi.htm (in Dutch)

Charles Drew / Charles R. Drew / Charles Richard Drew

(1904-1950). Surgeon.  Hematologist.  Charles Richard Drew is responsible for organizing the concept of the Blood Bank. His system for the safe storage of blood plasma saved thousands of military lives during World War II, and his work laid the foundation for the blood program of the American Red Cross, earning him the title “Father of Blood Plasma.”   Dr. Drew researched in blood plasma transfusion while at Presbyterian Hospital in New York, NY. As Director of the First Plasma Division, Blood Transfusion Association and First Director of the A.R.C. Blood Bank, he organized a blood bank in London during World War II.

“The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences,” http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/charles_drew.html

Charles Richard Drew received a Bachelor of Arts from Amherst University in 1926. He received a Medical Doctorate (M.D.) and Master of Surgery (C.M.) from McGill University, Montreal, Quebec in 1933. In 1940 Dr. Drew received a Doctor of Science in Medicine from Columbia University in 1940. Dr. Drew served as an Instructor in Pathology at Howard University in 1936 and as an Assistant in Surgery (1936). Charles Drew was made Professor of Surgery and Chief Surgeon for Freedmen’s Hospital.

Member: American-Soviet Committee on Science, National Medical Association, National Association for Crippled Children, National Poliomyelitis Foundation, American Cancer Society.

Honors: Howard Hill Mossman Trophy, 1926; Rockefeller fellowship, 1938; E. S. Jones Award for research in medical science, 1942; Distinguished Service Medal, National Medical Association (posthumously), 1950; General Education Board Fellow in Surgery; Spingarn Medal (1944) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People “for the highest and noblest achievement by an American Negro.”  In 1976, his portrait was unveiled at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health, making Drew the first African American to join its gallery of scientists. In 1977, the American Red Cross headquarters in Washington, D.C., was renamed the Charles R. Drew Blood Center. A U.S. postage stamp issued in his honor in 1981.

http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/drew.htm

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldrew.htm

Bridgewater State College Hall of Black Achievement. http://www.bridgew.edu/HOBA/Inductees/Drew.htm

John H. Lienhard.  “Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 154: CHARLES RICHARD DREW,” http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi154.htm.  Click here for audio of Episode 154.

http://cybermedia.uh.edu:8080/ramgen/uhrm4/engines/engines_episode_0154_56.rm

http://sa.rochester.edu/charlesdrew/cdbio.htm

Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science.  http://www.cdrewu.edu/site/about/drewbio.htm

Charles Richard Drew.  http://www.donegal.k12.pa.us/dms/Kif/38/summaryb.html

Drew sired four daughters, one of which was scientist and university administrator Charlene Drew Jarvis.

Ted Driggers, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Telecommunications.  Operations Researcher.  (Operations Research is a discipline that grew along with the computer revolution, and consists of applying mathematical modeling to real world systems to analyze and optimize their performance.)  Dr. Ted Driggers is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, and after naval service he earned a Ph.D. in Operations Research from U.C. Berkeley. His subsequent employment was in telecommunications, including developing network design methods at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Later, he specialized in systems engineering aspects of communications satellite design, including military satellites and adapting cellular phone technology to satellites.

After retiring, he moved to Orcas Island, in the San Juan Islands Washington State.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/t_driggers.asp

Kelvin K. Droegemeier *** Not in Gale

(Born 1958). Geoscientist.  Meteorologist.  Associate Professor, Meteorology, Regents’ Professor of Meteorology, Roger and Sherry Teigen Presidential Professor, Director, Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma. Kelvin K. Droegemeier earned a B.S. with Special Distinction in Meteorology in 1980 from theUniversity of Oklahoma, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in atmospheric science in 1982 and 1985, respectively, from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign under the direction of R.Wilhelmson. He joined the University of Oklahoma in September, 1985 as an Assistant Professor of Meteorology, and was tenured and promoted to Associate Professor in July, 1991, and promoted to Professor in July, 1998. Dr. Droegemeier was co-founder in 1989 of the NSF Science and Technology Center (STC) for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS), and served for several years as its deputy Director. He then became the Director of CAPS in 1994. In 1998, Dr. Droegemeier was named a President’s Associates Presidential Professor at the University of Oklahoma, and for 2 years, beginning in summer 1999, wrote a daily weather science column for the Daily Oklahoman. He was awarded a Regents’ Professorship at OU in fall, 2001, a life-long title. In 2003, Dr. Droegemeier cofounded the NSF Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) and currently serves as its deputy Director. He is the only person in the nation to have co-founded an NSF Science and Technology Center and an NSF Engineering Research Center. In 2004, he was awarded the Roger and Sherry Teigen Presidential Professorship and became the first OU Professor to receive two Presidential Professorships.

In 1987, Dr. Droegemeier was named a Presidential Young Investigator by the National Science Foundation. As Director of the CAPS model development project for [over] 5 years, he managed the creation of a multi-scale numerical prediction system that has helped pioneer the science of storm-scale numerical forecasting. This computer model was a finalist for the 1993 National Gordon Bell Prize in High Performance Computing. In 1997, Dr. Droegemeier received the Discover Magazine Award for Technology Innovation (computer software category), and also in 1997 CAPS was awarded the Computerworld Smithsonian Award (science category). Droegemeier also is a recipient of the NSF Pioneer Award and the Federal Aviation Administration’s Excellence in Aviation Award.

After 12 years of operation, CAPS has made considerable progress toward achieving its principal goal, namely, demonstrating the capability to predict high-impact, local weather using numerical models initialized with data from Doppler radars and other high-resolution observing systems. As expected, the fruits of this extensive work were most visible toward the end of the 11-year NSF base funding period, and particularly in 1999, when CAPS made a pioneering storm-scale forecast of the May 3 tornado outbreak in central Oklahoma. Never before had a numerical model been initialized with Doppler radar data and used to predict a particular storm at high spatial resolution. Indeed, when the proposal to establish CAPS was written, many in the scientific community questioned whether such forecasting was theoretically possible. CAPS not only showed that it is, but also demonstrated the capability in real time. The results were shown in a Congressional Briefing and during Congressional Testimony later in the summer. The URL for more information on the OU CAPS is http://www.caps.ou.edu/ .

From http://www.coeitt.net/coeitt/summit.pdf

Dr. Droegemeier has been a major force behind the development and application of high performance computing systems both at OU and across the US. In 1989 and 1990, he chaired the OU Computing Advisory Committee and was the lead author on a 5-year strategic plan. He has served on numerous NSF High Performance Computing and Communication panels and is a member of the NCSA User Advisory Committee. In 1995 he created as principal investigator, and now directs, a $1.4 million NSF/OU project known as the Environmental Computing Applications System. He served on the National Science Foundation’s Blue Ribbon Panel on Cyberinfrastructure, and is a member of the Board of Directors of the OU Supercomputer Center

for Education and Research (OSCER), which he helped establish.

Dr. Droegemeier has been an invited speaker at or organizer of several international conferences and symposia on meteorology, high-performance computing, and computational fluid dynamics in the U.S., England, Japan, Australia, Korea, and France, notably the series of Joint US-Korea Workshops on Storm and Mesoscale Weather Analysis and Prediction, which he initiated in the mid 1990s. He has authored and co-authored nearly 60 refereed journal articles and over 200 conference publications, and is a former Vice President of the Central Oklahoma Chapters of the American Meteorological Society and National Weather Association. He also is a Member of the Board of Directors of the Norman, OK Chamber of Commerce and chaired the Weather and

Climate Team for Governor Brad Henry’s EDGE (Economic Development Generating Excellence) Program.

Biography, http://www.etecok.com/nedc/kelvind.pdf

Dr. Droegemeier’s personal website address is http://weather.ou.edu/~som/faculty/droegemeier.htm.

Home page: http://kelvin.ou.edu/

Curriculum Vita: http://kelvin.ou.edu/Full_Vita.pdf

http://www.caps.ou.edu/profiles/kelvinvita.doc

http://kelvin.ou.edu/prosevitae.pdf

Faculty webpage, University of Oklahoma.  “Kelvin Droegemeier, Director, Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, Regents’ Professor of Meteorology,”  http://weather.ou.edu/~som/faculty/droegemeier.htm

Kelvin K. Droegemeier and David Jahn.  Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma.  “Research Efforts in the US and Collaborations with Asia toward Storm-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction,” http://rossby.metr.ou.edu/~spark/AMON/v1_n1/KD.html

Transcript.  NOVA, “Hunt for the Supertwister,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3107_tornado.html.  Aired on PBS

Dmitri Anatolievich Drokin

(Born

Member: Russian Society of Genetics.  Orthodox Christian.

Contributor of articles to science journals; patentee in field.
Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Jacques Dubois / Jacobus Sylvius *** Not in Gale

(1478-1555).  French anatomist and physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dubois.html:

His major contribution to anatomy is presented by the posthumous In Hippocrate et galeni physiologiae partem anatomicam isagoge (1555). It is a systematic account of anatomy, written some time after 1536 and based on the writings of Galen, on a certain amount of human dissection, and on the Anatomiae libri introductorius (1536) of Niccolo Massa.  He published many commentaries, and some of them were frequently reprinted and were very influential.

Excerpted from http://www.fact-index.com/j/ja/jacques_dubois.html: Jacques Dubois, under the Latin name of Jacobus Sylvius, was an early exponent of the science of anatomy in France. He was fortunate in acquiring his reputation, since he did little original research. At the instance of his brother Francis, professor of eloquence in the college of Tournay at Paris, he devoted himself to the study of languages and mathematics; but feeling that the rewards were inadequate, Dubois abandoned them and went in for medicine. After the acquisition of a medical degree in the university of Montpellier, at the ripe age of fifty-one Dubois returned to Paris to resume a course of anatomical instruction. Here he taught anatomy to a numerous audience in the college of Trinquet; and on the departure of Vidus Vidius for Italy was appointed to succeed him as professor of surgery to the Royal College.

He must not be confounded with Franciscus Sylvius (de le Boe), who is mentioned by F. Ruysch and M. V. G. Malacarne as the author of a particular method of demonstrating the brain.

Jacques-Emile Dubois

(Born 1920).  Chemistry and information science educator, researcher. Science director, General Electric Co., Paris, 1979-83; co-director, inst. Curie, Paris, 1977-80; founder, president, Ardic, Paris, 1971; director R&D, Ministry Defense, Paris, 1965-77; deputy director higher education, Minister of Education, Paris, 1963-65; advisor Science, higher education, Minister of Education, Paris, 1962-63; Professor chem. informatics, University of Paris VII, 1957-1989; Director chem. institute, Dean of Science faculty, University of Saar, 1949-57. Education: Ph.D. in Phys. Science, University Grenoble, 1947; Dr. hon. causa, University Regensburg.

Member: French Phys. Chemical Society (president 1974-76), French Chemical Society (council 1965-68), Faraday Soc., American Chemical Society (Skolnik award 1992).

Honors: Decorated commander Legion of Honor, Commander Academy Palms, Commander Order of Merit (France), Commander Order of Merit (Germany), Order of Merit Ivory Coast, Order of Merit Senegal; recipient Jecker prize, Berthelot medal French Academy of Science, 1965, Stas medal Belgian Chem. Society, 1950, Grand Prix de la Technique City of Paris, 1975, Resistance medal French Government, 1946, CAOC medal, 1991; Fulbright Smith-Mund grantee University Columbia, 1956; Ramsey fellow, 1949; recorded by Chem. Heritage Foundation, 2001.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Publications: http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/d/Dubois:Jacques=Emile.html

Joseph Duchesne [Quercetanus] *** Not in Gale

(c. 1544-1609).  French iatrochemist, alchemist, physician, pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/duchesne.html:

Among his many works, the Sclopetarius (1576), which deals with the cure of gunshot wounds, and the Pharmacopea dogmaticorum (1607) were translated into several languages and went through numerous editions. In his works he offered a large number of remedies prepared from substances of mineral, vegetable, and animal origin.  Much of his influence derived from the debate his work initiated at Paris. His De priscorum philosophorum verae medicinae materia (1603) and Ad veritatem hermeticae medicinae ex Hippocratis veterumque decretis ac therapeusi (1604) went through many editions in several languages and did much to publicize his version of the chemical philosophy.

Andreas Dudith [Duditus] *** Not in Gale

(1533-1589).  Hungarian-born astronomer, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dudith.html

Dudith did not publish any original works in medicine, nor did he treat patients to my knowledge. However, his correspondence with Crato, the imperial physician, seems significant.  Early in his intellectual life he interested himself in astrology, but eventually rejected it and argued strongly against it.

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester

(1532-1588).  English cartographer, expert in navigation and hydraulics, engineer, architect, pharmacologist, instrument-maker.  Robert Dudley was the fifth son of Edward VI’s most powerful subject, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. Robert was brought to court and knighted during the reign of Edward VI. Marriage to a Norfolk heiress, Amy Robsart, followed. The Dudley family and its fortunes were suddenly eclipsed by the death of Edward and by the abortive attempt of Northumberland and his sons to depose Mary Tudor in favor of Lady Jane Grey. Robert, two brothers, and his sisters survived the Marian revenge, but not until the accession of Elizabeth I did he escape the shadow cast by his father’s treason.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/dudley.html

Dudley should be seen as a practical man, able in mathematics, who entered into all of the technological activities that demanded mathematical expertise.  He published a large book on navigation, the dell’Arcano del mare, based in the first place on his experience as a navigator at sea. Dudley's Dell'arcano del mare, 1646-7, was a major work on navigation and cartography. It contained an appendix (made into a preface in the second edition) “Delle scienze matematiche che entrano nell’opera dell’Arcano del mare.”

He was also involved in shipbuilding, designing several new classes of warships.  Already on the expedition to the West Indies he prepared a map of Trinidad and of the coast of South America. Book 6 of his Arcano was on cartography, and it contained maps (charts for navigators) of the entire world. These maps are considered milestones in naval cartography. Dudley himself drew them up; they were not mere copies of the maps of others.

The Grand Duke put him in charge of building the port of Livorno. He designed the mole for its harbor.  Contemporary descriptions of Dudley emphasized his skill in architecture. Wood says that the Grand Duke consulted him on all major buildings.  He functioned partly as a military engineer in Tuscany, and the Arcano contained a section on the fortification of ports.  He drained the swamp between Pisa and Livorno.

Dudley also developed a powder of supposedly (in the 17th century style) extraordinary medicinal power (but apparently used primarily as a purge), which made it into all the pharmacopaeias.

He was involved also with instruments. About 1598 he invented and made what he called an azimuth dial, essentially similar to Oughtred's horizontal instrument (and possibly copied from it, for Oughtred's manuscript was around at that time).

http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~dav4is/people/DUDL309.htm

Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester.  http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~humphrys/FamTree/Dudley/1st.earl.leicester.html

Duerer, Albrecht *** Not in Gale

(1471-1528).  German engineer, mathematician, geometer, cartographer, instrument-maker, artist and engraver.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/duerer.html:

Toward the end of his career Duerer published Underweysung der Messung, a book in practical geometry.

Duerer was, of course, a talented artist and engraver. Many of his works are devoted to the mathematical aspects of art.  Duerer also wrote Befestigungslehre. Etliche underricht zu befestigung der stett schloss und flecken (1527) which summarizes the science of fortification. Many of his suggestions were incorporated by the city of Nuremberg. This work is said to have been dictated by fear of a Turkish invasion.

He also worked on globes, celestial charts, and armillary spheres.  He invented a device to aid in doing perspective for pictures.

Crater Dürer on Mercury is named in his honor.

“The Genius of German Renaissance,” http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/weekly/aa071699.htm

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Albrecht Dürer,” http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Durer.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05209c.htm

Essie Coleman Duffie

(Born

Member: NAACP, American Institute Fishery Research Biologists (Associate), National Association Female Executives, Family Christian Association America (Board of Directors 1980, chairperson program committee 1987), Blacks in Government (President, 1981-82), American Federation Government Employees. Clubs: Y's Women (Miami) (President 1984-85).

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Richard Franklin Dugan

(Born July 27, 1916).  Biologist (retired).  Timber surveyor U.S. Forest Service, Ore., 1940; Agricultural aide Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Michigan, 1941, biologistwoodland conservationist, N.J., 1958-59, biologist recreation specialist, Virginia, 1960-77; Assistant Professor forestry and wildlife Management West Virginia University, 1942-57.  Student Aurora (Illinois) College, 1934-35; B.S. in Agriculture, University of Illinois, 1938; B.S. in Forestry M.F. in Wildlife Management, University of Michigan, 1941; postgraduate in outdoor recreation Texas A & M University, 1967-68.

Member: Wildlife Society, Soil Conservation Society America (life), American Fisheries Society, National Recreation and Parks Association, American Forestry Association, National Audubon Society, Smithsonian Instn., Izaak Walton League (life), National Wildlife Federation (life), National Rifle Association (life), Alpha Zeta, Xi Sigma Pi. Baptist (deacon). Lion.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Jean-Baptiste Duhamel *** Not in Gale

(1624-1706).  French scientist, philosopher, and theologian.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/duhamel.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05187b.htm

http://40.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DU/DUHAMEL.htm:

“DUHAMEL, JEAN BAPTISTE (1624-1706), French physicist, was born in 1624 at Vire in Normandy. He studied at Caen and Paris; wrote at eighteen a tract on the Spherics of Theodosius of.Tripolis; then became an Oratorian priest, and fulfilled with great devotion for ten years (1653-1663) the duties of cur at Neuilly-sur-Marne. He was appointed in 1656 almoner to the king, and in 1666 perpetual secretary to the newly founded Academy of Sciences. He died on the 6th of August 1706. He published among other works: Astronomia physica (1660) and De meteoris et fossil-ibus (1660), both in dialogue form; Dc consensu veteris et novae philosophiae (1663); De corporum affectionibus (1672); De mente humana (1673); Regiae scientiarum Academiae historia, zOip (1698), new edition brought down to 1700 (1701); Institutiones biblicae (1698); followed by annotated editions of the Psalms (1701), of the Book of Wisdom, &l~. (1703), and of the entire Bible in 1705.”

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem

The French physicist, chemist, and historian of science Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (1861-1916) published work in thermodynamics, physical chemistry, hydrodynamics, elasticity, electricity and magnetism, and the history and philosophy of science.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Duhem.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Charles Duke / Charles Moss Duke, Jr., Brigadier General, USAF, Ret.

(Born 1935).  American astronaut.  Lunar module pilot, Apollo 16, April 1972. During the 11-day mission, Duke participated in the first onsite scientific study of the lunar highlands. He earned a BS in Naval Sciences, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland (1957), and an MS in Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1964). In April 1966, Duke was one of 19 pilots accepted into the space program in the fifth round of astronaut selection.  Duke piloted the lunar module “Orion” during the Apollo 16 mission in 1972. Duke left the space program in December 1975 to pursue a career in business, as owner of Duke Investments and president of Charlie Duke Enterprises.

Member: Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Member, American Fighter Pilots Association, Member, Air Force Association.

Honors: Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Air Force Longevity Ribbon, Air Force Senior Pilot Astronaut Wings, American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award (1972), American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Haley Astronautics Award (1973), Boy Scouts of America Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (1975), Federation Aeronautique Internationale V.M. Komarov Diploma (1973), Honorary Ph.D., University of South Carolina (1973), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Certificate of Commendation (1970), NASA Distinguished Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Society of Experimental Test Pilots Iven C. Kincheloe Award (1972), South Carolina Man of the Year (1973).

Author: Moonwalker, 1990; Walk on the Moon: Walk with the Son, VHS Video, 1997;

Moonwalker: Apollo Moon Program, VHS Video, 1993.

Charles Moss Duke, Jr. (Brigadier General, USAF, Ret.) http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/duke-cm.html

Charles Moss Duke, Jr.  “From Moon to Earth: One Astronaut’s Odyssey” (published in the National Space Society’s Ad Astra magazine in fall 1998): “To me, the scientific evidence that we observe in the universe, the intricacies of life with all of its implications and intelligent design, the orderliness of the physical universe, the repeatability of the scientific and physical phenomena that we observe, all these point to a designer, not to an accidental happening. Many reputable scientists believe the same.”

Charles Moss Duke, Jr. “The Moon is Not Enough,” http://www.lovehalifax.com/changed/cduke.html

“A number of years after my moonwalk, I began another walk—a walk with God. This experience is even more exciting than my first trip. My walk with God has taken me to some high places-praying with prime ministers and presidents, rightist dictators, and Communist juntas. It has exposed me to the supernatural and mighty power of God. But most exciting of all, it has led me from a life of continual striving and restlessness to one of peace and fulfillment.”

“I hope that through the pages of this book you will feel with me the thrill and excitement as we fly to the moon, and I pray that if you haven’t already, you will join with me in the greatest experience of all—both in and out of this world—a walk with the Son.” From Moonwalker, 1990, Inside front cover.

http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/duke-cm.html or

http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/duke.htm

http://www.alcbahamas.org/CharlieDuke.htm

http://www.rootsweb.com/~sccheste/people.htm

Jean-Henri Dunant

Jean Henri Dunant (1828-1910) was a Swiss merchant who, as a witness to the cruelties of the battle of Solferino, made public the inefficiency of the sanitary organizations in wartime and developed a vision for a relief society of trained volunteers that resulted in the founding of the Red Cross.

Biography of Jean Henri Dunant.  http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1901/dunant-bio.html

“Jean Henri Dunant.”  http://www.almaz.com/nobel/peace/1901a.html

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Jean-Henri-Dunant

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Jean%20Henri%20Dunant

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/D/Dunant/Dunant.htm

Dr. Mike Duncan / Michael A. Duncan *** Not in Gale

Chemist.  Distinguished Research Professor of Chemistry, University of Georgia.  Professor Duncan received his B.S. from Furman University in 1976 and his Ph.D. from Rice University in 1982. He was a National Research Council/National Bureau of Standards Postdoctoral Fellow at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Colorado, until 1983, when he joined the faculty at the University of Georgia. His research interests are in physical chemistry and chemical physics.

Michael A. Duncan, Research Professor of Chemistry. http://www.chem.uga.edu/faculty/duncan.html

The University of Georgia Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center Faculty and Research, MICHAEL A. DUNCAN RESEARCH SUMMARY, http://nano.uga.edu/duncan.html

Davis Godfrey Durham

(Born 1914).  Opthalmologist. Developer diamond knife for cataract surgery, 1966, pneumatic tonometer for measuring pressure in glaucoma patients, 1965.  Medical practitioner specializing in ophthalmology, Wilmington, 1946-1999; Consulting opthalmologist ,Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia; Senior Staff Director Dept. Ophthalmology. Wilmington Medical Center, 1966-73; Assistant Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Director, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Project Hope, 1962-70; Associate, Dept. of surgery, Section ophthalmology, St. Francis Hospital, Wilmington; associate St. Luke's Cataract and I.O.L. Clinic, Tarpon Springs, Florida.; active medical work, Alaska, 1949, Samoa, 1957, Indonesia, 1960, Peru, 1962, Haiti, 1963, Guinea, Africa, 1964, Africa, 1966, Colombia, 1967, Nigeria, 1982, China, 1985. With M.C., U.S. Army, 1944-46.  Education: Graducate, University of Pennsylvania, 1937; MD, Jefferson Medical College, 1943. Intern, Delaware Hospital, Wilmington, 1943.

Honors: Decorated Bronze Star; recipient Brandywine College award, 1969; Distinguished Delawarean award for citizenship, 1978. Diplomate American Board of Ophthalmology.

Member:  Fellow ACS; member AMA, American Academy of Ophthalmology (Instructor 1976-82, cert. of award), Aid for International Medicine (v.p., Director), American Ophthalmology Society, New Castle County Medical Society, Del. Academy Ophthalmology, American Intra-Ocular Implant Society, Aid for International Medicine (v.p.), Delaware Academy Medicine (pres. 1972-74), United Empire Loyalist, Sigma Chi (Significant Sig award 1989). Quaker. Clubs: Explorers, Lions, Greenville Country.

Contributor of articles to professional journals, conference papers.

Gazette | Alumni: Notes (Sept|Oct 03). http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0903/0903notes.html: “Retired ophthalmologist who had maintained a practice in Wilmington, Delaware, for many years; he was director of ophthalmology at the Wilmington Medical Center and a former assistant professor of ophthalmology at Thomas Jefferson University. In 1965, with help from engineers at the DuPont Co., he developed a pneumatic tonometer for measuring eye pressures in people with glaucoma, and in 1966 developed the diamond knife for cataract surgery. Motivated by his faith as a Quaker, he also devoted himself to humanitarian work around the world, from 1949 in Alaska, when he treated Inuit people for blindness, to 1995 in China, when he instructed ophthalmologists there on the latest techniques for cataract surgery. In 1999 the American Academy of Ophthalmology honored him with its outstanding-humanitarian award.”

Beth Miller.  “A True Visionary,” The News Journal, (Wilmington, DE), December 4, 1999.

Joseph-Guichard Duverney [Du Verney]

(1648-1730). French anatomist, zoologist, entomologist, embryologist. Studied especially the eye and ear; wrote Traite del’organe de l’ouie (1683).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/duverney.html:

The only major work written by Duverney alone and published during his lifetime was his Traité de l’organe de l’ouie (1683), the first thorough, scientific treatise on the human ear. He read numerous papers to the Academy of Sciences, of which the most important are a group dealing with the circulatory and respiratory systems in cold-blooded vertebrates. After his death a number of anatomical works were published from his papers.

Three anatomical structures are sometimes given Duverney’s name. They are an incisura in the cartilage of the external auditory meatus, the pars lacrimalis musculus orbicularis oculi and the one commonly known as Bartholin’s glands.  He was involved in the study of generation, and in his old age he studied insects.

Member: He began to connect with the Académie des Sciences in 1674, and was elected to full menbership in 1676, remained a member until he died in 1730.  He corresponded with Malpighi, Bidloo, Boerhaave, and Pitcairne.  He began to attend the weekly scientific meetings at the house of the Abbé Bourdelot. At these meetings he often spoke on anatomical subjects.  He was an important member of the “Parisians”, a group of anatomists, who collaborated with each other to an uncommon degree, regularly performing dissections as a group and collectively reviewing both the text and plates before publishing their collaborative work. He was a close friend of Claude Perrault, the leader of “Parisians.”

Timothy Dwight

As president of Yale, Timothy Dwight (1752-1817) was not only that college’s most influential leader but also one of the young nation’s most important educators. During Dwight’s twenty-one years at Yale, he found able and inspiring teachers, launched the teaching of science and medicine, planned the creation of schools of law and theology, and gave the faculty and president a central role in running the school.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Timothy%20Dwight%20IV

Freeman John Dyson

Freeman John Dyson (born

Honors: Recipient Enrico Fermi award U.S. Department of Energy, 1995, Templeton prize for Progress in Religion, 2000.
Member: Fellow Royal Society London; NAS, American Phys. Society
Author: Disturbing the Universe, 1979, Weapons and Hope, 1984, Origins of Life, 1986, Infinite in all Directions, 1988, From Eros to Gaia, 1992, Imagined Worlds, 1997, The Sun, the Genome and the Internet, 1999.

The Freeman Dyson Page, http://www.a-ten.com/alz/dyson.htm

Freeman Dyson http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Freeman%20Dyson

James Clifton Eaves

(1912-2002).  Mathematician, astronomer, computer scientist.  Eaves invented a submarine tracking plotting board (ATRAP), an automatic clock set, and other devices. His interests included early computers, the theory and development of watch and clock mechanisms, the patern markers’ art, kites, and computer constructed songs and music.  Dr. Eaves was a teacher at Hillside School from 1932-35, in Pineville, KY, from 1936-37, and at Morton Junior High School in Lexington, KY from 1937-40. He became an instructor in mathematics at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, 1942-43, 1946; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1946-49; then assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1949-50; associate professor at Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 1950-51, research associate professor, 1951-52, professor of mathematics, 1953-54, research associate of Auburn Research Foundation, 1952-53; University of Kentucky, Lexington, professor of mathematics and astronomy, 1954-67, head of department, 1954-63; West Virginia University, Morgantown, Centennial Professor of Mathematics, beginning 1967. Director of Institute of Consultants in Mathematics, Statistics, and Patent Law, beginning 1956, of Kentucky Space Flight Program in Space Mathematics and Astronomy, 1959-63; consultant to International Business Machines, 1957-59, to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1964, leading a team doing early orbital research related to the three body problem.  Education: He received a B.A. degree, with a major in mathematics and physics, from the University of Kentucky in 1935, an M.A., majoring in mathematics and mathematics statistics, again from UK in 1941 and a Ph.D. in 1949 from the University of North Carolina, majoring in mathematics and matrix algebra.

Member, Kentucky Governor’s Committee on Constitutional Revision, 1956-57.  Mathematical Association of America (Kentucky section, president, 1956 and 1963, secretary-treasurer, 1960-66; Allegheny Mountain section, chair, 1971-73), American Mathematical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science (fellow), American Association of University Professors, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, American Society for Engineering Education, Association for Higher Education, National Education Association, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, International Congress of Mathematicians, Kentucky Academy of Science, Kentucky Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools (president of mathematics section, 1957 and 1964), Alabama Association of College Teachers of Mathematics (president, 1953-54), United Commercial Travelers (Lexington, KY; member of board, 1962-2002), Rotary, Kiwanis, Sigma Xi, Pi Mu Epsilon, Mu Alpha Theta, Phi Delta Kappa.Baptist.  Military service: U.S. Naval Reserve, 1942-46; became lieutenant.

Honors: Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1963.

Dr. Eaves authored numerous mathematics textbooks on such topics as geometry and matrices and held many patents in such varied fields as submarine tracking and watch movements. Author: The ATRAP, U.S. Navy, 1944; Antisubmarine Electronics, U.S. Navy, 1945; (With others) College Algebra, Pitman, 1956; (With A. J. Robinson) Introduction to Euclidean Geometry, Addison-Wesley, 1956, 2nd edition, 1957; The Kentucky Program for Large Classes, University of Kentucky, 1958; (With Pignani) Computer Programming, University of Kentucky, 1959; (Coauthor with William Vann Parker) Matrices, Ronald, 1960; (With Pence) Mathematics Honors Tests, University of Kentucky, 1962.

Contributor to mathematics and science journals; contributor of popular articles on astronomy to magazines.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Obituary in The Courier-Journal, (Louisville, KY), March 23, 2002.

Fred M. Eckel / Fred Monroe Eckel, M.S.

(Born 1939).  Pharmacologist. Professor, School of Pharmacy, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC.  Research Interests:  Changing pharmacy to a more patient focused practice. Executive director of the North Carolina Association of Pharmacists; Residency Program Director, University of North Carolina Hospitals Pharmacy Department, University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy.

Faculty webpage, http://www.pharmacy.unc.edu/pharmacy/faculty/faculty_profile.cfm?facultyid=41

Member: Christian Pharmacists Fellowship International, http://www.cpfi.org/cp/index.asp

Publications: http://pharmacy.unc.edu/pharmacy/faculty/dspPubs.cfm?facultyID=41

Karen Stinneford.  “Pharmacists Restructure Jobs to Better Serve Patients, Adapt to Managed Care,”  http://www.unc.edu/news/newsserv/archives/jul97/pharm.html. 

Dr. Robert H. Eckel *** Not in Gale

Endocrinologist.  Dr. Robert Eckel is a Professor of Medicine and of Physiology (1995-present) and Biophysics at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (UCHSC), in Denver, Colorado. Dr. Eckel is also the Program Director of the General Clinical Research Center of the UCHSC (1993 – present). He is the chairman of the American Heart Association’s Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. His other posts were Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado HSC, Denver, 07/79 - 06/85; Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado HSC, Denver, 07/85 - 09/89; Adjunct Appointment, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 07/87 – present; Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, 10/89 – present; Professor of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Genetics, University of Colorado HSC, Denver, 10/89 - 06/95; Graduate Faculty Appointment, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colo State University, 07/90 – present. Dr. Eckel received his B.S. (with honors), Bacteriology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1969 and his M.D. from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1973.

Honors:  B.S. with Honors in Bacteriology, University of Cincinnati, 1969; Alpha Omega Alpha, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 1973; American Society for Clinical Investigation, 1988;  Outstanding Faculty Award for Housestaff Teaching, UCHSC, 1988; Editorial Board, Diabetes, International Journal of Obesity, and Obesity Research, 1990-94; Western Association of Physicians, 1989;   Moses Barron Award, American Diabetes Association - Minnesota Affiliate, 1990; Colorado Dietetic Association Award of Excellence, 1991; Best Doctors in America, 1994, 1995.

Curriculum vitae.  http://www.uchsc.edu/physiology/joint/becv.htm

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington

The English astronomer Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944) greatly advanced theoretical astrophysics as a consequence of his original contributions to the theory of relativity and his studies on the internal constitution of stars.  Quaker.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Eddington.html or

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Eddington.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Arthur+Eddington

Ian Hutchinson.  “Astrophysics and Mysticism: the Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington,” http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/eddington/

http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Eddington/index.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

J. Gary Eden / James Gary Eden

(Born 1950).  Electrical engineer, educator, physicist, researcher.  Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Associate Vice-Chancellor for Research, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  Professor Eden is also Director of the Laboratory for Optical Physics and Engineering, a laboratory devoted to developing new sources and applications of coherent radiation in the spectral region below 500 nm. The Laboratory has discovered several new lasers and amplifiers in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet, including the first ultraviolet and violet fiber lasers, ultralow threshold, diode laser-pumped visible fiber lasers, and the diatomic CdI, CdBr, and ZnI molecular lasers in the visible and near-IR. With his students, Professor Eden has developed laser spectroscopic techniques which have resulted in the discovery of Rydberg series in the rare gas dimers, and the first observation of free-bound (photoassociation) spectra of thermal atomic pairs. Recent accomplishments of his research group include the generation and modulation of coherent UV by atomic wavepackets on the 100 fs time scale, and the development of microdischarge devices and arrays. For the latter, he and several colleagues were recently awarded three patents and others are pending.

Dr. Eden was a National Research Council Post-Doctoral Research Associate at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory ( Washington, DC) and then was appointed a research physicist in the Laser Physics Branch. He joined the University of Illinois faculty in 1979 where he has been engaged in research in molecular and ultrafast laser spectroscopy, the discovery and development of visible and ultraviolet lasers, and microplasma devices.

He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Optical Society of America and the American Physical Society, Past Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, and has served as Associate Vice-Chancellor for Research, Assistant Dean of the College of Engineering, and Associate Dean of the Graduate College. Dr. Eden was the James F. Towey Scholar at the University of Illinois from 1996 through 1999 and, in 1998, served as President of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS).

BS, University of Maryland, 1972; MS, University of Illinois, 1973; Ph.D., University of Illinois, 1976.

Faculty webpage, University of Illinois, http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/faculty/faculty.asp?jgeden

Faculty bio, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/seminar/03-04/feb19-04-eden-bio.html

http://www.ieeevic.org/events/getdetails.php?id=84

http://www.leosbenelux.org/colloquium/col040528.php

Coordinated Science Laboratory. http://www.csl.uiuc.edu/faculty/facultydetail.asp?netid=j-eden

J. GARY EDEN, Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana.  “Unseen Realities,” http://www2.uiuc.edu/ro/ICFS/Pages/eden.html

“I am persuaded by two truths. First, the physical world-which displays a level of complexity and beauty that we can only begin to fathom (much less duplicate)-bears the unmistakable signature of a superior intellect. Second, Christianity provides a rational explanation for life on this planet as it really is, not as we would wish it to be. In light of these truths, I accept the testimony of the apostle Peter, who states emphatically that “when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, we were not following cleverly devised fables. On the contrary, we were eyewitnesses of His majesty” (2 Peter New Berkeley Version).”  From Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty,  edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

David Edwardes [Edgaurdus] *** Not in Gale

(c. 1502-1542).  English physician, anatomist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/edwardes.html

Edwardes produced a small book of two treatises (London, 1532), the first entitled De indiciis et praecognitionibus, dealing with uroscopy and medical prognostication; the second, In anatomicen introductio luculenta et brevis, devoted to anatomy, the first work specifically on anatomy published in England. The reference to his dissection of a human body in 1531 in the latter treatise is the first record of a human dissection in England.

Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758), colonial New England minister and missionary, was one of the greatest preachers and theologians in American history. At the age of twelve he had shown close and delicate scientific observation in an account of phenomena relating to “flying spiders”, and in college he added a power of theoretic reasoning in terms of Newtonian science.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Jonathan%20Edwards%20%28theology%29

Jonathan Edwards.  Concerning the End for which God Created the World, 1755, unpublished. “… a disposition in God, as an original property of his nature, to an emanation of his own infinite fullness, was what excited him to create the world; and so that the emanation itself was aimed at by him as a last end of the creation.”

William D. Edwards / William Dean Edwards

(Born 1948).  Pathologist.  Diplomate American Board of Anatomic Pathology.  Diplomate, National Board of Medical Examiners.  Professor of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 1988 – present.  Residency:  University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.  Interest: Cardiovascular Pathology.  Previous posts: Consultant in pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 1980; resident in cardiovascular pathology, United Hospitals-Miller Division, St. Paul, 1976-77; resident in anatomic pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 1974-76.  BA in Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1970; MD, University of Kansas, 1974.

Member: Fellow at American College of Cardiology; AMA, Society Cardiovascular Pathology, Fellow at Cardiovascular Pathology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

William D. Edwards, M.D. home page, http://www.mayoclinic.org/labmed-pathology-rst/10198156.html

For a listing of recent publications, refer to PubMed, a service provided by the National Library of Medicine.
William D. Edwards, MD; Wesley J. Gabel, MDiv; Floyd E Hosmer, MS, AMI.  “ON THE PHYSICAL DEATH OF JESUS CHRIST,” From the Departments of Pathology (Dr. Edwards) and Medical Graphics (Mr. Hosmer), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and the Homestead United Methodist Church, Rochester, Minnesota, and the West Bethel United Methodist Church, Bethel, Minnesota (Pastor Gabel).

Reprint requests to Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Dr. Edwards).

http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/deathjesus.pdf, or

http://www.holytrinity.ok.goarch.org/Interesting%20Stuff/Special%20Communication%20Plus%20Picture.html, or

http://www.cfpeople.org/Apologetics/page51a024.html (without visuals)

Abstract: “Jesus of Nazareth underwent Jewish and Roman trials, was flogged, and was sentenced to death by crucifixion. The scourging produced deep stripelike lacerations and appreciable blood loss, and it probably set the stage for hypovolemic shock, as evidenced by the fact that Jesus was too weakened to carry the crossbar (patibulum) to Golgotha. At the site of crucifixion, his wrists were nailed to the patibulum and, after the patibulum was lifted onto the upright post (stipes), his feet were nailed to the stipes. The major pathophysiologic effect of crucifixion was an interference with normal respirations. Accordingly death resulted primarily from hypovolemic shock and exhaustion asphyxia. Jesus’ death was ensured by the thrust of a soldier’s spear into his side. Modern medical interpretation of the historical evidence indicate that Jesus was dead when taken down from the cross.” JAMA - The Journal of the American Medical Association,

Loren Corey Eiseley

Trained as an anthropologist and paleontologist, Loren Corey Eiseley (1907-1977) became one of the foremost essayists of his generation to interpret science for the layman. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Assistant Professor, 1937-42, Associate Professor of sociology and anthropology, 1942-44; Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, Professor of sociology and anthropology and chair of department, 1944-47; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Professor and chair of the department of anthropology, 1947-59, provost, 1959-61, Professor of anthropology and history of science, 1961-63, chair of department of history of science, 1961-63, Benjamin Franklin and University Professor of Anthropology and History of Science, 1961-77, curator of early man, University of Pennsylvania Museum, 1948-77, chair of department of history and philosophy of science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 1961-64.

Member: American Anthropological Association (Fellow; vice-president, 1948-49), American Institute of Human Paleontology (president, 1949-52), American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow; vice-president, 1969), National Academy of Arts and Sciences (Fellow), National Institute of Arts and Letters (Fellow), American Philosophical Society (Fellow), American Academy of Political and Social Science (member of board of directors), American Association of University Professors, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Society for American Archaeology, New York Academy of Sciences (Fellow), Philadelphia Anthropological Society (vice-president, 1947; president, 1948), Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Century Club (New York). Member of presidential task force on preservation of natural beauty, 1964-65. Member of board of directors, Samuel S. Fels Foundation; National Parks Division, Department of the Interior, member of advisory board, 1966-72, member of council, 1972-77.  Hosted television program, Animal Secrets, 1966-68.

Awards: Athenaeum of Philadelphia Award for nonfiction, 1958, for Darwin’s Century; first Phi Beta Kappa award in science, 1959; Page One Award of the Philadelphia Newspaper Guild, 1960; John Burroughs Medal and Pierre Lecomte du Nouy Foundation Award, both 1961, for Firmament of Time; Philadelphia Arts Festival Award for literature, 1962; Bradford Washburn Award from Boston Museum of Science, 1976, for his “outstanding contribution to the public understanding of science”; Joseph Wood Krutch Medal from Humane Society of the United States, 1976, for his “significant contribution to the improvement of life and the environment in this country”; Social Science Research Council postdoctoral Fellow, 1940-41; Wenner-Gren Foundation of Anthropology, research grant, 1952-53; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellowship, Stanford, CA, 1961-62; Citation for Outstanding Service to Education, Department of Public Instruction, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1962; Guggenheim Fellow, 1964-65. Recipient of over 35 honorary degrees.

Author: The Immense Journey (1957), Darwin’s Century (1958), Firmament of Time (1960), The Unexpected Universe (1969), Invisible Pyramid (1970), Night Country (1971), All the Strange Hours (1975).

Loren Corey Eiseley.  http://www.anthro.mnsu.edu/information/biography/abcde/eiseley_loren.html

George F. R. Ellis

From http://www.meta-library.net/bio/ellis-body.html:

(Born 1939) Dr. Ellis is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Capetown, South Africa. His professional research work concentrates on relativity theory and cosmology and he has published over 200 scientific papers and several books including The Large Scale Structure of Space Time, Cambridge University Press, 1973, which he co-authored with Steven Hawking. He published several papers on the relationship between science and religion and is active on several Quaker committees and boards.

Website: http://www.mth.uct.ac.za/%7Eellis/index.html

George Ellis - Natural Law and Divine Creation, Online video presentation: http://www.meta-library.net/ssq2/ellis-body.html

Ellis in his book, Quantum Cosmology and the Laws of Nature:

God is the creator and sustainer of the universe and of humankind, transcending the universe but immanent in it;

God’s nature embodies justice and holiness, but is also a personal and loving God who cares for each creature (so the name “father” is indeed appropriate);

God’s nature is revealed most perfectly in the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, as recorded in the New Testament of the Bible, who was sent by God to reveal the divine nature, summarized in “God is Love;”

God has an active presence in the world that still touches the lives of the faithful today.

Kenneth G. Elzinga / Kenneth Gerald Elzinga

(Born 1941).  Robert C. Taylor Professor of Economics, 2002-present, University of Virginia. Previous Positions: Cavaliers’ Distinguished Teaching Professorship, 1992-1997; Associate Professor of Economics, 1971-1974;Assistant Professor of Economics, 1967-1971; Special Economic Advisor to the Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice, 1970-1971; Assistant Instructor of Economics, Michigan State University, 1965-1966; Research Economist, Senate Antitrust & Monopoly Subcommittee, Summer, 1964. Previous appointments have included the Cavalier’s Distinguished Teaching Professorship at the University of Virginia, 1974 - present; a Thomas Jefferson Fellow at Cambridge University January – June 1990; Visiting Professor of Economics, Trinity University, 1984; Fellow in Law & Economics, University of Chicago, 1974. Elzinga has recently been involved with the Microsoft Antitrust case, working for Microsoft.

Education: B.A., Kalamazoo College, 1963; M.A., Michigan State University, 1966; Ph.D., Michigan State University, 1967; L.H.D., Kalamazoo College, 2000.

Member: American Economic Association, Southern Economic Association, Mystery Writers of America, International J. A. Schumpeter Society, Industrial Organization Society, European Association for Industrial Economics, American Bar Association; Associate, American Law & Economics Association, International Association of Crime Writers, Council of Academic Advisors, C. S. Lewis Foundation, 2000- present), Board of Trustees, Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship, 1992-2000.

Elzinga shared with William Breit the Phi Beta Kappa Prize for “The Antitrust Penalties: A Study in the Law and Economics.” Elzinga is the recipient of the Templeton Honor Roll Award for Education in a Free Society from the John Templeton Foundation. He is also the recipient of the Kenan Enterprise Award for Teaching Economics from the William R. Kenan Jr. Charitable Trust; the Phi Eta Sigma Teacher of the Year Award in 1992; and the Distinguished Professor Award from the University of Virginia in 1979.

He is the author of several books, including Economics: A Reader and Murder at the Margin. He and Breit created this mystery novel in which the protagonist uses economic analysis to solve the crime. He also has written and edited many articles for professional journals including the Social Science Quarterly, the Antitrust Law & Economics Review, the Journal of Law and Economics and the Harvard Law Review. Editorial Board: The Journal of Markets and Morality, 1998-present; The Antitrust Bulletin, 1977-present; Industrial Organization Review, 1972-79.

Kenneth G. Elzinga, Robert C. Taylor Professor of Economics, University of Virginia, faculty webpage, http://www.people.virginia.edu/~kge8z/

Dr. Elzinga has many more honors and achievements, which can be found at his Curriculum vitae: http://www.people.virginia.edu/%7Ekge8z/elzingacv.htm or http://www.people.virginia.edu/~kge8z/kgecv.html

MSU ALUMNI ASSOCIATION HONORS FOURTEEN FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE http://newsroom.msu.edu/site/indexer/1132/content.htm

Mr. Elzinga’s Personal Web Page: http://www.people.virginia.edu/%7Ekge8z/persweb.html

University of Virginia Faculty Experts Guide, http://uva.category4.com/uvaexperts/expert.php?id=79

Kenneth G. Elzinga, Professor of Economics, University of Virginia Personal Statement of Teaching Philosophy, January 1996. http://www.people.virginia.edu/~kge8z/teach.html

Kenneth G. Elzinga, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University of Virginia.  “The Real Issue:

The Academy and Jesus,” http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri0009/elzinga.html.  “There is a link on my web page to a place where one can do daily devotions. Not long ago, a grad student in my department, an atheist at the time, questioned me about why I was a Christian. Unbeknownst to me, she had been visiting my web page. Using the link found there, she regularly read the Bible verse and lesson for the day. Unbeknownst to her—for she said later she did not even know the term—she was “having devotions” every day off my web page link—and she did this for about three months before the Holy Spirit broke into her life through this and other means and she placed her faith in Jesus Christ. (The link is www.gospelcom.net/rbc/odb).”

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Christian Charles Emig

(Born

Member: Institute des Hautes-Etudes de la Def. National, 1985; President Sail Club Nautique Provencal de la Recherche Science, Marseille, 1970-77.

Author 13 books; editor 9 books; Contributor of over 200 articles to professional journals.; editor science film on oceanographic methods, 1987.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Website: http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/DIMAR/Phoro/EMIG/EmigChristian.htm

http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/DIMAR/Phoro/EMIG/CE_En.html (in English)

http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/DIMAR/Phoro/EMIG/CE_Fr.html (in French)

Margaret (Peggy) A. Emmelhainz *** Not in Gale

Marketing researcher.  Terry Teaching Fellow, Terry College of Business Department of Marketing, University of Georgia. Prior to joining the faculty at UGA in fall of 2000, Dr. Emmelhainz held the position of the Donna L. Gibbs and FCS End Professor of Marketing at the University of North Florida. She also served on the faculty at the University of Dayton.

From Faculty webpage, Peggy Emmelhainz—Terry College of Business—Department of Marketing and Distribution, http://www.terry.uga.edu/marketing/faculty/emmelhainz.html:

Dr. Emmelhainz’s research interests include electronic commerce, customer satisfaction and strategic partnerships. Dr. Emmelhainz received her Ph.D. in Business Administration (Marketing and Logistics) from The Ohio State University. While at The Ohio State University, she was awarded a university fellowship and also received a doctoral research grant from the National Association of Purchasing Management. She holds a M.S. from the Air Force Institute of Technology and a B.A from Trinity University. Her teaching interests include Principles of Marketing, Services Marketing, Marketing Research, and Logistics.

She has received college level research and service awards and a university-wide (University of North Florida) teaching award.

Author: Electronic Data Interchange: A Total Management Guide, which has been translated into Japanese and French. Her research has resulted in over 40 publications, including articles in the Journal of Retailing, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Journal of Market Focused Management, Journal of Business Logistics, Journal of International Logistics and the International Journal of Supply Chain Management.

Member: The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia http://www.uga.edu/cff/

“The Cost of Advancing Technology,” http://www.unf.edu/research/businessadm.html

Franklin D. Enfield

(1933-1996).  Geneticist.  Director graduate studies in genetics, University of Minnesota, 1971-76; Professor genetics, University of Minnesota, 1970-96; Associate Professor, University of Minnesota, 1965-70; Assistant Professor, University of Minnesota, Mpls., 1960-65. Career-Related: member advisory panel population biology and physiol. ecology NSF, 1987-89; vice Chairman Gordon School Conference on Quantitative Genetics and Biotechnology, 1991, Chairman 1993.  Education: B.S., Iowa State University, 1955; M.S., Oklahoma

Member: Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Alpha Zeta, Phi Eta Sigma.  Lutheran.

Honors: NIH, USDA and NSF grantee, 1963-96; Genetics Society travel grantee to USSR, 1978.

Contributor of science articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

George Ent *** Not in Gale

(1604-1689).  English physiologist, anatomist, pharmacologist, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ent.html

Ent published a defense of Harvey, Apologia pro circulatione sanguinis, 1641, in which he showed the influence also of hermetic authors and concepts of innate heat, which seem to look forward to Mayow.

He also composed some minor anatomical works published as part of one of Charleton’s books.

Ent dedicated Apologia pro circulatione to the Earl of Lincoln.  Granted a knighthood by Charles II in 1665 after an anatomy lecture at the College of Physicians at which the King was present.

Ent was one of three fellows of the College of Physicians who supervised the revised edition of the Pharmacopoeia londonensis, 1650.

Member: Royal Society, 1660-89. Ent was one of the founding fellows and was named to the original Council in the charter of 1662; Royal College of Physicians, 1639. President, seven years between 1670 and 1684. Censor, 22 years between 1645-69; Medical College.  Informal connections: Friendship with Harvey from their chance meeting in Rome in 1636. He was one of the first writers to compose a detailed defense of Harvey. In 1648 he persuaded the elderly Harvey to release the manuscript of De Generatione which Ent edited and published with a commendatory preface in 1651. His transcript of Harvey’s correspondence was used in the College of Physicians edition of Harvey’s works in 1766. In Harvey’s will, Ent was charged with dispersing his library in the College of Physicians.

Thomas Erastus [Lieber] *** Not in Gale

(1524-1583).  Swiss-born physician and natural philosopher.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/erastus.html

http://66.1911encyclopedia.org/E/ER/ERASTUS_THOMAS.htm:

In 1540 Erastus was studying theology at Basel. The plague of 1544 drove him to Bologna and thence to Padua as student of philosophy and medicine. In 1553 he became physicjan to the count of Henneberg, Saxe-Meiningen, and in 1558 held the same post with the elector-palatine, Otto Heinrich, being at the same time professor of medicine at Heidelberg. His patrons successor, Frederick III, made him (1559) a privy councillor and member of the church consistory. He published several pieces bearing on medicine, astrology and alchemy, and attacking the system of Paracelsus. His name is permanently associated with a posthumous publication, written in 1568.

John Robert Erickson

(Born

Association Official Seed Certifying Agencies (small grain rev. Board 1991-94), American Society Agronomy, Crop Science Society, Phi Kappa Phi.  With U.S. Army, 1958-60, Europe.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Lazarus Ercker [Erckner, Erckel] *** Not in Gale

(c. 1530-1594).  Chemist, metallurgist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ercker.html:

Erker’s whole career was explicitly directed to the practical goals of metallurgy and mining.

“Lazarus Ercker,” Britannica Concise Encyclopedia; from Encyclopædia Britannica:

“In 1554 Ercker was appointed assayer at Dresden, the first of his many positions in the Saxony bureaucracy, and later became a control tester of coins. His systematic review of the techniques then in use for testing alloys and minerals of silver, gold, copper, antimony, mercury, bismuth, and lead, of obtaining and refining such metals, and of extracting acids, salts, and other compounds may be regarded as the first manual of analytical and metallurgical chemistry.”

Charles [Carolus Stephanus] Estienne *** Not in Gale

(c. 1505-1564).  French anatomist, botanist, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/estienne.html

Estienne published Anatomia, a short treatise, in 1536, and his main anatomical work, De dissectione, in Latin in 1545, and in French in 1546. His many original observations included the morphology and physiological significance of the “feeding holes” of bones, the cartaliginous meniscus of the temporomandibular joint, the valvulae in the hepatic veins, and the scrotal septum.

Among his several treatises on gardening and the names of plants and birds, De re hortensi libellus (1535) and Seminarium (1536) were favorably received and republished. He published other works on botany.  He published a book on medicine, derivative from Galen, in 1550.  As a publisher, he printed mostly dictionaries, grammars, and classical literature, but only one real scientific book, by Pierre Belon.

http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/anatomy/estienne.html

Estienne, Charles (1504?-1564). Le guide des chemins de France [Document électroniqu]. 2000.  http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-102662 (in French)

Leonhard Euler

The Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler (pronounced “oiler”, not “yooler”) (1707-1783) made important original contributions to every branch of mathematics studied in his day. A prolific author, among his greatest writings are treatises on analytic geometry, differential and integral calculus, and the calculusof variations. Euler developed spherical trigonometry, demonstrated the importance of convergence in algebraic series, proved important assertions in number theory, and made contributions to hydrodynamics, celestial mechanics, and optics. Euler also brought into common usage such mathematical notations “e” for the base of the natural logarithm, “i” for the square root of negative 1, and f(x) for a function of x. A variety of mathematical concepts bear his name, including Euler’s characteristicin topology, Euler’s trianglein geometry, Euler’s polynomials, Euler’s integrals, and Euler’s constant. His accomplishments are especially remarkable in that many were made during the last quarter of his life, when he was totally blind.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Euler.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Leonhard%20Euler

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Bartolomeo Eustachi / Eustachius *** Not in Gale

(c. 1500-1513).  Italian anatomist, physician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/eustachi.html

In 1562 and 1563 Eustachi produced a remarkable series of treatises on the kidney, the auditory organ (De auditus organis), the venous system, and the teeth. These were published in Opuscula anatomica (1564). The treatise on the kidney was the first work specifically dedicated to that organ. The teatise on the auditory organ provided a correct account of the tuba auditiva that is still referred to eponymously by Eustachi’s name. He was also the first who made a study of the teeth in any considerable detail. In 1552 Eustachi, with the help of Pier Matteo Pini, prepared a series of 47 anatomical plates, which (although they were published only in 1714, long after his death) alone assured him a distinguished position in the history of anatomy. He placed anatomy in the service of medicine; much of it was pathological anatomy.

Member: Medical College of Rome.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1433.html

Associated eponyms: Eustachian catheter, A catheter devised by Jean Marie Gaspard Itard, French physician, 1774-1838; Eustachian cushion, A swelling at the entrance of the auditory tube into the naso-pharynx; Eustachian tube, This 3-4 cm tubular structure connecting the nose with the middle ear permits communication between the inner ear and the external atmosphere so that equal pressure is maintained on either side of the eardrum; Eustachian valve, Obsolete term for the Valvula venae cavae inferiore; Eustachianography,  
Radiologic examination of the eustachian tube and middle ear after the introduction of a contrast agent.
On his (assumed) 400th birthday in 1913 a memorial was erected in his honour at the Sapienza in Rome.
In 1552 Eustachi, with the help of Pier Matteo Pini, a relative and an artist from Urbino, prepared a series of forty-seven anatomical illustrations for a medical treatise; these were engraved, two on the obverse and reverse of a single copper plate, by Giulio de’ Musi of Rome. The illustrations were prepared for a book entitled De dissensionibus ac controversiis anatomicis but were never published. The first eight large octavo plates, labelled Tabula Prima-Octava, were used in the Opuscula anatomica.
Although from an artistic point of view they are not as well done as the anatomical plates of Vesalius, from the point of view of anatomy they are sometimes more accurate than Vesalius’. Had the plates been published at the time they were executed, Eustachi would undoubtedly have ranked with Vesalius as founder of modern anatomy, and anatomical studies would have reached maturity in the seventeenth rather than in the eighteenth century.

Eustachi, Bartolomeo, Tabulae Anatomicae, http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/Anatomy/Eustachi/Contents.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Bartolomeo%20Eustachi

http://www.fact-index.com/b/ba/bartolomeo_eustachi.html.  Bartolomeo Eustachi, also known by his Latin name of Eustachius, was one of the founders of the science of human anatomy.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/bartolomeo_eustachi

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Bartolomeo_Eustachi.html (in German)

Richard Martin Evans

(Born July 26, 1945).  Forester, consultant.  Survey party chief U.S. Forestry Service, Burns, Oreg., 1965; Assistant geneticist Texas A&M University, College Station, 1970-73; supt., Director Forestry Experiment Station and Arboretum, University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge, Oliver Springs and Tullahoma, 1973; owner Newstead Farm, Wartburg, Tennessee, 1981; consultant Velsicol Chem. Co., 1983; Director MidSouth Christmas Tree Association, Sewanee, Tennessee, 1984; Board directors Woodland School PTO, 1987.  Education: B.S., University of Tennessee, 1968, M.S., 1971.

Member MidSouth Christmas Tree Association (Board directors), Natural Resource Conservation Society Tennessee (Board directors 1982), Tennessee Forestry Association, Morgan County Forestry Development Association (Board directors 1981), Tennessee Native Plant Society (Board directors 1980-84), University of Tennessee Arboretum Society (Board directors 1973), Friends of Camp Friendship (Board directors 1985-87), Oak Ridge C. of C., Alpha Zeta, Xi Sigma Di, Gamma Sigma Delta. Methodist.

Honors: Fellow Society American Foresters (Chairman, member exec. com Ky.-Tennessee Chapter 1984-85; Outstanding Service award 1984, recognition award 1986, 87).

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

John Evelyn

(1620-1706).  English botanist and historian.  Wrote vivid account of 1640-1706 cultural life in his Diary, published, 1818.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/evelyn.html

Studied anatomy and physiology in Padua, 1645-6.  Studied chemistry in England and France, 1646-9.

Evelyn laid out famous gardens at Sayes Court and worked all his life on a projected treatise on gardening, to be called Elysium britannicum, which he never completed and published, though various parts of it were.  He did publish a translation of a French work on gardening, and in 1664 Kalendarium hortense, or the Gardener's Almanack.  1664, Sylva, a book on timber and Evelyn's most important work. Attached to Sylva was Pomona, on fruit growing for cider.  Evelyn also published a translation of Lucretius, De rerum natura.  Evelyn was more a literary figure than a scientist; he wrote on a wide variety of topics.

Member: Royal Society from its foundation, 1660-1706. He was a member of the original Council, 1662. Secretary, 1672, 1682, 1691. He refused the presidency on three occasions.  Informal connections: He collaborated several times with Christopher Wren during his lifetime. Friendship with John Wilkins and Robert Boyle. He corresponded with Boyle, and sent him a suggestion for the foundation of a mathematical college or community for scientific study in 1559. He was a very close friend of Samuel Pepys.

Guy de la Bédoyère. “Who was John Evelyn?” http://www.romanbritain.freeserve.co.uk/john%20evelyn.htm

The Archive of John Evelyn. http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/evelyn.html.  John Evelyn was at the centre of the intellectual, social, political and ecclesiastical world of his day and his Diary has long been recognised as the most extensive and historically informative record of one of the most momentous periods in English history.

“Who was John Evelyn?” http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/evelynnotes.html.  Copyright © 1997, The British Library Board. Letter from Samuel Pepys to Evelyn 2 October 1685. The two famous diarists were close friends in their later years [from The Archive of John Evelyn, purchased by The British Library March 1995]

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John%20Evelyn

F. Alton Everest *** Not in Gale

(Born 1909).  Acoustical engineer.  One of the five founders of the American Scientific Affiliation.

From http://musicbooksplus.com/article_info.php/articles_id/14

F. Alton Everest has earned a place as acoustical expert to the field of audio, sound recording, and high fidelity through his books and articles. From his Acoustical Techniques for Home and Studio (1973) through 3 editions of Master Handbook of Acoustics (latest 1994), he has led sound engineers and amateurs through the acoustical thickets of sound recording and studio design.

He has the scholastic underpinnings (BSc in EE, Oregon State; EE Stanford) and the professional experience (Professor, Oregon State and Hong Kong Baptist Universities, 25 years film production, 15 years consulting in acoustics, and 4 years in wartime research in undersea acoustics), combined with a drive to lend a published hand to those in audio seeking help in understanding the seemingly abstract field of acoustics.

F. Alton Everest is an Emeritus Member of the Acoustical Society, A Life Member of the IEEE, a Life Fellow of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Member of Audio Engineering Society, and Co-Founder and Past President of American Scientific Affiliation.

J. W. Haas, Jr. “Irwin A. Moon, F. Alton Everest and Will H. Houghton: Early Links Between the Moody Bible Institute and the American Scientific Affiliation,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1991/PSCF12-91Haas.html

Graham R. Everest, BSc, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale
Mathematician.  Professor of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England.

Faculty webpage, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia. http://www.mth.uea.ac.uk/people/gre.html

Homepage, School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia.  http://www.mth.uea.ac.uk/~h090/

Publications of Graham Everest, Norwich http://www.mth.uea.ac.uk/~h090/pubs.html

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Frans Faase / Franciscus Johannes Faase

(Born 1961). Dutch computer scientist.  Wrote html2tex.  Currently works at BiZZdesign, which is located in the KCT building at the Campus of the University of Twente, Netherlands.

Home page: http://home.planet.nl/~faase009/Frans.html

“I write, therefore I am,” http://home.planet.nl/~faase009/Fhome.html

Personal testimony: http://home.planet.nl/~faase009/GVFF.html

Geneology: http://home.planet.nl/~faase009/Gen.html?19

Fabiola *** Not in Gale

(Died ca. 399).  Roman patrician class. Founded the first hospital in the west, where she personally attended the sick. Built a hospice in Porto for the area poor and sick pilgrims.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05743a.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Fabre, Jean-Henri

(1823-1915). French entomologist. Taught in lycees in Carpentras, Corsica, and Avignon; devoted himself to direct observational studyof habits of insects, esp. Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera, and spiders; work cited by Darwin; isolated alizarin, coloring agent in madder (1866). Author of Souvenirs entomologiques (1879-1907).

Project Gutenberg Titles by J. Henri Fabre:

http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=Fabre%2c%20J%2e%20Henri

Honoré Fabri *** Not in Gale

Fabri (1607-1688) worked on astronomy, physics and mathematics. He studied Saturn’s rings in 1660, a topic on which he became involved in a dispute with Huygens which ran for five years. He also discovered the Andromeda nebula. Fabri developed a theory of tides which was based on the action of the moon. He also studied magnetism, optics and calculus.

In calculus he was closer to Newton than to Cavalieri and his notation was cumbersome. His work on the calculus appeared in his major mathematical publication Opusculum geometricum. This book was written because of the controversy about the cycloid which arose from Pascal’s challenge. In this work Fabri computed

xnsin x dx, sinnx dx

and other integrals. He had a major influence on the development of the calculus through Leibniz.

Fabri’s students include Cassini and La Hire at the Collège de la Trinité and he also worked with Dechales. He was a friend and correspondent of Gassendi whom he first met while he was at Aix-en-Provence and he also corresponded with Huygens, Leibniz, Descartes, Mersenne and others.

From J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Honoré Fabri,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fabri.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Fabri.html

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fabri.html

Honoré Fabri, S.J. - 1688: and his post-calculus geometry http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/fabri.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05743c.htm

Girolamo Fabrici / Fabricius / Fabrizi

(1537-1619). Italian surgeon, teacher and anatomist, considered the founder of the science of embryology. From 1600 until his death, he carried out important and original research on the late fetal stages of many different animals. In 1612, he published the first detailed description of the development of the chick embryo from the sixth day onward. Student of Gabriel Fallopius and his successor as professor at Padua (1562-1613); discovered semilunar valves of the veins, published in De venarum ostiolis (1603); conducted studies in embryology of various animals and man, publishing De formato foetu (1604) and De formatione ovi et pulli (1621).  In addition to his scholarly work, Fabricius made other contributions. He attained considerable fame as a teacher. His most famous student was William Harvey, who studied with him from 1597 to 1602. In addition, Fabricius was instrumental in establishing the first permanent anatomical theater at the University of Padua. His collected works were published posthumously in Opera omnia anatomica et physiologica (1625).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fabrici.html

Biografie - Girolamo Fabrici d’Acquapendente, http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/fabrici.html (in Italian)

“Hieronymus Fabricius,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Girolamo+Fabrici

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05745a.htm

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0001216.html

Italian anatomist and embryologist.  From 1574 he made detailed studies of the veins and blood flow and discovered the existence of one-way valves that direct the blood towards the heart. He also studied the development of chick embryos.  Fabricius also investigated the mechanics of respiration, the action of muscles, the anatomy of the larynx (about which he was the first to give a full description) and the eye (he was the first to correctly describe the location of the lens and the first to demonstrate that the pupil changes size).

John Archibald Fairlie [Some sources give “f r-lï” as the pronunciation but members of the family say “fair-lï.”]

(1872-1947).  Educator, Political Scientist, Public Official. Fairlie went to Harvard on a scholarship, graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1895, and remained at Harvard for a master’s degree, serving also as an assistant in history. He then decided on the study of governmental institutions for his career and entered Columbia University’s graduate school where, under Frank J. Goodnow, he wrote a dissertation on state government in New York. This became Fairlie’s first book, Centralization of Administration in New York State, published in 1898, the year of his doctorate.

After holding the secretaryship of the New York State Commission on Canals, 1899-1900, under Governor Theodore Roosevelt, and also concurrently a lectureship on municipal administration at Columbia University, he was appointed an Assistant professor of administrative law at the University of Michigan. He continued at Ann Arbor until 1909, when he became Associate professor of political science at the University of Illinois. Fairlie was promoted to professor in 1911 and served until his retirement in 1941. Fairlie was a founder in 1905 of the American Political Science Association and managing editor of its Review, 1916-1925. He played a major role in the development of the National Municipal League’s program for the reform of local and state government and was a leader in drafting the model city charter and the model state constitution. He served as president of APSA in 1929. His writings included National Administration in the United States (1905), British War Administration (1919), Administrative Procedure in Great Britain (1927), and a biography of his longtime colleague, James W. Garner, which was published in 1943. He was an editor of the University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences and served on many policy-determining committees. In retirement, Fairlie was a visiting professor at the Ohio State University and remained an active member of the Illinois Public Aid Commission of the International Association of City Managers and the International Institute of Public Law.

Author: Centralization of Administration in New York State, 1898; Municipal Administration,1901; Counties, Towns and Villages, 1906; Essays in Municipal Administration, 1908; (with Charles M. Kneier) County Government and Administration, 1930.  Board of directors, the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences,1930-1935.

Excerpted from Irving Dilliard.  “John Archibald Fairlie.”Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 4: 1946-1950. American Council of Learned Societies, 1974.

University of Illinois Archives Holdings, John A. Fairlie Papers, 1885-1947. http://web.library.uiuc.edu/ahx/uaccard/UAControlCard.asp?RG=15&SG=18&RS=21

Darrel Falk*** Not in Gale
Genetics.  Dr. Falk is Professor of Biology, Associate Provost, and Dean of Graduate Studies and Continuing Education at Point Loma Nazarene University in Point Loma, California.  He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Alberta, Canada, followed by three years of post-doctoral research (two at University of California, Irvine).  He acquired tenure at Syracuse University, New York as a professor in genetics research.

Personal Statement.  http://www.ptloma.edu/biology/faculty/Falk/statementdf.htm:

“As my years as a professor at a research university proceeded, there were two things that happened that resulted in a slight shift in my career direction. First, I found that I loved teaching and working with undergraduates. Research was enjoyable, but I came to the realization that I would enjoy working in a place where the focus was on the student, and where research was a tool to help students learn science----instead of research being the primary focus and working with students being more of a side-responsibility. The second change was that the Christian faith became increasingly central to my life and I reached the conclusion that I wanted to be involved in working with young people who shared that faith; I wanted to do my part in helping to ensure that those young people got as good an education (if not better) than students at a secular university were getting. Thus, the year after I received tenure (the fulfillment of my longtime dream) at Syracuse University, I wrote to a set of Christian liberal arts colleges asking that they consider me if a position opened up.

“I have now completed my eleventh year at PLNU. I spend my days talking with students about genes, ribosomes, plasmids, and chromosomes, and even about non-science related issues on occasion. During the summers, I supervise several students in their own research projects studying the DNA sequence of a gene called “Notch”, exploring the question of how that sequence differs from one species to closely related cousin-species. It gives my students important experience in gaining an expertise in the tools of molecular biology and allows them to experience firsthand how research questions are solved in biology.”

Author: Coming to Peace with Science, 2004. Falk, foreword by Collins, ISBN 0-8308-2742-0

Dr. Darrel Falk. “Message from the Dean of Graduate & Continuing Studies,” http://www.ptloma.edu/Graduate/dean.htm

Gabriele Falloppio / Falloppia / in Latin, Gabriel Fallopius

(1523-1562). Italian anatomist, academic, surgeon and author. One of the founders of the study of human anatomy (the science dealing with the structure of animals and plants).  With Andreas Vesalius and Bartolemeo Eustachio, Falloppio is considered one of the three heroes of anatomy.  After dissecting a body in 1545, he earned the right to practice medicine in Modena as a surgeon.  Professor of surgery and anatomy at Pisa (1548-51) and Padua (1551-62). Discovered function of oviducts (Fallopian tubes); described other anatomical structures, including chorda tympani, sphenoid and ethmoid bones, and opening of oviducts into abdominal cavity; named the vagina, placenta, clitoris, palate, and cochlea; joined Vesalius in assault on Galen’s principles; published Observationes anatomicae (1561).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fallopio.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2288.html

Associated eponyms:  Bell's paralysis, Peripheral, usually unilateral, idiopathic paralysis of facial muscles; Fallopian canal, The facial canal. The facial nerve passes through this canal in the temporal bone; Fallopian ligament, A fibrous band forming the thickened lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle between the anterosuperior spine of the ilium and the pubic tubercle; Fallopian pregnancy, Tubal pregnancy; Fallopian tube, One of the tubes or ducts leading on either side from the upper or outer extremity of the ovary to the fundus of the uterus; Fallotomy, Division of the fallopian tubes.

http://www.fact-index.com/g/ga/gabriele_falloppio.html or http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gabriele%20Falloppio:

Fallopius, who was born in Modena, Italy, became professor at Pisa in 1548, and at Padua in 1551, but died at the age of forty. He studied the general anatomy of the bones; described the internal ear better than previous anatomists, especially the tympanum and its osseous ring, the two fenestrae and their communication with the vestibule and cochlea; and gave the first good account of the stylo-mastoid hole and canal, of the ethmoid bone and cells, and of the lacrimal passages. In myology he rectified several mistakes of Vesalius. He also devoted attention to the reproductive organs in both sexes, and discovered the utero-peritoneal canal which still bears his name.

Michael Faraday

The English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) discovered benzene and the principles of current induction.  He invented the Bunsen burner.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Faraday.html

“Michael Faraday,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Michael%20Faraday

“The Bible, and it alone, with nothing added to it nor taken away from it by man, was the sole and sufficient guide for each individual at all times and in all circumstances.” Roger Carswell. Questions and Answers from the Bible; Ambassador publications, pg 40.

Phillip Eichman.  “Michael Faraday: Man of God-Man of Science,” Harding University
Searcy, AR .  http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF6-88Eichman.html

Ian H.Hutchinson. “Michael Faraday: Scientist and Nonconformist,” http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/Faraday/

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/faraday.html

“I am content to bear the reproach; yet, even in earthly matters, I believe that the invisible things of Him from the creation of the worlds are clearly seen, being understood by the things which are made, even his eternal power and Godhead.” Michael Faraday, 1870. From http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/~fskiff/quotes_faraday.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Keith Thomas Henry Farrer, OBE, DSc, MA, CChem, FRSC, FRACI, FIFST, FAIFST, Guest Fellow NZIFST, FRSA, FTSE

(Born 1916). Food scientist.  Dr Keith Farrer, OBE, a former chief scientist with Kraft Foods, Ltd. Dr Farrer has been credited with discovering that Vegemite is actually good for you. His connection with RMIT goes back to the original course - he taught as an industry expert and served on the course advisory committee for many years.  Farrer was a long time member of the Commonwealth Committee on Food Additives. He was manager of Research and Development, Kraft Foods Ltd Melbourne, 1950-74 and Chief Scientist 1976-81.

From RMIT University.  “Forty Years of Food Science,” May 1997, http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse/News%20and%20Events%2FNews%2FOpenline%2F1997%2FForty%20years%20of%20food%20science/

Kraft Foods Ltd., Melbourne, Australia, research chemist, 1938-43, senior research chemist, 1944-49, manager of research and development, 1949-76, chief scientist, 1976-81; Farrer Consultants, Blackburn, Australia, principal, beginning 1981. Education: University of Melbourne, B.Sc., 1936, M.Sc., 1938, D.Sc., 1954; Latrobe University, M.A., 1977.

Member: Royal Australian Chemical Institute (Fellow; president of Victoria branch and national vice-president, both 1956-57), Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology (Fellow; president, 1969-71), Australian Academy of Technological Sciences (Fellow; foundation vice-president, 1975-82), Australian Academy of Science (member of science and industry forum, 1973-82; member of executive committee, 1979-82), Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization (member of external review committee, 1979-80), Australian Society of Dairy Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry (Fellow), Institute of Food Science and Technology (Fellow), Institute of Food Technologists (United States; emeritus member), Royal Society of Arts (Fellow), Royal Society of Victoria, Tasmanian Historical Research Association, Sciences Club, Melbourne Cricket Club.

Honors: Award of merit from Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology, 1958, for contributions to food science and technology; Officer of Order of the British Empire, 1979.

Author: A Settlement Amply Supplied: Food Technology in Nineteenth-Century Australia, Melbourne University Press, 1980; Food Additives and Contaminants: Fact Not Fancy, Melbourne University Press, 1983; (Editor) Cells in Ferment: Papers Presented to a Meeting of the Science and Industry Forum of the Australian Academy of Science, 5-7 February 1982, The Academy (Canberra, Australia), 1983; A Guide to Food Additives and Contaminants, Parthenon (Park Ridge, NJ), 1987; Australian Meat Exports to Britain in the Nineteenth Century: Technology Push and Market Pull, Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London (London, England), 1988.

Contributor of about eighty articles to scientific journals in Australia, England, and the United States.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

“Technology in Australia 1788-1988 Chapter 2 - Food Technology,” http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/tia/069.html

Danny R. Faulkner, Ph.D.*** Not in Gale

Astronomer. Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of South Carolina, Lancaster since 1986.  Associate Professor of Astronomy at the Institute for Creation Research Graduate School.  Education: B.S. in Math from Bob Jones University, Greenville, SC, 1976; M.S. in Physics from Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 1979; M.A. (1983) and Ph.D. (1989) in Astronomy from Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.

He has published about two dozen papers in various astronomy and astrophysics journals, including Astrophysical Journal, Publication of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and the Information Bulletin on Variable Stars.

From http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/faulkner-dr.html

“Danny R. Faulkner: Professor in Astronomy,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/bios/d_faulkner.asp  Links to his articles provided.

Faculty webpage, USC Lancaster, http://usclancaster.sc.edu/faculty/faulkner/

Published research: http://usclancaster.sc.edu/faculty/faulkner/Publications.doc

Carl Wieland and Jonathan D.Sarfati. ‘He made the stars also …’ (Genesis )
Interview with creationist astronomerDanny Faulkner, http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/287.asp. (Spanish translation)  First published in Creation Ex Nihilo 19(4):18–21, September–November 1997.

Danny R. Faulkner, Ph.D. University of South Carolina-Lancast, Lancaster, SC.  “The Current State of Creation Astronomy,” http://www.epcc.edu/faculty/jesseh/df-r01.htm

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Herve-Auguste-Etienne-Albans Faye

(1814-1902). French astronomer. Discovered the periodic comet named for him (1843);president of the Bureau of Longitudes (1876); minister of public education (1878). Author of works on the parallaxes of stars and planets, on the formation of clouds and hail, on sunspots, the origin of the earth, etc.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06020a.htm

Ronald Dale Ferguson

(Born November 19, 1942).  Mathematics and computer science educator, consultant.  Professor Mathematics and computer science, San Antonio College, 1969-present.  Education: BA, Baylor University, 1965; MS, North Texas State University, 1969; Ph.D., Texas A&M University, 1982.

Author (with others) An Algebra Primer, 1975. Member AAUP, Mathematics Association American (local rep. 1981-83), Texas Jr. College Association. Baptist. Club: Health User’s Group (president 1984).

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Faculty home page: http://www.accd.edu/sac/math/Faculty/RFerguso/tperson.htm

Curriculum vita: http://www.accd.edu/sac/math/Faculty/RFerguso/TVITA.HTM#vita

Jean François Fernel

The French physician Jean François Fernel (ca. 1497-1558) reformed, systematized, and reorganized Renaissance medicine, popularizing the terms “physiology” and “pathology.”  Known for his intellectual versatility and depth of knowledge, Fernel became a physician only after spending much of his life studying philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics. He is widely regarded as one of the leading figures of 16th century science and medicine, and is remembered especially for his work in the area of physiology and for dispelling some of the period’s reliance on astrology and magic in matters of health.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fernel.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/F/Fernel/1.html

http://84.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FE/FERNEL_JEAN_FRANCOIS.htm

Ludovico Ferrari *** Not in Gale

(1522-1565).  Italian mathematician, geographer, astronomer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ferrari.html

Ferrari collaborated with Cardano in researches on the cubic and quartic equations, the results of which were published in the Ars magna (1545). He found a method of solving the quartic equation.  Later, he carried out a survey of Milan for the governor of the province. Gherardi’s article makes it clear that this was essentially a cartographic survey.  From 1564 until his death in 1565, he was lecturer in mathematics at the University of Bologna.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Lodovico Ferrari,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ferrari.html

Louis Feuillée *** Not in Gale

(1660-1732).  French-born astronomer, cartographer, natural historian, pharmacologist, botanist, zoologist, instrument-maker.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/feuillee.html:

Feuilée’s rapid progress in astronomy and physics soon accorded him a reputation among the savants of Europe. Jacques Cassini recognized his talent, and he appears to have been behind the mission of the French government that sent Feuilée to the Levant and the coast of northern Africa to determine the exact positions of a number of ports. The success of this first trip led Feuillée to solicit means for a second voyage, this time to the Antilles and the South American coast (1703). It is uncertain whether Feuillée got the means for this and his succeeding voyages from the Académie, the court, or some other source. In 1707 he set off for South America a second time with letters of recommedations from the minister of France. One of the results of this trip was a more accurate map of the Chilean coast. He also mapped Buenos Ayres and the Plata. He made astronomical observations, and he collected both plants and animals, even doing dissections of some of the animals. He published a botanical piece on the medicinal use of 100 plants from this trip, Histoire des plantes médicinales, (Paris, 1714-1725). He brought back natural historical specimens of all sorts.

Upon his return Louis XIV had an observatory built at Marseilles for Feuilée. In 1724 the Académie commissioned Feuillée to establish the longitude of Hierro Island in the Canaries. He published his observations made during his several trips in 1714 and 1725.

Feuilée was facile at constructing his own instruments.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1699-1732. Impressed by Feuilée’s observations, Jacques Cassini had him appointed a corresponding member of the Académie in 1699.

http://www.fpolar.org.ve/veroes/500/f/2423.htm (in French)

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06065a.htm

Alexandre Marc Fiebig

(Born June 27, 1968 in Paris, France).  Biochemist.  Chemistry Professor, Ecole des Métiers de l'Environnement, Rennes, 1993; chemistry Professor, Ecole Centrale d'Electronique, Paris, 1992; molecular biologist, Ecole Normale Supérieure Cachan, 1988-93.  Biochemistry Professor Ecole Supérieure d'Ostéopathie, Paris, 1993.  Education: MS, Ecole Normale Supérieure Cachan, Paris, 1991.

Member: Mensa France, Confrérie des Amis du Lièvre à la Royale, HIT.

Science editor Editions Criterion, Paris, 1988-92, Mouvement Européen, Paris, 1993.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Oronce Finé / Orontius Fineus

(1494-1555). French mathematician. Constructed mathematical and astronomical instruments; drew first map of France printed in that country (1525); published editions of Euclid and other mathematical treatises.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fine.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Oronce Fine,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fine.html

http://www.cssh.qc.ca/projets/carnetsma/mathematiques_renaissance/oroncefine.html (in French)

Thomas Fink / Fincke

(1561-1656).  Danish mathematician.  In 1583 Thomas Fincke produced a mathematical text book entitled Geometria Rotunda, which brought the world the terms tangent and secant. This work also includes several trigonometric equations relating to these functions.  Fincke also produced several works on astronomy and astrology.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fink.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Thomas Fincke,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fincke.html

Armand- Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau

The French physicist Hippolyte Armand Louis Fizeau (1819-1896) is best remembered as the first to measure the speed of light without any recourse to astronomical observations.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=M0045989&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/F/Fizeau/1.html

John Flamsteed

The English astronomer and meteorologist John Flamsteed (1646-1719), the first Astronomer Royal, was the author of an important set of star catalogs, Historia coelestis britannica (1725). Lunar Crater Flamsteed named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/flamsted.html:

Flamsteed's lifelong task was to replace existing observational data of the heavens with more exact tables. Lunar theory was always a special interest. His Historia coelestis britannica, 1725, contained his catalogue of 3000 stars.  Flamsteed's method of determining right ascensions has been called the basis of modern astronomy.

In his Gresham lectures he dealt with the optics of telescopes.  He kept observations of the barometer, which he correlated with the weather.

Instruments were of immense importance to Flamsteed. They bulk very large in his autobiographical accounts of his life, and they form the central theme of his Preface to the Historia. Early in his life he learned to grind lenses. He was constantly concerned with making and improving instruments--a sextant, a quadrant, a mural arc of 140 degrees, telescopes, the graduation and calibration of the scales and micrometer-screws. The great mural arc is considered to have been a major step forward in precision instrumentation and Flamsteed to have stood at the beginning of a new era in instrument technology.  In 1674 he presented Charles II and the Duke of York with barometers and thermometers of his design, for use in forecasting weather.  In 1675 he showed that a method to determine longitude at sea (via the position of the moon) could not possibly work given the existing astronomical data. This incident led directly to the establishment of the Royal Observatory, with the specific aim of perfecting navigation. The needs of navigation were the initial inspiration for the Historia.

Member: Royal Society, 1677-1709. Member of council, 1681-4, 1698- 1700.

J J O'Connor and E F Robertson.  “John Flamsteed,” http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Flamsteed.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Flamsteed.html

Historia Coelestis Britannica in 1725 contained data on 3000 stars. It listed more stars and gave their positions considerably more accurately than any other previous publication had done.

Flamsteed | John | 1646-1719 | 1st astronomer royal, http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0265.html

Images of Tycho Brahe: John Flamsteed.  http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/tycho/flam.htm

Johannes Fleischer *** Not in Gale

(1539-1593).  German optician and minister.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fleischr.html

1568-1569, taught arts and languages at Goldberg Gymnasium, but fled because of plague; 1572, he became the noon preacher at St. Elizabeth’s in Breslau, and was a professor at the Gymnasium attached to the church;1583, he became the minister at St. Maria Magdalena, Breslau; 1589, inspector of the churches and schools of Breslau.

Albert Fleischmann

Professor of geology and comparative anatomy at the University Erlangen.  Albert Fleischmann (1862-1942), a reputable but relatively obscure German zoologist who taught for decades at the University of Erlangen in Bavaria. In 1901 he published a scientific critique of organic evolution, Die Descendenz-theorie, in which he rejected not only Darwinism but all theories of common organic descent. This placed him in a unique position among biologists. As Kellogg noted in 1907, Fleischmann seemed to be “the only biologist of recognised position … who publicly declared a disbelief in the theory of descent.” The German creationist apparently remained of the same mind for the rest of his life. In 1933, the year of his retirement from Erlangen, he presented a paper to the Victoria Institute in London in which he dismissed the notion of a “genelogical tree” as a “fascinating dream.” “No one can demonstrate that the limits of species have ever been passed,” he asserted. “These are the Rubicons which evolutionists cannot cross.” In his declining years Fleischmann informed English acquaintances that he was writing a book “that will wipe evolution off the slate,” but the work never appeared.

From Ronald L. Numbers. The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1992. p. 52.

Sir Alexander Fleming
(1881-1955). Scottish bacteriologist. Professor, London University (1928-48); discovered the antibiotic substance lysozyme (1921); and shared with Howard Florey and Ernst B. Chain 1945 Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine, for discovery (1928) and development of penicillin, which has been hailed as “the greatest contribution medical science ever made to humanity.”

Honor: Gold Medal of the University of London, 1908.

“Alexander Fleming,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Luigi%20Galvani

Dr. David Ho, “Alexander Fleming: A spore that drifted into his lab and took root on a culture dish started a chain of events that altered forever the treatment of bacterial infections,” http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/fleming.html

Biography of Sir Alexander Fleming.  http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html

John Ambrose Fleming

John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) was a pioneering engineer who made numerous contributions both to the theoretical aspects and practical applications of electricity. Fleming played an important role in the development of lighting, heating, and radio and, as a consultant in private industry, was a proponent of their widespread conventional use. Fleming’s most wide ranging practical contribution to the field of electrical engineering was the development of the thermionic (or radio) valve, which acts as a rectifier for high frequency currency, permitting the current to flow in only one direction. Also known as the Fleming valve or diode, this precursor to the transistor revolutionized the infant field of radio as it became an essential part of nearly every radio transmitter and receiver for more than three decades, it was an important component of early televisions and computers as well.

http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/fleming.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John%20Ambrose%20Fleming

Theodor Fliedner

(1800-1864).  German clergyman and philanthropist. Devoted himself to prison reform and founded first society for prison reform in Germany (1826); opened refugefor discharged female convicts at Kaiserswerth (1833) and first Protestant deaconesses’ home devoted to works of religion and charity (1836); opened over 100 more deaconesses’ homes; also founded a hospital, infant school (1835), orphanage (1842), asylum for female lunatics (1847), and similar institutions.

http://83.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FL/FLIEDNER_THEODOR.htm

German website: http://www.fliedner.de/

Dr. Margaret G. Flowers *** Not in Gale

(Born 1951).  Biologist.  Chair, Division of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Wells College, Aurora, NY.  Dr. Flowers has been a member of the faculties of Cornell University and Wells College (since 1982), and as a Teaching Fellow at Northeastern Seminary since 2001. A.B. in Biological Sciences, Summa cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa, Mount Holyoke College, 1973; Ph.D. in Botany from The University of Texas at Austin, 1977; M. Div., Northeastern Seminary, 2003.  She is a Conference Ministerial Candidate in the Free Methodist Church of North America, and is serving at First Church of Christ in Pittsfield (MA).

Margaret G. Flowers, Professor of Biology.  “THE INTEGRATION OF FAITH AND SCIENCE,”

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Youth%20Page/teachers5-2000.html#flowers. Remarks given "2000" Day="19" Month="4" April 19, 2000 for the Campus Ministry Luncheon Series at Cayuga Community College. The topic for that discussion was “Faith and Science”.

“Wells Continues Partnership with Walter Reed Research Institute,”  http://www.wells.edu/whatsnew/wnnwar20.htm.  May 1988.  “A visit by two professors to Washington D.C. has helped strengthen a bond between Wells College and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research which is contributing to the study of tropical diseases and science education for women.

For several years, Professor of Biology Margaret G. Flowers and Professor of Chemistry Linda S. Schwab have included research components in their college science classes that allow students to test various medicinal plants for their ability to fight tropical diseases. Their current work involves dogwood and the roadside plant, Joe Pye Weed.”

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Sir John Floyer *** Not in Gale

(1649-1734). English physician and author, educated at The Queen’s College Oxford in 1664, graduated BA in 1668, MA in 1671, BM in 1674 and DM in 1680. He settled in Lichfield in about 1675 and practised as a physician there for over fifty years. He published widely and is best known for his researches into asthma, his advocacy of cold bathing, his recognition of the importance of the pulse rate in diagnosis and his development of a pulse watch to assist in its accurate measurement. His published works demonstrate his interest in experiment and constitute a significant contribution to developments in clinical medicine. Himself a sufferer from asthma, Floyer’s A Treatise of Asthma, published in 1698, contained important clinical observations and the first detailed description of emphysema. He was the first physician to time the pulse as a routine clinical practice and his The Physician’s Pulse Watch, published in two volumes in 1707 and 1710, contains a mass of observations and charts. In 1724, at the age of 75, Floyer published Medicina gerocomica; the Galenic art of preserving old men’s healths, a treatise regarded as the first English book on geriatrics, in which he recommended fresh air, exercise, regular diet and temperance as the best means of preserving health in old age.

From Mary Clapinson, “Catalogue of the manuscripts of Sir John Floyer,” The Queen’s College, University of Oxford, http://www.queens.ox.ac.uk/library/wellcometrust/docs/floyer-ms.html and

http://82.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FL/FLOYER_SIR_JOHN.htm

Denis D. Gibbs, D.M.., F.R.C.P. “MEDICAL HISTORY, Sir John Floyer, M.D. (1649-1734),”  

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~floyer/sirjohnfloyer.htm .Communication to the Autumn Meeting of the West Midlands Physicians’ Association held at Good Hope General Hospital, Sutton Coldfield, on

Denis D. Gibbs.  “Sir John Floyer, Dr Samuel Johnson and the Stanhope family,”

some personal and professional links. http://www.lichfieldrambler.co.uk/floyer.htm

John Flynn

(1880-1951).  Founder and superintendent of the Australian Inland Mission, the clergyman established the world’s first Flying Doctor Service and remote “bush” hospitals, and improved communication to Australia’s interior with the pedal radio.  Flynn’s vision finally saw the establishment of 13 flying doctor bases around Australia, which continue to spread “a mantle of safety” across 6.9 million square kilometres, or 80% of the Australian continent. The Royal Flying Doctor Service remains the largest and most comprehensive aeromedical emergency and health care service in the world.

http://www.abc.net.au/btn/australians/flynn.htm

http://www.rba.gov.au/CurrencyNotes/NotesInCirculation/bio_rev_john_flynn.html

http://www.wilmap.com.au/flynn.html

http://www.polymernotes.org/biographies/AUS_bio_flynn.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

William H. Foege / William Herbert Foege

(Born 1936).  Epidemiologist.  Public health administrator, educator.  Public Health Medical Doctor and Professor of Public Health.  Retired Emory University School of Public Health, World Health Organization, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, The Carter Center, The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta (1986-1992). Dr. William Foege has played a key role in many of the major important public health advances of the 20^th century, including the eradication of smallpox, successful attacks on Guinea worm disease and river blindness, and the creation of a model for improving nutrition in developing countries. Previous positions: Executive Director, Task Force for Child Survival and Development, 1984; Presidential Distinguished Professor International health, Rollins School Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta; Executive Director, Carter Center, Atlanta, 1987-92; Medical epidemiologist smallpox program Southeast Asia Regional Office, WHO, New Delhi, 1973-75; Director, Center Disease Control, 1977-83; Director smallpox eradication program, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, 1970-73; epidemiologist smallpox eradicationmeasles control program, Nigeria, 1969-70; medical officer, Immanuel Medical Center, Yahe, Nigeria, 1965-66; epidemic intelligence service officer, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, 1962-64; intern, USPHS Hospital, S.I., N.Y., 1961-62. Education: BA, Pacific Lutheran University, 1957; MD, University of Washington, 1961; MPH, Harvard University, 1965.

http://www.unicef.org/pon00/foege.htm

Dr. Foege has received the WHO Health for All Medal, an award from the Healthtrac Foundation and the Calderone Prize. He holds honorary degrees from 10 institutions, including Harvard University, and was named a Fellow of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He is the author of more than 125 professional publications and yet finds time to lecture on domestic and international public health policy. Dr. Foege says, “I firmly believe that ours is a cause-and-effect world. It is the driving force in public health. You do these things because it is actually possible to change the world.”

The Luther Institute, http://www.lutherinst.org/Pages/AWARDS_bio.cfm?AwardID=17&CFID=620452&CFTOKEN=82550419

Allan Rosenfield. News/Event Item: An Interview with William Foege, Mary Woodard Lasker Award for Public Service, 2001  http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/1636.

Tom Paulson.  “A lifetime spent in the war on disease; William Foege looks at the big picture for the Gates Foundation,” http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/africa/foege22.shtml.  Seattle Post-Intelligencer,

James Forbes

(1910-2002).  Biologist.  Educator.  Emeritus, Fordham University, N.Y.C., 1979; Professor biology, Fordham University, N.Y.C., 1966-79; Member faculty, Fordham University, N.Y.C., 1938.  Education: BS, Fordham University, 1932; MS, Fordham University, 1934; Ph.D., Fordham University, 1936.

Member: N.Y. Entomological Society, Entomological Society of America, Council Biology Editors (Treasurer 1965-71), Sigma Xi.  Presbyterian.

Honors: Recipient numerous awards

Assoc. editor, editor Journal N.Y. Entomol. Society, 1958-70; Contributor of numerous articles to science publications.

Dwain L. Ford *** Not in Gale

Organic Chemist.  Dwain L. Ford (Ph.D., Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts) has served for 32 years as Professor of chemistry, department chairman, and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Andrews University ( Berrien Springs, Michigan), where he is now Professor Emeritus.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/ford-d.html

Dwain L. Ford.  “You’ll never make it through graduate school,” http://dialogue.adventist.org/articles/08_3_ford_ep.htm.  The chemistry professor reflects on how he maintained his faith amidst the struggles of graduate studies. Ford dispenses advice on how to handle anti-creationist arguments.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

David Roger Forester

(Born 1953).  Chemist.  Research scientist, Betz Process Chemicals., Inc., Woodlands, Texas, 1985-present; scientist, Betz Labs., 1981-85; scientist, Ethyl Petroleum Additives, St. Louis, 1979-81; chemist, Texaco Research, Port Arthur, Texas, 1975-79.  Achievements include more than 30 patents in field, including advancements in refinerypetrochem. streams, contaminant passivation of FCC catalysts and pyrolytic processing. Education: BA, Texas A&M University, 1975.

Member: ASTM (vice Chairman user group on catalysts 1990-93), S.W. Catalysis Society (Treasurer 1991-93), Toastmasters International (Education v.p. 1991, competent toastmaster 1991, club President 1994).  Southern Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Gary Victor Forlai

(Born 1944). Systems programming analyst, data processing consultant.  Programmer analyst Sperry Rand Corp., N.Y.C., 1968-70; systems consultant Babb Inc., Pittsburgh, 1970-72, Pittsburgh, 1972-75; systems analyst University Pittsburgh, 1975-77; manager tech. service South Hills Health Systems, Homestead, Pennsylvania, 1977-87; consultant data processing, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, 1987-present, data processing consultant vol. YMCA, 1987; designer Data Communications System, 1982, VMUse operators tng. program South Hills Health System, 1985 B.A., California State University, 1968.

Assistant to chairman Western Pennsylvania Heart Association, California, Pennsylvania, 1967. Member Guide International (site rep., project staff 1983-86). Baptist.

Author booklet: ICCF to CMS Conversion, 1983; Contributor to to VM Users' Cookbook, 1985.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

John Fothergill

(1712-1780)  English physician. Practiced in London (from 1740); maintained botanical garden known through Europe. His “Account of the Sore Throat Attended with Ulcers” (1748) contained first recognition of diphtheria in England; first to describe coronary arteriosclerosis. Aided Benjamin Franklin (1774) in drafting scheme of reconciliation between England and American colonies; popularized use of coffee in England.

http://67.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FO/FOTHERGILL_JOHN.htm

http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/museum/cook/fothergill.html

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Jean Bernard Léon Foucault

The French physicist Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (1819-1868) is remembered for the Foucault pendulum, by which he demonstrated the diurnal rotation of the earth, and for the first accurate determination of the velocity of light.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=eworldsci0126&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Leon%20Foucault

http://www.zeiss.de/C12567A100537AB9/InhaltWWWIntern/5B81B6F843EA17D7C12569CF00489F37

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/F/Foucault/1.html

Girolamo Fracastoro / Girolamo Fracastoro / Hieronymus Fracastorius

(1478-1553).  Italian physician, poet, astronomer, geologist, logician. The British medical journal Lancet called Girolamo Fracastoro “the physician who did most to spread knowledge of the origin, clinical details and available treatments of [the sexually-transmitted disease syphilis] throughout a troubled Europe.” His poem, Syphilis sive morbus gallicus, 1530, gave name to the disease.  A true Renaissance man, Fracastoro excelled in the arts and sciences and engaged in a lifelong study of literature, music, geography, geology, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy, as well as medicine.

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/F/Fracastoro/1.html

He was born in Verona, where he practiced after studying at Padua. He studied epidemic diseases and attributed their spread to tiny particles, or spores, that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact or even without contact over long distances.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/fracstro.html

http://www.philosophenlexikon.de/fracast.htm (in German)

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Girolamo%20Fracastoro

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/fracastoro.html (in Italian)

http://38.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FR/FRACASTORO.htm

Richard Ray Frahm

(Born

Member: American Society Animal Science (editorial rev. board 1982-86), Council MA.  Elder, board Chairman 1st Christian Church, Stillwater, 1986. Served as captain with U.S. Army, 1965-67.

Author: Animal Breeding Handbook, 1986; Contributor of articles to science journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

American Society of Animal Science.  Publisher of the Journal of Animal Science, “Frahm Receives 2001 Fellow Award,”  http://www.asas.org/01Awards/frahm.htm.

“Dr. Richard R. Frahm was honored with the 2001 Fellow Award at the American Society of Animal Science awards ceremony in Indianapolis on Friday, July 27. The Fellow Award, sponsored by the American Society of Animal Science, recognizes ASAS members for their distinguished service to the animal industry for 25 years or more. Each nominee must have made exceptional contributions to the animal industry, to an animal related discipline, or to ASAS; must have had continuous professional membership in ASAS for a minimum of 25 years; and must be in good standing with the Society.

“During his 20-years at Oklahoma State University, Frahm conducted innovative research in beef cattle genetics and taught courses in genetics, animal breeding, and population genetics. His research focused on increasing beef production efficiency through selection and crossbreeding. He has authored or co-authored 34 journal articles, 126 research reports, and 64 abstracts, along with training 25 graduate students.

“As head of the Virginia Tech Animal Science Department, Frahm added a molecular genetics program and raised endowment funds to support scholarships and other programs.

“Frahm currently works for USDA-CSREES as the National Program Leader for Animal Genetics. In this role he’s established the National Animal Genome Research Program, which is developing a genome map for each agriculturally important animal species and he coordinates 11 multi-state research projects in animal genetics.

The American Society of Animal Science sponsors this award.”

Wayne Franklin Frair

(Born 1926).  Herpetologist.  Currently Professor Emeritus of Biology, The King’s College, Briarcliff Manor, N.Y.  Science teacher at school in Asheville, N.C., 1951-52; The King’s College, Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., instructor, 1955-58, Assistant Professor, 1958-61, Associate Professor, 1961-67, Professor of biology, 1967-present.  President of the Creation Research Society 1986-1993. Houghton College, A.B. (zoology), 1950; Wheaton College, B.S. (zoology), 1951; University of Massachusetts, M.A. (embryology), 1955; Rutgers – The State University, Ph.D. (biochemical taxonomy), 1962.

Member:  American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow), American Scientific Affiliation (Fellow), American Institute of Biological Sciences, American Education Association, American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology, American Society of Zoologists, American Museum of Natural History, National Association of Christian Educators, National Association of Evangelicals, Associates for Biblical Research, Association of Systematics Collections, Bible-Science Association, Center for Science in the Public Interest, Chelonian Documentation Center, Christian Educators Association, Inc., Christian Medical Society, Creation Health Foundation, Creation Research Society (member of board of directors, 1970-present; secretary, 1973-present), Creation Science Movement, Creation Social Science and Humanities Society, Evangelical Theological Society, The Herpetologists’ League, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, New York Biology Teachers Association, The New York Herpetological Society (adviser, 1974-present), Students for Origins Research, Saw Mill River Audubon Society (member of board of directors, 1963-66), Victoria Institute, Sigma Xi (life member).  Baptist.

Author: (With Percival Davis) A Case for Creation, Moody, 1967, 3^rd edition, 1983. He publishes his work on turtle systematics and serology in such journals as Journal of Herpetology, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Science, and Herpetologica.
Wayne Frair.  “Tales of Turtles: Zoology is a Great Career,” http://www.freenet.edmonton.ab.ca/create/articles/frair.html

Wayne Franklin Frair: “Even though I see no conflict between Christianity and science and feel I can be a better scientist because I recognize that I am studying the works of my Creator.” Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Joseph Fraunhofer

(1787-1826). Bavarian optician and physicist. Journeyman (1806), director (from 1818), Untzschneider Optical Institute, Benedictbeuern. While investigating refractive index of various kinds of glass, observed (1814) and mapped 576 dark lines in solar spectrum, now called Fraunhofer lines; investigated spectra of planets and fixed stars;invented a heliometer, a micrometer, and a diffraction grating he used to measure wave lengths of light (1814); made improvements in telescopes and other optics.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=eworldsci0132&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Freind, John *** Not in Gale

(1675-1728).  English physician, chemist, physiologist.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/freind.html

Freind began to publish articles on medicine in the Philosophical Transactions in 1699, while still a student.

His chemical lectures at Oxford in 1704 were published in 1709 as Praelectiones chymicae--an application of the Newtonian concept of attractions to mechanical chemistry.

As a physician Freind wrote on medical topics--e.g., Emmenologiae, 1703, which expounds a mechanistic physiology. Mostly he wrote on therapeutics--e.g, Hippocrates de morbis popularibus, 1716.

His History of Physick, 1725-6, was perhaps his major work; it expounds Freind’s ideas on medicine in the process of writing its history.

Member: Royal College of Physicians, 1716-1728; Gulstonian Lectures, 1718; Harveian Oration, 1720; Censor, 1718-1719;  Royal Society, 1712. Informal Connections: Friendship with Baglivi and Lancisi, from 1696. Friendship with Mead. He engaged in an acrimonious dispute with Woodward (in which Mead inevitably also engaged) following the publication of Freind’s De morbis.

http://94.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FR/FREIND_JOHN.htm

http://www.nndb.com/people/895/000049748/

Augustin Jean Fresnel

The French physicist Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788-1827), through his analysis of interference, diffraction, and polarization, turned the wave theory of light into an integral part of exact physical science.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Fresnel.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Fresnel.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Ian Fuller, BSc, Ph.D., PGCUTL *** Not in Gale
Geographer.  Lecturer, Geography Programme, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Massey University (2003 – present); Lecturer in Physical Geography, Division of Geography and Environmental Management, Northumbria University, 1996 – 2003. Ian Fuller graduated in 1992 from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, having studied for a BSc in Geography. He stayed on at Aberystwyth to study for a Ph.D. completing the thesis, “Alluvial response to environmental change: luminescence dating of Late Quaternary sediment systems” in 1995.

Faculty webpage, Geography Programme, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Massey University, http://geography.massey.ac.nz/staff/Fuller/. “My wife and I are committed Christians.”

Faculty webpage, Northumbria University. http://online.northumbria.ac.uk/faculties/ss/gem/pages/icf.html

Charles Roger Fuqua

(Born

Member: Benton County Bar Association. Education: BS, University of Missouri, 1977; JD, University of Arkansas, 1993. Certification: Bar: Arkansas, 1993.

Honor: Named Servant of the Year, Washington County Rep. Party, 1995.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Domenico Gagliardi *** Not in Gale

(c. 1660-c. 1725).  Italian anatomist, physician, microscopist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gaglardi.html

Gagliardi’s name is especially connected with anatomy, particularly the skeletal system, which he summarized in Anatomes ossium novis inventis illustrata (1689). The book contains the first description of a case of what was presumably tuberculosis of the bone. He carried out morphological and microscopic investigations on human bones, using chemical reagents in order to bring out the fine structure.

In 1720 he did a close study of the pneumonia epidemic raging in Rome. His study was anatomicopathological in approach and based on carefully conducted autopsies. The study led to his Relazione de’ male di petto, 1720.

He also published other medical works.

He was a member of the Medical College of Rome.

Alan Galbraith, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Forest hydrologist.  Watershed scientist, from Colorado State University.

Carl Wieland. “Recovery from Evolution: Scientist sees creation as a ‘watershed’ issue,” chats with Alan Galbraith, http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4237cen_m2000.asp or http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i2/recover.asp. First published in Creation Ex Nihilo 22(2):16–17, March–May 2000.

Galileo Galilei

The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is renowned for his epoch-making contributions to astronomy, physics, and scientific philosophy. He was a Tuscan astronomer, philosopher, and physicist who is closely associated with the Scientific Revolution. He has been referred to as the “father of modern astronomy” (a title to which Kepler has perhaps a stronger claim), as the “father of modern physics” and as “father of science”. His experimental work is widely considered complementary to the writings of Bacon in establishing the modern scientific method. Galileo was born in Pisa and his career coincided with that of Kepler. He died at Arcetri in 1642 - the year Isaac Newton was born.

J J O'Connor and E F Robertson.  “Galileo Galilei,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Galileo.html

The Galileo Project, http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/

IMSS - History of Science Museum, http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/museo/b/egalilg.html

http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96feb/galileo.html

http://www.galileo-galilei.org/

http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/galileo.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Galileo.html

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/cosmostar/html/cstars_galileo.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/galilei_galileo.shtml

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Galileo%20Galilei

Vincenzio Galilei

(1520-1591).  Italian lutenist, composer, music theorist, physicist.  Catholic.  He was the father of the great astronomer Galileo Galilei. A skillful lutenist and violinist, and a student of ancient Greek theory, Vincenzo was a prominent member of the artistic circle meeting at Count Bardi’s house known as the Florentine Camerata. His compositions for solo voice with lute accompaniment may be regarded as the starting point of the monody successfully cultivated by Peri, Caccini, etc., the founders of the “opera in musica.” A zealous advocate of Grecian simplicity, in contrast with contrapuntal complexity, he published a Dialogo...della musica antica et della moderna (Florence, 1581; to the 2nd ed. [1602] is appended a polemical Discorso...intorno all’ opere di messer Gioseffo Zarlino da Chioggia, which had appeared separately in 1589) and Fronimo. Dialogo... (in 2 parts:Venice, 1568 and 1569; new ed., 1584), all of considerable historical interest. Vol. IV of Istituzioni e Monumenti dell’ Arte Musicale Italiana (Milan, 1934), ed. by F. Fano, is devoted entirely to Galilei; it contains a large selection of music reprints from his Fronimo. Dialogo... (lute transcriptions by Galilei and original compositions), Libro d’intavolatura di liuto (1584), Il secondo libro de madrigali a 4 et a 5 voci (1587), and a 4-part Cantilena, together with biographical details, list of works, notes about extant MSS, reprints, transcriptions, etc. His Contrapunti a due voci (1584) was edited by Louise Read (Smith College Music Archives, Vol. VIII, 1947).

“Vincenzo Galilei.” Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians®, Centennial Edition. Nicolas Slonimsky, Editor Emeritus. Schirmer, 2001.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/galilei_vin.html or http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/vincenzo.html

His principal theoretical work, Dialogo della musica antica e della moderna, published at Florence in 1581, attacked the prevailing basis of musical theory. In his Discorso (1589) he employed experimental results to show that the traditional association of numbers with particular musical intervals was capricious. The qualities of intervals had to be determined by the ear. He stated the law that a given musical interval between similar strings is produced either by different lengths proportional to the interval, or by tensions that vary as the squares of the intervals when the length stays constant. This was probably the first mathematical law of physics to have been derived by systemetic experimentation.

http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/history/composers/10952.php

Jean Gallois /Galloys  *** Not in Gale

(1632-1707).  French geometer and specialist in scientific communication.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gallois.html

Gallois is associated with the famous Journal des scavans. He made the periodical a success, publishing forty- two issues as sole editor, after he took over in 1666.  As an active member of the Académie, he was involved in a number of its publications.

Memberships: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1667-1707.  He temporarily assumed the duties of the perpetual secretary when the secretary was on a diplomatic mission to England in 1667.  With the reoganization of the AR in 1699 he was made pensionary geometer.

Luigi Galvani
(1737-1798). Italian physician and physicist. Lecturer on anatomy at University of Bologna (1768-98); Professor of obstetrics at Instituto delle Scienze, Bologna (1782-98). Made pioneering researches in electrophysiology (from early 1780s), as causing muscular contractions in a frog’s legs by application of static electricity; argued in Deviribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius (1791) that animal tissue contains an innate, vital force which he termed “animal electricity”; his theory partly refuted by Alessandro Volta; announced (1794) experiments which established presence of bioelectric forces in animal tissue. Catholic.

“Luigi Galvani,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Luigi%20Galvani

Luigi Galvani.  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06371c.htm

Ray Gambell (OBE) *** Not in Gale

Dr Ray Gambell was formerly Executive Secretary of the International Whaling Commission.

Dr Ray Gambell.  “Conservation of Whales and Dolphins,” http://www.jri.org.uk/brief/whales.htm

Alex Kirby.  “Whaling Ban Set to End,” http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/782697.stm

Ray Gambell: “’Whaling - a Christian Position’, Science and Christian Belief,” Vol 2, No 1, April 1990, 15-24.

Charles O. Gardner / Charles Olda Gardner

(Born 1919).  Plant geneticist and breeder, design consultant, analyst.

Charles O. Gardner, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, http://www.unl.edu/scarlet/v6n30/v6n30record.html:

 “Charles O. Gardner, retired professor of agronomy at UNL, will receive the Award of Merit. Donald G. Hanway, retired professor and head of the department of agronomy at UNL, is the Alumnus of the Year.
Gardner earned his bachelor’s (1941) and master’s (1948) degrees from the University of Nebraska. He graduated from Harvard with an MBA in 1943 and from North Carolina State University with a Ph.D. in biometry in 1951. Gardner’s academic career spans more than 30 years at UNL. He started as an agronomy faculty member in 1957, teaching and researching until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1989.
Most widely known for his work in plant breeding and genetics, Gardner is also responsible for the development of the applied biometrics program at UNL. His work has provided a solid research base for growth in the agricultural sciences.”

Assistant statistician, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1951-52; interim head Biometrics Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1988-89; Professor emeritus, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1989; Regents Professor, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1970-89; Professor, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1957-70; Chairman statistics laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1957-68; Associate Professor, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1952-57; Assistant extension agronomist, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1946-48. Visiting Professor University of Wisconsin, 1962-63; consultant CIMMYT and Rockefeller Foundation, Mexico, Latin American, 1964, consultant, CIBA-GEIGY, Eastern half of U.S., 1983; consultant, Lecturer Dept. Agriculture, Queensland, Australia, 1977; consultant, Lecturer maize program Kasetsart University and Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, 1990; spl. Lecturer advanced maize breeding course for leaders of national maize programs in developing countries International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement, El Batan, Mexico, 1989, 91, 93.

Member: Fellow American Society of Agronomy (President 1982, agronomic service award, 1988), Crop Science Society of American (President 1975, recipient Crop Science award, 1978, DeKalb-Pfizer Crop Science Distinguished Career award 1984), AAAS (Chairman section O committee 1987); American Genetic Association, Genetic Society of American, Biometric Society (regional committee), Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta (International Distinguished Service Agriculture 1977).  Elder, Eastridge Presbyterian Church; President Eastridge PTA. Served to Captain, U.S. Army, 1943-46.

Awards: Recipient Outstanding Research and Creativity award University of Nebraska, 1981, USDA Distinguished Service award, 1988, Award of Merit University of Nebraska Alumni Association, 1996.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Guy S. Gardner

(Born 1948). Former astronaut. Pilot. Educator. Gardner earned a B.S. degree with majors in astronautics, mathematics, and engineering sciences from the United States Air Force Academy in 1969 and a M.S. in astronautics from Purdue University in 1970. MA, Virginia Tech., 2000.

Gardner completed U.S. Air Force pilot training at Craig Air Force Base, Alabama, and F-4 upgrade training at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida in 1971. In 1972, he flew 177 combat missions in Southeast Asia while stationed in Uborn, Thailand. In 1973-74, he was an F-4 instructor and operational pilot at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina. He attended the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base California, in 1975, and then served as a test pilot with the 6512^th Test Squadron located at Edwards in 1976. In 1977-78, he was an instructor test pilot at the USAF Test Pilot School. In 1979-1980, he was operations officer of the 1^st Test Squadron at Clark Air Base, Philippines.

Gardner was selected as a pilot astronaut by NASA in May 1980. During his 11 years as an astronaut, he worked in many areas of Space Shuttle and Space Station development and support. In 1984, he was assigned as pilot on the first Space Shuttle mission to launch from Vandenberg AFB, California. That mission was later canceled. Gardner first flew in space as pilot on the crew of STS-27, aboard the Orbiter Atlantis, on

Gardner left NASA in June 1991 to command the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California.  In August 1992, Gardner retired from the Air Force and returned to NASA to direct the joint U.S. and Russian Shuttle-Mir Program.  He attended the Defense Systems’ Management College in 1994, and then became the Director of the Quality Assurance Division, Office of Safety and Mission Assurance at NASA Headquarters. In September 1995, Gardner joined the Federal Aviation Administration as Director of the FAA William J. HughesTechnical Center in New Jersey.  Became Associate Administrator for regulation and certification, FAA, Washington, 1996-98.
Honors: Air Force Legion of Merit, 2 Defense Superior Service Medals, Defense Distinguished Service Medal, 3 Air Force Distinguished Flying Crosses, 14 Air Medals, National Intelligence Medal of Achievement, Distinguished Graduate of the USAF Academy, Top Graduate in Pilot Training, and Top Graduate from the USAF Test Pilot School, Test Pilot School Outstanding Academic Instructor, Test Pilot School Outstanding Flying Instructor, and Distinguished Astronaut Engineering Alumnus of Purdue University.

Guy S. Gardner biography, http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/gardner-gs.html

http://www.space-explorers.org/bios/gardner.html

http://www.omegainc.com/Per_Gardner.htm

http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/persons/astronauts/e-to-h/GardnerGS.txt

Colin Garner, BTech, BEng, Ph.D., CEng, MIMechE, MSAE

(Not oncologist Ronald Colin Garner)
Engineer.  Perkins/ Royal Academy of Engineering Professor of Applied Thermodynamics in the Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, 2002–present.  Previously: Reader (1998-2002), Senior Lecturer (1997-1998), Lecturer (1989-1997) and Research Associate (1986-1989) in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Loughborough University. Industrial training: Sponsored by London Regional Transport. Employed in a wide variety of rail and bus engineering departments including engine development (1979-1986). University education: Loughborough University, Bachelor of Technology and Bachelor of Engineering, both First Class Honours Degrees in Mechanical Engineering (1979-1984).

Faculty webpage, The Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/mm/staff/garner.html

Elim Church Centre, http://www.elimchurchloughborough.org.uk/Students.html

Paul Garner, BSc, MIInfSc, FGS *** Not in Gale
Geologist.  Senior Information Scientist, Cambridge Science Park (to 2002).

B.Sc. (Hons) in Geology and Biology and is a Fellow of the Geological Society of London. He works full-time as a speaker and researcher with Biblical Creation Ministries in the UK. He is also a Committee Member of the Biblical Creation Society, co-editor of the BCS journal, Origins, and is on the Board of The Genesis Agendum, a charitable company promoting church and public awareness of the substantial historical and scientific evidence supporting the biblical record.

Paul Garner.  “The fossil record of ‘early’ tetrapods: evidence of a major evolutionary transition?”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/docs/v17n2_tetrapods.asp#author First published in TJ 17(2):111–117, 2003.

Professor Roberto A. Garza-Lopez

Chemist.  Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California, 1998; Assistant Professor Department chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California, 1992-98; postdoctoral Associate Department chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, 1991-92. Visiting scholar Department of Chemistry Stanford (California) University, 1996-97.

“I was on sabbatical for the 1996-97 academic year at Standord. I worked in the lab of Professor Zare.I dealt with a technique called “Near-field Optical Microscopy “. For the first time in the history of science we can observe single atoms and molecules. The power to visualize chemical and biochemical phenomena at the molecular level means that we are witnessing the birth of entirely new technologies for observing and manipulating the individual building blocks of matter, a field that has been given the name of ‘nanomanufacturing.’”

Faculty webpage at Pomona College: http://bryson.pomona.edu/4d.acgi$ViewFacultyMember443

Home page: http://www.userwebs.pomona.edu/~ragl4747/home/Garesearch.html

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

William Gascoigne *** Not in Gale

(c. 1610-1644).  English astronomer, optician, instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gascoign.html:

As an observer, Gascoigne found Lansberg’s tables in error, and this led him to give serious attention to issues of observational accuracy.  In keeping with his interest in observational instruments, he was said to have a treatise of optics ready for the press, and an essay on optics did survive to be printed by Rigaud.  He contributed greatly to instrumentation. He is asserted to have been the first to make a telescope with two convex lenses. (A telescope, which survives, that he did make in late 1640 was a Galilean type.) He invented methods of grinding glasses. Most important, he developed the first eyepiece micrometer, using a screw to measure the distance between two wires or plates inside the eyepiece, in order to measure small angles with precision. He applied the telescope to the quadrant.

Pierre Gassendi

(1592-1655). French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher. Ordained priest (1615); attempted to reconcile mechanistic atomism with Christian dogma; advocate of empirical method; attacked Aristotelian philosophy and opposed Cartesian philosophy; revived and maintained Epicurean doctrines; friend of Galileo and Kepler.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gassendi.html

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Gassendi.html

Karl Friedrich Gauss

The German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) made outstanding contributions to both pure and applied mathematics.  Director and Professor of astronomy, Gottingen observatory (from 1807).Demonstrated that a circle can be divided into seventeen equal arcs by elementary geometry (1796); published Disquisitiones arithmeticae on the theory of numbers (1801); propounded method of least squares; devised solution for binomial equations. Developed new technique for calculating orbits of asteroids (1801); made studies in geodesy; invented the heliotrope (1821); introduced the Gaussian error curve. Contributed to non-Euclidean geometry. Developed the related potential theory and real analysis. Made magnetic and electrical researches; considered founder of mathematical theory of electricity; proposed an absolute system of magnetic units. The gauss, a magnetic unit, is named after him.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gauss.html or https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss.html

http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/c/ca/carl_friedrich_gauss.html

http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/2977/gauss/english.html

Webpage: http://www.mathsong.com/cfgauss/

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Johann%20Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss

http://www.mathnotes.com/aw_gauss.html

Henry Gellibrand

(1597-1636). English mathematician and astronomer. Completed Briggs’s Trigonometria Britannica (1633); wrote Epitome of Navigation (pub. 1674).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gelibrnd.html

Reiner [Regner, Regnier] Gemma Frisius *** Not in Gale

(1508-1555).  Belgian astronomer, geographer, cartographer, mathematician, publisher. Catholic. Lunar Crater Gemma Frisius is named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gemafris.html or http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gemafris.html

His first original work, Gemma phrysius de principiis astronomiae & cosmographiae, was translated into several languages and reprinted numerous times.  He made two significant contributions to the earth sciences. In a chapter added to the 1533 Antwerp edition of the Cosmographicus, he was first to propose the principle of triangulation as a means of carefully locating places and accurately mapping areas. 20 years later, in the 1553 Antwerp edition of De princinpiis astronomiae, he was the first suggest in explicit terms the use of portable timepieces to measure longitude by lapsed time.

He supported himself publishing his books (1529, 1530) and globes (1531, 1535, 1536) while a student in Louvain. Evidently this was lucrative enough that he married before he recieved his degree.  In 1536, he practiced medicine for a living in Louvain.  Between 1536-1539 he was appointed to the medical faculty at Louvain, a post he retained until his death.

He received a patent with Caspar Vander Heyden [Caspar de Myrica] for a globe in 1531. He produced other globes in 1535 and 1536.  Gemma designed astronomical instruments, mostly sophisticated variations on the astrolabe, such as the “astronomical ring.” He also improved the Jacob’s staff.  Kish credits Gemma as the first to suggest the use of an accurate timekeeping instrument as a solution to the problem of longitude, and as among the first to propose triangulation for surveying and mapmaking.  Gemma Frisius did a world map with lines of latitude and longitude in 1540.

Connections: Gemma taught Gerard Mercator, and in 1535 employed him as a draftsman for his terrestial globe.

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson. “Regnier Gemma Frisius,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Gemma_Frisius.html. “Regnier Gemma Frisius was a native of Friesland, a coastal province in northern Netherlands, which explains why he gave himself the name of Frisius. He was born Regnier Gemma and only adopted the name Frisius when he later became a scholar for, like many scholars from his country, he adopted a Latin version of his name. So Regnier Gemma became Gemma Frisius.

“Gemma's work on astronomical instruments was described in several of his books. For example in De Radio Astronomico (1545) he described his work constructing a cross-staff about 1.5 metres long with one cross piece about 3/4 of a metre in length. It had brass sighting vanes and a sliding vane. He also invented a new astrolabe which he described in De Astrolabio which was published in 1556, after his death.

“Gemma Frisius made many astronomical observations. In particular he recorded comets in July 1533, January 1538 and 30 April 1539. Some of these comet observations are described in works by his son, Cornelius Gemma Frisius, who was born in 1533 and went on to become professor of medicine and astronomy at Louvain.”

Cosmographia: A Close Encounter.  On Petrus Apianus' Cosmographia (1533), edited and enlarged by Gemma Frisius, and on cosmography in general.  http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/students/98to99/index.html

Anthony Dennis Genovesi

(Born June 20, 1944).  Geneticist, plant tissue culturist.  Cellular geneticist, Dekalb Genetics Corp., Dekalb, Illinois, 1981. Education: B.S., University of Texas-Arlington, 1967; M.S., Texas A&M University, 1975, Ph.D., 1978. Post doctoral fellow University of Kentucky, Lexington, 1978-81.

Member: Society Invitro Biology, International Association Plant Cell Tissue Cultures, American Society Agronomy, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Sigma, Gamma Sigma Delta. Baptist. Served to Captain U.S. Army, 1967-70.

Co-author several science publications.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Robert V. Gentry

Physicist and chemist, specialist in the geophysical phenomena of radiohalos.  He worked for thirteen years as a visiting scientist in the Chemistry Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission. He spent several years in the defense industry and in college and university teaching. D.Sc. (honorary) from Columbia Union College; M.S. in Physics from University of Florida; Graduate work at Georgia Institute of Technology.  He has authored or coauthored over 20 research papers in Nature, Science, Applied Physics Letters, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Annual Review of Nuclear Science, etc. Dr. Gentry is a long-time member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Geophysical Union, Research Society of Sigma Xi, the American Physical Society, and the New York Academy of Sciences. For several years he has been listed in Who’s Who in America and Who’s Who in Science and Engineering. Notably, when he began his research, he was an evolutionist. Today, Dr. Gentry is a fully convinced young earth creation scientist. For more information about his background, see http://www.creationists.org/gentrybiography.html

Dr. Gentry courageously testified on behalf of creation science when the Arkansas law requiring the teaching of creation along with evolution in public schools was challenged by the ACLU in 1981. Hear radio interviews with Dr.Gentry online at http://www.creationists.org/Gentry_20010507_radio_interview.html

Author: Creation’s Tiny Mystery, http://www.halos.com/ctm-overview-1.htm. “Polonium Halos: Unrefuted Evidence for Earth’s Instant Creation!”

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/gentry-rv.html

http://www.creationists.org/Robert_Gentry.html

“SCIENTISTS SPEAK ABOUT GENTRY’S FINDINGS,” http://www.pathlights.com/ce_encyclopedia/04earth5.htm

Information about his ten scientific papers on cosmology and astrophysics and documentation of censorship, first by Los Alamos and more recently by Cornell University, is available at www.orionfdn.org.

Étienne-François Geoffroy / Geoffroy the Elder

(1672-1731). French chemist, pharmacist, physician. Professor at College de France, Paris (1709-31) and Jardin des Plantes (1712-30). In 1718 he advanced the general proposition that if two substances in combination encounter a third with which one of the two has a greater affinity, that one will leave the original combination and unite with the third substance to form a new compound. Geoffroy is known for his table of chemical affinities, Table des differents Rapports observés  en chimie entre differentes substances (1718), a model for many years until invalidated by C. L.Berthollet.  Older brother of Claude Joseph Geoffroy; uncle of Claude-François Geoffroy.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/geoffroy.html

Geoffroy learned from his father, the fourth in a respected dynasty of pharmacists. Such scientists as Wilhelm Homberg, Joblot, Verney, and J.D.Cassini visited his home, giving demonstrations and lectures that supplemented his education. In 1692 he went to Montpellier for a year as a journeyman to learn pharmacy from Pierre Sanche. Apparently the apothecaries Jeoffroy and Sanche traded sons as assistants.  When he was in Montpellier he began to attend courses at the medical school without matriculating. After he retured to Paris in 1694, he became a master apothecary. He later turned to the study of medicine. He earned the bachelor's degree in Paris in 1702, and eventually graduated M.D. at Paris in 1704.

Codex medicamentarium seu pharmacopoeia parisiensis, published by the Faculty of Medicine in 1732, was largely his work. It contained many chemical remedies, in addition to the traditional galenicals.

Member: Royal Society, 1698-1731; Académie Royal des Sciences, 1699-1731 (Director in 1921).

http://59.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GEOFFROY_ETIENNE_FRANCOIS.htm

http://www.kfki.hu/~cheminfo/hun/olvaso/histchem/vegy/geoffroy.html (in Hungarian)

John Gerard

(1545-1612). English botanist and barber-surgeon. Became famous for his London garden containing rare plants; superintendent of Burghley’s gardens (1577-98). Published a list of plants growing in his own garden (1596) and The Herball, or generall historie of plantes (1597). The genus Gerardia is named for him.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gerard.html

Marcus Gerbezius / Marko Gerbec *** Not in Gale

(1658-1718).  Slovene physician, chemist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gerbezus.html

In chemistry, Gerbezius was concerned with fermentation.  He was city physician in Krain, near Ljubljana and physician to some monasteries.  Named chief physician of province of Carniola (in Slovenia).  Became most sought-after practitioner in Ljubljana.

Member: Academia Leopoldina; formal: 1688 admitted to Academia Leopoldina Naturae Curiosorum; 1701, founding member of Academia Operosorum in Ljubljana (president 1712 -1713).

Carol A. Gersmehl *** Not in Gale

Cartographer.  GIST Specialist.  Carol Gersmehl has been a permanent part-time lecturer in the Geography Department, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota since 1987 (Initially as Visiting Lecturer; subsequent

contract as Lecturer; then as Instructor; current contract as Visiting Instructor (continuing part-time). She teaches both introductory and advance courses in geographic information systems (GIS) and cartography. In addition, she maintains the Geography Department’s GIS teaching lab. 1970-73 Teacher, seventh and eighth grade social studies, language arts, and physical education, Grace Lutheran School, River Forest, IL ; 1973-75 Administrative Assistant, CenSRCH (a computerized census-data retrieval and analysis service used by a consortium of religious denominations), Concordia College, River Forest, IL;1979-82 Research Fellow, Student Life Studies Office (survey research), University of Minnesota; 1983-86 Research assistant, Cartography Laboratory, Geography Department, University of Minnesota; 1985-87 Research assistant, Water Resources Geographic Information System Project (funded by Minnesota Department of Natural Resources), Geography Department, University of Minnesota. B.A. in Education, Concordia Teachers College, River Forest, IL, 1967; M.A. in Sociology, University of Georgia, 1970; A.B.D. in Geography. University of Minnesota, 1987.

Member: General geography: AAG - Association of American Geographers; Cartography and GIS: ACSM - American Congress on Surveying and Mapping; CCA - Canadian Cartographic Association; NACIS - North American Cartographic Information Society; Geographic education: NCGE - National Council for Geographic Education (in 2000, elected to publications and products committee); MAGE - Minnesota Alliance for Geographic Education.

Author of numerous publications.  See Curriculum Vita - January 2003 http://www.macalester.edu/geography/faculty/gersmehl/vitae.pdf

Faculty webpage, Geography Department, Macalester College., St. Paul, Minnesota.  http://www.macalester.edu/geography/faculty/gersmehl/index.htm

Philip J. Gersmehl *** Not in Gale

(Born 1945).  Gersmehl is a University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, geography professor whose work spills over into economics, sociology, history and probably a few other fields. He travels extensively throughout the country, sometimes as a consultant for governmental agencies involved with economic development. While still a graduate student at the University of Georgia, he did research on industrial development in rural areas of the South. B.A., Concordia Teachers College, 1966; Ph.D., University of Georgia, 1970.
Faculty webpage, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, http://www.geog.umn.edu/Faculty/Gersmehl.html

https://egms.umn.edu/cgi-bin/bioshow/FindSomebody.pl?user=gersmehl&button=Search

http://www.aag.org/ARGUS/ARGUS.html.  ARGUS was developed at the University of Minnesota, under the direction of Dr. Philip Gersmehl and with the assistance of a large number of academic geographers and geography educators. Funded by the National Science Foundation (MDR-9150115; ESI 9452794), the US-Japan Foundation, and the Japan Foundation’s Center for Global Partnership, ARGUS is a non-profit project designed to offer high quality teaching materials at the lowest possible cost.

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Charles M. Geschke

(Born September 11, 1939 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States).  Computer company executive.  Dr. Charles M. Geschke co-founded Adobe Systems, Inc. in 1982 with John Warnock. He served as co-chairman of the board and president of the company until 2000, when he retired as president. He retains his position as co-chair. Geschke and Warnock created a billion-dollar software business based on a handful of highly innovative and successful products, including Adobe Acrobat, PhotoShop, and PageMaker.  Achievements include research in programming languages; machine design for efficient emulation of higher level languages; computer imaging and graphics.  Co-Chairman Board, Adobe Systems Inc., Mountain View, 2000; president, Chairman Board, Adobe Systems Inc., Mountain View, California, 1987-2000; co-founder, Adobe Systems Inc., Mountain View, California, 1982; manager Imaging Science Lab., Palo Alto Research Center, Xerox Corp., 1980-1987; research scientist computer science LAB., Palo Alto Research Center, Xerox Corp., 1972-1980; Instructor of  Mathematics, John Carroll University, 1963-1968. Board of Directors, Rambus, Inc.; computer science advisory Board Carnegie-Mellon University, Princeton University; Member Govt.-Univ. Industry Research Roundtable NAS.  Education: AB, Xavier University, 1962; MS, Xavier University, 1963; Ph.D., Carnegie-Mellon University, 1972.

Member: NAE, IEEE (hon.), Mathematics Association America, Association Computer Mathematics.  Board govs. San Francisco Symphony; Board trustees University San Francisco.

Honors: Named 7th most influential graphics person of last millennium, Graphic Exch. Magazine, 2000; recipient award, Association Computing Machinery, National Computer Graphics Association, Rochester Institute of Technology.
Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Adobe Systems Incorporated.  http://www.adobe.com/

http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/executivebios/charlesgeschke.html

Joanne Griffith Domingue.  “Turning to God ‘First response, not last resort,’ Geschkes tell breakfast gathering,”

http://latc.com/1998/04/06/community/communit7.html Los Altos Town Crier, 04/06/1998.  “Last Friday 480 people sat riveted at the fourth annual Los Altos Community Prayer Breakfast at Hyatt Rickeys in Palo Alto as the Geschkes shared how prayer sustained them when Chuck was kidnapped at gunpoint in May 1992.

‘We consider this a testimony to how important we consider prayer in our everyday life,’ Nan said. For them, ‘Turning to God is not a last resort but a first response.’” The Geschkes’ story was told in a multi-part series in the Town Crier Oct. 15-Nov. 5, 1997.

Bruce Barton / Town Crier Staff Writer.  “Changing the world through innovation, excellence and ethics

Nan and Chuck Geschke are Town Crier’s 2003 Los Altans of the Year,” published on January 7, 2004, http://latc.com/2004/01/07/news/news01.print.html.  “… in May 1992 when Chuck was kidnapped for four days, the details relived in a 1997 three-part Town Crier series. Lifelong Roman Catholics, the Geschkes used their faith in God and in each other to get through the ordeal. Chuck was rescued and the kidnappers prosecuted.”

JON FORTT, Mercury News Staff Writer.  “Leaving with a strong image;Geschke retires from Adobe as one who helped revolutionize graphics and publishing industries,” http://www.ibiztoday.com/eng/articleviewer.html?art_id=2887&lang=eng.  2000-03-27 11:52:10 PST.

Konrad Gesner / Konrad Gessner

(1516-1565). Swiss physician and naturalist. Practiced medicine in Zurich (from 1541), city physician (1554). Provided checklist of 1800 European authors in Bibliotheca universalis (1545), first bibliography of its kind; surveyed world knowledge in Pandectarumsive partitionum universalium (1548). His compendium of recorded knowledge of animal life, Historiae animalium (1551-87), considered basis of modern zoology. Also one of first to write about mountaineering.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gesner.html

Dr. Yvette Getch / Yvette Qualls Getch *** Not in Gale

Psychologist.  Associate Professor, Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at The University of Georgia (2002–present). Assistant Professor, Rehabilitation Counseling Program, Department of Counseling and Human Development Services, The University of Georgia, 1996–2002; Visiting Instructor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 1995–1996; Teaching Assistant/Instructor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Arkansas, 1993–1995. Certified Rehabilitation Counselor #32327.

Faculty webpage, Counseling & Human Development, College of Education, University of Georgia, http://www.coe.uga.edu/echd/Tenure/testgetch.htm:

She received her Ph.D. from The University of Arkansas in 1996 in Rehabilitation Education and Research and a M.Ed. in Independing Living Counseling specializing in the area of deafness in 1990. Dr. Getch received a B.S. degree in Social Work from the Florida State University in 1986. She is a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor and has previously worked as a program coordinator for the ARC, an interpreter, and a transition counselor for persons who are deaf.

Dr. Getch conducts research in the areas of advocacy for persons with disabilities, sexuality and deafness, advocacy issues and accommodations for children with chronic illness in schools, and teacher education in asthma management. Dr. Getch was recently selected to serve on a national expert panel for Caregiving and Individuals with Disabilities for the Rosalyn Carter Institute for Human Development. She frequently provides education for parents of children with chronic medical conditions through her work with the MAGIC Foundation and other organizations that support children with chronic illness and their families. Dr. Getch is committed to improving the lives of all children and is involved in advocacy initiatives that promote access, health, and educational opportunities for children with disabilities and/or chronic illness.

Faculty Vitae for NCATE Evaluation, http://ncate.coe.uga.edu/cgi-pub/cv.cgi?uid=139

Member: The Georgia Rehabilitation Association, American Deafness and Rehabilitation Association,
American Counseling Association, American Rehabilitation Counseling Association, Council for Exceptional Children, American Association on Mental Retardation, The American Educational Research Association, The National Rehabilitation Association, Association for Counselor Education and Supervision.

Marino Ghetaldi / Marino Ghettaldi *** Not in Gale

(c. 1566-c. 1627).  Yugoslav-born mathematician, physicist, optician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ghetaldi.html

Ghetaldi produced a pamphlet with the solutions of 42 geometrical problems, Variorum problematum colletio, in 1607. The method used in some of the solutions suggests that he was alreasy applying methods of algebra to geometry.  His other publications were studies on Archimedes and on Apollonius.  He did experimental work on the specific gravity of solids and liquids.  He apparently experimented with burning glasses. From 1603 he held various public and legal positions in Ragusa.

Luca Ghini *** Not in Gale

(c. 1490-1556).  Italian botanist, pharmacologist, physician, natural historian, instrument-maker.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ghini.html

The pioneer in the creation of the first botanical gardens (in Pisa in 1543 and, after a second was created in Padua, in Florence in 1545) in the 16th century and in the collection of the earliest herbaria (both of which explicitly served the ends of pharmacology), Ghini exerted his influence primarily through correspondence and teaching. His only published works--and those long after his death--were minor medical tracts. Much more important is the letter to Mattioli, published as I placiti di Luca Ghini intorno a piante descritte nei commentarii al Dioscoride di P.A.Mattioli.

Ghini also collected in natural history in general--minerals and animals.

He was actively involved in the creation of botanical gardens at Pisa and at Florence. He introduced, probably for the first time, the herbarium or hortus siccus, the technique of pressing and drying plants. Although there is obvious ambiguity, the technique of drying seems essentially identical to the creation of a new instrument.

Denis Dunbar Gibbs, B.A., D.M. F.R.C.P.

(Born 1927)  English physician, an Oxford-educated gastroenterologist and medical historian, has served several decades as a consulting physician at The Royal London Hospital in Whitechapel, having previously served the North Birmingham Hospitals. In addition to an extensive career in gastroenterology, a practice that previously brought him to America as a Fellow in Boston, Gibbs has devoted innumerable hours around the globe with many medical colleagues advocating the study of medicine’s lengthy and important heritage. He has written extensively on the history of his own specialty, various medical eponyms and disease entities, as well as on a number of key figures known by people in many walks of life including Baron Munchausen and Sir Frederick Treves. His medical history forays have resulted in a number of official appointments including presidency of the History of Medicine Section of the Royal Society of Medicine (London), Apothecaries Lecturer in the History of Medicine (The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, London), and the position which he currently holds, President of the British Society of the History of Medicine. Early in his medical career, Gibbs was based in Lichfield, England, a city in England’s West Midlands County of Staffordshire known for its association with luminaries in literature, industrialization and medicine. Notable among these individuals were essayist and dictionary author Samuel Johnson, potter Josiah Wedgewood, polymath Erasmus Darwin, physician William Withering, educator and chemist Joseph Priestley, and engineers James Watt and Matthew Boulton.

From http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~floyer/sirjohnfloyer.htm

Josiah Willard Gibbs

Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) was an American mathematical physicist whose pioneer work in statistical mechanics laid the basis for the development of physical chemistry as a science.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Gibbs.html

Paul Giem *** Not in Gale

Medical Research Radiometric Dating, Geochronologist.  Practicing emergency medicine in various southern California hospitals, at present including Loma Linda University Community Medical Center, Loma Linda University Medical Center, and Century City Hospital, 1980-present.  Studied Near Eastern Languages and Literature at the University of Chicago, 1981; Research Associate with John Leonora, Ph.D., studying parotid hormone, 1980; Ran aldosterone radioimmunoassay laboratory at Loma Linda University, 1973-1974.

http://origins.swau.edu/who/giem/default.html

http://origins.swau.edu/who/giem/cgiem98.html

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/giem-p.html

Paul Giem, M.A., M.D., Loma Linda, California, “CARBON-14 CONTENT OF FOSSIL CARBON,” http://www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert

(1817-1901). English chemist. Collaborated with John Bennet Lawesin experiments at Rothamsted (1843-1900); Professor of rural economy at Oxford (1884-90). Known for studies of nitrogen fertilizers and their effects on crops.

http://1.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GI/GILBERT_SIR_JOSEPH_HENRY.htm

William Gilbert / William Gilberd *** Not in Gale

(1544-1603).  English scientist, physician, pharmacologist, instrument-maker, expert on magnetism, electricity, navigation and natural philosophy.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gilbert.html:

Education: St. John College, Cambridge, 1558-69 or 70; B.A., 1561; M.A., 1564; M.D., 1569.

De magnete, 1600, is the enduring basis of Gilbert’s fame.  Posthumously, De mundo nostro sublunari philosophia nova was published in 1651. This is really two works put together as one from Gilbert’s manuscripts by Gilbert’s half brother; he himself never intended them as parts of one book. More than De magnete, the two treatises that make up De mundo strove toward a general natural philosophy.

At Cambridge he became a Junior Fellow of St. Johns in 1561. He was the mathematics examiner in the college, 1565-6 and bursar, 1569-70. He became a Senior Fellow in 1569.

Medical practice, from perhaps 1577 to 1603. He was one of the prominent physicians in London, consulted among others by the aristocracy.  Toward the end of his life, Gilbert became one of the personal physicians to Elizabeth I, 1600-03. Physician to James I, 1603.

Gilbert participated in the compilation of the College of Physicians’ Pharmacopoeia.

He specifically proposed the use of magnetic declination and dip to determine longitude and latitude. Thomas Blundevelle describes the two instruments of Gilbert’s invention intended for these purposes: The Versorium for magnetic investigations, and a similar device for electrical.

Membership: Medical College; Informal Connections: He knew Thomas Wright and William Barlowe.

Royal College of Physicians, before 1581; Censor, 1581, 1582, 1584-87, 1589-90; Treasurer, 1587-94, 1597-99; Elector, 1596-97; Consilarius, 1597-9; President, 1600.

Dr. Peter M. W. Gill *** Not in Gale
Professor of Chemistry, University of Nottingham
Nottingham, England

Staff in the School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham:

From http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/pgill.html

Professor Peter Gill obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Auckland having studied Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics. He then moved to the Australian National University where he worked with Prof Leo Radom on the development of theoretical models of hemi-bonded and dicationic systems. In 1988, he was awarded a Ph.D. and took up a postdoctoral position at Carnegie Mellon University working with Professor John Pople (who later shared the 1998 Nobel Prize for Chemistry). He became a Lecturer at Massey University in 1993, a Lecturer at the University of Cambridge in 1996 and Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at Nottingham in 1999. He was awarded the 1999 Dirac Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC).

Professor Gill is also the president of Q-Chem Inc., a company in the US that develops and disseminates a software package, Q-Chem, that performs sophisticated molecular orbital calculations.

http://www.q-chem.com/company/people/peter.html

Peter M. W. Gill.  “Obituary : Density Functional Theory, 1927-1993,” http://www.quantum-chemistry-history.com/Hist_Dat/DFT_Dat/DFT_Ob1.htm.

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Horace Wadsworth Gillett

(1883-1950).  Metallurgist. Horace Gillett worked with alloy steels, foundry problems, and heat treatment, and also studied metal fatigue, an important factor in aircraft structures. His pioneering study of the “creep” of metals, their gradual deformation and failure under stress at high temperatures, played a role in future space technology. Gillett developed an interest in chemistry while a student at Cornell University. After graduating with the B.A. degree in 1906, he spent the summer in the laboratory of the inventor Thomas A. Edison, who commended his analytical skill, and then returned to Cornell as a graduate student and instructor in physical chemistry and electro-chemistry. In subsequent summers and vacations he worked for the industrial research firm of Arthur D. Little. Gillett received the Ph.D. in chemistry in 1910.

For the next two years Gillett was manager of the research department of the Aluminum Castings Company, Detroit, Michigan In 1912 he moved to the U. S. Bureau of Mines as chief alloy chemist in charge of the field station at Ithaca, N.Y., a post he occupied until 1924. It was during this period that Gillett’s main interest turned from chemistry to metallurgy. His work at the bureau led to the development of the rocking arc electric furnace for melting brass and other metals, a development for which he received, in 1915, the first of his thirteen patents. Gillett moved to the Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., in 1924 as chief of the Division of Metallurgy, where his reputation continued to grow.

In 1929 Gillett was chosen as the first director of the new Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio. Gillett determined that the Battelle Institute should concentrate on metallurgical research and—though his own interests and knowledge covered every aspect of metallurgy—on “practical” applications rather than abstract theory. He retired from the Battelle Institute in 1949 but remained a consultant until his death.

Honors include the McFadden Gold Medal of the American Foundrymen’s Society.

Author: six books and over two hundred articles covering nearly every phase of the practice of metallurgy. He was one of the founders in 1929 of the magazine Metals and Alloys and served as its editorial director until 1943.

Excerpted from James A. Mulholland. “Horace Wadsworth Gillett.”Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 4: 1946-1950. American Council of Learned Societies, 1974.

Owen Gingerich

(Born 1930).  Professor of Astronomy and the History of Science at Harvard. George Darwin Lecturer., Royal Astron. Society, 1971; Sigma Xi National Lecturer., 1971; research Professor, Harvard University, 2000; Chairman history of Science Department, Harvard University, 1992-93; Professor, Harvard University, 1969-2000; from Lecturer to Associate Professor astronomy and history of Science, Harvard University, 1960-69; senior astronomer, Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs., 1987-2000; astrophysicist, Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory, 1961-87; Lecturer astronomy, Wellesley College, 1958-59; from Instructor to Assistant Professor, American University, 1955-58; Director obs., American University, Beirut, 1955-58. Contributor to Encyclopaedia Britannica, Collier’s Encyclopedia, and Encyclopedia Americana; Associate editor for science, medicine, and technology, Dictionary of American History (supplement), Macmillan (New York City), 1994.  Achievements include research and publications on model stellar atmospheres (to 1971) and in history of astronomy. John F. Lewis Prize, American Philosophical Society, 1976, for paper “From Copernicus to Kepler: Heliocentrism as Model and as Reality”; Physical and Earth Sciences Prize, Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of Association of American Publishers, 1979, for A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900-1975; Order of Merit, Commander Class, People’s Republic of Poland, 1981; the International Astronomical Union has named Asteroid 2658 “Gingerich” in his honor.

Faculty webpage, Harvard: http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsdept/faculty/gingerich/

Owen Gingerich.  “Library as Laboratory: From Facts to History,” http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~fdo/essays/gingeric.htm

Dan Falk.  “Harvard Professor Owen Gingerich Sees Religious Roots of Astronomy,”  http://www.space.com/colleges/college_gingerich_profile_000921.html.  Gingerich: “If God is in fact all-powerful, there’s no reason why this all-powerful force in the universe could not represent itself and relate to the self-conscious human beings, in some fashion, through communication with human beings. And how do you communicate? Through prophets of all ages, through personality. So I don’t find it entirely strange to think of the idea of a personal God, and at the same time be a scientist looking at these physical laws, in their beauty, in their aesthetic appeal …”

Stephen C. Meyer.  “Owen Gingerich,” http://www.arn.org/docs/meyer/sm_owengingerich.htm.  Access Research Network.  Biography reprinted from Eternity, May 1986

Sean Scheiderer.  “Owen Gingerich: “Dare a Scientist Believe in Design?” http://home.columbus.rr.com/sciences/gingerich.html

History that Matters.  http://www.aip.org/history/historymatters/gingerich.htm

Owen Gingerich.  “Truth in Science,” http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/gingerich/

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

Albert Girard

(c. 1595-1632).  French mathematician, trigonomist.  Albert Girard contributed to the fields of trigonometry, geometry, arithmetic, and algebra. Girard incorporated the use of the supplementary triangle in spherical trigonometry and simplified the concept of the plane polygon in geometry by defining three types of quadrilaterals, 11 types of pentagons, and 69 of 70 types of hexagons. He also developed a formula for determining the proper construction of two quadrilaterals with the sides of a convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle. Girard was also the first mathematician to publicly state that the area of a spherical triangle is proportional to its spherical excess. In addition, Girard was the first mathematician to determine the geometric significance of negative numbers. In the area of arithmetic, Girard determined the whole numbers that are the sums of two squares and revealed that certain numbers that cannot be decomposed into three squares can be decomposed into four squares. In algebra and the theory of numbers, he followed in the footsteps of François Viète, using his forerunners’ “specious logistic” but referring to it as “literal algebra.” He developed a clear rule for the extraction of the cube root of binomials, improving on a previous rule established by Rafaello Bombelli. Girard’s rule was subsequently improved by René Descartes in 1640.

Girard also translated many significant mathematical texts, including Henry Hondius’ 1625 treatise on fortifications from Flemish to French, and the works of Samuel Marolois and Simon Stevin. In addition, Girard developed a simplified version for demarking the cube root, which is still in use today.

Author: Tables des sinus, tangentes, et sécantes selon le raid de 100,000 parties,1626, 1627; revised edition 1629; Invention nouvelle en l’algèbre,1629, 1884.

Excerpted from “Albert Girard.” Notable Mathematicians. Gale Research, 1998.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/girard.html

Ing. Werner Gitt *** Not in Gale

(Born 1937). Information Scientist.  The retired Dr. Gitt was a Director and Professor at the German Federal Institute of Physics and Technology (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig), the Head of the Department of Information Technology. In 1963 he enrolled at the Technical university in Hanover (Technische Hochschule Hanover) and in 1968 he completed his studies as Diplom Ingenieur. Thereafter he worked as Assistant at the Institute of Control Engineering at the Technical University Aachen (Technische Hochschule Aachen). Following two years research work, he received his doctorate summa cum laude together with the prestigious “Borchers-Medal” of the Technical University Aachen in1970.

Three prerequisites must be fulfilled in order for the German Ministerium to award the title ‘Director and Professor’ at a German research institute, on the recommendation of the Praesidium. The person concerned must be:

(1. A scientist. i.e. it is most definitely an academic title.

(2. One who has published a significant number of original research papers in the technical literature.

(3. Must head a department in his area of expertise, in which several working scientists are employed.

In September and October 2000, Dr Gitt and Ken Ham had a number of successful meetings — see University students ‘Gitt’ real science!.

Author: Did God Use Evolution?, If Animals Could Talk, In the Beginning was Information, Stars and their Purpose: Signposts in Space, et. Al.  Dr. Gitt has written numerous scientific papers in the fields of information science, mathematics, and control engineering. Some of his works have been translated into Bulgarian, Czech, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Italian, Croatian, Kirghizian, Polish, Rumanian and Russian.

Since 1984 he has been a regular guest at the State independent Theological University of Basle, Switzerland on the subject of ‘The Bible and Science’. He has held lectures on related topics at numerous universities at home and abroad, as well as having spoken on the topic Faith and Science in a number of different countries (e.g. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Lithuania, Namibia, Norway, Rumania, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland).  In October 1999, he led a series of meetings in Bielefeld, Germany. His topics included ‘After death — what then?’ ‘The wonder of the Bible’, and ‘What creation teaches us’. Fifty-one people made first-time professions of faith in Christ.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/bios/w_gitt.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/gitt-w.html

CV of PROF WERNER GITT. http://www.ksb.org.za/Ministers_conference/1999/CV/cvgitt.htm

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

David Roger Given

(Born 1943).  New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, research scientist, 1965-92, herbarium keeper, 1974-87.

Web page, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand:  http://www.lincoln.ac.nz/spes/profiles/givend.htm

James Glaisher

(1809-1903). Meteorologist, Balloonist.

Established Meteorological Society, 1850; best-known work: Travels in the Air, 1867.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Glaisher.html

http://35.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GL/GLAISHER_JAMES.htm

http://www.fact-index.com/j/ja/james_glaisher.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/James%20Glaisher

http://www.thosemagnificentmen.co.uk/balloons/glaisher.html

Christopher Glaser

(1615-1672). Swiss chemist, iatrochemist, pharmacologist.  Opened apothecary shop in Paris (c.1662); apothecary to Louis XIV of France; credited with discovery of potassium sulfate. Wrote textbook Traite de la chymie (1663).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/glaser_chr.html

Johann Heinrich Glaser *** Not in Gale

(1629-1679).  Swiss anatomist, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/glaser_joh.html

In 1662, Glaser established a medical practice that soon brought him international fame.  In 1665, he became full professor of Greek.  In 1667, he was named Professor of anatomy and botany at the Faculté de Médecine at Basel.  He was named Doctor-in-chief at a large municipal hospital in Basel.

Johann Rudolf Glauber

(1604-1668). German chemist, apothecary, alchemist.  Resident in Amsterdam (from 1655). Probably first to distill coal and obtain benzene and phenol; investigated decomposition of common salt through action of acids and bases. Glauber’s salt is named after him.

Some of Glauber’s principal works include Philosophical Furnaces; Commentary on Paracelsus; Heaven of the Philosophers, or Book of Vexation; Miraculum Mundi; The Prosperity of Germany; and Book of Fires.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/glauber.html

John Glenn / John Herschel Glenn, Jr.

(Born 1921).  Former U.S. senator, astronaut. First American to orbit Earth,

Member-at-large, Ohio State Democratic Committee, 1999; U.S. senator from Ohio, 1975-99; President, Royal Crown International; V.p. corp. development and Director, Royal Crown Cola Co., 1966-74; retired as colonel, 1965; pilot, Mercury-Atlas 6, 1^st orbital space flight launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, Feb. 1962; astronaut, Project Mercury, Manned Spacecraft Center NASA, 1959-65; project officer fighter design br. Navy Bureau. Aero., Washington, 1956-58; with Marine Fighter Squadron 311, exchange pilot, 25^th Fighter Interceptor Squadron USAF, Korea, 1953; Assistant, G-2G-3 Amphibious Warfare School, Quantico, Virginia, 1951; flight instructor advanced flight training, Corpus Christi, 1949-51; with, 1^st Marine Aircraft Wing, North China Patrol, also Guam, 1947-48; assigned 9^th Marine Aircraft Wing, USMC, 1945-46; assigned 4^th Marine Aircraft Wing, Marshall Islands campaign, USMC, 1944; Commd. 2d Lieutenant, USMC, 1943.

Education: Student, Muskingum College, 1939-42; B.Sc., Muskingum College, 1962; naval, University Iowa, 1942; graduate, Naval Air Training Center, Corpus Christi, Texas., 1943; graduate, Navy Test Pilot Training School, Patuxent River, Maryland, 1954. In Project Bullet, a test Glenn conceived himself, he flew a Crusader coast to coast, making the first transcontinental supersonic flight in a record time of three hours and twenty- three minutes on July 16, 1957.

Member: Society Experimental Test Pilots, International Academy of Astronautics (Honorary.).

Honors: Awarded six Distinguished Flying Crosses, eighteen Air Medals, and other decorations, recipient Astronaut medal USMC, Navy unit commendation, Korean Presidential Unit Citation, Distinguished Merit award Muskingum College, Medal of Honor N.Y.C., Congressional Space Medal of Honor, 1978, Centennial Award, National Geographic Society, 1988; other decorations, awards and honorary doctorates in engineering by four universities.

Author: (With others) We Seven, by the Astronauts Themselves: M. Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper, John H. Glenn, Virgil I. Grissom, Walter M. Schirra, Alan B. Shepard, Donald K. Slayton, Simon & Schuster (New York), 1962.; (Compiler) Letters to John Glenn: With Comments by J. H. Glenn Jr., World Book Encyclopedia Science Service, 1964; South Pacific Regional Overview and Solomon Islands Independence Ceremonies: A Trip Report, U.S. Government Printing Office (Washington, DC), 1978;

(With Barry E. Carter and Robert W. Komer) Rethinking Defense and Conventional Forces, introduction by Warren Christopher, Center for National Policy (Washington, DC), 1983; Persian Gulf: Report to the Majority Leader, United States Senate, from Senator John Glenn and Senator John Warner on Their Trip to the Persian Gulf, May 27-June 4, 1987, U.S. Government Printing Office (Washington, DC), 1987.

(With Nick Taylor) John Glenn: A Memoir, Bantam Books (New York City), 1999.

Biographical dictionary of the U.S. Congress.  http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000236

Astronaut Bio: John Glenn, Jr .http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/glenn-j.html or http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/glenn-j.html

The John Glenn Institute for Public Service & Public Policy.  http://www.glenninstitute.org/glenn/index.asp

NASA Glenn Research Center.  http://www.grc.nasa.gov/

John Glenn - Space Pioneer, Return to Orbit

Publications: http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/arvweb/glenn/glennbiblio.htm

http://www.teenink.com/Past/2000/November/Interviews/JohnGlenn.html

http://www.chron.com/content/interactive/space/johnglenn/astronaut.html

Francis Glisson *** Not in Gale

(c. 1597-1677).  English physician, anatomist, physiologist, embryologist, natural philosopher.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/glisson.html

Glisson was educated at Cambridge University, Gonville and Caius College, 1617-34; B.A., 1621; M.A., 1624; incorporated M.A. at Oxford, 1627; M.D., 1634.  He wrote De rachitide, 1650, a classic on rickets.  Anatomia hepatis, 1654, contains, inter alia, the description of Glisson’s capsule.  Tractatus de natura substantiae energetica, 1672, expounds a theory of natural philosophy that all bodies have life.  Tractatis de ventriculo et intestines, 1677, contains a physiological theory based on a succus nutritus distributed by the nerves, and psychic spirits that the succus carries. It asserts the existence of a general property of irritability in all living parts of the body. It is also a general work on the anatomy and pysiology of digestion. This work also discusses embryogenesis.

Memberships: Royal Society, 1660-77; Royal College of Physicians, 1635-77; Reader in Anatomy, 1639; Gulstonian lecturer, 1640; Councilor, 1666; President, 1667-9; Medical College.  Informal Connections: Glisson was one of the group in the so-called Invisible College, the original gathering in London during the 40s seen as the beginning of the Royal Society. Friendship with Wharton and George Ent. Association with G. Bate and A. Regemorte.

Dmitri V. Gnatenko / Dmitri Vitalievich Gnatenko

(Born

“My research interests are focused on the development and characterization of novel viral systems for gene delivery and expression. Hemophilia A is a primary target for the delivery systems we are working on, although in parallel we develop model vectors expressing genes of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Neomycin resistance gene (Neo). These model vectors can be used in many areas of gene therapy studies both in vitro and in vivo, addressing fundamental questions such as transduction efficiency, integration of a transgene and others.”

Member: American Society Hematology, Ukranian Biochemical Society.  Russian

Honors: Grantee Wellcome Trust, London, 1992, Soros Foundation, Kiev, 1993; recipient Henry Christian award, American Fen. Clin. Research, Washington, 1996, Trainee investigator award AAP, ASCI ASFR, Washington.

Contributor of articles to Journal Investigative Medicine, Journal Vascular Surgery, Ukranian Journal Biochemistry, British Journal Haematology.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

http://galactica.informatics.sunysb.edu/internalmed/hematol/gnatenko.html

Joannes Goedaert *** Not in Gale

(1617-1668).  Dutch entomologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/goedaert.html:

Goedaert was the first to write on the insects of the Netherlands, based on first hand observation, following the life cycles of insects. Published in Metamorphosis naturalis, 3 vols. (1662- 9).

Guillermo Gonzalez, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

(Born 1944?).  Astrophysicist. Guillermo Gonzalez is currently an Assistant Research Professor of Astronomy at Iowa State University, formerly Research Assistant Professor at the University Washington (1996).  He received his Ph.D. in Astronomy in 1993 from the University of Washington. He has done post-doctoral work at the University of Texas, Austin and at the University of Washington and has received fellowships, grants and awards from such institutions as NASA, the University of Washington, Sigma Xi (scientific research society) and the National Science Foundation.

Dr. Gonzalez has extensive experience in observing and analyzing data from ground-based observatories, including work at McDonald Observatory, Apache Point Observatory and Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory.

Author (with Jay Richards), The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery, March 2004.  He has also published over sixty articles in refereed astronomy and astrophysical journals including Astronomy and Astrophysics, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Astrophysical Journal and Solar Physics. His current research interest in astrobiology focuses on the “Galactic Habitable Zone” and captured the October 2001 cover story of Scientific American.

Dr. Gonzalez is primarily interested in studying the late stages of stellar evolution through the use of spectroscopic observations. Recent work includes spectroscopic abundance analysis of post-AGB supergiants and RV Tau variables. He has also undertaken a study of the parent stars of the recently discovered extra-solar planetary systems. The results indicate that these stars have anomalous chemical abundances, suggesting some sort of unusual formation history.

Home page, Iowa State University, http://www.public.iastate.edu/%7Eastro/faculty/gonzalez.html

Faculty webpage, University of Washington Astronomy Department. http://www.astro.washington.edu/gonzalez/

Discovery Institute, http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=33&isFellow=true

Articles, http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=submitSearchQuery&query=Guillermo%20Gonzalez&orderBy=date&orderDir=DESC&searchBy=author&searchType=all

Biography at The Privileged Planet website, http://www.privilegedplanet.com/bioGuillermoG.php

Webpage, Access Research Network, http://www.arn.org/gonzalez/gghome.htm

International Society for Complexity, Information and Design, http://www.iscid.org/guillermo-gonzalez.php

Daniel Wayne Gorbet

(Born October 16, 1942).  Agronomist, geneticist, researcher.  Professor of Agronomy, University of Florida Agriculture Research Center, Marianna, FL, 1984-present.  Graduate research Assistant Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 1965-70; from Assistant Professor to Professor

Member: American Society Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, American Peanut Research and Education Society, Florida Soil and Crop Science Society, American Phytopathological Society, American Genetics Association, CAST, Sigma Xi, Gamma Signma Delta, Member of Peanut Germplasm Committee, to advice USDA on peanut germplasm work, Member of Crop Science Society Committee for registration of peanuts (C852.09). Lutheran. Lodges: Elks, Lions.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.
Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.
http://nfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/News/Archive1999/NEWSLETTER_V1_N8_99.HTM

“Dr. Dan Gorbet (Agronomy/Peanut breeding) NFREC Marianna received an esteemed award November 3 in Salt Lake City. The American Society of Agronomy Fellow is the highest award given by American Society of Agronomy. Only .3% of the membership can be selected on a given year. This award is based on professional accomplishments and service to profession and American Society of Agronomy. Dr. Gorbet is the Past President and Fellow of American Peanut Research and Education Society. Congratulations, Dr. Gorbet!!”

Faculty webpage, University of Florida Agronomy Department, http://breeders.ifas.ufl.edu/BreederCV/dwgorbet.htm

Bruce L. Gordon *** Not in Gale
Physicist.  Scholar.  Bruce L. Gordon is the Acting Director of Baylor University’s Program for Science, Philosophy and Religion, and an Assistant Research Professor in the Baylor Institute for Faith and Learning. In 1998 he completed his Ph.D. in the history and philosophy of physics under Arthur Fine in the Northwestern University Philosophy Department. Alvin Plantinga of the University of Notre Dame Philosophy Department was an external advisor on his committee. Additional degrees: 1990, Westminster Theological Seminary (Philadelphia), M.A.R., Apologetics/Systematic Theology;1988, University of Calgary, M.A., Philosophy; 1986, University of Calgary, B.Sc. (Honors), Applied Mathematics; 1982, Royal Conservatory of Music, University of Toronto, A.R.C.T., Piano Performance.

He was a postdoctoral Fellow in the Center for Philosophy of Religion at the University of Notre Dame before moving to Baylor University in the fall of 1999. Dr. Gordon’s work ranges from an exploration of conceptual problems in quantum theory and relativity, to foundational and interpretational issues in the philosophy of science, metaphysics and philosophical theology, the interaction between science and religion, logic, epistemology, philosophical critiques of postmodernity, and general considerations of the relation between faith and scholarship. His present work focuses on questions of identity, individuation and modality in quantum statistics and quantum field theory, and the implications of this research for issues in philosophical theology and the metaphysics of free will.

Member: The American Philosophical Association (APA), The Philosophy of Science Association (PSA), The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), The American Physical Society (APS), The American Scientific Affiliation (ASA), The National Association of Scholars (NAS), The American Academy of Religion (AAR), The Society of Christian Philosophers (SCP), The Center for Science, Philosophy and Religion, Baylor University, Institute for Faith and Learning, Baylor University (IFL), InterVarsity Graduate and Faculty Ministries (IVCF).

Official home page: http://www3.baylor.edu/~Bruce_Gordon/

Biographical sketch: http://www3.baylor.edu/~Bruce_Gordon/biosketch.htm

Curriculum vitae: http://www3.baylor.edu/~Bruce_Gordon/vita.htm

http://www.iscid.org/bruce-gordon.php

Gary D. Gordon / Gary Donald Gordon

(Born 1928).  Physicist.  Aerospace engineer.  Consultant, INTELSAT, Washington, 1984-92; Senior staff scientist, Communications Satellite Corp., Clarksburg, Maryland, 1969-83; administrator course development, RCA, Camden, N.J., 1964-68; Senior engineer, RCA, Princeton, N.J., 1958-64; Physicist, Ops. Research, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland, 1957-58.  Education: BA, Wesleyan University, 1950; MA, Harvard University, 1951; Ph.D., Harvard University, 1954.

Member: Associate Fellow AIAA (technician, Committee on space systems, 1974-75).

Award: Recipient 2d prize for physics demo apparatus American Association Physics Teachers, N.Y.C., 1963.

Co-author: Communications Satellite Handbook, 1989, Principles of Communications Satellites, 1993; Member editorial Board Comsat Tech. Review, 1971-74. Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Philip Henry Gosse

(1810-1888). English naturalist. Built first aquarium for long-term housing and display of marine life (1854); known also for study of rotifers. Author of Manual of Marine Zoology (1855-56),Actinologia Britannica (1858-60), Evenings at the Microscope (1859), Romance of Natural History (1860-62), Year at the Shore (1865), etc. In Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot (1857, reprinted 1998), Gosse argued that the world had indeed been created by God in six days, but had made the earth to appear as though it was already ancient. This is known as the Omphalos hypothesis. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Philip%20Henry%20Gosse

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Biography in Green Eye of the Storm, by John Rendle-Short. Banner of Truth, 1998. ISBN 0-8515-1727-7.

Stephen Bradford Gough

(Born September 13, 1950). Biologist, environmental scientist, computer scientist, educator.  Research fellow department of botany University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1972-75, Teaching Assistant, 1975-76; Research Associate environmental sciences division, Oak Ridge National Lab., 1976-82; President, chief exec. officer Gough Enterprises, Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1979; computer systems specialist, project leader System Devel. Corp., Fredericksburg, 1982-86; Senior software engineer, TRW Advanced Support Center, Training Center, Fredericksburg, 1986-87, Product Development Manager, 1987-92; Service Support Manager, 1992-93; Adjunct Faculty Member, Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, 1990-93, Assistant Professor Biological sciences, 1993; Consultant microbiology, water quality, ecology, educational, technical, computer sciences, instrumentation; expert witness for Congress and government agencies.  Education: B.S. magna cum laude, Carroll College, 1972; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1976.

Honors: NSF research grantee, 1971-72, DOE grantee, Nuclear Regulatory Commission grantee, EPA grantee, Electric Power Research Institute grantee, 1978-82; University of Wisconsin fellow, 1972-76; Beta Beta Beta Biology award, Chi Beta Phi Faculty award.

Member AAAS, American Institute Biological Sciences, Phycological Society America, Association for Computing Machinery, American Society Limnology and Oceanography, Inc., Association Educational Communications Tech., Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, Sigma Xi, Delta Sigma Nu.  Presbyterian.

Author: (with Cushman, Moran and Craig). Sourcebook of Hydrologic and Ecological Features, 1980; Contributor of articles to science journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

D. B. Gower, BSc, Ph.D., DSc, CChem, FRSC, CBiol, FIBiol *** Not in Gale
English biochemist.  Emeritus Professor of Steroid Biochemistry, University of London.  B.S. in chemistry from the University of London, D.Sc. from the University of London, Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of London. Royal Society of Chemistry Fellow, Institute of Biology Fellow.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/gower-db.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Regnier de Graaf

(1641-1673).  Dutch physician and anatomist Regnier de Graaf was one of the pioneers of experimental physiology. His studies involving pancreatic fluids, and later, the male and female reproductive systems, were the precursor to modern reproductive endocrinology.  Author of works on the pancreatic juice and on the generative organs; discovered the Graafian follicles in the ovary.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/graaf.html

George Graham

(1673-1751). English mechanician. Partner and successor (1713) of Thomas Tompion; invented the mercurial pendulum, the deadbeat escapement; with Tompion built the first orrery; produced quadrants, zenith sectors, and other astronomical instruments.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/graham.html

Neil Bonnette Graham, ALCM, CChem, FRSC, FIM, FRSE

(Born 1933).  Chartered chemist, England. Chemistry educator, consultant. Professor Emeritus (1997-present) in Chemical Technology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland.  Co-Founder and C.E.O. Smart Tech Ltd 2000-present; Co-Founder and C.E.O. Ecoco Ltd 2000; Founder and Director, Polysystems Ltd., Clydebank, Scotland, 1980-90; Research Professor, University Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, 1983; Young Professor of Chemistry, University Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, 1973-83; Group head, Imperial Chemical Industries, Cheshire, England, 1967-73; Research chemist, Cen. Research Labs., McMasterville, Canada, 1956-67. Education: BS, University Liverpool, 1953; Ph.D., University Liverpool, 1956.

Member: Fellow Royal Society of Chemistry, Royal Society Edinburgh, Institute Materials.

Awards: Recipient Leblanc medal, Potts medal, University Liverpool, 1953, 75, Strathclyde Regional award Scottish Enterprise, Glasgow, 1981, Academy of Enterprise award British Tech. Group, London, 1982.

Member, Scot Board of Mission Aviation Fellowship (MAF) 2000-present; deacon, Bearsden Baptist Church 1998-present; Editorial Board Biomedical Materials. Contributor of articles to professional journals; holder of more than 70 patents in field.

Neil Bonnette Graham, Professor in Chemical Technology, Faculty webpage and publications, University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, http://www.chem.strath.ac.uk/people.php?id=cbas48

Contact page: http://www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/polcol/graham.htm

Thomas Graham

(1805-1869). Scottish physical chemist who pioneered the chemistry of colloids, but who is best known for his studies of the diffusion of gases, the principal law concerning which is named for him (Graham's law of diffusion of gases, 1833). Professor, Andersonian University, Edinburgh (1803-37), University College, London (1837-55); master of the mint (1855-69).  Discovered and named the process of dialysis used for separating crystalloids from colloids; made study of the three forms of phosphoric acid that led to concept of polybasic acids; investigated water of hydration and alcoholates.

http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Graham.html

http://level2.phys.strath.ac.uk/ScienceOnStreets/thomasgraham.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas%20Graham.  “The father of colloid chemistry.”

Guido Grandi / originally Francesco Lodovico

(1671-1742). Italian mathematician. Professor, Pisa (from 1700); known for studies of conchoid, cissoid, and other curves; developed versiera, later known as “witch of Agnesi.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/grandi.html

John Graunt

(1620-1674). English statistician. Founder of the science of demography, the statistical study of human populations.  He analyzed the vital statistics of the citizens of London and wrote an influential volume on his findings.  His work influenced another noted pioneer in this field, Sir William Petty, as well as Edmond Halley, English astronomer and “discoverer” of the comet named for him.  Graunt prepared an original mortality table in his Natural and Political Observations ... made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662), a work which first established the uniformity and predictability of many important biological phenomena when taken in large numbers-- such things as the greater number of female babies, the longer lifespans of females, the high mortality among infants.  Graunt was an original member of the Royal Society, 1662-74. Council, 1664-6.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/graunt.html

Willem Jacob s’ Gravesande

(1688-1742). Dutch mathematician and philosopher. Professor, Leiden (1717-42); friend of Sir Isaac Newton. Introduced Newtonian philosophy into Leiden with Physices elementa mathematica, experimentis confirmata (1720-21).

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/SGravesande.html

Asa Gray

(1810-1888).  Botanist.  Gray’s career contributed significantly to the demise of the Linnaean system in the United States and the acceptance of the natural system; in this sense he helped revolutionize the research and teaching of botany. Theistic evolutionist.

http://herbarium.biology.colostate.edu/cobotanists.htm#gray

http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Gray.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Clarence Cornelius Gray, III

(1917-2001).  International agronomist. Senior scientist, CCG Assocs., Fairfax, Virginia, 1989; Professor Emeritus, Virginia Poly. Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 1989; Professor International studies, Virginia Poly. Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 1983-88; Associate, Deputy, and acting Director Agricultural sciences, The Rockefeller Foundation, N.Y.C., 1970-83; reserve officer Foreign Service., U.S. AID, Washington, 1958-70; Assistant Professor then Associate Professor, Virginia State College, Petersburg, 1948-58.  Education: BS, Virginia State College, 1943; MS, Michigan State University, 1947; Ph.D., Michigan State University, 1952; LLD, Morehouse College, 1979; LLD, Virginia State University, 1982.

Member: Advisory council, N.Y. College Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1976-82; member Virginia International Trade Commission, 1987, Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta; National Guardsmen Inc., Alpha Phi Alpha, Sigma Pi Phi.

Awards: Certificate of Merit Virginia State College 1978; Doctor of Laws Morehouse College 1979, Virginia State University 1982; The W Averell Harriman International Service Award International Center Albany 1981; Joseph C Wilson Award, 1990.

Editor: Crop Germplasm Conservation and Use in China, 1980; Strategies for Agricultural Education in Developing Countries, 1974; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Stephen Gray

(1666-1736). English scientist. Experimented in microscopy; noted amateur astronomer; in late years experimented in static electricity; first to divide substances into electrics and nonelectrics, according as they can or can not be electrified by friction; discovered (1729-32) conduction of electrical charge and distinction between conductors and insulators.  He may have been educated, in part, by John Flamsteed (1646-1719), England’s first Astronomer Royal. Gray published his experiments in the Philosophical Transactions, which influenced the work of Charles Du Fay (1698-1739) and John Theaophilus Desaguliers (1683-1744). Du Fay theorized the existence of “vitreous” and “ resinous” electricity, terms that Benjamin Franklin popularized as “positive” and “negative.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gray.html

John Grebe *** Not in Gale

Chemist.  Former researcher at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Reactor School and Engineering Team (1946-1947);  Former Director of the Dow Chemical Company Physical Chemistry Research Laboratories in Midland, Michigan; Served as Chief Scientist to the Army Chemical Corps at Edgewood Arsenal New Baltimore (1948-1949). A founder of the Creation Research Society. M.S. from Case Institute of Technology; Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hillsdale College (1967); D.Sc. from Case Institute of Technology (1935) (Case is now part of Western Reserve University).

Honors: In 1943 became the youngest recipient ever to receive the Chemical Industry Medal.

Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute (1942).

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/grebe-j.html

Dr. W. Dale Greene*** Not in Gale

Forester.  Professor in Forest Resources, Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens. B.S.F. Louisiana State University, M.S. Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Ph.D. Auburn University.

Member: Council on Forest Engineering, International Chairman, 1993; Georgia Forestry Association, Board Member since 1993, Treasurer 1994-2002; Forest Products Society; Society of American Foresters.

About Me: “I enjoy most things outdoors, particularly hunting, fishing (fresh and salt), and camping with my family. I serve as an adult volunteer with my son’s Cub Scout Pack. My family enjoys following sports, particularly college football and baseball, Braves baseball, and NASCAR. We are involved in a number of ways at Athens First United Methodist Church (www.athensfirstumc.org) where I help lead a Disciple Bible Study class and teach our 11^th and 12^th grade Sunday School class. I also participate in the UGA Christian Faculty Forum, a ministry of Campus Crusade for Christ.”

Warnell School of Forest Resources, http://www.forestry.uga.edu/warnell/faculty/html/greene.html

Faculty of Engineering, http://www.nmi.uga.edu/archive/foe/faculty/list_info.asp?id=66

David Gregory / David Gregorie

(1659-1708). Scottish mathematician and astronomer. Nephew of James Gregory; Professor, Edinburgh (1683-91),  Savilian Professor of Astronomy, Oxford (1691-1708); expositor of Newtonian mechanics. Author of Treatise of Practical Geometry (1695), Catoptricae et dioptricae sphaericae elementa (1695), which describes telescopes; Astronomiae physicae & geometricae elementa (1702), an account of Newton’s theories, etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gregory_dav.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “David Gregory,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gregory_David.html:

At Edinburgh David Gregory taught Newtonian theories. He is famed for this since he was the first university teacher to teach the ‘modern’ theories at a time when even Cambridge was still teaching Greek natural philosophy. He also experimented with making an achromatic telescope.

“Gregory | David | 1659-1708 | professor of mathematics, University of Edinburgh, and Savilian Professor of Astronomy, University of Oxford,” http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0262.html

Papers of David Gregory, NAHSTE.  http://www.nahste.ac.uk/cgi-bin/view_isad.pl?id=GB-0237-David-Gregory&view=basic

James Gregory / James Gregorie

(1638-1675).  Scottish mathematician and inventor. Professor, University of St. Andrews (1669-74), Edinburgh (1674-75); perfected earliest form of reflecting telescope, the Gregorian telescope, described in his Optica promota (1663); published Vera circuli et hyperbolae quadratura (1667) and Geometriae pars universalis (1668), demonstrating method of determining areas and volumes of geometrical figures; anticipated later discoveries in number theory and calculus.  James Gregory’s work laid the foundation for the development of calculus, and his work in astronomy and optics for astronomical observations influenced the works of Isaac Newton. Lunar features Crater Gregory and Catena Gregory named in his honor.

Author: Geometriae pars universalis, inserviens quantitatum curvarum transumtationi & mensurae,1668; “An Account of a Controversy betwixt Stephano de Angelis and John Baptistat Riccioli,” 1668 (Many of Gregory’s papers were issued by the Royal Society of London in The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society); Exercitationes gemoetricae,1668.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gregory_jam.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “James Gregory,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Gregory.html

“Gregory | James | 1638-1675 | professor of mathematics, St Andrews and Edinburgh,” http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0263.html

W. W. Rouse Ball. “James Gregory (1638 - 1675),” http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Gregory/RouseBall/RB_JGregory.html.  From A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908).

Nehemiah Grew

(1641-1712). English botanist. A founder of plant anatomy; pioneer microscopist; first to hypothesize in print on sex in plants. Author of Anatomy of Vegetables Begun (1672), The Anatomy of Plants (1682).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/grew.html

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/grew.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nehemiah%20Grew

Dr. Arthur Grider *** Not in Gale

Food and nutricionist.  Associate Professor, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia. B.A., Hiram College, 1978; M.S., 1981, Ph.D., 1986 University of Cincinnati.

Faculty webpage, https://secure.caes.uga.edu/personnel/profile.cfm?ID=8694

Denise H. Horton.  “College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia Foods and nutrition professor’s research gets down to the basics,” http://www.uga.edu/columns/000118/campnews2.html. "2000" Day="18" Month="1" Tuesday, January 18, 2000

Francesco M. Grimaldi, S.J. / Francesco Maria Grimaldi

Francesco Grimaldi (1618-1663) was an Italian physicist and Jesuit priest who is best known as the first person to describe the diffraction of light. Apart from his optical research, Grimaldi also conducted experiments on human physiology and made careful observations of the surface of the Moon.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/grimaldi.html

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/grimaldi.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Dr. Dianne Grocott, MBBS, FRANZCP *** Not in Gale

Australian psychiatrist.  Dianne has an MBBS (1982) and gained Fellowship of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in 1989. She has worked in Community Mental Health clinics, Psychiatric hospitals and General Hospitals in the fields of psychiatry and medical administration. She completed a course in Integrated Christian Counselling at Waverley Abbey in the UK in 1993.

More than 9 years of marriage to her husband Stephen Charles Grocott.

Stephen Charles Grocott

(Born 1957). Australian Inorganic and Industrial Chemist.  Branch manager, Business Development Division, Department of Industry and Resources, West Australia. General manager, Research and Development, Southern Pacific Petroleum.  Achievements include research on the impact, removal, chemistry and analysis of impurities in alumina refining.  Manager, Process Development, 1997; senior principal research scientist, Alcoa of Australia Ltd., WA, Australia, 1995-97; senior Consultant chemistry, Alcoa of Australia Ltd., WA, Australia, 1988-95; senior research chemist, Alcoa of Australia Ltd., WA, Australia, 1985-88; research chemist, Alcoa of Australia Ltd., WA, Australia, 1983-85; Development chemist, Alcoa of Australia Ltd., WA, Australia, 1981-83. Grocott has a B.Sc. with honours, 1978 and a Ph.D. (1981) from the University of Western Australia in the field of organometallic chemistry of optically active metal complexes.

Member: Fellow of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, American Chemical Society, International Humic Substances Society, International Association of Colloid and Interface Scientists.  He has led research groups of up to 15 staff and controlled research budgets of several millions of dollars per year.  His work has entailed extensive international travel to lecture and consult and he has published ~30 papers and holds 4 patents in these fields.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/grocott-s.html

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/s_grocott.asp

Don Batten and Jonathan Sarfati.  “The creation couple: Interview with Stephen and Dianne Grocott,”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/docs/v23n3_creation_couple.asp

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Robert Grosseteste

Robert Grosseteste (ca.1168-1253) greatly influenced English scientific thinking by directing the interests of Franciscans there toward natural philosophy and mathematics. Grosseteste (which means “of the large head”) wrote some of the first commentaries on Aristotle’s physical-science works and composed his own treatises on astronomy, cosmology, comets, motion, sound, heat, light, optics, and the rainbow. He is known for promoting the search for rational and consistent explanations that incorporate natural and divine evidence, and he was also was one of the first scholastic thinkers to try to reconcile the Bible and Church Fathers with the Aristotelian works that were then available in Latin.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Grosseteste.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Grosseteste.html

The Electronic Grosseteste.  http://www.grosseteste.com/

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07037a.htm

Bibliography.  http://home.sandiego.edu/~macy/Robert%20Grosseteste.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Robert%20Grosseteste

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Harry Hendrik Guetter

(Born 1935).  Dutch-born astronomer. Research Associate David Dunlop Obs., Richmond Hill, Ontario, 1963-64; astronomer U.S. Naval Obs., Flagstaff, Ariz., 1964.  B.Sc. with honors in Physics and Mathematics, Queen's University, Canada, 1961; M.A. in Astronomy, University Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1963.

Member American Astron. Society, International Astron. Union, Astron. Society Pacific, Sigma Xi. Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Guido [Vidus, Vidius] Guidi  *** Not in Gale

(1509-1569).  Italian-born anatomist, surgeon, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/guidi.html:

Guidi carried out important anatomical investigations at Pisa after 1548, recorded in a manuscript, Anatomia, which was composed around 1560. His name is attached to the canalis vidianus of the sphenoid bone and to the nerve that traverses this canal. He also made original studies of the mechanism of articulation in the human body resulting from its vertical position in relation to the mechanism of quadruped articulations.

Guidi was the author of a book on surgery that he translated from the Greek (of Hippocrates, Galen, and Oribasius--from a manuscript that Cardinal Ridolfi furnished to him) and to which he added a commentary of his own.

Guidi’s Ars medicalis, in three volumes, was essentially complete at the time of Guidi’s death; it was published finally in 1596.

[Winther von Andernach] Joannes Guinter *** Not in Gale

(c. 1505-1574).  German anatomist, physician.  Catholic, then Lutheran.  In1538, due to the pressure of religous orthodoxy he left France for Germany.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/guinter.html:

Guinter wrote several works on medicine, but especially he was the translator of Galen (and some other lesser ones) into Latin.  He dedicated the following works: his translations of three books of Galen (1528) to the Count of Beaulieu; a book on medicine in 1528 to the Abbé de Saint-Marc; a translation of Galen (1530) to Francis I;  a translation of Galen (1533) to Poblation, physician to the Queen and professor of mathematics (sic) at the Collège royale; a translation of Galen (1534) to the Spanish aristocrat Rodrigue Manrique; a medical book (1549) to Archbishop Cranmer; a translation of Alexander de Tralles to the Landgrave William of Hesse.

Paul Guldin, S.J. / originally Habakkuk Guldin

(1577-1643). Swiss mathematician. Entered Jesuit order (1597); taught in Jesuit colleges in Rome, Graz; professor, Vienna. Author of treatises defending Gregorian calendar, on centers of gravity, etc.  The work of Guldin is covered in four separate volumes which he published during his life, they are entitled De Centro Gravitas (1635-41).  Volume one considers centres of gravity with particular reference to the centre of gravity of the Earth. The second volume contains what is now known as Guldin’s second rule or Guldin’s theorem. Volume three considers cones and cylinders.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/guldin.html

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/guldin.htm

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Paul Guldin,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Guldin.html

Edmund Gunter

(1581-1626). English mathematician. Professor of astronomy, Gresham College, London (1619-26); invented the chain, line, quadrant, and scale known by his name; introduced terms cosine and cotangent in his Canon triangulorum (1620).  Gunter manufactured and used a precursor of the slide rule, called the Gunter scale. Gunter also invented a device called Gunter’s chain which was used for surveying.  After his ordination Gunter became the rector of St George’s Church, in Southwark, London. He retained this position until his death aged 45 in 1626. From 1619 until 1626 Gunter was also the Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London. In 1623 Gunter published New Projection of the Sphere which looked at navigation and the magnetic effects of the Earth thereon. He studied magnetic declination and was the first to observe the secular variation.  In 1624 Gunter published a book on a number of sundials he had installed in Whitehall, this was at the direct request of the future Charles I.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/gunter.html

Johann Gutenberg / Johannes Gutenberg / Johann Gensfleischzur / Laden Zum Gutenberg

The German inventor and printer Johann Gutenberg (ca. 1398-1468) was the inventor of movable-type mechanical printing in Europe and ushered in the beginning of mass communication in fifteenth century Europe. Famous for 42-line Bible.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07090a.htm

http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/gutenberg.html

http://fecha.org/gutenbergbio.html.  “No other event in the history of humans has influenced them more that the invention of the printing press constructed by Gutenberg. The ways in which the printing press affected the growth and development of the human race are almost too numerable to count.”

http://njnj.essortment.com/printingpressg_runq.htm

Gutenberg homepage, http://www.gutenberg.de/ (in German); http://www.gutenberg.de/english/zeit.htm

(English)

Online Exhibition, Johann Gutenberg, http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/3.html

http://32.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GU/GUTENBERG_JOHANN.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Johann%20Gutenberg

The Gutenberg Bible.  http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/basics.html

Theodore Haak *** Not in Gale

(1605-1690).  German-born specialist in scientific communication and organization.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/haak.html:

There is no evidence of independent scientific work by Haak. He was an active correspondent who functioned as a link, first between Hartlib’s circle and the so-called Invisible College and the continent (primarily Mersenne), later between the Royal Society and the continent.  He was one of the men in the Invisible College, and John Wallis stated that Haak was the one who proposed the meetings in 1645.

Member: Royal Society, 1661-96. He became a fellow upon the nomination of John Wilkins. Member of the Council, 1677.  He was part of the Commenian circle that formed around Hartlib in the late 30s. It included Dury and Pell; he remained in close touch with Pell until Pell’s death. Intensive correspondence with Mersenne on behalf of the Hartlib circle, 1639-40. In 1647-8, until Mersenne’s death, Haak revived this correspondence on behalf of the Invisible College.

In the Royal Society Haak continued his earlier function as a link with the continent. He was active in the promotion and maintenance of correspondence with scientists, especially in Germany. He proposed a considerable number of visiting Germans for membership of the Royal Society.  His extensive correspondence with Pell survives.  Intimate friendship with Hooke, after 1670s.  Translated letters between Hooke and Leibniz, about 1680.

Dr. Deborah B. Haarsma *** Not in Gale

Radio astronomer.  Wife of Loren Haarsma.  Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999-Present; Post-doctoral Researcher and Visiting Assistant Professor in the Astronomy Department Haverford College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1997-1999; Ph.D. in Physics with a thesis in the field of radio astronomy under Professor Bernard F. Burke, entitled “Gravitational Lens 0957+561: A Study at Radio Wavelengths,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, MA, 1991-1997; Bachelor of Science in Physics, Bachelor of Music in Piano Performance, Bethel College in St. Paul, MN, 1986-1991.

Faculty webpage, Calvin College Department of Physics and Astronomy, http://www.calvin.edu/~dhaarsma/index.html

Science and Christian Faith, http://www.calvin.edu/~dhaarsma/scifaith.html

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/phys

Loren Haarsma *** Not in Gale

Physicist.  Husband of Deborah B. Haarsma. Assistant Professor of Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy,  Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999-Present; Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Pennsylvania, Neuroscience Department with Professor Peter Sterling. Studying the activity of amacrine and ganglion cells in intact mammalian retinas in vitro, using bright visual stimulation, intracellular recording, pharmacological manipulations, and anatomical analysis. We primarily studied the functional role of spiking amacrine cells, 1997-1999; Postdoctoral Research, Tufts University, Neuroscience Department with Professor Kathleen Dunlap. Studying the biophysical basis of neurotransmitter modulation of calcium current in vertebrate nerve cells, using patch-clamping recording and single-channel analysis, 1994-1997; Ph.D. in Physics, Harvard University. Working with Professor Gerald Gabrielse; developed a system which traps and accumulates large numbers of positrons, as part of a project to produce and study antihydrogen, 1987-1994; M.S. in Physics, University of Washington, 1985-1987; B.S. in Physics and Mathematics, Calvin College, 1981-1985.

Curriculum vitae: http://www.calvin.edu/%7Elhaarsma/cvfull.doc

Faculty webpage, Calvin College Department of Physics and Astronomy, http://www.calvin.edu/%7Elhaarsma/index.html

Loren Haarsma.  “Christian Faith and Science,” http://www.calvin.edu/%7Elhaarsma/scifaith.html

Heinz Haber

While an instructor at the United States Air Force School of Aviation, Haber (1913-1990), in collaboration with Hubertus Strughold, introduced the study of space medicine. The author-scientist’s research on the physical problems the human body would encounter in a high altitude environment played an important role in the first manned space launching.

http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch3-1.htm

German webpage: http://www.philos-website.de/index_g.htm?autoren/haber_g.htm~main2

German webpage: http://www.physik-lexikon.de/viewphysiker2.php?suchwort=Haber%2C%20Heinz

Lord John Stapylton Habgood

(Born 1927).  Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, University demonstrator in pharmacology, 1950-52, Fellow of King’s College, 1952-55; ordained priest, Church of England, 1954; curate in Kensington, London, England, 1954-56; Westcott House (theological college), Cambridge, England, vice principal, 1956-62; St. John’s Episcopal Church, Jedburgh, Scotland, rector, 1962-67; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, principal of Queen’s College, 1967-73; bishop of Durham, England, 1973-83; Archbishop of York, 1983-present.

Honors: Honorary doctorates from Durham, 1975, Cambridge, 1985, Aberdeen, 1988, Huron, 1990, Hull, 1991; Privy councillor, 1983.

Author: Religion and Science, Mills & Boon, 1964, published as Truths in Tension, Holt, 1965; A Biologist Looks at Life, S.P.C.K., 1965; “The Bible Tells Me So”: Broadcast Talks on the Authority of the Bible, S.P.C.K., 1967; A Working Faith, Darton, Longman & Todd, 1980; Church and Nation in a Secular Age, Darton, Longman & Todd, 1983; Confessions of a Conservative Liberal, S.P.C.K., 1988; Making Sense, S.P.C.K., 1993.

John Stapylton Habgood told Contemporary Authors: “My general concern has been to interpret the Christian faith in an intelligent fashion in our contemporary society. Much of my work has centered on science and ethics, but I have also been concerned with social and political issues, and lately with some of the issues relating to the European union.

“As a church leader I am invited frequently to comment on contemporary affairs and contribute fairly regularly to such national newspapers as the London Times and the Independent, as well as to the religious press.”

http://users.ox.ac.uk/~theo0038/biog%20habgood.htm

Jimmy Verlon Haddox

(1938-2001).  Certified petroleum geologist, professional geological scientist. Founder, President Haddox Petroleum Co., West Monroe, 1978. Previous: Exploration geologist Texaco, Inc., Wichita Falls, Texas, 1963-67; exploration and exploitation geologist Sun Oil Co., Beaumont, Texas, 1967; Director men’s housing Northeastern Louisiana University, Monroe, 1967-74, Professor geology, 1974-79, vice-Chairman Geology Foundation, 1981; Petroleum geologist, consultant, West Monroe, Louisiana, 1968; Chaplain Jaycees, Monroe, 1969-71; Co-Director Mississippi Louisiana Pageant, Monroe, 1969-72. 1^st Lieutenant U.S. Army, 1960-61. Education: BS, Northeastern Louisiana University, 1960; MS, Mississippi State University, 1963.

Member: American Petroleum Institute (President Monroe chapter 1977-78), American Association Petroleum Geologists, American Institute Professor Geologists, Indiana Petroleum Association America, Louisiana Association Indiana Producers and Royalty Owners, Wildcatter, Shreveport Geological Society.  Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Richard Hakluyt

(c.1552-1616). English geographer and author. Lectured on geography at Oxford (from 1580); promoted exploration and colonization of North America; promoter of Virginia Company, Northwest Passage Company. Author of Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America (1582), Discourse on the Western Planting (1584), Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589; enlarged edition, 1598-1600).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hakluyt.html

Richard Hakluyt.  http://www.accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/hakluyt.htm

The San Antonio College Litweb.  http://www.accd.edu/Sac/english/bailey/hakluyt.htm

Dr. Jerry Hale / Jerold L. Hale *** Not in Gale

Speech Communication. Professor, University of Georgia Department of Speech Communication, 7/91 to present; Associate Professor, Miami University Department of Communication, 2/89 to 7/91; Assistant to Chair and Chief Departmental Advisor Miami University, Department of Communication, 5/87 to 7/91; Visiting Assistant Professor, Michigan State University Department of Communication,1/87 to 7/87; Assistant Professor, Miami University Department of Communication, 8/84 to 2/89; Assistant Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Speech, 8/83 to 8/84.  Education: University of California, Los Angeles, B.A.in Political Science, 1977; Michigan State University, M.A.in Communication, 1982. Michigan State University. Ph.D.in Communication, 1984.

Member: National Communication Association (Formerly Speech Communication Association), International Communication Association, Southern States Communication Association.

Dr. Jerold L. Hale, http://www.uga.edu/~spc/People/hale.html

Stephen Hales

The English scientist and clergyman Stephen Hales (1677-1761) pioneered the study of plant physiology, investigated role of gases in plant metabolism, made early studies of sap circulation in plants, contributed the first major account of blood pressure, and invented a machine for ventilating buildings. Author of Vegetable Staticks (1727), credited with inaugurating the science of plant physiology, Haemastaticks (1733), which developed the work of William Harvey by describing the pressure and velocity of blood in the veins. In 1739 Hales had received the Royal Society’s Copley Medal for his investigations of the complaint known as ‘the stone’. He spent a great deal of time trying to develop a solvent for stones in the bladder and the kidneys and actually devised a method of extracting stones from the bladder.

Honor: Copley Prize, 1739.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hales.html

http://www.nsta.org/Energy/find/luminaries/hales.html

http://www.richmond.gov.uk/depts/opps/eal/leisure/libraries/history/notes/01.htm

http://www.aspb.org/committees/hales.cfm

Douglas K. Halford

(Born May 15, 1951).  Research scientist, program manager.  Certified wildlife biologist, Radioecologist U.S. Dept. of Energy, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 1975-78, 79-84; Research Associate Union Carbide Corp., Oak Ridge, 1978-79; Senior scientist EG&G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls, 1984-86, Senior Program Manager, 1986; Consultant Mississippi State University, Starkville, 1978-80. Education: B.S., Colo. State University, 1973, M.S., 1974, 75.

Member Wildlife Society, International Union Radioecologists, Health Physics Society (plenary Member), Eastern Idaho Health Physics Society, Sigma Xi. Presbyterian.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Jean-Baptiste-Julien d’Omalius d’Halloy

(1783-1875).  Belgian geologist. Theistic evolutionist.  Authority on geology of the Netherlands and Belgium; did work on metamorphism and ethnography; known especially for his systematic subdivisions of geologic formations in Earth's crust (proposed 1830).  Catholic.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07120a.htm

http://88.1911encyclopedia.org/O/OM/OMALIUS_D_HALLOY_JEAN_BAPTISTE_JULIEN_D_.htm

He was distinguished as an ethnologist, and when nearly ninety years ef age he was chosen president of the Congress of Pre-historic Archaeology (Brussels, 1872). He died on the 15th of January 1875. His chief works were: Memoires pour servir a la description giologique des Pays-Bas, de la France et de quelques contrees voisines (1828); Elements de geologie (1831, 3rd ed. 1839); Abregg de geologie (1853, 7th ed. 1862); Des races humaines, ou elements d'ethnographie (sth ed., 1869).

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Omalius.htm (in French)

Edmond Halley / Edmund Halley

(1656-1742). English astronomer and geophysicist. Old-Earth advocate.  Made first complete observation of a transit of Mercury (1677) while compiling catalog of southern stars; by his suggestions, encouraged Newton to write his Principia, which Halley published (1687) at his own expense. Conducted researches in navigation, published first magnetic sea charts (1701); Savilian Professor of Geometry, Oxford (1704). Editor, Royal Society’s Transactions (1685-93). Best known for his study of comets; predicted accurately the return in 1758 of comet previously observed in 1531, 1607, and 1682 (subsequently known as Halley’s comet). Also credited with originating the science of life statistics by his Breslau Table of Mortality (1693).   Anglican, heterodox.

In addition to his findings concerning comets, Halley undertook a lengthy study of solar eclipses and discovered that the so-called fixed stars actually moved with respect to each other. He also wrote in favor of the theory that the universe is limitless and has no center. Halley’s scientific interests, however, extended beyond astronomy. He played a major role in transforming the Royal Society from a social club into a well-respected clearinghouse for scientific ideas. He devised the first weather map and calculated the amount of salt deposited by rivers into seawater over millions of years, which allowed him to draw conclusions about the age of Earth. He also invented, developed, and tested one of the first practical diving bells. He served as chief science adviser to Peter the Great when the Russian tzar came to England in an attempt to integrate Western advances into his country’s society. From 1698 to 1700, Halley commanded the Paramour, a Royal Navy ship, for a scientific expedition that studied the effects of Earth’s magnetic field on magnetic needle compasses. He became Astronomer Royal in 1720 succeeding Flamsteed and continued to make astronomical observations and attend scientific meetings until shortly before his death. His full life was a testimony to the value of the pursuit of knowledge.

“Edmond Halley.” World of Physics. 2 vols. Gale Group, 2001.

Author: Catalogus stellarum Australium,1678; Philosophical Collections,1679-1682; Astronomiae cometicae synopsis,1705; Correspondence and Papers of Edmond Halley. Edited by E.F. MacPike, 1932.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/halley.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Edmond Halley,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Halley.html

Terry Hamblin, MB, ChB, DM, FRCP, FRCPath*** Not in Gale
Oncologist.  Professor of Immunohaematology, University of Southampton; Consultant Haematologist at the Royal Bournemouth Hospital.

From Tenovus News, n. 32, Winter 2003/2004, http://www.tenovus.com/uploads/pdfbank/68pdf.pdf:

A new road that runs through the Castlepoint development in Bournemouth, England, as named “Hamblin Way” in his honor.  Hamblin recently became the fourth recipient of the prestigious Binet-Rai medal for his outstanding contribution to research into chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) from The International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. By sequencing the immunoglobulin genes of leukaemic cells, Professor Hamblin and his colleagues in Southampton and Bournemouth, Professor Freda Stevenson, Dr David Oscier and Dr Jenny Orchard, were able to show that those cases of CLL of whose genes had become mutated by passage through germinal centres in lymph nodes had a much better prognosis than those whose genes were not mutated. This heterogeneity was unexpected and against accepted wisdom, but was confirmed in a similar study by Dr Nick Chiorazzi from New York who was also awarded the medal. Both papers were published in the same issue of the medical journal ‘Blood’. These observations have laid the foundations for a renaissance of the disease and it may now be possible to predict what will happen when they are first diagnosed. Some patients can be reassured that their disease will never kill them while others can be given the opportunity to have early treatment. Professor Hamblin’s team are putting the final touches on designs for clinical trials to begin later this year.

Faculty webpage, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, http://www.som.soton.ac.uk/research/cancersciences/members/hamblin/Default.asp

Christine Mary Hamill *** Not in Gale

(1923-1956).  Mathematician.  At Cambridge Hamill was very successful, becoming a Wrangler in 1945 and achieving a distinction in Part III the following year. She continued to study at Cambridge working for her doctorate. In 1948 she was awarded a Newnham research fellowship and she was awarded her doctorate in 1950. The year she received her doctorate, Hamill was offered an assistant lectureship at the University of Sheffield which she accepted. She was to spend four years at Sheffield being promoted to a Lecturer in Mathematics in 1952.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hamill.html, or

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Hamill.html

Edsel Poston Hamilton, III

(Born 1949).  Electrical engineer, consultant.  Sales representative, American Airlines, 1969-74; member tech. staff Hughes Research Labs., 1972-74; staff scientist Radian Corp., Austin, 1977-79, Senior engineer, group leader, 1979-82; President E.P. Hamilton & Assocs., Inc., Pflugerville, Texas, 1982; Lecturer electrical engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Baylor University.  Education: BS magna cum laude, University Southern California, 1972, MS (Hughes Fellow 1972-74), 1974; Ph.D. (University Fellow 1974-77), University of Texas, Austin, 1977.

Member: Registered professional engineer, Texas Member IEEE (Senior), ASME, American Society Engineering Education, Surface Transp. Systems Institute (Director), National Society Profl. Engineers, Texas Society Profl. Engineers, National Fire Protection Association, Austin Chamber of Commerce (Chairman Amtrak committee 1979), Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, Phi Eta Sigma. Baptist.

Author: (with D.R. Brown) Electromechanical Energy Conversion, 1984. Author papers in field.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Alexey Pavlovich Hansky *** Not in Gale Gansky (Polish way of writing Hanski)

From http://www.vgd.ru/G/gansky.htm

(1870-1908).  Outstanding Russian astronomer, traveler and land-surveyor.  Vice-president of Russian Astronomic society. In 1894 graduated from Novorossiysky (Tavrichesky) university. Graduated from Sorbonna –in the field of Astronomy, Mathematics and physics. Worked in Pulkovo observatory, Meudon observatory near Paris, found and was the first director of Simeiz observatory. He mountaineered Mont Blanc 8 times, took part in expeditions to Novaya Zemlya. He discovered a number of thesises underlied different lines of investigations of modern astronomy. For outstanding achievements in the field of science he was awarded with the Janssen Medal by Paris Science Academy. Moon crater and minor planet ware named in his honor. Tragically perished in Simeiz (Crimea).

Colonel William Frederick Hargraves, II

(Born August 18, 1932 in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States).  Computer scientist.  Military pilot.  USAF colonel 28 yrs; USAF, Research physicist 1961-65, aircraft commander 1965-70, air liaison officer, 1970-71; Miami University, Assistant professor air science, 1971-74; Wright Patterson AFB, chief flight deck development 1974-78; Pentagon Washington DC, deputy division chief 1978-82; Central State University, Assistant Professor. Education: Miami Univ, BS (Cum Laude) 1954, MA 1961.

Member: Founder Alpha Phi Alpha Miami University Chapter; leader/founder Pilgrim Baptist Men’s Chorus; vice commander Veteran of Foreign Wars 1986; member Phi Beta Kappa (first black in Miami chapter), Omicron Delta Kappa, Kappa Delta Pi, Pi Mu Epsilon; member Sigma Pi Sigma, Phi Mu Alpha; charter member Phi Kappa Phi.

Honors: Air Force Commendation Medal w/two Oak Leaf Clusters, Flying Cross and Air Medal for Meritorious Achievement, Vietnam Service Medal w/five Bronze Stars, Republic of Vietnam Commendation Medal, National Defense Service Medal. Rhodes Scholar candidate 1950; computer science advisor on North Central Evaluation Team and U.S. Dept of Education, Washington, DC; six publications “Magnetic Susceptability of Manganese Compounds,” “The Effect of Shock Waves on various Plastic Nose Cone Materials”; Length, Mass, Time, & Motion in One Dimension (software program) 1986.

Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

John Harris *** Not in Gale

(1666–1719). Natural Philosopher, mathematician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/harris.html:

Harris delivered the Boyle lectures in 1698, on the consonance of science and religion, and he defended Woodward against assertions that he was an atheist. He published Astronomical Dialogues, 1719, an imitation of Fontenelle’s Entretiens. His best known and most important work was the Lexicon technicum, 1704-10, the first scientific dictionary. Harris was not a prominent contributor to any science; I think that ‘Natural Philosophy’ best represents his effort. In so far as he had a science, it was mathematics. A translation of Pardies Short . . .Elements of Geometry, 1701; A New Short History of Algebra, 1702. He also published a collection of voyages, Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, 2 vols., 1705.

William S. Harris, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Nutritional biochemist.  Professor of Medicine at the University of Missouri at Kansas City. Managing director on the IDnet Board of Directors. 1999 Hogan Memorial Visiting Professor.  Professor and Director of Metabolism and Vascular Laboratory at St. Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City. William S. Harris earned an undergraduate degree from Hanover College in Chemistry and a Ph.D. in Nutritional Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota. He has been conducting scientific research for the last 20 years and has been awarded about $3.5 million in research grants. He has published over 70 scientific papers.

Intelligent Design network, inc. Officers: William S. Harris, Ph.D.,

http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/people.htm

http://web.missouri.edu/~nutsci/harris.htm

Brad Harrub

Neurobiologist.  Director of Scientific Information at Apologetics Press.  B.S. degree in biology from Kentucky Wesleyan College; Ph.D. in neurobiology and anatomy from the College of Medicine at the University of Tennessee in Memphis.

Member: Society for Neuroscience.

Who’s Who Among Scientists and Researchers, 2001-2002.

Co-author of Diamonds in the Rough: Nuggets of Truth from God’s Word, Associate editor of Reason & Revelation. Author or co-author of numerous scientific articles published in professional journals

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/harrub-b.html

http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/select/cv-bh.htm

Brad Harrub, Ph.D. and Bert Thompson, Ph.D. “AN EXAMINATION OF THE MEDICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE PHYSICAL DEATH OF CHRIST,” http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/rr2002/r&r0201a.htm, or http://www.coralridge.org/specialdocs/jesusmedicalevidence.asp An updated review of the extensive scientific evidence surrounding Christ’s physical death (2002).

Samuel Hartlib *** Not in Gale

(c. 1600-1662).  German (Prussia)-born expert in scientific organization, scientific communication, agriculture.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hartlib.html

Hartlib attempted to establish an Office of Public Address, partly to serve as a channel of intellectual communication. He was active in promoting useful inventions and information, especially those related to agriculture and medicine.  The Comenian circle he headed was what Boyle called the “Invisible College.”

Hartlib was energetic in promoting useful knowledge of all kinds, but especially on husbandry (or agriculture), on which he published a extensive number of works, most of them not by himself. Husbandry was for him an analogue of spiritual cultivation.

Hartlib published A Description of the Famous Kingdome of Maccaria, 1641, a utopian scientific state.

Georg Hartmann *** Not in Gale

(1489-1564).  German-born scientist specializing in magnetism, mathematician.  Catholic, then Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hartmann_geo.html:

Hartmann settled in Nuremberg in 1518, where he designed and produced timepieces, astrolabes, globes, quadrants, armillary spheres, a star altimeter, and a calibre gauge.  1518-1544, he was also vicar of St. Sebaldus, Nuremberg.  From 1522, he had the prebend of the Walburgkapelle. 1527, he became chaplain of St. Moritz.

Georg Hartmann

(Born 1937).  Electrical engineering educator.  Professor electrical engineering, University Paderborn, Germany, 1979; head research & development, Frieseke & Hoepfner, Erlangen, Germany, 1975-79; development engineer, Frieseke & Hoepfner, Erlangen, Germany, 1969-74. v.p. University of Paderborn, 1983-87; member executive  board. Heinz Nixdorf Inst., Paderborn, 1988.  Diploma, University of Erlangen, Germany, 1962; Dr.rer.nat., University Erlangen, Germany, 1968. 

Member: German Association Pattern Recognition (pres. 1995).

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07146b.htm

Johannes Hartmann / Johannes Franz Hartmann

(1865-1936). German astronomer. On staff of Potsdam observatory (1896-1909); professor and director of observatory, Gottingen (1909-21), La Plata, Argentina (1921-35). Known esp. for work in spectroscopy; established existence of interstellar matter; invented a microphotometer and a spectrocomparator.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hartmann_joh.html

Nicolaas Hartsoeker *** Not in Gale

(1656-1725).  Dutch-born instrument-maker, optician, natural philosopher, physicist, embryologist.  Calvinist, then Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hartsokr.html

He published Essai de dioptrique in 1694 plus a number of papers. The Essai also contains the exposition of a general natural philosophy.  He published a number of books on physics, which contain more on the philosophy of nature than on physics.  His observations in embryology culminated in the homunculus.

Hartsoeker was always interested in optical instruments. He claimed to have developed a method of making small glass globules for microscopes, though his priority in this is doubted. He definitely made lenses of different focal lengths, some of which survive; one lens is said to have had a focal length of 600 feet. He made a number of instruments, not just optical instruments, for the Paris observatory. He constructed a burning glass of great size.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, Berlin Academy

William Harvey

The English physician, biologist and anatomist William Harvey (1578-1657) was the founder of modern experimental physiology and the first to use quantitative methods to establish verifiability in the natural sciences.  Studied medicine under Fabricius and Galileo at Padua (1597-1602); practiced in London; physician of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital (1609-43); Lumleian Lecturer at College of Physicians (1615-56); physician extraordinary to James I (1618) and Charles I (1625). Royalist in sympathy during Civil War. First expounded theory of circulation of the blood in Exercitatio de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (1628), including explanations of heart valves, arterial pulse, pulmonary circulation, venous valves; also wrote Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium (1651) on animal reproduction.

Cited as #10 in importance of the Ten Most Influential People of the Second Millennium by the World Almanac and Book of Facts, Annual 2000.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/harvey.html

http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/harvey.html

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/William_Harvey.html

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html

William Harvey Medical Research Foundation.  http://www.williamharvey.org/wm_harvey.htm

http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Harvey.htm

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Harvey.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/harvey_william.shtml

http://66.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HA/HARVEY_WILLIAM.htm

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/harvey.html

Jeffrey H. Harwell / Jeffrey Harry Harwell *** Not in Gale

(Born 1952).  Chemical engineer.  Dr. Jeffrey H. Harwell is the Executive Associate Dean of Engineering Conoco/DuPont Professor and Director, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK. He joined the University in 1982 and became Director of the School of Chemical Engineering in 1991. His research includes use of surfactants for environmental remediation, for surface modification, for reinforced polymers, and for gas sorbents. He has published three books and 130 papers and holds 15 patents. His research at the University of Oklahoma has been supported by nearly $10 M in grants from NSF, DOE, DOD, and EPA, as well as numerous contracts from corporations including Dow Chemical Company, DuPont Environmental Remediation Services, Boerringer-Manheim, Weyerhauser, PPG Industries, Alpha Metals, Pickering EnviroRem, Inc., Arco Oil and Gas, Shell Development Company, Mobil Oil Company, Phillips Petroleum, EIC Laboratories, Inc., Hitachi Research, and the Lubrizol Corporation. He received the American Chemical Society’s 1984 Victor K. LaMer Award, and awards in 1991 and 1992 for outstanding papers at national meetings of the American Oil Chemists Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, respectively; he has delivered plenary lectures to the Japanese Oil Chemists Society (Tsukuba, Japan, 1996), the IUPAC symposium Interfaces Against Pollution (Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1997), and the Japanese Materials Research Society (Tokyo, Japan, 1998). In 1991 he co-chaired the 65^th Colloid and Surface Science Symposium of the American Chemical Society. Harwell served as the National Science Foundation Program Director for Separation and Purification Processes for 1988-89. He has been President of Surfactant Associates, Inc., an Oklahoma-based corporation, since 1987, and is a creator and instructor for the Surfactant Associates short course, “Applied Surfactant Science and Technology”; since 1989 this course has been taught in the U.S., Thailand, Japan, and Europe to over 1,200 employees of nearly 300 corporations. In 1996 he became a principal in the Norman-based start-up company Surbec Environmental, LLC, to commercialize environmental remediation research performed at the University of Oklahoma.

Jeff received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas, Austin (1983), his M.S. in Chemical Engineering from Texas A & M University (1979), his M.Div. in Pastoral Theology from Western [Conservative Baptist] Seminary (1977) and his B.A. in Chemistry/Philosophy from Texas A & M University (1974).

From Faculty/Chief Technology Officer Summit,”Innovation Through Collaboration,” Facilitator Biography, http://www.coeitt.net/coeitt/summit.pdf

Surfactant Associates, Inc.  http://www.surfactantassociates.com/ COMPANY PROFILE

Surfactant Associates, Inc. (SA) is a small private corporation formed by University of Oklahoma faculty members with expertise in surfactant science and applications. SA performs contract research for industry and government agencies and has trained thousands of scientists and engineers worldwide with our Short Course in Applied Surfactant Science and Technology, for those in industry requiring surfactant training to expertly optimize product processes and formulation.

Faculty webpage, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,University of Oklahoma

http://www.cems.ou.edu/faculty/harwell.htm

Testimony: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/OUChristianFAS/harwell.htm

“As I began to pursue knowing God through Jesus Christ, I also began seeking an intellectual foundation for my beliefs. To my joy, I found that the Bible’s teaching about Jesus—His life, death and resurrection—stood up to an open, objective examination. While I can’t run an experiment in the laboratory to “prove” the Bible to be true, there exist solid, objective data that support its authenticity and veracity. I found that the Bible we have today could be shown to be the same Bible that was written thousands of years ago. I learned that the Bible texts show first hand knowledge of the people, culture, language and customs of the times they described; they had all the earmarks of eye witness accounts. When examined by the accepted standards for legal evidence or for authenticating ancient historical accounts, they could be shown to be reliable and accurate reports of real events. Further, the events and teachings of the Bible were true to human nature and human society. Just as importantly, they described the real me; they were able to show me who I was and how I needed to allow God to change me.”

Sharon K. Hauge / Sharon Kaye Hauge

(Born 1943).  Mathematician.  Educator.  Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, instructor in mathematics, 1966-68; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., mathematician, 1968-71; Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, Virginia, assistant professor, 1968-69, associate professor of mathematics, 1969-71; Ferrum College, Ferrum, Virginia, associate professor of mathematics, 1973-77; University of the District of Columbia, Washington, associate professor, 1977-82, professor of mathematics, 1982-present. Adjunct professor of American University. Volunteer worker for Shepherd’s Table and Federal City Council; consultant to Operations Rescue.  Education: Fort Hays State University, B.A., 1964; Oklahoma State University, M.S. (mathematics), 1966; American University, Ph.D., 1976, M.S. (technology of management), 1982.

Member: American Mathematical Society, Association for Women Mathematicians, Alpha Phi Alpha, Pi Mu Epsilon, Delta Epsilon, Kappa Mu Epsilon.  Baptist.

Author: with Paul R. Robbins, Word Problems With Fractions, J. Weston Walch, 1981; Word Problems With Whole Numbers, J. Weston Walch, 1982; Word Problems With Decimals, Proportions, and Percents, J. Weston Walch, 1982; Math in the Market-Place, J. Weston Walch, 1985.

Contributor to School Science and Mathematics.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Francis Hauksbee *** Not in Gale

(c. 1666-1713).  English physicist, expert in electricity, physico-mechanical experiements, instrument-maker.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hauksbee.html:

Sustained experimentation of electricity began with Hauksbee. He also performed important experiments on capillary phenomena. Also on the propagation of sound in compressed and rarified air, on freezing of water, and on elastic rebound. He measured specific gravities and refractive indices. He investigated the law of magnetic attraction and the time of fall through air.

Scientific instruments for physical experiments--an improved air pump (though no one seems able to define precisely what Hauksbee’s improvements were), and what was, in effect, the first static electric or frictional electric machine, a glass globe mounted on an axle, and also a primitive electroscope to detect electric charges.

Membership: Royal Society, 1705-13.  He collaborated with Newton on experiments at the Royal Society, and influenced some of Newton’s ideas, both with his capillary and with his electrical experiments.

Rene-Just Haüy

(1743-1822). French mineralogist.  Rene-Just Hauy helped found science of crystallography by discovering geometric law of crystallization.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07152a.htm

http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/arc/hauyiv.htm

http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/arc/hauyii.htm

Gerald Bryce Havenstein

(Born September 2, 1939).  Geneticist, researcher.  Major interest and expertise includes genetics of growth, development and disease resistance as influenced by environmental factors, as well as nutrient recycling and utilization.  Staff geneticist H&N Inc., Redmond, Washington, 1967-76, Director genetic research, 1976-86; Chairman dept. poultry science Ohio State University, Columbus, 1986-89; head dept. poultry science North Carolina State University, 1989. B.S. in Agriculture, Kans. State University, 1961; M.S. in Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1965, Ph.D. in Genetics, 1966.

Member Citizens Advisory Council-Gifted Education, Lake Washington School District, 1976-79. Member Poultry Science Association, World’s Poultry Association, Poultry Breeders American (v.p. 1984, President 1985), Sigma Xi. Lutheran.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.
Faculty webpage, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Gerald B. Havenstein, Professor and Department Head, http://www.cals.ncsu.edu:8050/poultry/havenst.htm

Clopton Havers *** Not in Gale

(c. 1655-1702).  English anatomist, physiologist, physician.  Calvinist, Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/havers.html

Havers’s thesis at Utrecht was De respiratione, 1685.  Osteologia nova, 1691 (a collection of five papers delivered earlier to the Royal Society), had the first description of the microscopic structure of bones, and a discussion of the physiology of bones.  He contributed a medical paper to the Philosophical Transactions.

He dedicated Osteologia nova to the Earl of Pembroke, President of the Royal Society.

Member: Royal Society, 1686-1702; Medical College.  Granted an extra license in 1684 and a full license in 1687 by the Royal College of Physicians.

Havers contracted to write an English text for Stephan Blankaart’s anatomical plates.  He revised John Ireton’s English text for John Remmelin’s anatomical plates in 1695 and was composing the text to other anatomical plates when he died.

Donald Edgar Hawbecker

(Born 1945).  Food scientist. Quality assurance supervisor C-B Foods (Comstock), Rochester, N.Y., 1973-77, Assistant quality assurance Manager, 1977-78, Director quality assurance, 1978-83, Manager tech. service and Development Comstock Foods., 1983. Served with USN, 1969-73. NIH Fellow, 1967-69.

Education: A.A.S., Morrisville Agricultural and Tech. College, 1965; B.S.A., University of Georgia, 1967; M.S., 1969.

Member: American Frozen Food Institute (Chairman micro and food safety 1981-85). National Kraut Packers Association (tech. committee 1984), National Food Processors Association (Eastern lab. committee 1979-84), Institute Food Technologists (professional member; Chairman Western N.Y. sect. 1973). Sigma Xi. Deacon First Baptist Church, Fairport, N.Y., 1978-81.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

George S. Hawke *** Not in Gale

Meteorologist.  Senior Environmental Consultant, Connell Wagner PPI (formerly Pacific Power International), Sydney, Australia.  Ph.D. in air pollution meteorology from Macquarie University, B.S. with first class honors in physics from the University of Sydney.  Former government environmental scientist and environmental consultant, Certified environmental auditor with the Quality Society of Australasia.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/hawke-g.html

Dr. Hawke has been involved with two groups that investigated relationships between Christianity and the environment, one associated with the Scripture Union Bushwalking Club and the other with the precursor of the NSW Environment Protection Authority.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/561.asp

“Dr. George Hawke,” The University of Sydney School of Physics Alumni News, March 2003, p. 4, http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/alumni/AN/Alumni_News_March_2003.pdf

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Dr. Billy Hawkins *** Not in Gale

Health and human performance specialist.  Sport sociology.  Assistant Professor, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia.  B.S., Webber College; M.S., University of Wisconsin-La Crosse; Ph.D. in Physical Education and Sport Studies, University of Iowa. His teaching contributions are in the area of sociology of sport at the undergraduate and graduate levels. His research focuses on race and sport, religion and sport, and collegiate athletics.

http://www.uga.edu/pe-sport/pephbha.html or http://www.uga.edu/columns/990907/campnews3.html  Published

Faculty webpage, Physical Education & Sports Studies, The University of Georgia, http://www.biomed.uga.edu/mem_hawkins_billy.htm

Michael Childs.  “Physical education Professor researches the sporting life,”

http://www.coe.uga.edu/coenews/1999/HawkinsUGA.html

Stacy Susan Hawkins

(Born 1967).  Research scientist, consultant.  Visiting Assistant Professor, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 1995-96; postdoctoral Fellow, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 1994-95; Research Assistant, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 1992-94. Consultant, Colgate Palmolive, Piscataway, N.J., 1994-95; consultant dept. oral biology University Medicine and Dentistry of N.J., Newark, 1995-96; Research scientist Unilever Research, Edgewater, N.J., 1996.  Education: BSEE, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1989; Ph.D., Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J., 1994.

Member: IEEE, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Society Christian Design Professionals (Associate).

Awards: Recipient Thomas J. Watson Memorial scholarship I.B.M. Corp., 1985-89, Music Piano scholarship MIT, 1986-87.

Contributor of chapter to book, articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Alan Thomas Joseph Hayward

(Born 1923).  Retired research physicist.  Resarch Consultant, SGS Redwood Ltd., Liverpool, England, 1978-88; research technologist, British Government, London, Glasgow, 1941-77. Part-time Christian minister, 1950.

Alan Hayward.  God’s Truth: A Scientist Shows Why It Makes Sense to Believe the Bible (based on 1973 edition) (text and RTF with commentary at www.godstruth.org)

Oliver St. Clair Headley

(1942-2002). University Lecturer and research chemist. Dr. Headley had a Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from University College, London (1967) and was the Director of the Center for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, Cave Hill, Barbados. Lecturer in Chemistry, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, since 1967. Barbados Island Scholar, 1961; Commonwealth Scholar, 1966. Educated: S.D.A. Church School, Speighstown, Barbados; Harrison College, Barbados; University of the West Indies, Jamaica; University College, London.

Member Seventh-day Adventist Education Advisory Committee since 1969; Member American Chemical Society.  Represented Trinidad and Tobago at 3^rd International Conference on Fresh Water from the Sea, held in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, in September 1970: Presented paper on solar distillation.

Publications: “Solar still performance: proceedings of the 3^rd International Symposium on Fresh Water from the Sea”, vol. 1, (with Basil Springer);

“SCIENTISTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO,” http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Biography%5Cbiographies_TandTscientists.html

Essay in the book On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God. http://www.projectcreation.org/Spotlights/2003/Sept03.htm:

“ I suggest that the teachings of the Bible constitute the structural integrity of the Christian faith, which has to move with the times in a world where cultures are changing and knowledge is increasing rapidly.”

Memorial service.  http://www.geocities.com/jaegbrice/memorial_service.htm

Dr. A.R. Maxwell - April 11 2002. ON THE PASSING OF PROFESSOR, THE HONOURABLE,OLIVER ST. CLAIR HEADLEY,” http://www.uwi.tt/stan/docs/stan32002.pdf.

“Members of staff would by now have heard of the death in Barbados on Monday 8^th April of Professor Oliver St. Clair Headley. Professor Headley joined the Department of Chemistry here at St. Augustine in 1967 as Lecturer, rose to the rank of Senior Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry and then moved to the Department of Chemistry at Cave Hill, Barbados as Professor of Chemistry in 1992. While at the St. Augustine Campus Professor Headley served as Head of Department of Chemistry, Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences (as it was then called) and on several committees of the campus and the university.

He was a pioneering contribution to the development of teaching and research in Inorganic Chemistry at St. Augustine. Currently, one third of the lecturers in the department, including the most senior inorganic chemist on staff, were taught by him. However, it is for his research in the area of solar energy that he became best known locally, in the Caribbean region and internationally and for which he received many honours. He was proud of the national award – Companion of Honour – conferred on him by the government of his native Barbados in 1996.

At Cave Hill he was Head of the Department of Chemistry (1992 –1995) before being appointed Director of CERMES (Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies), a position he held until his untimely death. He was also the Director-designate of the Centre for Renewable Energy (CEFREN) that the government of Barbados is about to establish. Those of us who worked with Oliver Headley knew him as a man who engaged in work and hobbies alike with great passion and zeal. He served the University of the West Indies with energy and distinction and brought international acclaim and recognition to the institution.

On behalf of the Department of Chemistry, I wish to acknowledge his sterling contribution, to express our deepest sorrow at his passing and our heartfelt condolences to his family. May he rest in peace.”

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Sir Robert Brian Heap, CBE, FRS, FRSC

(Born 1935).  Biologist. Master of St. Edmund’s College, Cambridge, 1996-2004; senior Fellow, University Cambridge, School Clin. Medicine, 1994; director research, IAPGR Cambridge, 1993-94; director research, IAPGR Cambridge and Roslin, Cambridge and Midlothian, 1989-93; head Cambridge Research Sta., AFRC Babraham, Cambridge, 1986-89; head Department physiology, AFRC Babraham, Cambridge, 1964-74;

BSc, Ph.D., University Nottingham, England, 1958; MA, ScD, Cambridge University, 1960; DSc, University Nottingham, 1994. Memberships: Fellow Royal Society (Vice President, foreign secretary 1996), Royal Society Chemistry, Institute Biology; Royal Agricultural Society England, Institute Biology (President 1996-98).

Honors: Decorated Commander Order of British Empire; recipient Research medalist RASE, 1976; named honorary Fellow Green College, Oxford, 1997, honorary foreign Fellow Korean Academy Science and Tech., 1997. Knights bachelor 2001 for services to Reproductive Biology and to International Science.

Contributor articles to professional journals.; Associate editor Journal. Reprodn. and Fertility Ltd., 1964-72, Executive, 1988-91, Council mgmt. 1965-73, 86-89; Science editor Journal. Endocrinology, 1980-84; Associate editor Placenta, 1980-90, Oxford Rev. of Reproductive Biology, 1981-90.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1390772.stm

Gloria Ann Hébert

(1935-2002).  Biologist, researcher. Certified medical technologist Grady Memorial Hospital, 1960. Medical technologist Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, 1960-61, Linden Associates, Atlanta, 1961-62; with Center for Disease Control, USPHS, Atlanta, 1962, research biologist, 1977. Board of Directors DeKalb Humane Society, Inc., Decatur, Georgia, 1970. B.S., La. State University, 1959.

Member: American Society Microbiology, American Society Medical Technologists, Atlanta Zool. Society, LWV, DAR, Sigma Xi. Democrat. Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional publications.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Oswald Heer

(1809-1883). Swiss botanist and paleontologist. Known for studies in paleobotany, botany of high altitudes and Arctic region. Author of Flora tertiaria Helvetiae (1855-59), Flora fossilis arctica (1868-83), Flora fossilis Helvetiae (1876), Uber die nivaleFlora der Schweiz (1883).  The Geological Society of London awarded to him the Wollaston medal in 1873. Catholic.

http://38.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HE/HEER_OSWALD.htm

http://www.unizh.ch/zoolmus/zmneu/museum/geschichte/heer.html

Ross R. Heinrich / Ross Raymond Heinrich

(1915-1997). Geophysicist, educator. Professor emeritus of geophysics at Saint Louis University, 1981-1997. Previous positions: Professor, St. Louis University, 1951-80; successively graduate fellow geophysics, instr., Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, St. Louis University, 1936-51; With, St. Louis University, 1936-97. Education: AB, University of Missouri, 1936; MS, St. Louis University, 1938; Ph.D., St. Louis University, 1944. Heinrich accepted a faculty position at St. Louis University in 1938. He taught dynamic meteorology, hydrology, metrology instruments, and other courses. Heinrich became the director of the Department of Geophysics and Geophysical Engineering in 1956-1963, acting dean of the School of Engineering and Earth Science ( SEES) in 1968-1971, and Chairman of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in 1975-1980. Consultant, ground vibration problems, 1938-80; member St Louis County Explosives Control Adv. Bd., 1964-75; trustee University Corp. Atmospheric Research, 1960-71.

Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc., American Meteorological Society, American Geophys. Union, Geol. Society America, American Society Engineering Education, Seismol. Society America, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

John Edward Heinze

(Born November 3, 1947 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States).  Microbiologist, industrial researcher, developer. Achievements include development of first antibacterial liquid hand soap for consumer use; use of microorganisms to clean up 60,000 tons of benzene-contaminated sludge.  Consultant, Washington,1995; ResearchManager, Vista Chemical Co., Austin, Texas, 1992-95; Research Associate, Vista Chemical Co., Austin, Texas, 1989-92; Research Manager, The Dial Corp., Scottsdale, Ariz., 1983-89; group leader, Armour-Dial, Inc., Scottsdale, Ariz., 1980-83; Senior microbiologist, Armour-Dial, Inc., Scottsdale, Ariz., 1977-80; Research biologist, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 1975-77. Chairman, technical committee Council for LABLAS Environmental Research, 1993-95, technical Director, 1995; speaker in field. Education: BS, Oklahoma Baptist University, Shawnee, 1970; Ph.D., University of Illinois, Urbana, 1975.

Member: American Society for Microbiology (President Arizona branch, 1983-84, newsletter editor 1987-89), Soap and Detergent Association (Chairman subcommittee 1991-95).  Capt. USAR, 1970-80.
Honors:  Recipient Award of Merit Chemistry and Engineering News magazine, 1970; Waksman fellow American Society for Microbiology Foundation, 1972-75.
Author: (book article) The Bacterial Spore, Vol. 2, 1984; Contributor of articles to professional journals.
Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

John E. Heinze, Ph.D., Principal, Senior Vice President and Senior Science Advisor, John Adams Associates,Washington, D.C. http://www.plasticsinfo.org/babybottles/heinzebio.html:

Since March, 1995, Dr. Heinze has acted as an advisor on environmental safety and health issues, including the public policy aspects of such issues. A particular focus has been the environmental hormone hypothesis, the claim that background exposures to various compounds may be affecting public health and the environment through effects on the endocrine hormone system. In this capacity, he has conducted research and analysis of the technical and scientific literature and has presented papers and published critiques and reviews of the state of the science.

Dr. Heinze received his doctorate in microbiology from the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana in 1975, and conducted two years of postdoctoral study in molecular biology and genetics at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He joined the Dial Corporation in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1977 as a Senior Research Microbiologist, where he evaluated the reliability of microbiological and cell culture assays for assuring the safety and efficacy of potential new ingredients. In 1980, he became the Group Leader for Microbiology and, in 1983, Research Manager for Microbiology and Consumer Testing. In collaboration with toxicologist Dr. Helen North-Root, he developed a new cell culture assay to predict toxicological properties of materials use in Dial products.

Dr. Heinze joined Vista Chemical Company in Austin, Texas, to head up a new product development program in 1989. He also served as chairman of the Non-animal Testing subcommittee of the Soap and Detergent Association. In 1992, he became the Research Manager for Environmental and Safety. In this capacity, he headed a group of scientists researching the microbial biodegradation and environmental safety of surfactants and chemical intermediates. He also served as chairman of the Environmental Fate and Effects subcommittee of the Soap and Detergent Association and chairman of the Technical Committee of the Council for LAB/LAS Environmental Research (CLER).

http://www.stratomedia.com/support/web_portfolio/john_adams/meet_our_staff/meet_staff.htm

Maximilian Hell, S.J. *** Not in Gale

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/hell.htm

Maximilian Hell (1720-1792) was born into a family of engineers in 1720 in the city of Selmecz (Schemnitz), Hungary. His father was the chief engineer of the local mines and his brother invented an ingenious machine to pump water out of the mine shafts. After joining the Jesuits Maximilian taught mathematics, astronomy, physics and technology and attracted large numbers to his celebrated lectures. He also was a prodigious writer having no less than 35 entries in Sommervogel’s Bibliography and requiring 20 pages of narration. Both his teaching and writings promoted a popular understanding and enthusiasm for astronomy, spreading Hell’s reputation throughout Europe. Among his adventures were experiments in magnetism applied to medicine. This was unchartered ground.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07211a.htm

George Thomson Hemingway

(Born

Member: American Zoological Society, Western Society Naturalists, AAAS, American Institute Biological Sciences, Hastings Institute Society, Ethics and Life Sciences (Associate), National Association Self-supporting Active Ministry, Center. Theology and Natural Sciences, National Commission Hispanic Ministries, San Diego Zool. Society, Phi Beta Delta.  Active Commission Ministry, Episc. Diocese San Diego, 1980-84, Chairman Hispanic Committee, 1985; Member citizen's advisory panel Tecolote Canyon, San Diego, 1980-83; Member school closure panel San Diego Unified School District, 1983-85.

Honors: Recipient Honoris Causa award University Autonoma de Baja California, 1974, Commendation, mayor and council. City of San Diego, 1984, Commendation governor California, 1990; grantee NOAA 1978-83, Tinker Foundation 1982-85.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Johann Friedrich Henckel *** Not in Gale

(1678-1744).  German mineralogist, chemist, physician.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/henckel.html

Henckel discovered useful processes in the fabrication of porcelain. Around c. 1710, Henckel opened his own medical practice in Dresden before receiving his M.D.  From 1712-1730, practiced medicine in Freiberg, becoming district physician (1718), town physician (1721), and mine physician (1723).  In 1730, he moved to Dresden. In 1732, he was appointed councilor of mines (Bergrat) with a substantial budget for investigating Saxony’s mineral resources.  Around c. 1732, he returned to Freiberg, where, with state help, he established a large laboratory for conducting his official duties, and also published and taught metallurgical chemistry. In 1737, he was appointed assessor at the chief mining office.

Member: Berlin Academy, Academia Leopoldina, 1928.

Denis Henrion *** Not in Gale

(c. 1580- c. 1640).  French mathematician.  Engineer, teacher, instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/henrion.html:

Henrion’s scientific activity was devoted mainly to private instruction and the translation into French of Latin mathematical texts. His first work, Mémoires mathematiques (1613), is a course in elementary mathematics for the use of the nobility. He translated Euclid’s Elements and Data, and many other classical texts.

He was greatly interested in mathematical instruments and wrote a couple of treatises on such topics.

Harold Robert Henry

(Born 1928).  Engineering educator, consultant.  Professor and Chairman of the Department of Civil and Mining Engineering at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering, 1964, 1990. Professor civil engineering, University Alabama, 1984; head Department civil engineering, University Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1969-83; Professor engineering, University Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1964; Associate Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1961-64; Assistant Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1954-61; civil engineer, Ebasco Services, N.Y.C., 1953-54; Lecturer engineering, Columbia University, N.Y.C., 1950-53; Instructor civil engineering, Georgia Institute Tech., Atlanta, 1949-50. He has degrees from Georgia Tech (B.C.E.) and the University of  Iowa (M.S.), as well as a Ph.D. in Fluid Mechanics from Columbia University. Consultant fluid mechanics U.S. Army Missile Command, Huntsville, Alabama, 1964-69; Consultant hydrology U.S. Army Corps Engineers, 1978; member National Advisor Environmental Health Science Council, Washington, 1974-78; member tech. Advisory Board Institute Creation Research.  Contributor articles to professional journals; Associate editor Journal. Hydraulic Engineering.

Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry (1797-1878), American physicist and electrical experimenter, was primarily important for his role in the institutional development of science in America.

From http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/henry_joseph.html:

His chief scientific contributions were in the field of electromagnetism, where he discovered the phenomenon of self-inductance. The unit of inductance, called “the henry,” immortalizes his name. Henry is also remembered as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, where he made extraordinary contributions to the organization and development of American science.

The Joseph Henry Papers Project, Smithsonian Institutional History Division, http://www.si.edu/archives/ihd/jhp/

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljosephhenry.htm

Joseph L. Henson *** Not in Gale

Chemist. Entomologist.  Head of the Science Division at Bob Jones University in South Carolina. As a biologist, he is also very active in Christian camping ministries, as well as speaking in creation seminars and debates. Chemist, Metallurgical Lab, Durango, Colorado, Vanadium Corporation of America; Chief Chemist, Analytical Lab, White Canyon, Utah, V.C.A.; Lecturer, School of Nursing, University of South Carolina; Lecturer, School of Nursing, Clemson University Professor; Chairman, Biology Department; Chairman, Division of Natural Science; BJU  His Ph.D. in Entomology was received from Clemson University in 1967. B.S. received at Bob Jones University.

Work Experience: http://www.bju.edu/academics/cas/science/faculty/index

Dr. Joe Henson. BJU Scientists Speak Out on Creation, Evolution, and the Bible,

http://www.bju.edu/academics/cas/science/creation/panel/response1.  Henson addresses Proposition One: The Bible story of creation is but one of perhaps thousands of creation stories. To treat the Bible account as the only one that is significant shows an arrogance which stands in opposition to the humility of Jesus, the founder of Christianity. “I try not to read more into a statement than is warranted, but I would take issue with the clear implication that the Lord Jesus Christ was simply a person when, in fact, He was God Incarnate and the Creator. The Bible is the only trustworthy source of knowledge about the Lord.”

Dr. Joe Henson. BJU Scientists Speak Out on Creation, Evolution, and the Bible,

http://www.bju.edu/academics/cas/science/creation/panel/response3.

Jakob Hermann *** Not in Gale

(1678-1733).  Swiss mathematician, mechanic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hermann.html

Member: Berlin Academy, 1701; Institute Bologna, 1708; Russian Academy (St. Petersburg), 1724; Académie Royal des Sciences, c. 1733.

Robert A. Herrmann

(Born 1934).  Professor of mathematics at the U. S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, 1968; director Institute for Mathematical Philosophy, Annapolis, 1980; advisor U.S. Congress, Washington, 1980. Subspecialties: Applied mathematics. Current work: Mathematical philosophy, nonstandard logic and modelling of natural systems, convergence space theory. Served with U. S. Army, 1955-57.  Member American Mathematical Society, Mathematical Association American, American Science Affiliation, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi.

Author: Nonstandard Analysis, 1977, The G-Model, 1980, The Miraculous Model, 1982, Oneness, the Trinity, and Logic, 1984. Science Declares Our Universe is Intelligently Designed.  Dr. Robert A. Herrmann has published 70 articles in 29 different journals from 13 countries. He has written over 250 published reviews as well as 6 books, 4 of which are available, free of change, from his Internet site. He has presented over 2,000 scientific disclosures.

Website: http://www.serve.com/herrmann/main.html

Robert A. Herrmann, Ph.D. “Science Declares Our Universe IS Intelligently Designed,” http://www.serve.com/herrmann/gidt.htm. “I am the originator of the idea that mathematical analysis can be used to investigate the possibility that natural-system behavior is intelligently designed. This form of intelligent design, General Intelligent Design theory (GID), is an interpretation of the General Grand Unification Model (GGU-model).”

Testimony.  Robert A. Herrmann, Ph.D.  “Thy Will Be Done,” http://www.serve.com/herrmann/ph.htm

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/hermann.html

David Buckna. “Do Creationists Publish in Notable Refereed Journals?” http://www.rae.org/crepub.html.

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1. “I know I am a part of God’s master plan.  I am not here by chance or by accident, but by prescription.”

Sir William Herschel

The German-born English astronomer Sir William Herschel (1738-1822) discovered the planet Uranus, the intrinsic motion of the sun in space, and the form of the Milky Way.

N. S. Dodge, “Memoir of Sir John William Herschel, Smithsonian Report, 1871, http://home.att.net/~o.caimi/Herschel.pdf

http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/herschel.html

http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/wherschel.html

Sir John Frederick William Herschel

The English astronomer Sir John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871) is noted for his observations of the stars in the southern hemisphere.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Heinrich Hertz / Heinrich Rudolph Hertz

(1857-1894). German physicist.  Messianic Jew.  Professor, Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule (1885-89), Bonn (1889-94). Investigated Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light; demonstrated (c.1886) existence of electric or electromagnetic waves, measured their length and velocity, and showed that they could be reflected, refracted, and polarized as light is; studied the discharge of electricity in rarefied gases. His discoveries led to the development of wireless telegraphy and radio. The standard unit of frequency - the Hertz - is named in his honor.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Heinrich%20Hertz. His nephew Gustav Ludwig Hertz was a Nobel Prize winner, and Gustav’s son Carl Hellmuth Hertz invented medical ultrasonography.

http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm386/rudiment/tourclas/hertz.htm

http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/hertz.htm

http://securehosts.com/fecha/hertz.htm

http://www.sparkmuseum.com/HERTZ.HTM

Fraunhofer-Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut (HHI)  http://www.hhi.fraunhofer.de/german/index.html (in German)

Heinrich Hertz - A Bibliography

Alfred Nordmann [website | e-mail]

Philosophy Department, University of South Carolina. http://www.ifs.tu-darmstadt.de/phil/nordmann/Navi_Index/Main/HertzBio/hertz.html

Victor Francis Hess / Victor Hess / Victor Franz Hess

(1883–1964).  Austrian-born U.S. physicist who discovered cosmic rays, for which he was jointly awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize for Physics with Carl Anderson. The radiation, at first called Hess radiation in his honor, was later renamed cosmic radiation by Robert A. Millikan. Director of research, U.S. Radium Corp. (1921-23); consultant, U.S. Bureau of Mines (1922-23); Professor, Graz (1922-31, 1937-38), Innsbruck (1931-37), Fordham (1938-56); naturalized U.S. citizen (1944).  Ph.D. in physics summa cum laude, University of Graz in 1906.

Author: The Electrical Conductivity of the Atmosphere and Its Causes, Constable, 1928; Luft ElektrizitÄt, Brunswick, 1928; Die Weltstrahlung und Ihre Biologische Wirkung, Fuessli, 1940; Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, The Cosmic Ray Observatory in the Hafelekar (2300 Meters), Volume 37, number 3, 1932, pp. 399-405; Thought, The Discovery of Cosmic Radiation, 1940, pp. 1-12.

Victor Francis Hess's papers are in the Fordham University Archives. See also Robert A. Millikan, “Award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to Victor F. Hess and Carl D. Anderson,” Scientific Monthly, Jan. 1937; obituaries appeared in New York Times on Dec. 19, 1964; and in Nature on July 24, 1965).

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/victor_francis_hess.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Victor%20Franz%20Hess

Johannes Hevel / Johannes Hevelius

(1611-1687). German-Polish astronomer, b. Danzig. Built observatory in his residence (1641) and constructed the instruments for it; charted the lunarsurface, catalogued many stars, observed sunspots, discovered four comets; one of first to observe transit of Mercury; studied phases of Saturn. Recorded pioneer study of lunar topography in Selenographia (1647); also published Cometographia (1668), Machina coelestis (1679).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hevelius.html

Urban Hiaerne / Urban Hjarne *** Not in Gale

(1641-1724).  Swiss physician, iatrochemist, mineralogist, pharmacologist, chemist, metallurgist, natural historian.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hiaerne.html:

Hiaerne’s contribution in applied chemistry included work on improved methods for producing alum and vitriols, and on rust preventatives. In the field of pure chemistry he worked on the problems concerning the formation of materials and the composition of bodies and ultimate particles. He is best known for his work on acid, which he produced through the distillation of ant specimens. He invented a varnish that kept wood from rotting.

He was a geologist and made an inventory of Sweden’s minerals and natural resources (1702, 1706). This was his most interesting scientific accomplishment. He superintended the methods of mining and melting minerals. In 1682 he made a trip in Germany to study mines and melting-pots.

For a long period Hiaerne was Sweden’s leading authority in medicine. He developed some medicines, some of which he distributed among the poor in Stockholm. The Laboratorium chemicum was more involved in the production of medicines than anything else.

Hiaerne developed the first spas in Sweden.

He was on the Board of Mines (Assessor in 1683, Vice Preses, 1713) and made a trip into Germany to observe methods.

Member Medical College, 1675-1724; Royal Society, 1669-1724.  He knew Borrichius in Copenhagen and Denis in Paris.  He was elected to the Collegium Medicum in 1675, and became president of the Collegium in 1696-1712.

Homer H. Hickam / Homer Hadley Hickam, Jr.

(Born 1943).  Engineer.  NASA Consultant.  Author.  Homer Hickam was the best-selling author of The Rocket Boys, a memoir of his youth, which was made into the profitable movie October Sky in 1999. Growing up in a small coal-mining community, Hickam escaped his seemingly predestined fate as a coal miner to become an engineer for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as well as an author. U.S. Army Missile Command, Huntsville, AL, and Germany, engineer, 1971-81; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, aerospace engineer and training manager for astronauts, 1981-98.  Education: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, B.S. (industrial engineering), 1964. Military/Wartime Service: Army First Lieutenant in Vietnam, 1967-68; became Captain; received Army Commendation Medal and Bronze Star.

Author: Torpedo Junction: U-boat War Off America’s East Coast, 1942, Naval Institute Press (Annapolis, MD), 1989; Rocket Boys: A Memoir, Delacorte Press (New York), 1998, retitled and published as October Sky, Delacorte Press, 1999; Back to the Moon, Delacorte Press, 1999; Sky of Stone (memoir), Delacorte Press, 2001; The Keeper’s Son (2003).

Awards: Rocket Boys selected as one of “Great Books of 1998, “ New York Times; National Book Critics Circle Award nomination, best biography, 1998, for Rocket Boys; honored by the State of West Virginia, 1999, for “his support of his home state and his distinguished career as both an engineer and author.” Rocket Boys: A Memoir was adapted to film as October Sky, directed by Joe Johnston, Universal, 1999, which received the Humanitas Prize for feature film, 1999.

Homer Hickam’s Official Website, http://www.homerhickam.com (August 10, 2000).

About Homer. http://www.homerhickam.com/about/index.shtml

Biography.  http://www.homerhickam.com/about/bio.shtml

Interviews. http://www.homerhickam.com/about/interviews.shtml

Bookpage, http://www.bookpage.com (July 6, 1999).

“An Interview with Homer Hickam, Jr.” http://www.imagiverse.org/interviews/homerhickam/homer_hickam_10_09_03.htm

Norman Julian. Homer H. Hickam Jr. Interview.  http://www.mountainlit.com/hickmana.htm  From The Morgantown Dominion Post, © 1999.

Nathaniel Highmore / Nathaniel Heighmore *** Not in Gale

(1613-1685).  English anatomist, embryologist, physiologist, botanist, physician.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/highmore.html:

Corporis humani disquisitio anatomica, 1651, Highmore's most important work, was the first anatomical textbook to accept the circulation of the blood. In it he described the antrum of Highmore, which (obviously) still bears his name.  The History of Generation, 1651, was the result of Highmore's collaboration with Harvey in Oxford. It contains references to a microscope, which he (in contrast to Harvey) may have used in embryology. This work also has important observations of plants.  Both of his major works in 1651 contain a great amount of physiology. The Disquisitio clothes anatomy in the physiology of circulation.

Highmore wrote a number of medical works--Discourse of the Cure of Wounds by Sympathy, 1651 (printed with History of Generation); De passione hysterica et de affectionae hypochondriaca, 1660 (a work which engaged Highmore in a controversy with Willis ); Short Treatise . . . of Dysenteria, 1658; papers in the Philosophical Transcations (though Harvey was not a fellow), including one on the medicinal springs in East Somerset.

Hildegard of Bingen

Through her studies and writings, twelfth-century Benedictine abbess Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) helped German scholars to emerge from the Dark Ages by presenting a revisioning of the cosmos and the interrelationship between man and his environment.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/hildegarde.html

Roger Hill / Roger Brian Hill

(Born 1952).  Occupational studies educator.  Assistant Professor Occupational Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, 1993 – present. Areas of Research: Program of research focuses on technology education and work ethic. The implementation of new technologies, particularly information technologies, has produced a high-discretion workplace in which workers must make good decisions regarding use of time and resources. To be appropriately prepared for this work environment, workers must develop technical skills and knowledge, but work ethic and affective work attributes are equally important for success.

Previous: Professor Technical Education Coordinator Academy of Computing, Hiwassee College, Madisonville, Tennessee, 1979-93; graduate teaching Assistant, No. Illinois University, DeKalb, 1978-79; Industrial arts Instructor, Needham Broughton High Sch., Raleigh, N.C., 1974-78.  Education: B.S. in Industrial Arts Education, North Carolina State University, 1974; M.S. in Curriculum and Instruction Outdoor Teacher Education and Educational Administration, Northern Illinois University; principal’s certification in North Carolina and Illinois, 1979; Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1992.

Eastern region Director Christian High Adventure, 1981-85; Baptist student union director, Hiwassee College, Tennessee, Baptist Convention, 1986-93.

Member: President-Elect (1999-present), National Association of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators; American Vocational Association, Tennessee Vocational Association, National Association Industrial. and Technology Teacher Educators, International Technology Education Association, Phi Kappa Phi, The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia http://www.uga.edu/cff/

Honors: See Curriculum vitae: http://www.coe.uga.edu/~rhill/web_vita.pdf

Faculty webpage, Roger Hill—College of Education—Department of Occupational Studies,

http://www.coe.uga.edu/~rhill/

Faculty of Engineering, The University of Georgia, http://www.nmi.uga.edu/archive/foe/faculty/list_info.asp?id=134

Faculty Vitae for NCATE Evaluation http://ncate.coe.uga.edu/cgi-pub/cv.cgi?uid=182

Personal Information, http://www.coe.uga.edu/~rhill/personal.htm

“Roger is a Christian. He has learned that the Bible provides guidance for living, that God is the Intelligent Designer of the earth and the universe, and that the most fulfilling purpose in life is involvement with God’s work among people. Roger has experienced a relationship with God made possible because of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus.”

The Work Ethic Site.  http://www.coe.uga.edu/workethic/

David M. Hillis
Biologist.  Alfred W. Roark Centennial Professor in Natural Sciences Section of Integrative Biology,
University of Texas at Austin. See also the Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics.

David Hillis was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, but spent his formative years in tropical Africa and India. In this environment, Hillis learned a love of biology, entertaining himself by making collections of butterflies, amphibians, and reptiles. He moved to Baltimore, Maryland for his secondary education, and to Texas for college. Hillis received his B.S. degree (with honors) from Baylor University in 1980, and M.A., M.Ph. and Ph.D. (all with honors) from The University of Kansas in 1983, 1984, and 1985, respectively. After two years on the faculty at the University of Miami, he joined the Department of Zoology at UT Austin in 1987 and was awarded a prestigious National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award the same year. In 1992, he was appointed to the Alfred W. Roark Centennial Professorship in Natural Sciences, and in 1998 became the first Director of the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Texas-Austin. He also on the faculties of  the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and the Texas Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics.

David Hillis’s research interests span much of biology, from development of statistical and computational methods for analyzing DNA sequences, to molecular studies of viral epidemiology, to studies of the diversity and phylogeny of life (particularly vertebrates), to the origin and behavior of unisexual organisms. He has published over 130 scholarly articles and two technical books, and has served as Editor or Associate Editor of a dozen scientific journals. He is an active member of many scholarly societies and national research panels, and has served as the President of the Society of Systematic Biologists.

Member: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellow, 1999; Elected Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2000.

Faculty webpage, Section of Integrative Biology,University of Texas at Austin, http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/IB/faculty/HILLIS.HTM and

http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/directory/details.asp?id=46

Publications, http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/IB/faculty/hillis.htm#pubs

Home page, http://www.utexas.edu/cons/reorg/hillisbio.html

Labsite: http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/

http://www.geo.utexas.edu/outreach/Hillis_Lecture/hillis.htm

David M. Hillis.  “Intellectual Entrepreneurship: ‘Educating Citizen-Scholars’,” https://webspace.utexas.edu/cherwitz/www/ie/d_hillis.html

Letter to SBOE from David Hillis and Martin Poenie http://www.txscience.org/files/ut-austin-profs2.htm.  A letter to the Texas State Board of Education (SBOE) telling its members that they “believe that all of the books conform to the TEKS standards and should be approved and placed on the conforming list of textbooks.”  November 4, 2003.

Wiley Earl Hines

(Born April 29, 1942).  Dentist.  Biologist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1963-64, Melpar, Springfield, Virginia, 1964-67; public health dentist N.C. Board Health, Elizabeth City, 1971-73; Private practice dentistry, Ahoskie, N.C., 1973-77, Greenville, N.C., 1977-99. Board of Directors RBC Centura Bank. Commissioner, Planning and Zoning Commission, Greenville, 1981.  B.S., Knoxville College, 1963; D.D.S., Meharry Medical College, 1971.

Member Mental Health Association, National Dental Association, Old North State Dental Association, ADA, N.C. Dental Society, 5th District Dental Society, Alpha Phi Alpha. Baptist. Club: 20th Century (Greenville). Lodge: Masons.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Dr. Nancy Hinkle

(Born 1955).  Veterinary entomologist, who is well known throughout the industry for her research on fleas and lice. She is currently an Associate Professor of entomology at the University of Georgia, responsible for research and public education on the parasites of domestic and companion animals and the pests of livestock and poultry.  “As the Extension Veterinary Entomologist for the state of Georgia, I am charged with research and public education regarding domestic and companion animal ectoparasites as well as pests of livestock and poultry. I have a particular interest in insect pests produced as a consequence of confined animal production.” Previously, she was an extension veterinary entomologist with the University of California, Riverside. Dr. Nancy Hinkle received her Ph.D. in entomology from the University of Florida, Gainesville, in 1992.

In 2001, the Entomological Society of America awarded Hinkle the Distinguished Achievement Award in Extension. Pi Chi Omega scholarship National Pest Control Honorary, 1990.

Member: The Society for Vector Ecology, Pi Chi Omega, and the Entomological Society of America.

Author: (with others) Flea Rearing in Vivo and in Vitro for Basic and Applied Research, 1992, Methods of Laboratory Rearing of Fleas, 1991; subject editor Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 1993.  Contributor of 24 articles to professional journals. She has published a number of articles in PCT magazine and been quoted or appeared in various print and electronic media, including the Los Angeles Times, Science News, USA Today, Discovery Channel, National Public Radio, and NBC News.

Faculty webpage, University of Georgia Entomology, http://www.ent.uga.edu/personnel/faculty/hinkle.htm

http://www.mallishandbook.com/Hinkle.htm

Right on the Money | Transcript - Moving Out of Town.  “Moving Out of Town,
Pulling up stakes,” http://www.rightonthemoney.org/shows/313_moving/show_313.html

Entomology and Nematology News, University of Florida, http://entnews.ifas.ufl.edu/jan01.HTM December 2000/January 2001

James Hinton *** Not in Gale

From http://14.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HI/HINTON_JAMES.htm:

(1822-1875). English surgeon and author, son of John Howard Hinton (1791-1873), Baptist minister and author of the History and Topography of the United States and other works. After receiving his diploma in 1847, he was for some time assistant surgeon at Newport, Essex, but the same year he went out to Sierra Leone to take medical charge of the free laborers on their voyage thence to Jamaica, where he stayed some time. He returned to England in 1850, and entered into partnership with a surgeon in London, where he soon had his interest awakened specially in aural surgery, and gave also much of his attention to physiology. He made his first appearance as an author in 1856 by contributing papers on physiological and ethical subjects to the Christian Spectator; and in 1859 he published Man and his Dwellingplace. A series of papers entitled Physiological Riddles, in the Coruhill Magazine, afterwards published as Life in Nature (1862), as well as another series entitled Thoughts on Health (1871), proved his aptitude for popular scientific exposition. After being appointed aural surgeon to Guys Hospital in 1863, he speedily acquired a reputation as the most skilful aural surgeon of his day, which was fully borne out by his works, An Atlas of Diseases of the membrana tympani (1874), and Questions of Aural Surgery (1874).

Roland F. Hirsch / Roland Felix Hirsch

(Born 1939).  Chemist and educator. Roland F. Hirsch is a program manager in the Environmental Remediation Sciences Division, Office of Biological & Environmental Research in the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 1995 - present, with responsibilities in structural molecular biology, genome instrumentation, and environmental cleanup research.  He was research administrator, Office Health & Environmental Research, U.S. Department Energy, Washington, beginning in 1991. Prior to joining DOE he was a health sciences administrator at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 1988-91. He served on the faculty of Seton Hall University from 1965 to 1988, the last four years on leave at the Chemical Sciences Division of DOE. At Seton Hall he was chair of the Chemistry Department, Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, and mentor to six students receiving the Ph.D. in chemistry. He received his A.B. from Oberlin College (1961) and M.S. and Ph.D. (1965) from the University of Michigan.

Editor: Statistics, 1977; contributor articles to technical journals.

http://www.er.doe.gov/production/ober/ERSD/hirsch.html

He has served as chair of the North Jersey Local Section of the American Chemical Society (ACS), as well as the ACS Division of Analytical Chemistry and the ACS Committee on International Activities. Honors: Distinguished Service Award Address for the American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry.  “Analytical Science at the Center of Chemistry and Beyond its Frontier”Award Address, American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry, Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Analytical Chemistry, Sponsored by Waters Corporation, August 21, 2000.  (Appendix on Natural Selection and References added September 26, 2000)

American Chemical Society Honors Dr. Roland Hirsch for Distinguished Service; Annual Award Sponsored by Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, Monday, August 21, 2000.

http://www.waters.com/watersdivision/ContentD.asp?ref=JDRS%2D5NPGXS

Webpage, Chemistry and Physics on Stamps Study Unit of the American Topical Association, http://www.cpossu.org/hirsch.phtml.  Roland F. Hirsch has served as Secretary-Treasurer of CPOSSU since 1991. He has been a stamp collector for forty-five years, currently specializing in the complexities of the Machin-head definitive stamps of Great Britain, hoping one day to develop an exhibit on the chemical aspects of the 33-year old series.

http://www.iscid.org/hirsch-acs-talk-2000.php

Roland F. Hirsch.  Medical Sciences Division, SC-73, Office of Biological & Environmental Research Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy, Germantown, Maryland 20874-1290 U.S.A.

http://www.iscid.org/roland-hirsch.php. Impact of forty years of advances in chemistry on evolutionary theory, presented on September 8, 2003; Division of the History of Chemistry, American Chemical Society National Meeting, New York City

Roland F. Hirsch, Medical Sciences Division, SC-73, U.S. Department of Energy.
http://www.iscid.org/hirsch-acs-talk-2003.php

E-Science Connect profile.  http://www.sc.doe.gov/sc-80/esconnect/volunteer/roland%20Hirsch.htm

Edward Hitchcock

Hitchcock, Edward (1793-1864), geologist, educator, and Congregational clergyman.  Hitchcock was the first chairman (1840) of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists which in 1847 became the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

http://58.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HI/HITCHCOCK_EDWARD.htm

http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=13068

http://www.famousamericans.net/edwardhitchcock/

John Hodges *** Not in Gale

Animal geneticist. Professor John Hodges served in FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations), Rome where he was responsible for animal breeding and genetic resources. Earlier he taught animal genetics at Cambridge University and the University of British Columbia, Canada. He is the former Head of Production Division of the Milk Marketing Board in the UK. He graduated from the Universities of Reading and Cambridge in the UK and has a degree in Business Administration from the Harvard University Business School. He is a Founder Trustee of Rare Breeds International and an Editor of Livestock Production Science. Today he works privately as a consultant and author.

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences webpage, The University of British Columbia, http://www.agsci.ubc.ca/history/faculty_staff_bio/john_hodges.htm

John Hodges speaking at Bethel College.  http://www.bethel.edu/college/dept/comm/ug/europe/europe-031002.html

Viktor Cotsyuba.  “HANDMADE EPIDEMIC—Will we again follow our primeval reckless desire to compete with our Creator?” http://www.realis.org/en/ezine/19012002/7.shtml.  Hodges: “In general, as science advances and new possibilities are discovered, it is prudent for mankind to think carefully about the application of biblical principles to new techniques. Biblical truth principles given by God to mankind for successful living are the best way forward for individuals and human society to enjoy quality life which God intends for us all.”

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin / Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin / Dorothy Hodgkin

(1910-1994) English chemist, crystallographer.  OM, FRS, Nobel Laureate, Royal Society Gold Medallist, Lomonosov Gold Medallist, Wolfson Research Professor of the University of Oxford (1960-1977) , Professor Emeritus at Oxford from 1977-1994, and, from 1988-1994, Chancellor of the University of Bristol. For her work with vitamin B-12, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1964.  In 1965 she was awarded Britain’s Order of Merit, only the second woman since Florence Nightingale to achieve that honor.Married to African Studies scholar and teacher, Thomas L. Hodgkin (1937-1982).

M. F. Perutz. “Dorothy Hodgkin” Memorial address.  http://bca.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/bca/obits/dh.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmhodg.html

http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin-bio.html

Nobel Prize Internet Archive: http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1964a.html

http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/readings/hodgkin.htm

Georgina Ferry.  Excerpt from Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life,

http://www.granta.com/books/chapters/20

Thomas Hodgkin (misspelled “Hodgkins” in Wicks’s article below)

(1798-1866). English physician. Quaker.  First to describe (1832) Hodgkin’s disease.

Hodgkin’s son, Richard Howard Hodgkin (1877-1951) was born in Newcastle. He wrote A History of the Anglo-Saxons (1936).

Suzanne R. Wicks.  “An Authentic Life: Thomas Hodgkins (1798-1866),” August 1999 Friends Journal: http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/hodgkins.htm:

He brought the first stethoscope [invented by René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec, see entry] to an English teaching hospital, became the first Lecturer of a course in pathology, and founded and became the first curator of a pathology museum (where he classified and labeled all the specimens). His Quaker upbringing brought a keen sense of humanity to his medical practice. Beginning his life as a doctor in 1825, having qualified as a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, he received an appointment as physician to the London dispensary where the desperately poor of the almost one million population of London were treated.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1495.html

Who was Thomas Hodgkin? http://www2.arnes.si/~uljfntfiz1/hodgkin/thomas.html

http://8.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HO/HODGKIN_THOMAS.htm

http://arpa.allenpress.com/arpaonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1043%2F0003-9985(1999)123%3C1144:TH%3E2.0.CO%3B2

http://online.northumbria.ac.uk/faculties/art/humanities/cns/m-hodgkin.html

John H. Lienhard.  Engines of Ingenuity, No. 817: “HODGKIN’S DISEASE,” http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi817.htm.  Click here for audio of Episode 817.

http://www.curehodgkins.com/hodgkins_information/adult_intro.html

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Margaret Hodson, MSc MD MB FRCP DA *** Not in Gale
Professor of Respiratory Medicine and Head of the Department of Cystic Fibrosis at the National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, and Honorary Consultant Physician to the Royal Brompton Hospital.

http://wwwfom.sk.med.ic.ac.uk/med/about/divisions/nhli/respiration/thoracic/people/m.hodson.html

“Cystic fibrosis antibiotics trial proves controversial,” The Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol 264 No 7087 p395, http://www.pharmj.com/Editorial/20000311/clinical/cysticfibrosis.html

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

William Myron Hodson

(Born 1943).  Geographic systems analyst, consultant.  Project Manager, TRW Systems, San Bernardino, California, 1984; Associate Professor remote sensing, Asian Institute Tech., Bangkok, 1982-84; environmental scientist, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California, 1977-82; Fulbright Lecturer, University Jordan, Amman, 1974-76. Consultant environmental data base UN Economics and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Regional Remote Sensing Programme, Bangkok, 1983-84.  Education: BA, University Redlands, 1965; MA, UCLA, 1966; Ph.D., University. South Carolina, 1971.

Member: American Society Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Chairman committee on national and world missions Redlands First Baptist Church, 1985.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Friedrich Hoffmann

(1660-1742). German physician. Experimented with various remedies, Hoffmann’s anodyne and Hoffmann’s drops being named after him; adherent of the iatrophysical school of medicine; an influential theorist and systematizer of medicine.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hoffmann.html:

Member: the Leopoldina (1696), the Berlin Academy (1701), the Academy of Sciences of the Palatinate (“Ak. d. Wiss. Hopfalzgraf”) (1727), the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg (1731 or 1735), and the Royal Society (1720).

Forrest Douglas Holcombe

(Born 1947).  Business administration educator, retired naval officer.  Senior scientist, McWane & Co., Inc., Arlington, Virginia, 1994; Assistant Professor bus. adminstrn. Lubbock Center, Wayland Baptist University, Lubbock, Texas, 1994; ret., 1994; head human factors division, USN Biodynamics Laboratory, New Orleans, 1990-94; head human factors br., USN Safety Center, Norfolk, Virginia, 1987-90; head operation support division, USN Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, 1984-87; student aerospace Experimental psychologist, USN Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, 1983-84; Assistant Professor mgmt., Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, 1981-83; Teaching Associate, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1977-81; naval flight officer instructor Training squadron 10, USN, Pensacola, Florida, 1973-77; naval flight officer, tactical coordinator patrol squadron 5, USN, Jacksonville, Florida, 1970-73; advanced through grades to Lieutenant Commander, USN, 1987; commd., USN, 1969. Adjunct Instructor Franklin University, Columbus, 1978-79; Adjunct Professor University West Florida, Pensacola, 1984-85, Troy State University, Pensacola, 1986-87.  Education: BS, Ohio State University, 1969; PH.D., Ohio State University, 1982; MBA, University West Florida, 1977.

Member: NRA, National Academy of Management, Ret. Officers Association, Ohio State University Alumni Association, Phi Kappa Phi.  Schoenbaum Fellow, Ohio State University, 1979.

Editor, Aeromedical Newsletter, 1988-90.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Elias Holl

(1573–1646).  German architect. One of the most important German architects of the the Renaissance, he was city architect (master Builder) of Augsburg (1602-35), at a time when Augsburg was the largest city in Germany. It is for his Augsburg building programme (which included schools, guildhalls, warehouses, houses, and city gates) that he is known, although he also executed commissions outside the city. His most acclaimed building is the town hall (1615-20) with its famous “Goldner Saal,” which combines classical and Germanic styles. He also designed Augsburg Zeughaus (1602-07) and WertachbruggerTor (1615).

http://www.augsburger-gedenktage.de/Gedenken/Elias-holl/Biographie.htm (in German)

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/HollE/holl.htm

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Elias_Holl.html (in German)

Mary Jean Carey Holland

(Born February 14, 1942).  Biologist, educator.  Assoc. microbiologist Merck & Co., Rahway, N.J., 1965-67; instructor Lehman College, Bronx, N.Y., 1970-71; research Assistant Professor NYU Medical Center., N.Y.C., 1980; Assistant Professor Baruch College, N.Y.C., 1982-86, Associate Professor, 1987; research collaborator Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, N.Y., 1980. Education: A.B. cum laude, Vassar College, 1963; M.S., NYU, 1969, Ph.D., 1971.

Secretary, West Broadway Arches Coop. Housing Corp., N.Y.C., 1982-84, President, 1984-87. Fellow Fulbright Foundation, 1963-64, NIH, 1971-73, National Foundation March Dimes, 1973-74, Arthritis Foundation, 1975-79. Member American Society Microbiology, American Society Cell Biology, AAAS (sec. N.E. branch Tissue Culture Association, 1982-84, Treasurer 1984-85). Presbyterian. Club: Vassar (N.Y.C.).

Contributor of articles to professional publications.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

David W. Hollar / David W Hollar / David Wason Hollar, Jr.

(Born 1960).  Medical technician.  Writer.  Instructor in science.  SARDI/RRTC, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.  Roanoke-Chowan Community College, Ahoskie, NC, instructor in science, 1986-89; Rockingham Community College, Wentworth, NC, instructor in biology, 1989-present. Volunteer emergency medical technician, Ahoskie Rescue Squad, 1986-89, Reidsville Rescue Squad, 1989-90, and Eden Rescue Squad, 1990-93.

Education: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, B.S., 1982; Vanderbilt University, M.S., 1984; University of North Carolina at Greensboro, doctoral study, 1992-present.

Member: Planetary Society, Divers Alert Network.  Baptist.

Author: The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth, Salem Press, 1992. Work represented in anthologies.

Kelly Hollowell, J.D., Ph.D. *** Not in Gale
Molecular and Cellular Pharmacologist and Patent Attorney.  Dr. Hollowell is the founder of Science Ministries, Inc. Before that, she worked as Corporate Counsel and Executive Editor of Science at Christianity.com Inc. Previously, Dr Hollowell has worked at the following: 1998–2000: Patent Attorney at Kaufman & Canoles, Norfolk, Virginia; 1997–1998: Science Consultant at BAPIC Environment Technologies in Virginia Beach, Virginia;1995–1996: Forensic Toxicologist at DUI Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, Miami School of Medicine, Miami FL; 1989–1990: Assistant Director of Technical Analysis at Robertson Laboratory Corporation, Madison, NJ; 1987–1988: Research Assistant for Rad-Cure Corporation, Livingston, NJ.

Education: Admitted To Practice:1999 – Virginia State Bar; 1998 – U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

Degrees: J.D. – Regent University, Virginia Beach, Virginia: 1996-1999, Cum. GPA 3.5; Ph.D. in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology — University of Miami, Miami, Florida: 1990-1996, Cum. GPA 3.4; Doctoral Thesis: DNA Technology, Cloning, Analysis; B.A. – New College, Sarasota, Florida: 1983-1987, Cum. GPA NA.

Honors/Awards/Associations: Regent University Law School: Dean’s Scholarship, Law Grant; National Institute of Health Scholarship for Scientific Research; University of Miami: Department of Pharmacology Scholastic Scholarship; New College: Foundation Scholastic Scholarship

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/k_hollowell.asp

Frederic L.Holmes / Frederic Lawrence Holmes

(1932-2003).  Historian of medicine and science.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, assistant professor of humanities and history of science, 1962-64; Yale University, New Haven, CT, assistant professor, 1964-70, associate professor, 1970-72, professor of history of medicine, beginning 1972, head of department, 1972-79; University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, professor of history of medicine and science and head of department, 1972-79.  Education: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B.S., 1954; Harvard University, M.A., 1958, Ph.D., 1962.

Obituary, Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.  “Holmes was an authority on the history of medicine and science. After earning a B.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954, he went on to receive his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1962. He then returned to MIT as an assistant professor of humanities and history of science for two years. This was followed by eight years at Yale University. From 1972 to 1979 he was a professor in the same disciplines at the University of Western Ontario before going back to Yale. He spent the rest of his career there and played an important role in reestablishing Yale’s doctoral program in the history of medicine. Holmes himself was a highly regarded expert in the field whose meticulous research into the processes by which scientists developed their theories and made their discoveries led to landmark books such as the two-volume Hans Krebs (1991, 1993), Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life (1985), Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA: A History of the Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology (2001), and Reworking the Bench: Research Notebooks in the History of Sciences (2003), the last which he edited with Jürgen Renn and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. Holmes gathered his data not only from interviews and trips to the library, but also by analyzing laboratory notebooks to reconstruct scientists’ thought processes. He published ten books in all before his death, the last of which, completed just at before his death, being a study on geneticist Seymour Benzer.”

Member of History of Science Society (vice president, 1978-80; president, 1981-83), American Association for the History of Medicine, Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science (second vice president, 1977-79), Hamden Human Relations Area Council, 1970-72. Military service: U.S. Air Force, 1955-57; became first lieutenant.

Awards: Schumann Prize, History of Science Society, 1961; Pfizer Prize, History of Science Society, 1975, and William Welch Medal, American Association for the History of Medicine, 1978, both for Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry.

Author: Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry, Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 1974; (Editor) Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Volumes 17-18, Scribner (New York, NY), 1981; Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life: An Exploration of Scientific Creativity, University of Wisconsin Press (Madison, WI), 1985;

(Editor, with William Coleman) The Investigative Enterprise: Experimental Physiology in Nineteenth-Century Medicine, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 1988; Eighteenth-Century Chemistry As an Investigative Enterprise, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 1989; Hans Krebs, two volumes, Oxford University Press (New York, NY), Volume 1: The Formation of a Scientific Life, 1900- 1933, 1991, Volume 2: Architect of Intermediary Metabolism, 1933-1937, 1994; Between Biology and Medicine: The Formation of Intermediary Metabolism, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 1992; Antoine Lavoisier--The Next Crucial Year; or, The Sources of His Quantitative Method in Chemistry, Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ), 1998; (Editor, with Trevor H. Levere) Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA), 2000; Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA: A History of “The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology,” Yale University Press (New Haven, CT), 2001.

Contributor of articles and reviews to journals on the history of science and medicine.

Edmond W. Holroyd, III *** Not in Gale

Meteorologist.  Research physical scientist from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado.

Dr. Holroyd did cloud physics and weather modification research for C.S.I.R.O. in Australia from 1971 to 1974.  He has a B.S. in astrophysics (‘66, University of Rochester, NY), a Ph.D. in atmospheric science (‘71, State University of NY at Albany), and continuing education in geology (early 90s, Colorado School of Mines). He did cloud physics and weather modification research for C.S.I.R.O. in Australia from 1971 to 1974.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/e_holroyd.asp

Steve Cardno and Carl Wieland.  “Clouds, coins, and creation, An airport encounter with professional scientist and creationist Dr Edmond Holroyd,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/353.asp

First published in Creation Ex Nihilo 20(1):22-23, December 1997 - February 1998.

Dr. Edmond W. Holroyd, III.  “Scientists for Creation,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4213_gc2-8-2000.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/holroyd-e.html

Edmond W. Holroyd III, “Many scientists accept creationism,” http://www.evolutionfairytale.com/articles_debates/holroyd_article.htm.  From The Denver Post, January 30, 2000, Page 4H.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation,  edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Wilhelm Homberg

(1652-1715). Dutch naturalist, physicist, botanist, instrument-maker and chemist, b. Batavia, Java. Practiced medicine at Paris (1682-85, and after 1691) and Rome (1685-90); helped establish analytical chemical techniques in studies of acid-alkali reactions, etc.; discovered boric acid (1702).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/homberg.html:

In addition to his work of chemistry, part of which had a practical bent, Homberg developed a new sedative.

Homberg made his own microscopes and his own pneumatic machine. Apprently he developed the split ring socket tripod support for the microscope. More importantly, he made an instrument to measure the specific gravity of fluids.

All Homberg's work was published in the form of Mémoires of the Académie royale des sciences (1692-1714), mainly on chemical subjects. He also published on pneumatics and botany.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1691-1715.

Robert Hooke

(1635-1703). English scientist involved in many disciplines including microscopy, mechanics, architecture, navigation, cartography  and instrumentation. Also astronomer, geologist, physiologist, optician.  Assistant to Thomas Willis in chemistry researches and to Robert Boyle with his air pump; propounded (1660) Hooke’s law of elasticity; curator of experiments to Royal Society (1662); Gresham professor of geometry, Oxford (1665); surveyor of London and designer of Montague House, Bethlehem Hospital, and College of Physicians. Author of Micrographia (1665), in which he published results of his microscopic investigations; first used term cell to designate individual cavities observed in cork; discussed crystalline structure of snowflakes. Proved experimentally that center of gravity of earth and moon is the point describing an ellipse around sun; discovered fifth star in Orion; inferred rotation of Jupiter; discovered phenomenon of diffraction (1672) and propounded wave theory of light; suggested a kinetic hypothesis of gases (1678); anticipated Newton in formulation of law of inverse squares (1678); constructed first Gregorian telescope; invented a marine barometer.

Though mechanics was certainly his first love, Hooke turned to architecture after a great fire burned most of London in 1666. To help with the reconstruction of the city and to aid his colleague, English architect Christopher Wren (1632-1723), Hooke designed several prominent buildings, most of which still stand. Because his architectural interests took much time away from his scientific work, he was ultimately forced to retire as Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society in favor of his new vocation.  Lunar Crater Hooke and Crater Hooke on Mars named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hooke.html:

Hooke's first publication was a pamphlet on capillary action in 1661.  Micrographia, 1665, the first important set of observations with the microscope, included a theory of light. Micrographia also contained a theory of combustion with the analogy to respiration. Hooke performed experiments about respiration on dogs for the Royal Society.

Later Hooke delivered a series of lectures on light to the Royal Society. He was the first one to publish the phenomena of thin films and with the phenomena the suggestion that they were periodic.  Lectiones cutlerianae state the law of elasticity that still bears Hooke's name (1678), and the suggestion that a vibrating string is dynamically equivalent to a pendulum. In another of the lectures he proposed the reform in the understanding of circular motion (substituting a force toward the center for one away from it), and with his he also proposed a celestial dynamics based on that principle.

He was very important in the development of all sorts of instruments, not only the microscope, and his writings on method stress the importance of instruments as aids to the senses.  “Lectures and Discourses of Earthquakes,” which were spread over a period of thirty years, make Hooke a major figure in early geology, especially in regard to fossils and to crystals.

Hooke ranged very widely and could be listed as well under a number of other sciences. He did a fair bit of astronomical observation; he was the first to infer the rotation of Jupiter. He tried to observe parallax. He wrote a discourse on comets. Physics (here subsumed under Mechanics), Natural Philosophy, Meteorology (he has been called the founder of meteorological science), and Music (to which he devoted attention, at the theoretical as well as practical level, throughout his life) would also be valid entries.

Scientific instruments: Modern air pump, wheel barometer, double barometer, the anchor escapement of clocks, spring driven watches, marine barometer, arithmetic machine, the first Gregorian telescope.  Optical instruments, especially the microscope. He also developed a micrometer and applied telescopic sights to surveying instruments.  His contributions to instrumentation go on and on-- suggested the freezing point of water as the zero point on the thermometer; proposed a weather clock to record barometric pressure, temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind velocity on a rotating drum; proposed an equatorial quadrant; a number of different scales; a number of levels; a depth-sounding machine; a refractometer to measure the index of refraction of liquids; surveying instruments, a way-wiser attached to a carriage to measure distances.

Some of the instruments shade into mechanical devices--the first dividing engine, the first spiral gear (to adjust the setting of telescopes), the universal joint, the iris diaphragm, a lense grinding machine.  In addition there were purely mechanical devices--a variety of carriages, a windmill that would turn itself to the wind, a new type of horizontal sail for windmills, a springy saddle, an air gun.  His work on watches always had navigation, the determination of longitude, as its purpose.

Hook was involved in the work of rebuilding London city after the Great Fire as a surveyor and architect.  He was architect of the Royal College of Physicians, Bethlehem (Bedlam) Hospital, the Monument, and a number of private houses including Montague House.  He probably did a map of the polar regions for Pitt's English Atlas. He shared in the cartographical schemes of John Ogilby and John Adams.

Royal Society, 1662-1702; Curator of experiments, 1662-77; Secretary, 1677-82.

Robert Hooke home page: http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Robert Hooke,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hooke.html

Dr. Tim Hoover / Timothy R. Hoover *** Not in Gale

Microbiologist. Associate Professor of Microbiology, Associate Head of Microbiology, and Undergraduate Coordinator, Microbiology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia.  Associate Department Head, 2001; Associate Professor, 1997. Assistant Professor, University of Georgia, College of Arts and Sciences, Microbiology 1991-1997; Postdoctoral Researcher, University of California, 1990-1991; Postdoctoral Researcher, University of California, 1988-1990; Research Assistant, University of Wisconsin, 1982-1988. B.A., Susquehanna University, Biology, 1982; Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley, 1988; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry, 1988.

Member: American Society for Microbiology

Faculty webpage, http://www.uga.edu/mib/people/hoover.htm

Timothy R. Hoover, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Microbiology, Associate Head of Microbiology, and Undergraduate Coordinator, Home page, http://myprofile.cos.com/hoovert44

Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, Timothy Hoover, Ph.D, Associate Professor,

http://www.biomed.uga.edu/mem_hoover_tim.htm

Peder Nielsen Horrebow *** Not in Gale

(1679-1764).  Danish astronomer, mathematician, physicist, cartographer, instrument-maker, specialist in natigation, physician.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/horrebow.html

Education: 1716, M.A., University of Copenhagen, 1716; M.D., University of Copenhagen, 1725.

Horrebow invented a way to determine a place’s latitude from the stars. The method was soon forgotten despite its value until it was reinvented by the American astronomer Andrew Talcott in 1833. The method now bears both names.  He learned how to correct inherent flaws in instruments long before Tobias Mayer introduced his theory of correction in 1756.  He did in fact practice medicine in order to support his twenty children.

Member of the Académie Royal des Sciences (1725), the Berlin Academy (date uncertain), and Videnskabernes Selskab (Society of Scientists in Denmark) in 1747.

Jeremiah Horrocks / Jeremiah Horrox

(c.1617-1641). English astronomer. After correcting Kepler’s Rudolphine Tables, made first observation of a transit of Venus (1639); assigned to the Moon an elliptical orbit with the earth at one of the foci; improved lunar theory; calculated long unsurpassed value for solar parallax; studied planetary perturbations.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/horrocks.html

Martinus Hortensius / Martinus Ortensius / Maarten Van den Hove *** Not in Gale

(c. 1605-1639). Dutch astronomer, instrument-maker, specialist in optics and navigation.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hortens.html

After Snel’s death, Hortensius completed and published his final work.  He lectured on optics at Amsterdam in 1635, and he lectured on navigation in 1637.  In 1638, he was a member of the commission negotiating with Galileo on the determination of longitude by the method of the satellites of Jupiter. He developed a method for measuring the diameters of planets based on the measured visual angle that his telescope embraced.

Bob Hosken / Robert W. Hosken *** Not in Gale

Biochemist.  Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Newcastle, Australia; M.S. in biochemistry from Monash University; M.B.A. from the University of Newcastle; B.S. in biochemistry from the University of Western Australia; Author of over 50 research papers; Senior Lecturer in food technology at the University of Newcastle.

www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/hosken-b.html

Faculty website, University of Newcastle, Australia. http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/app-sci/staff/hosken_b.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Floyd E. Hosmer

Medical graphics specialist.  Floyd received his medical training at the Medical College of Georgia where he received his master’s degree in Medical Illustration. He worked for the College of Veterinary Medicine for several years and then went on to illustrate for the Mayo Clinic for over 12 years. Floyd resides in Birmingham, Alabama where he has owned and operated FEH Illustrations since 1989. His work has appeared in many national and international medical publications. He has also illustrated several laparoscopic surgical books.

William D. Edwards, MD; Wesley J. Gabel, MDiv; Floyd E Hosmer, MS, AMI.  “ON THE PHYSICAL DEATH OF JESUS CHRIST,” From the Departments of Pathology (Dr. Edwards) and Medical Graphics (Mr. Hosmer), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and the Homestead United Methodist Church, Rochester, Minnesota, and the West Bethel United Methodist Church, Bethel, Minnesota (Pastor Gabel).

Reprint requests to Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (Dr. Edwards)

http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/deathjesus.pdf, or

http://www.holytrinity.ok.goarch.org/Interesting%20Stuff/Special%20Communication%20Plus%20Picture.html, or http://www.cfpeople.org/Apologetics/page51a024.html (without visuals)

See William D. Edwards entry for abstract.

Sir John Theodore Houghton, Kt (1991), CBE (1983), FRS

(Born 1931)  Sir John Houghton is the chairman of the John Ray Initiative. He is co-chairman of the Scientific Assessment Working Group for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and a member of the Government Panel on Sustainable Development, and from 1991 to 1998 was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. He has written several books including Global Warming: the Complete Briefing and The Search for God: Can Science Help?

http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~iyer/welsh-02/02speakr.htm

http://www.jri.org.uk/intro/directors.htm#jth

John Houghton.  “The Christian Challenge of Caring for the Earth,” http://www.jri.org.uk/brief/christianchallenge.htm

Sir John Houghton in his book, The Search For God, p. 216: “Theology by its very nature should have very wide horizons. God, after all, if he is God at all, is involved in everything. Yet so often our view of God is a limited one; we allow him to be present in the spiritual side of life, but give him little say in more material things. Yet I have been at pains to point out the two revelations of God - the revelation in nature and the revelation in the person of Jesus. I began by suggesting that including God in the scientific picture is like the inclusion of perspective in a picture. But a picture is still a two dimensional image. Adding God’s self-revelation in Jesus is like having binocular vision of a three dimensional scene. An appreciation of depth is present when a scene is viewed with both eyes or through a pair of binoculars rather than through one eye…Our appreciation of God is very flat unless we look at the whole range of his activity in an integrated way. …Science and religion are not poles apart. Both are searching for reality and truth…A common experience of those who pursue the search for God is the discovery that God is quietly but intently searching for them. If you feel that God is pursuing you, don’t play hard to get!”

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

Willie Walter Houston, Jr.

(Born September 14, 1951).  Biology educator, developmental cell biologist, researcher.  Graduate teaching Assistant Clark College, Atlanta, 1978-79; Lecturer Spelman College, Atlanta, 1979; instructor Ky. State University, Frankfort, 1979-80; Associate Professor, Acting Chairman biology Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio, 1980, Minority Access to Research Careers Faculty Member, 1983; Member Jack and Jill faculty, Wilberforce, 1983; Visiting Professor Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 1980-82, Faculty Member minority access retention program, 1986; instructor school nursing Springfield, Ohio, 1984-85. Teacher, supt. Middle Run Baptist Church, Xenia, Ohio, 1980-84; Teacher Mt. Enon Missionary Baptist Church, Dayton, summer 1984; Assistant superintendent Sunday school teacher; campaign vol. 1985, 86; Charter Member Ellis Island Centennial Commission, 1984. Education: B.S., Morehouse College, 1974; M.S., Atlanta University, 1976, Ph.D., 1981.

Member: National Institute of Science, Midwestern Developmental Biology Society, American Men and Women Science (1985 sponsor), Smithsonian Institution, Central State University Biological Society, AAUP, NAACP, International Platform Association, Beta Beta Beta, Beta Kappa Chi, Alpha Phi Alpha.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Tanya Millicent Howard

(Born May 4, 1968 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States).  Computer systems engineer.  Close-Up Foundation, Alexandria, VA, transportation clerk, 1989-present; Department of Defense, Washington, DC, technical clerk, 1989-present; Martin Marietta, Air Traffic Systems, systems engineer, 1991-present. Education: Howard University, Washington, DC, bachelor of science in engineering, 1991.

Member: Region II secretary, National Society of Black Engineers, 1990-91; chairperson, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, 1990-91; committee chair, Springfield Baptist Church, 1990-91; news editor, Howard Engineer Magazine, 1989-91; secretary, Howard University School of Engineering, 1989-90; Toastmasters, Inc, 1991-92; National Association of Female Executives, 1991-92.

Honor: Academic Award, National Society of Black Engineers, 1990.

Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

George F. Howe / George Franklin Howe *** Not in Gale

(Born 1931).  Botanist and biologist.  (Retired) Professor and Chairman Division of Natural Sciences, The Master’s College, Newhall, California. Editor of the Creation Research Society Quarterly (1969-1973);  Director of CRS Grand Canyon Experimental Station. Former Assistant Professor of biology and botany at Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California. B.S. in Botany from Wheaton College, Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Botany from Ohio State University (1959, 1956). Charles F. Kettering Fellow while at Ohio State. Post-doctoral studies in radiation biology, Cornell University (1965-66);  Post-doctoral studies in botany, Washington State University (1961);  Post-doctoral studies in desert biology, Arizona State University (1963);  Post-doctoral studies in radiation biology, Cornell University. Published papers in scientific journals including: Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, Ohio Journal of Science, and Creation Research Society Quarterly.  Charter member and former President of the Creation Research Society (1977-1983).

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/howe-gf.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Dr. Frank M. Howell / Frank Mobley Howell

(Born 1952).  Sociologist.  Frank M. Howell is Professor of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Mississippi State University. Education: BA, Georgia College, 1975; MA, Mississippi State University, 1977, Ph.D., 1979.

Dr. Frank M. Howell, Professor of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, MSU, http://www.msstate.edu/dept/Sociology/page30.html

He teaches courses in research design, social statistics, techniques of survey research, and spatial analysis in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work. Frank conducts research on communities, the environment, and public policy and holds a courtesy appointment as a member of the Graduate Faculty, School of Public Health,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is also Panel Manager for the USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program in Rural Development, administering the scientific peer-review and budgeting process for this federal research grants program. Dr. Howell previously served as Head of the Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station-sponsored Rural Sociology research program at the Social Science Research Center; Campus Coordinator of the NASA-sponsored Mississippi Space Commerce Initiative; and Administrator of the Statewide Remote Sensing Software Licensing Program for the Mississippi Institutes of Higher Learning.
Dr. Howell has published widely in the social sciences, totaling over 80 books, monographs, technical reports, chapters, and journal articles in many of the leading journals in his field. He is a frequent source for national and regional news media on issues of social policy and his research has been featured in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, the Associated Press, and USA Weekend magazine. Frank has had a long-standing interest in the application of high technology to social research. During the 1980s, he pioneered the use of large-scale computer networks for professional communication, the application of geographical information systems in social research, and co-founded the journal, the Social Science Computer Review (Sage). His research today continues that interest in improving social research methods through the use of high technology.
Member: American Sociological Association, American Educational Research Association, Rural Sociological Society, Alpha Kappa Delta (Sociology), Gamma Sigma Delta (Agriculture), Phi Kappa Phi (Scholastic), Phi Delta Kappa (Education), and is Past-President of the MSU Chapter of Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, and the Alabama-Mississippi Sociological Association.  Baptist.

Awards: In 1997, Dr. Howell was a recipient of MSU’s Outstanding Research Scientist Award and the University Alumni Association’s Graduate-Level Teaching Award. In 2000, he received the Southern Rural Sociological Association’s highest honor, the Excellence in Research Award. His efforts led to MSU’s receipt in 1999 of a leading industry award, Special Achievement in Geographic Information Systems Award, from the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI).

He served for over twelve years on the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research at Texas Christian University and Mississippi State University and has published on data management and security aspects of human subjects’ protection.

Author: Making Life Plans, 1982; Contributor of articles to professional journals.
Mississippi Department of Mental Health.  SOCIAL INDICATORS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN MISSISSIPPI: A DATABOOK FOR PROGRAM PLANNING,

http://msdmh.chmc.net/html/executive_summary.asp

“Frank Howell appointed to national urban agriculture task force,” http://www.ur.msstate.edu/news/stories/2000/casthowell.asp. November 13, 2000.

“MSU prof on national team making urban/ag recommendations,”

http://www.ur.msstate.edu/news/stories/2002/howellcast.asp. May 30, 2002.

Robert Alan Hromas

(Born March 18, 1956 in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States).  Hematologist, molecular biologist.   Certification: Diplomate American Board Internal Medicine. Achievements include discovery of the MZF oncogene, characterization of the hem family of proteins, description of the use of t-cell addbacks following marrow transplantation. Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 1995-present; Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 1995-present; Associate Member, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 1995-present. “My lab is interested in defining the genes involved in normal versus leukemic blood cells development.”

Previous positions: Assistant Professor of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, 1990-95; hematology fellow, University of Washington, Seattle, 1988-90; Research Associate, VA Medical Center., Iowa City, 1987-88; medicine resident, University Iowa, Iowa city, 1984-88.  Reviewer, NSF, Washington, , VA, Washington, 1994, NASA, Washington, 1994; Board Member Midwest Blood Club, Chicago, 1994.  Education: BS, Wheaton ( Illinois) College, 1978; MS, Oral Roberts University, 1980; MD, University of Texas, Houston, 1984.

Member: AAAS, American Society Hematology, American Federal Clinical Research.  Speaker Focus on the Family, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1993; Board Member Eastview Christian Fellowship, Indianapolis, 1994.

Honors: Hematology honoree Midwest Blood Club, Chicago, 1992; scholar Leukemia Society of America, N.Y.C., 1994.

Contributor of 3 book chapters, 62 articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Faculty webpage, Walther Oncology Center, http://www.iupui.edu/~woc/Principal_Investigators/Hromas/hromas.html

Wayne W. Huang *** Not in Gale

Information systems specialist. Dr. Wayne Huang is Associate Professor of Management Information Systems at the Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, since 2001. Professor Huang has more than 12 years’ teaching and research experience at research universities worldwide including USA, Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Previously he served as Associate Professor at the School of Information Systems, Faculty of Commerce and Economics, at theUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, from 1998-2001.  He worked as a system analyst in IT industry before joining academic field. His research areas include eCommerce, mobile commerce, groupware, computer-mediated communication, and eEducation.  Education: M.S. in Information Systems, National University of Singapore; Ph.D., MIS, joint Ph.D. program between the University of Georgia and National University of Singapore.

Honor: Sir Anthony Mason Fellow awarded by the University of New South Sales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.

Wayne has published more than 60 academic & professional papers including Journal of MIS, Decision Support Systems, Information & Management, IEEE transactions, European Journal of Information Systems, International Journal of Information Management, Behavior and Information Technology, and Journal of Global Information Management. He is now on the editorial boards of a few international MIS/IS journals such as Information & Management, Journal of Global Information Management, and Journal of Data Management.

http://cmca.mis.ccu.edu.tw/acme/IJMTP/issue4_2003/Bio-Wayne%20Huang-Jarrad%20Hee-David%20Yen.htm.

http://www.verg.unsw.edu.au/vern/profile_wayne.html

Faculty/Staff Profile, Ohio University, http://www.cob.ohiou.edu/directory/profile.asp?profile=huangw

Homepage: http://faculty.cob.ohiou.edu/huangw

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Jan Hudde / Johan van Waveren Hudde

(1628-1704). Dutch mathematician. Contributed to general solutions of higher-degree equations; anticipated power series expansion. Author of papers as De reductione aequationum and De maximis et minimis.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hudde.html

Sir William Huggins

The English astronomer Sir William Huggins (1824-1910) pioneered in applying the techniques of spectrum analysis, or spectroscopy, to the study of the stars.

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/huggins.html

http://phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Huggins/index.html

Dr. Margaret Hughes / Margaret Ann Hughes

(Born 1932).  Research scientist, The Wound Healing Institute, Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, England. Clinical scientist, Department of Dermatology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England, 1989; postdoctorate, Inorganic Chemical Laboratory, Oxford, England, 1985-88; Educational missionary, Baptist Missionary Society, Zaire, Africa, 1959-81; Teacher, Kent County Council, England, 1953-55. BSc, University College, Aberystwyth, Wales, 1976; Ph.D., University Wales Institute Science and Technology, U.K., 1985.

Member: Royal Society of Chemistry.

Co-author (chapter) Oxford Textbook of Surgery, 1995; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

BASIC WOUND HEALING AND TISSUE ENGINEERING: Dr. Margaret Hughes
Wound Healing Institute, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK, http://www.ato.org.tr/konuk/tdp/abs-pre.html

Louisa (Sue) Hulett *** Not in Gale

Political Scientist.  Louisa S. Hulett is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois (1980 – present). A.B., International Relations, 1971, University of Southern California; A.M., International Relations, 1973, University of Southern California; Ph.D., International Relations, 1979, University of Southern California.

Activities and Recognitions: Pi Sigma Alpha Chapter Grant (2001); Hewlett Diversity Grant (2001);

Organizer and Speaker, Knox College panel discussions on Terror, Foreign policy, and Just War, 2001;

National Public Radio commentator on ballistic missile defense, 2001; Delegate, Baptist General Conference, Midwest meeting, Galesburg, Illinois, 1998; Billy Graham Center Research Grant, 1997;

Exchange Professor, Russia, 1995; Faculty Seminar on Teaching Security National Strategy Information Center, 1993; Faculty Development Seminar in Russia Council for International Educational Exchange, 1992; Lilly Faculty Development Grants, 1990 and 1993; Ford Foundation Fellowship, 1989-1990.

Faculty advisor, Intervarsity Christian Fellowship, Fellowship of Christian Athletes.

As Author: contributed to professional journals including four commentaries on Supreme Court cases on the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment to Paul Finkelman’s Religion and American Law: An Encyclopedia, Garland Press, 2000; “A Prodigal Child Finds Faith.” Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul Anderson, Intervarsity Press, 1998.

Faculty webpage, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, http://www.knox.edu/lhulett.xml

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Professor Colin John Humphreys, CBE, FREng

(Born 1941).  Physicist.  Colin Humphreys is a renowned Cambridge University physicist who has received considerable publicity for his ideas and research, which span many fields from computer chips to microprinting, eternal lightbulbs, and computer chips in the brain. His passion for more than 20 years has been examining the Bible in the light of science, and he is expert not only in Physics, but in Materials Science, Chemistry, Astronomy and Geology. He is President of the Institute of Materials, Goldsmiths’ Professor of Materials Science and Head of the Rolls Royce University Technology Centre at Cambridge University. He was recently honoured by the Queen with the title of Commander, Order of the British Empire (CBE), for Services to Science Research and Communication.
Humphreys is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and a Fellow of the Institute of Materials. He has been awarded an Honorary D.Sc. by the University of Leicester. He has been President of the Physics Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He has published over 400 scientific papers and given plenary lectures at major international conferences throughout the world. Author: High Voltage Electron Microscopy (ed, 1974), Electron Diffraction 1927-77 (ed, 1978), Creation and Evolution (1985, translated into Chinese 1988), Understanding Materials (ed, 2002), The Miracles of Exodus (2003).

Honors: Royal Society Arts Medal 1963, Reginald Mitchell Medal 1989, Rosenhain Medal and Prize 1989, Templeton Award 1994, Elegant Work Prize Inst of Materials 1996, Kelvin Medal and Prize Inst of Physics 1999, Euro Materials Gold Medal Fedn of Euro Materials Socs 2001, Robert Franklin Mehl Gold Medal Minerals Metals and Materials Society USA 2003.

“Colin Humphreys Under the Spotlight,” http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/science/working/humphreys.html

Colin Humphreys.  “The Star of Bethlehem,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Astronomy-Cosmology/S&CB%2010-93Humphreys.html. From Science and Christian Belief , Vol 5, (October 1995): 83-101.

David Humphreys*** Not in Gale
Science Educator.  Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and adjunct Professor of science and religion in the Divinity College at McMaster. The recipient of numerous awards, a text book author, and leader in science education, he is noted for making science accessible to the public. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of London, England, where he taught chemistry before moving to McMaster in 1965. He received his Ph.D. from McMaster in 1969, and was made full Professor there in 1987.

From Genesis Quest profile, http://www.genesisquest.org/bio.html:

He was the founding director of the Shell Merit Fellowship Program and the Shell Centre for Science Teachers at McMaster University. He also established the Instructional Development Centre and the M.Sc. (Teaching) program at McMaster University. Through these programmes he has conducted a number of educational research and development projects in chemical education, and also produced a number of television programs, including the award-winning Dimensions in Science series for Canadian television. He was director of a major research study on the effectiveness of individualized instruction for the Ministry of Education in Ontario, and the originator of a series of programs which are used in distance education in a variety of institutions around the world.

Dr. Humphreys is the author of scientific papers, innovative science text books and multimedia presentations. He co-authored the text Atoms, Molecules and Reactions published by Prentice-Hall. He has introduced chemistry to some twenty thousand students and has been recognized for his efforts in using video taped experiments and interesting demonstrations to integrate reactions and reality with theory and principles.

His current interests include promoting science in schools and communities throughout Canada and in developing countries. He has recently developed a new course on Frontiers of Science and Christianity for the Divinity College, which has been recognised by receiving the Sir John Templeton Award for Science and Religion courses. He is currently lecturing extensively on aspects of science and faith with special emphasis on the mystery of the origin of life.

From http://www.mcmaster.ca/3Mteachingfellowships/1989/humphreys.html:

Dr. Humphreys is one of a very select group of faculty members to be promoted to Full Professor based on his educational activities.
Professor Humphreys was the 1994 St-Mary’s College Fellow, and Visiting Professor at Beijing, China; Gotoborg, Sweden, and the University of Durham in England, where he conducted workshops on a variety of topics centering around the theme “Bringing Knowledge to Life”. He is a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada, an honourary lifetime Fellow of the Canadian Society for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, and a former Honourary President of the Science Teachers Association of Ontario. He is a Fellow of the American Scientific Affiliation, and past Executive Director of the Canadian Scientific Christian Association. He is also HERDSA Fellow in Australia and New Zealand.

Awards: The “Catalyst Award” from the Manufacturing Chemists Association (one of only three Canadians in the 30 year history of the award) in 1997, the Science Teachers’ Association of Ontario award (1981) and the Science Faculty award from the McMaster Students’ Union (1985), 3M National Teaching Award in 1989, Union Carbide Award (national award given by the Chemical Institute of Canada for outstanding contributions to chemical education) in 1991, Distinguished Educator Award from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education in 1993, and the President’s Award for Excellence in Educational Leadership, McMaster University in 1994.

“Who is Dr. Humphreys?” http://www.scienceshorts.com/drdaveh.htm

“Science Shorts with Dr. David Humphreys,” http://www.scienceshorts.com/main.htm

Dr. David Humphreys.  “Life By Design,” http://www.scienceshorts.com/articles/lbd.htm

Genesis Quest.  http://www.genesisquest.org/

Genesis Quest and Science Shorts are sponsored by World of Science and edited by Dr. David A. Humphreys, Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at McMaster University in Canada.

D. Russell Humphries *** Not in Gale
Physicist.  Dr. Humphreys was awarded his Ph.D. in physics from Louisiana State University in 1972, by which time he was a fully convinced creationist. For the next 6 years he worked in the High Voltage Laboratory of General Electric Company. Since 1979, he has worked for Sandia National Laboratories[Albuquerque, New Mexico] in nuclear physics, geophysics, pulsed power research, theoretical atomic and nuclear physics, and the Particle Beam Fusion Project. Dr. Humphreys is an adjunct Professor of Geophysics and Astrophysics at the Institute for Creation Research in San Diego, a Board member of the Creation Research Society and is president of the Creation Science Fellowship of New Mexico. He is also the author of the book Starlight and Time: Solving the Puzzle of Distant Starlight in a Young Universe, Master Books, 1994 (ISBN 0-89051- 202-7) which details his white hole cosmology theory.

Russell Humphreys said in a 1993 interview: “I’m part of a fairly large scientific community in New Mexico, and a good number of these are creationists. Many don’t actively belong to any creationist organization. Based on those proportions and knowing the membership of the Creation Research Society, it’s probably a conservative estimate that there are in the US alone around 10,000 practicing scientists who are biblical creationists.” (“Creation in the Physics Lab,” Creation Ex Nihilo Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 3, pages 20-23)

From David Buckna. “Do Creationists Publish in Notable Refereed Journals?” http://www.rae.org/crepub.html.

Doug Sharp.  “An Interview with Dr. D. Russell Humphreys,” http://www.rae.org/raerhtrn.html From Creation Matters, December 2001, published by the Creation Research Society.

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/physicalscientists.html#rhumphreys

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/humphreys.html

D.R. Humphreys, “Progress Toward a Young-earth Relativistic Cosmology,” Proceedings 3^rd ICC, Pittsburgh, 1994, pp. 267-286. http://christiananswers.net/creation/people/humphreys-dr.html

D. R. Humphreys.  “THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD IS YOUNG,” Impact, No. 242 August 1993. http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-242.htm

Cornelius G. Hunter*** Not in Gale
Biophysicist.  Author. Resident, Cameron Park, California.  Cornelius G. Hunter was senior vice president of Seagull Technology, Inc., a high tech firm in Silicon Valley. He completed a Ph.D. in biophysics at the University of Illinois, 2003.

Author: Darwin’s God: Evolution and the Problem of Evil, 2001, Darwin’s Proof: The Triumph of Religion Over Science, 2003.

http://www.arn.org/arnproducts/books/b081.htm

John Hunter

(1728-1793).  John Hunter was a Scottish physiologist and surgeon who lived during the eighteenth century. Considered the father of scientific surgery/modern surgical techniques, he is also well known for his large collection of anatomical specimens.  Assistant to his brother William (1748-59); surgeon at St. George's, London (1756); staff surgeon with English army (1760-63); practicedin London (1763); took house pupils, among whom was Edward Jenner (q.v.); began to lecture on surgery (1773); surgeon extraordinary to George III (1776); surgeon general to army (1790).  His investigations included venereal diseases, work relating to the descent of the testes in the fetus, course of the olfactory nerves, formation of pus, placental circulation, function of lymphatics, coagulation of blood, digestion inhibernating snakes and lizards, recovery of people apparently drowned, the structure of whales, bees, growth of deer's antlers; discovered that smaller arteries increase in size to compensate when circulation is arrested in larger ones; first to ligate artery for aneurysm (1785). Author of Natural History of the Human Teeth (1771), Treatise on the Venereal Disease (1786), Animal Oeconomy (1786).

http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/history/hunter/john.shtml:

John, the youngest of William Hunter's brothers, received no formal education. At the age of 20 he followed William south to London, and quickly acquired a reputation as an anatomist, which in time surpassed that of his brother. John Hunter made great advances in biological research, and built up a second Hunterian Museum, now housed at the Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.

The Royal College of Surgeons of England.  The Hunterian Collection: http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/services/museums/history/hunterian_html

“Significant Scots: William & John Hunter,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/hunter_william.htm

William Hunter  *** Not in Gale

(1718-1783).  Scottish surgeon, physiologistpathologist, anatomist, obstetrician.  Elder brother of John Hunter. The founder of modern obstetrics.  Surgeon-accoucheur, Middlesex Hospital (1748), British Lying-in Hospital (1749); physician extraordinary to Queen Charlotte Sophia (1764); first professor of anatomy, Royal Academy (1768). Began teaching (1746); devoted practice to obstetrics (from 1756). Author of Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus (1774).

http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/services/museums/history/william_hunter_html:

“William Hunter was born at Long Calderwood Farm near Glasgow in 1718. He matriculated at Glasgow University in 1731 and later studied medicine at Edinburgh. In 1741 he moved to London. William Hunter quickly became well-known as a physician, especially as an obstetrician, and built up a distinguished clientèle which included members of the Royal Family. He also established himself as a teacher of surgery and anatomy, and assembled a collection of anatomical and pathological specimens, which were used to support his teaching work. In 1768 he opened a medical school at his house in Great Windmill Street. As his reputation – and wealth – grew, Hunter also collected works of art as well as coins, books, manuscripts and curiosities. After his death in 1783 William Hunter bequeathed his entire collection to Glasgow University, where it formed the basis of the Hunterian Museum which opened in 1807.”

Biography.  http://www.fife.50megs.com/william-hunter.htm

The Huntarian Museum.  http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/index.html

Biography.  http://www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk/history/hunter/early.shtml

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst165.html

Biography of William Hunter (1718-1783)

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/dnb.hunter.html

John and William Hunter - Pioneers of Surgery and Medicine. http://www.hoslink.com/pioneers3.htm

“Significant Scots: William & John Hunter,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/hunter_william.htm

William Hunter *** Not in Gale

(1861-1937).  Scottish physician.

Excerts from http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/558.html:
William Hunter studied medicine at Edinburgh University, graduating in 1883. He served as a house physician at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, and studied overseas at Leipzig, Vienna, and Strassburg. From 1887 to 1890 he worked full time on laboratory research at Cambridge, devoting himself to pernicious anaemia. He was the first person to note that the alimentary and the nervous system were often affected in this disorder, and he regarded the haemolytic element as being most important and made numerous observations on the excessive pigmentation and iron deposition in the liver.
From 1895, Hunter was affiliated with the Charing Cross Hospital and the London Fever Hospital. During World War I her served in Serbia where developed de-lousing techniques to control typhus. Hunter was a sound clinician and a good teacher of medical students.
Author: Oral sepsis as a cause of septic gastritis, London, 1901; Pernicious anaemia, London, 1901; Severest anaemias, London, 1909; Historical account of Charing Cross Hospital and Medical School (University of London), London, 1914; Serbian epidemics of typhus and relapsing fever in 1915, London, 1920.

Associated eponyms:  Hunter's glossitis (William Hunter), Ucerous glossitis in pernicious anaemia; Möller's glossitis (William Hunter), Superficial excorcitation of the tongue, principally of its tip and edges; Serbian barrel, Used for eradicating lice during World War I in Serbia.

Rick Douglas Husband, Colonel, USAF

American Air Force officer, test pilot, Space shuttle astronaut.  Born "1957" Day="12" Month="7" July 12, 1957, in Amarillo, Texas. Died on "2003" Day="1" Month="2" February 1, 2003 over the southern United States when Space Shuttle Columbia and her crew perished during entry, 16 minutes prior to scheduled landing. After graduation from Texas Tech University in May 1980, Husband was commissioned a second lieutenant in the USAF and attended pilot training at Vance Air Force Base (AFB), Oklahoma. He graduated in October 1981, and was assigned to F-4 training at Homestead AFB, Florida. After completion of F-4 training in September 1982, Husband was assigned to Moody AFB, Georgia flying the F-4E. From September to November 1985, he attended F-4 Instructor School at Homestead AFB and was assigned as an F-4E instructor pilot and academic instructor at George AFB, California in December 1985. In December 1987, Husband was assigned to Edwards AFB, California, where he attended the USAF Test Pilot School. Upon completion of Test Pilot School, Husband served as a test pilot flying the F-4 and all five models of the F-15. In the F-15 Combined Test Force, Husband was the program manager for the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 increased performance engine, and also served as the F-15 Aerial Demonstration Pilot. In June 1992, Husband was assigned to the Aircraft and Armament Evaluation Establishment at Boscombe Down, England, as an exchange test pilot with the Royal Air Force. At Boscombe Down, Husband was the Tornado GR1 and GR4 Project Pilot and served as a test pilot in the Hawk, Hunter, Buccaneer, Jet Provost, Tucano, and Harvard. He logged over 3800 hours of flight time in more than 40 different types of aircraft.  Husband was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in December 1994. He reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995 to begin a year of training and evaluation. Upon completion of training, he was named the Astronaut Office representative for Advanced Projects at Johnson Space Center, working on Space Shuttle Upgrades, the Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) and studies to return to the Moon and travel to Mars. He also served as Chief of Safety for the Astronaut Office. Husband was pilot on STS-96 (1999) and crew commander on STS-107 (2003), logging 24 days, 51 hours and 33 minutes in space. He received a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University in 1980, and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from California State University, Fresno, in 1990.

Member: Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Tau Beta Pi, Air Force Association, and the Texas Tech Ex-Students Association.

Honors:  Posthumously awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Distinguished Service Medal (DDSM), and the Congressional Space Medal of Freedom. Prior honors: Distinguished Graduate of AFROTC, Undergraduate Pilot Training, Squadron Officers School, F-4 Instructor School, and USAF Test Pilot School; Outstanding Engineering Student Award, Texas Tech University, 1980; F-4 Tactical Air Command Instructor Pilot of the Year (1987); named a 1997 Distinguished Engineer of the College of Engineering, Texas Tech University. Military decorations include the Meritorious Service Medal with two Oak Leaf Clusters, the Aerial Achievement Medal, the Air Force Commendation Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, two NASA Group Achievement Awards for work on the X-38 Development Team and the Orbiter Upgrade Definition Team.

From “Rick Douglas Husband,” Biography Resource Center Online. Gale Group, 2004:

“One August morning, between his first space flight in 1999, and the one he would take in January 2003, Rick Husband told the congregation of First Presbyterian Church in his hometown of Amarillo, Texas that, ‘As exciting as a ride on the space shuttle may seem, I have to say that it’s not as important as my relationship with Jesus. If it came to a point where I had to choose one or the other, I’d give up the shuttle ride in a minute.’”

NASA Astronauts with Texas Roots.  http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/txnauts/husband.html

http://www.hanawalt.net/husbandbio.htm

http://www.engology.com/eng5husband.htm

Obituary in The Guardian, "2003" Day="3" Month="2" February 3, 2003.  http://www.guardian.co.uk/columbia/story/0,12845,888080,00.html

Kristen Burke.  “Astronauts’ Faith Lives On,” http://www.billygraham.org/article.asp?i=302&s=73

Obed Hussey

(1792-1860). American inventor. Invented a reaper (patented 1833; improved model, 1847), which he manufactured (1834-58) in competition with the McCormick reaper.   Quaker.

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohc/history/ocoa/peo/husseyo.shtml

Follett L Greeno. Obed Hussey, who, of all inventors, made bread cheap being a true record of his life and struggles to introduce his greatest invention, the reaper, and its success. Publisher: Rochester, N.Y. : The Rochester Herald Pub. Co., 1912.

Ian Horner Hutchinson

(Born 1951).  Plasma physicist, nuclear engineering educator.  Head of Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.  Senior scientific officer, UKAEA, Culham, United Kingdom, 1980-83; Professor, MIT, Cambridge, 1989; Associate Professor nuclear engineering, MIT, Cambridge, 1983-89; Principal research scientist, MIT, Cambridge, 1979; research scientist, MIT, Cambridge, 1976-78. Career-Related: head Alcator Tokamak program MIT, 1987-2003, nuc. engineering Department head, 2003.  Author: Principles of Plasma Diagnostics, 1987, 2d edit., 2002.

Personal webpage: http://hutchinson.belmont.ma.us/ian.html

MIT webpage: http://web.mit.edu/ned/www/people/faculty/hutchinson.html

MIT professional webpage: http://www.psfc.mit.edu/people/hutch/index.html

I.H.Hutchinson.  Plasma Science and Fusion Center and Department of Nuclear Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. ASA Conference, "2002" Day="4" Month="8" 4 August 2002

“Science: Christian and Natural,” http://hutchinson.belmont.ma.us/asa2002/.  Includes testimony.

Ian H.Hutchinson. “The Faith of Great Scientists,” MIT Independent Activities Period, "1996" Day="14" Month="1" 14 Jan 96, “Michael Faraday: Scientist and Nonconformist,” http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/Faraday/

Ian Hutchinson.  “Astrophysics and Mysticism: the life of Arthur Stanley Eddington,” December 2002,

http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/eddington/

Ian Hutchinson.  “James Clerk Maxwell and the Christian Proposition,” MIT IAP Seminar: The Faith of Great Scientists, Jan 98, http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/Maxwell/maxwell.html

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

John Hutchinson

(1674-1737). English theologian. Author of Moses’s Principia (1724), attacking Newton, and works of religious symbolism; taught that Hebrew scriptures contain a complete system of natural science and theology, and gained many followers (known as Hutchinsonians).

http://www.4reference.net/encyclopedias/wikipedia/John_Hutchinson.html

Christiaan Huygens

The Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and physicist Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was the first to recognize the rings of Saturn, made pioneering studies of the dynamics of moving bodies, and was the leading advocate of the wave, or pulse, theory of light (1678).  Son of Sir Constantijn Huygens. With his brother Constantijn, he discovered improved method of grinding and polishing lenses (1655); discovered a satellite of Saturn (1655), stars in the Orion nebula (1656), true shape of Saturn’s rings (1659); devised negative eyepiece and micrometer for use in telescopes; first to use pendulum to regulate movement of clocks (1656) and to determine acceleration due to gravity. In Paris (1666-81); a founder of French Academy of Sciences (1666). Published Horologium oscillatorium (1673) solving problems involving rotation of bodies, centrifugal force, pendulums, etc. Enunciated laws governing the impact of elastic bodies (1669); enunciated Huygen’s principle according to which the surface constituting a wave front is determined;investigated polarization of light. Author also of Discours de la cause de la pesanteur (1690), Traite de la lumiere (1690), etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/huygens.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson. “Christaan Huygens,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Huygens.html

http://ethel.as.arizona.edu/~collins/astro/subjects/electromag4.html

http://www.phys.uu.nl/~huygens/hug_biblio3_en.htm

http://28.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HU/HUYGENS_CHRISTIAAN.htm

Randall Scott Ingermanson

(Born 1958)  Ohio State University, Columbus, postdoctoral researcher, 1986-88; Maxwell Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, senior staff scientist, 1988-96, 1999-2000; Integration Partners, Inc., San Diego, technical lead, 1996-99; Q3DM, San Diego, CA, senior scientist, 2000-present.

Website: http://www.rsingermanson.com/html/home_page.html

Personal biography: http://www.rsingermanson.com/html/personal.html

Interview: http://www.christian-fandom.org/christian-fandom/oli-ri.html

Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia *** Not in Gale

(c. 1510-1580).  Italian physician, anatomist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ingrasia.html

Ingassia is best known for anatomical studies, especially of the bones, which date from the period in Naples. They show his continuing debt to Vesalius.  Ingrassia published on the plague.  He is called the founder of legal medicine, which in his case included issues such as the validity of testimony taken under torture. He also contributed to veterinary medicine.

Chris Isham

Chris J. Isham is Professor of Theoretical Physics at The Blankett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England.

Theoretical Physics Group Research Interests, http://theory.ic.ac.uk/staffresearch.html

Contact information: http://www.imperial.ac.uk/physics/about/staff/staff_detail.aspx?id=314

Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi

From http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Hunayn.html:

Hunayn ibn Ishaq (A.D. 808-873) is most famous as a translator. He was not a mathematician but trained in medicine and made his original contributions to the subject. However, as the leading translator in the House of Wisdom at one of the most remarkable periods of mathematical revival, his influence on the mathematicians of the time is of sufficient importance to merit his inclusion in this archive. His son Ishaq ibn Hunayn, strongly influenced by his father, is famed for his Arabic translation of Euclid’s Elements.

http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/bio-hi.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioH.html

Colonel James Benson Irwin

In 1971, during the U.S. Apollo 15 space mission, James Irwin (1930-1991) became the eighth person to walk on the moon. During the first-ever use of the lunar roving vehicle, or “moon buggy,” he and mission commander David Scott found a four-billion-year-old rock. Irwin experienced the lunar mission as a religious awakening and later founded an evangelical Christian religious organization.

Decorated NASA Distinguished Service Medal, D.S.M. USAF, City N.Y. Gold Medal, UN Peace medal, City Chicago Gold medal; order Leopold Belgium; recipient David C. Schilling trophy, 1971, Kitty Hawk Memorial award, 1971, Haley Astronautics award AIAA, 1972, John F. Kennedy trophy Arnold Air Society, 1972, Freedoms Foundation Washington medal, 1976, National Citizenship award Military Chaplains Association, 1978, others.
Founder, president High Flight Foundation, Colorado Springs, Colorado, from 1972; lunar module pilot Apollo 15 moon landing crew, July 30, 1971, NASA; backup lunar module pilot Apollo 12, NASA; member support crew Apollo 10, NASA; astronaut, NASA, 1966-72; bureau chief, Advanced Systems Headquarters Air Defense Command, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1965-66; test pilot, F-12 Test Force, Edwards AFB, California, 1963-65; test director, ASG-18AIM-47 armament system, Edwards AFB, California, 1961-63; project officer, Wright Patterson AFB, 1957-60; advanced through grades to col., USAF, 1971; Commd. 2d Lieutenant, USAF, 1951.
Author: To Rule the Night, 1973, rev. edit. 1982, More Than Earthlings, 1983, More Than an Ark on Ararat, 1985, Destination Moon, 1989.

http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/irwin.htm

http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jbirwin.htm

http://www.astronautix.com/astros/irwin.htm

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.

Isidore of Seville

(560-636).  Archbishop of Seville is best known for his major work The Etymologies, an encyclopedic work in 20 books containing a wealth of information about ancient culture.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08186a.htm

http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/sainti04.htm

Gaines Bradford Jackson

(Born

Member: Water Pollution Control Federation, Oklahoma Water Pollution Association, Pollution Control Association Oklahoma (Outstanding Sec. Education and Public Relations award 1988), American Chemical Society, Oklahoma Association Community and Jr. Colleges.

Author: Easy to Make Laboratory Benchsheets for the Water Utility Technician Using Your Office Copier, 1989, Water Chemistry Manual for Water & Spentwater Personnel, 1992, 93, Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company of New York, (over 900,000 copies of this text have been sold around the globe), Compendium of Technical and Non-Technical Terms for the Water Utility Field, 1994; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Gaines B. Jackson, B.S., M.S., Dr.PH.  Professor, Engineering Science & Science Curriculum Developer, http://www.rose.edu/faculty/gjackson/

David E. Jahn *** Not in Gale

Meteorologist.  Assistant Director, Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma.  Research Interest: Numerical Prediction of High-Impact, Localized Weather.

Faculty webpage, http://cheminfo.chem.ou.edu/faculty/djn/SigmaXi/HomelandSecurity/DavidJahn.html

Kelvin K. Droegemeier and David Jahn.  Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, University of Oklahoma.  “Research Efforts in the US and Collaborations with Asia toward Storm-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction,” http://rossby.metr.ou.edu/~spark/AMON/v1_n1/KD.html

Virginia Wray Jamison

(Born 1924).  Environmental microbiologist.  Technician, Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, 1944-63, Assistant scientist, 1964-69, Associate scientist, 1969-75, scientist Sun Tech, Inc. subs., 1975-81, Senior research scientist, 1981-83; founder, Environmental Biological Services, Inc., 1983.  Education: Student Juniata College, 1942-44; B.S., University Pennsylvania, 1969.

Honors: Recipient Charles Porter Award, Society Industrial Microbiology, 1975.

Member: American Chemical Society, ASTM, American Society Microbiology, Society Industrial Microbiology. Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals; patentee in field.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Pierre Jules César Janssen

(1824-1907). French astronomer. Traveled widely to study solar eclipses, terrestrial magnetism, etc.; director of Meudon Observatory (1876 ff.); demonstrated that “telluric rays” in solar spectrum arise from water vapor in Earth’s atmosphere (1862-64); devised means of observing solar prominences in absence of an eclipse (1868); established observatory on Mont Blanc (1893) and demonstratedthat oxygen lines in solar spectrum are of terrestrial origin; a pioneer in celestial photography, compiled Atlas de photographies solaries (1904).

http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/janssen.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/J/Janssen/1.html

http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/biog/b0058.html

Charlene Drew Jarvis

(Born 1941).  Scientist.  Neuropsychologist.  University administrator.

Biography, http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=561&category=educationMakers:Charlene Drew Jarvis was born in Washington, D.C., on July 31, 1941. The second of four children, her mother was an economist and her father, Dr. Charles Drew, was the noted blood bank pioneer. After graduating from Roosevelt High School in 1958, Jarvis earned her B.A. from Oberlin College in 1962. She went on to Howard University to earn her M.S. in 1964, and in 1971 she earned her Ph.D. in neuropsychology from the University of Maryland.
Jarvis began her career in 1965 as an instructor in psychology at Howard University, then as a pre-doctoral Fellow at the National Institute of Mental Health. Earning her Ph.D., she remained there as a research scientist until 1978. The following year, Jarvis was elected to the City Council of the District of Columbia, where she served for twenty-one years. While there, she chaired the Committee on Economic Development during a citywide financial crisis. She introduced legislation that brought in the new Convention Center and the MCI Center, current home of the Washington Wizards and Washington Capitals. In 1996, Jarvis was named president of Southeastern University in Washington, D.C., the first woman to hold the position. She gave up her seat on the City Council in 2000 to devote her energies solely to the university. Under her leadership, Southeastern has strengthened its curriculum and partnered with a number of local organizations, such as the Greater Washington Society of Certified Public Accountants, to support professional development of the students.
Honors: Recipient of the 2002 Brotherhood-Sisterhood Award from the National Conference of Community and Justice. Amherst College, honorary doctorate; over 100 other awards.

Member: Executive Committee of the Federal City Council, past chairperson of the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce, active with the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities.  Jarvis has also been listed in numerous editions of Who’s Who, including Who’s Who in the World and Who’s Who Among African Americans.

http://www.hbsaaa.org/conf2002/ES/confBioCharleneJarvis.htm

http://www.seu.edu/gen/president/Press_Releases/7-12release.htm

“NIH TAPS DR. CHARLENE DREW JARVIS FOR FOUNDATION BOARD: Southeastern University President Returns to Roots of Her Research on the Brain,”

http://www.seu.edu/gen/president/Press_Releases/7-12release.htm WASHINGTON - The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc., has appointed Dr. Charlene Drew Jarvis, President of Southeastern University, to its board to serve a five-year term beginning in 2002.

President Charlene Drew Jarvis’s Bio http://www.seu.edu/gen/president/cdjbio.htm

George T. Javor *** Not in Gale

Biochemist.  Professor of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, California.  Ph.D. in biochemistry from Columbia University, New York, U.S.A.; Post-doctoral studies at Rockefeller University; B.S. in chemistry from Brown University.

Author of over 40 technical papers and abstracts; 

Webpage: http://www.llu.edu/llu/medicine/biochem/people/faculty/javor/

Current research includes continuing work on the ubiX gene, and thiol sensitive mutants in in E. coli.

George T. Javor, Ph.D. SEARCHING FOR THE CREATOR THROUGH THE STUDY OF A BACTERIUM http://origins.swau.edu/papers/various/javor/default.html

“… the Universe and our world are God’s creation, as described in the Bible. This is stated at the outset, because today’s academia is largely in the evolutionist camp. As a scientist, I frequently find myself taking a polemic stance in defense of creationism. In doing this, I easily lose sight of nature as a revealer of its Creator. It is a pleasant change to contemplate my field of scientific interest, looking for insights about the Creator.”

http://origins.swau.edu/who/javor/default.html

Qualifications and experience.  http://origins.swau.edu/who/javor/cjavor98.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Richard A. Jaynes / Richard Andrus Jaynes

(Born 1935).  Geneticist, horticulturalist.  Established Broken Arrow Nursery, 1984.  Assistant geneticist, 1961-65, associate geneticist, 1965-75, geneticist, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 1975-1984.  Education: Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, B.A., 1957; Yale University, M.S., 1959, Ph.D., 1961.

Member: International Plant Propagators Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Horticulture Society, American Rhododendron Society, American Rock Garden Society, American Society of Horticultural Science, Northern Nut Growers Association.

Honors: James R. Jewett Award from Arnold Arboretum, 1972; bronze medal from local chapter of American Rhododendron Society, 1974; Evelyn Moody certificate for creative horticultural achievement from National Council of State Garden Clubs, 1974; scientific citation from American Horticulture Society, 1976; Jackson Dawson Award from Massachusetts Horticulture Society, 1976. American Rhododendron Society Gold Medal

Author: (Editor) Handbook of North American Nut Trees, Northern Nut Growers Association, 1969.

The Laurel Book, Hafner, 1975; (Editor) Nut Tree Culture in North America, Northern Nut Growers Association (Hamden, CT), 1979; Kalmia: The Laurel Book II, Timber Press (Portland, OR), 1988. Kalmia: Mountain Laurel and Related Species, Timber Press (Portland, OR), 1997.

Contributor of more than eighty-five articles to scientific and popular journals. Editor for Northern Nut Growers Association, 1963-present.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004

Sir James Jeans

Sir James Jeans (1877-1946), British astronomer, physicist and popularizer of science, perhaps best known for the Rayleigh-Jeans law of black body radiation and his book The Mysterious Universe.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jeans.html

http://physics.rug.ac.be/Fysica/Geschiedenis/Mathematicians/Jeans.html

London Times obituary, http://www.aam314.vzz.net/Jeans.html

Malcolm Alexander Jeeves, CBE

(Born 1926).  Neuropsychologist.  Malcolm Jeeves is a Foundation Professor of Psychology at St. Andrews University and a past president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland’s National Academy of Science and Letters. He established the Department of Psychology at St. Andrews University and his research interests centre around cognitive psychology and neuropsychology.  He researches on the link between brain and behaviour: in particular, the nature of interactions between the cerebral hemispheres and the functions of the forebrain commissures in agenesis and in brain damaged patients. In addition to more than 100 scientific papers in journals of psychology, neurology and neuroscience, he has written extensively about issues involving the interface of science and Christian faith. He was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992 for his services to science and to psychology in Britain.

He has won the Kenneth Craik Award for research in experimental psychology; the Abbie Medal (for anatomy); and the Cairns Medal of the Society of Neurologists and Neurosurgeons of South Australia. His recent books include Mind Fields: Reflections on the Science of Mind and Brain (1994), Human Nature at the Millennium (1997), and Science, Life and Christian Belief.

Home page: http://psy.st-andrews.ac.uk/people/lect/maj2.shtml

“Neuropsychologist Malcolm Jeeves to Lecture at Whitworth,” http://www.whitworth.edu/News/2000_2001/Spring/MalcolmJeevesLecture.html

CiS-St Edmunds Lecture series - PYSCHOLOGY & CHRISTIANITY - Malcolm Jeeves http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/jeeves/lecture0.html

CiS-St Edmunds Lecture series - PYSCHOLOGY & CHRISTIANITY - Malcolm Jeeves , http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/jeeves/lecture6.html

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

David Lyle Jeffrey

(Born 1941).  Scholar. Provost and Distinguished Professor of Literature and Humanities, Baylor Univeristy.  David Lyle Jeffrey has worked and taught at Baylor since 2000. He became Provost on

Member: Modern Language Association of America, Early English Text Society, Medieval Academy of America, Conference on Christianity and Literature, American Academy of Religion, Anglo-Norman Text Society, Association of Canadian University Teachers of English, Canadian Society of Biblical Studies, Institute for Advanced Christian Studies, Lambda Iota Tau.

Author: A Burning and a Shining Light: English Spirituality in the Age of Wesley, Eerdmans (Grand Rapids, MI), 1987, published as English Spirituality in the Age of Wesley, 1994; The Law of Love: English Spirituality in the Age of Wyclif, Eerdmans, 1987; (Co-author and editor with Brian Levy) The Anglo-Norman Lyric, Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1988; (Editor and co-author) A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature, Eerdmans, 1992; People of the Book: Christian Identity and Literary Culture, Eerdmans, 1995; Houses of the Interpreter: Reading Scripture, Reading Culture, 2003. Jeffrey is General Editor and co-author of A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature (1992).

In 2003, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Conference on Christianity and Literature/Modern Language Association. David Jeffrey’s current research interests involve the relationship of biblical humanities to literary and artistic expression.

Baylor University, Office of the Provost. http://www.baylor.edu/provost/index.php?id=001159 and http://www.baylor.edu/provost/index.php?id=001153

David Lyle Jeffrey, Distinguished Professor of Literature and Humanities and Provost, Baylor University.  “Christianity and the Soul of the University,” http://www.baylortv.com/video.php?id=000552

Vicki Marsh Kabat.  “Q&A with Dr. David Lyle Jeffrey,” http://www.baylormag.com/story.php?story=003700

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Edward Jenner

The English physician Edward Jenner (1749-1823) introduced vaccination against smallpox and thus laid the foundation of modern concepts of immunology.  Apprenticed to surgeon near Bristol; pupil of John Hunter in London (1770-72); began practice in Berkeley (1773). Observed that dairymaids who had had cowpox did not get smallpox; vaccinated James Phipps, a boy of eight, with matter from cowpox vesicles on hands of a milkmaid (1796); several weeks later the boy was inoculated with smallpox but did not contract the disease; published Inquiry into the Cause and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae in which he announced his discovery of vaccination (1798).  He called his method vaccination, using the Latin word vacca, meaning cow, and vaccinia, meaning cowpox. He also introduced the word virus.

The Jenner Museum website: http://www.jennermuseum.com/

The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research: http://www.jenner.ac.uk/ns/index.htm

http://www.foundersofscience.net/jenner.htm

http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/edwardjenner.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jenner_edward.shtml

http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/tech/medicine/EdwardJennerAndVaccination/Chap1.html

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Tammy Jernigan / Tamara E. “Tammy” Jernigan, Ph.D.

(Born 1959). American astronaut.  She currently serves as Chief of the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch for NASA.  Her previous flights were the First Spacelab Life Sciences and the First United States Microgravity Payload missions. A veteran of five space flights, Dr. Jernigan has logged over 1,512 hours in space, including an EVA totaling 7 hours and 55 minutes. She was a mission specialist on STS-40 (June 5-14, 1991) and STS-52 (October 22-November 1, 1992), was the payload commander on STS-67 (March 2-18, 1995), and again served as a mission specialist on STS-80 (November 19 to December 7, 1996) and STS-96 (May 27 to June 6, 1999). She earned a B.S. (with honors) in physics from Stanford in 1981, an M.S. in engineering science from Stanford in 1983, an M.S. in astronomy from the University of California-Berkeley in 1985, and her Ph.D. in space physics and astronomy from Rice University in 1988. Dr. Jernigan served as a research scientist in the NASA Ames Research Center Theoretical Studies Branch from 1981 to 1985. Her astronomy research includes the study of bipolar outflows in regions of star formation, gamma-ray bursters, and shockwave phenomena in the interstellar medium. She completed astronaut training in 1986.

Member of the American Astronomical Association, the American Physical Society, the United States Volleyball Association, and a Lifetime Member of Girl Scouts.

Honors: Distinguished Service Medal (2000, 1997); Lowell Thomas Award, Explorer’s Club (2000); Group Achievement Award - EVA Development Test Team (1997); Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Vladimir Komorov Diploma (1997, 1996); Outstanding Leadership Medal (1996); Outstanding Performance Award (1993); Exceptional Service Medal (1993); Laurels Award, Aviation Week (1991); NASA Space Flight Medal (2000, 1996, 1995, 1992, 1991).

Married to Peter J.K. “Jeff” Wisoff.

“Tamara E. ‘Tammy’ Jernigan (Ph.D.) NASA Astronaut,” http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/jernigan.html

http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/space_level2/jernigan_training.html

Payload Commander Tamara E. Jernigan is shown here practicing the operation of the Remote Manipulator Arm system for STS-67.

http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Shuttle/Astro2/crew/jernigan.html

Antonio Alcides Jimenez

(Born 1934). Animal nutrition consultant.  Certified animal scientist. Animal husbandman, Panamanian Government, Panama City, 1957-59; research supervisor Supersweed Feed, Minneapolis, 1962-1963; Director technical  services Professional Feeds, Kansas City, Missouri, 1963-1965; Director nutrition Leslie Salt Co., San Francisco 1965-1967; private consultant AnCon, Modesto, California, 1967.  Education: B.S., University of Arkansas, 1956. M.S., 1957; Ph.D., Purdue University, 1962.

Column writer Feedstuffs Magazine, 1977.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Louis Joblot *** Not in Gale

(1645-1723).  French mathematician, microscopist, embryologist, instrument-maker, specialist in magnetism.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/joblot.html

The publication of Descriptions et usages de plusieurs mouveaux microscopes (Paris, 1718) established Joblot as the first French microscopist. The first half of the treatise was devoted to the instrument itself; he developed new forms of it. The second half dealt with microscopic life (protozoa), and briefly he took up the generation of infusoria, opposing the theory of spontaneous generation.

He formulated his own theory on magnetism, and in 1701 constructed the first artificial magnet.

He wrote on the construction and use of microscopes, advancing the art. He also made microscopes with the aid of an instrument maker.

His function at the Académie of painting was to instruct young painters in perspective.

H Lechevalier.  “Louis Joblot and his microscopes,” Bacteriology Review, 1976 March; 40 (1): 241–258 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=413950 or http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=413950&action=stream&blobtype=pdf

Conrad E. Johanson *** Not in Gale
Neuroscientist.  Physiologist.  Pharmacologist.  Professor of Clinical Neurosciences and Physiology; Director of Neurosurgery Research, Brown University Medical School , Rhode Island.  Ph.D., University of Kansas Medical School, 1970.

Director, Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratories. Research Area: Cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain barrier. “The choroid plexus secretes ions, hormones and proteins into the ventricular CSF to provide the brain with an extracellular fluid of stable and specialized composition. Throughout perinatal development, the CSF composition is altered as the chemical needs of the neurons and glia undergo change. We use microphysiological techniques to assess modifications in transport phenomena in the blood-CSF barrier in developing rats. Radioisotopic tracers and pharmacological agents are utilized as tools to elucidate specific ion transport phenomena (antiporters and symporters). Polypeptide modulation and autonomic regulation of CSF secretion are also being analyzed. A better understanding of the transport and permeability characteristics of transport interfaces in the CNS will lead to more effective clinical treatment of disorders like hydrocephalus and cerebral edema. with factors as neuroprotective agents; choroid plexus transport physiology.

Faculty webpage, The Department of Clinical Neurosciences,  http://www.bioscience.org/editmemb/johanson.htm

Home page, http://biomed.brown.edu/Faculty/J/Johanson.html

Faculty close-up, http://brainscience.brown.edu/departments/faculty/johanson.html

Conrad Johanson: “[Scientists] rarely deal directly with macroevolutionary theory, be it biological or physical. For example, in my 25 years of neuroscience teaching and research I have only VERY rarely had to deal with natural selection, origins, macroevolution, etc. My professional work in science stems from rigorous training in biology, chemistry, physics, and math, not from world views about evolution. I suspect that such is the case for most scientists in academia, industry, and elsewhere.”  Personal communication to the author, Jerry Bergman, dated http://www.rae.org/nothing.html.

Margaret Bourns Johnson

(Born "1938" Day="10" Month="2" February 10, 1938 in Pontiac, Michigan, United States).  Biologist. Certified secondary Teacher, Michigan. Retired, 1997; researcher, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, 1984-97; Teacher, chairperson, Oakland Christian School, Auburn Hills, Michigan, 1977-81.  Education: BA, Oakland University, 1976; MS, Oakland University, 1984.

Member: Michigan Electron Microscopy Forum, Association for Women in Science, Women of Oakland, Sigma Xi, Sigma Delta Epsilon.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.
Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Charles Spurgeon Johnson

African American educator, administrator and sociologist Charles Spurgeon Johnson (1893-1956) gave outstanding leadership to Fisk University and conducted important research on human relations and the problems of blacks in America. Research director, New York City Urban League (1922-28); professor (1928-47), first black president (1946-56), Fisk University.

Director of Department of Research and Investigations for Chicago Urban League, 1917-19; associate executive secretary for Chicago Commission on Race Relations, 1919-21; National Urban League, New York, NY, director of Department of Research and Investigations, 1921-28; Fisk University, Nashville, TN, professor of sociology and chair of department of social sciences, beginning in 1928, president of the university, 1946-56. Delegate to United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) conferences in Paris in 1946 and in Mexico City in 1947. Delegate to World Council of Churches in Amsterdam in 1948 and to Conference on Indian-American Relations in New Delhi in 1949. Member of numerous government committees on sociological matters, including the commission appointed by the League of Nations to investigate forced labor in Liberia in 1930, the commission sent to Japan in 1946 by the State Department to organize the Japanese educational system, and the commission established by the Eisenhower administration in 1952 to study the health needs of the nation. Participant in several private organizations, including director in 1933 and co-director from 1934 to 1938 of the Institute of Race Relations at Swarthmore College, co-director of the race relations program and a member of the board of trustees from 1943 to 1948 of the Julius Rosenwald Fund, and a director from 1944 to 1950 of the Race Relations Division of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational and Christian Churches of America. Military service: U.S. Army, 1918-19, served as a sergeant with the 893d Pioneer Infantry.

Honors: William E. Harmon Gold Medal from the Harmon Foundation, 1930, for his achievements in the field of social science, the Anisfield-Wolf Award from Saturday Review, 1938, for his book The Negro College Graduate, the Russwurm Award for Public Service from the Negro Newspaper Publishers’ Association, and the Social Action Churchmanship Award of the General Council of the Congregational Christian Churches. Honorary Litt.D. degrees conferred by Virginia Union University in 1938 and Columbia University in 1947, an honorary L.H.D. degree by Howard University in 1941, the honorary LL.D. degree by Harvard University in 1948, the University of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1952, Lincoln University in 1955, and Central State College, Xenia, Ohio, in 1956.

Author: The Negro in American Civilization, 1930, Growing Up in the Black Belt, 1941, Patterns of Negro Segregation, 1943, Education and the Cultural Crisis, Macmillan, 1951, et al.  Contributor of articles to periodicals, including Opportunity, Journal of Negro History, and New York Times.

“Charles Spurgeon Johnson.” http://search.eb.com/blackhistory/micro/305/29.html

“Perspectives in American Literature.” http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/johnson_charles.html

Samuel Johnson

The writings of the English author and lexicographer Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) express a profound reverence for the past modified by an energetic independence of mind. The mid-18th century in England is often called the Age of Johnson.

Samuel Johnson.  http://www.andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Johnson/

Samuel Johnson.  http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/samuelj.htm

Jack Lynch, Rutgers University – Newark.  Selected Bibliography: Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), http://www.c18.rutgers.edu/biblio/johnson.html

The Samuel Johnson Sound Bite Page, http://www.samueljohnson.com/

http://www.weeks-g.dircon.co.uk/SamuelJohnson.htm

Samuel Johnson, Writer, http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/20.html
”Next only to William Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson is perhaps the most quoted of English writers. The latter part of the eighteenth century is often (in English-speaking countries, of course) called, simply, the Age of Johnson.”

David Cody, Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College.  “Samuel Johnson: A Brief Biography,” http://www.victorianweb.org/previctorian/johnson/sjbio.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Samuel%20Johnson

Johnson’s books available online at http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Johnson

WikiQuote - Quotes by Samuel Johnson http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson

E-texts of some biographies of Samuel Johnson:

Life Of Johnson by James Boswell (Project Gutenberg) http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1564

Anecdotes of the late Samuel Johnson by Hester Thrale http://www.thrale.com/history/english/hester_and_henry/hesters_writings/johnson_anecdotes.php

Thomas Johnson *** Not in Gale

(c. 1600-1644).  English botanist, pharmacologist, physician.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/johnson_tho.html

Johnson published four works that were the first local flora in England: Iter plantarum investigationis, 1629, and Descriptio itineris, 1632, both about botanical tours of Kent and of Hampstead Heath; Mercurius botanicus, 1634, describing a botanical tour to Oxford, Bath, Bristol, Southampton, and the Isle of Wight; and Mercurii botanici pars alter, 1641, another botanizing tour, this time of north Wales. The last two embodied an attempt to produce a British flora, and with his friend Goodyer he had plans to produce a more extensive British flora. These plans were cut short by his death. Johnson was an apothecary, and in his botanizing he always paid attention to the medicinal properties of plants. He published a new improved edition of Gerard’s Herbal, and he was involved in the publication in London of the Pharmacopoei parisiensis, 1637.

A Thomas Johnson -- whom virtually everyone takes to be this Thomas Johnson -- published a translation of the works of Paré in 1634, a book that exerted great influence on British surgery in the 17th century.

Membership: Society of Apoth.  Informal Connections: Friendship with Dr. George Bowles from 1630, with John Goodyer from 1631, and with John Parkinson in 1630s--all three of them fellow botanists.

William Johnson *** Not in Gale

(c. 1610-1665).  English iatrochemist, pharmacologist.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/johnson_wil.html

Johnson was considered an iatrochemist, though he was at odds with other English iatrochemists. He published Three Exact Pieces of Leonard Piorovant, 1652, and in that same year Lexicon chemicum, drawn from Ruland, Basil Valentine, and Van Helmont. Though an iatrochemist, as an employee of the College of Physicians he wrote a defense of Galenic pharmacology (Some Brief Animadversions, 1665) against the attack of George Thomson.

Member: Society of Apothecaries, 1654-1665.

William Woolsey Johnson

(1841-1927).  Mathematician.  William Woolsey Johnson graduated Yale in 1862, at the age of twenty-one, and at once became connected with the United States Nautical Almanac office. After two years of service there he became an instructor in mathematics at the Naval Academy, Newport, R. I., and in 1865 moved with the school to Annapolis, where he remained until 1870, meantime (1868) receiving the degree of master of arts from his Alma Mater. . After teaching at Kenyon College, Ohio (1870-72), and at St. John's College, Maryland (1872-81), he returned to Annapolis as professor of mathematics, to remain there the rest of his active life. In 1913, through a special act of Congress, he was commissioned lieutenant in the navy, and in 1921 was retired with the rank of commodore. He was a founder member of the American Mathematical Society, and a member of the London Mathematical Society and various other learned organizations.

Johnson was one of the best-known of the expository mathematicians of his time, chiefly because of his numerous contributions to mathematical literature which helped to arouse interest in mathematical studies. He wrote a considerable number of textbooks, including An Elementary Treatise on Analytical Geometry (1869); The Elements of Differential and Integral Calculus Founded on the Methods of Rates or Fluxions (3 vols., 1874-76, with later revisions), in collaboration with J. Minot Rice; An Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions (1881); Curve Tracing in Cartesian Coordinates (1884); A Treatise of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations (1889); The Theory of Errors and Method of Least Squares (1890); and An Elementary Treatise on Theoretical Mechanics (2 pts., 1900-01; 1 vol. ed., 1901). He was a descendant of Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758, and Sarah Pierpont, his wife; of Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1696-1772, the first president of King's College (now Columbia University), and of his son William Samuel Johnson, 1727-1819, one of the framers of the Constitution of the United States and the first president of the reorganized (1787) Columbia College.

From David Eugene Smith.  “William Woolsey Johnson.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.

Arthur Jones, BSc, MEd, Ph.D., CBiol, MIBiol *** Not in Gale
Biologist, science education consultant.  Research consultant for curriculum development for the Christian School’s Trust.  Ph.D. in biology from the University of Birmingham, M.Ed. from Bristol University, B.S. (hons) in biology from the University of Birmingham.  Former teacher of science and religion at London and Bristol Universities.  Member: Institute of Biology, London.  Winner, two Templeton Foundation awards.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/jones-a.html

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/index.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Gareth Jones / David Gareth Jones

(Born 1940)  Dean OSMS.  Professor of Anatomy and Structural Biology at the University of Otago, New Zealand, 1983; head Department anatomy and human biology, University of Western Australia, 1981-83; Associate Professor, University of Western Australia, 1977-83; Senior Lecturer Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, 1970-76; Lecturer, University College, London, 1968-70; Assistant Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, University College, London, 1965-68. Named Bruce Hall Memorial Lecturer, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, 1988, Visiting Research Fellow Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia, 1992.

Author: Manufacturing Humans, 1987, Axonal Regeneration in Mammalian Central Nervous System, 1990, Practical Medical Ethics, 1992, 2d edit., 1996, Coping with Controversy, 1994, 2^nd edit., 1996.

Webpage at University of Otago, New Zealand: http://microbes.otago.ac.nz/dept/STAFF/profile-jonesd.html

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

William Jones *** Not in Gale

(1675-1749).  Welsh mathematician and specialist in navigation.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/jones.html

Jones published a number of mathematical works: Synopsis palmariorum mathesios, 1706 (a text for learners that did include fluxions and infinite series--Jones introduced here the symbol pi in its enduring meaning) and a number of papers in the Philosophical Transactions. In 1711 he published Newton’s De analysi, one of the early shots in the priority battle, and his possession of Collins’ papers was crucial for the Newtonian defense. Jones had completed Introduction to the Mathematicks, which was just commencing publication when he died; it was never published and is lost.  His first book was A New Compendium of the Whole Art of Navigation.

Member: Royal Society, 1712; Vice-president at the time of his death. One of the committee appointed by the Royal Society to decide the priority dispute regarding the calculus.  Informal connections: Close friendship with Newton from 1706. He obtained the privilege of access to Newton’s manuscripts and edited some important tracts by Newton.  Acquired the papers and correspondence of John Collins in 1708. They proved to be critical to Newton’s defense in the priority dispute. Jones bequeathed the manuscripts to Lord Macclesfield.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “William Jones,”  https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jones.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Jones.html:

Self-taught English mathematician who, in 1706, was the first to call the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter by the name and symbol (pi ).

John Jonston *** Not in Gale

(1603-1675).  Polish physician, naturalist, historian and educator. He was a Calvinst, and as such the Catholic University of Cracow was closed to him. He was specifically active as a member of the community of Czech Brethren at Leszno.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/jonston.html:

Jonston was a practicing physician for most of his working life.  He published Enchiridion historiae naturalis in the period 1625-1628. (Trans into English, 1657), followed by Idea universae medicinae practicae in Amsterdam in 1642, English translation in 1652; various Latin editions after 1644.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1979.html.  Associated eponyms: Jonston's alopecia, A chronic form of symmetrical pemphigus in adults.

James Prescott Joule

The English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) proved that mechanical and thermal energies are interconvertible on a fixed basis, and thus he established the great principle of conservation of energy.

Website: http://www.msu.edu/~brennem2/joule/home.htm

http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/JouleBio.htm

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Joule.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Claude C. Joyner

(Born 1950).  Systems analyst.  Lincoln National Life Insurance Co, system designer, 1974-76; First Interstate Bank, operations officer 1977-79; Aerospace Corp, programmer, 1979-80; Transaction Tech Inc, systems analyst, 1980-84; Electronic Data Systems, Senior systems analyst, 1984-85; Booz Allen & Hamilton, associate, 1985-86; Contel ASC, Senior system analyst, 1986-87; Computer Based Systems Inc, staff analyst, database administrator, 1987-91; Joyner Design Ltd, CFO, 1990-present; Crystal City, Virginia, Senior database specialist, 1991-96; US Patent Trademark Office, computer scientist, 1996-present.  Education: Central State University, BS, 1974; Pepperdine University, MBA 1983; Maple Springs Baptist Bible College & Seminary, MRE, 1997.

Member: Deaf Pride, Inc. 1980-86; member student outreach Committee National Black MBA Association 1984-87; education chairperson Black Data Processing Associate, DC Chapter, 1985-87; licensed minister, 1991-present, assistant superintendent, 1992-94, Sunday school teacher 1986-94, Mt Sinai Baptist; staff volunteer, treasurer, Mt. Sinai Outreach Center 1987-94; treasurer, Right Way Ministries Inc, 1992-96, Chairman trustee Board, 1997-present; Sunday school teacher, Assistant Training Union Director, 1995-present, disciple training Director, 1994-present, Kendall Baptist Church, 1994; Kendall Baptist Church, Director Benevolence Committee, 1997-present.

“Claude C. Joyner, Mr.” Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17^th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

Gaspar R. F. N. Casal Julian *** Not in Gale

(1680-1759).  Spanish physician and natural historian.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/casal.html

Casal Julian wrote a natural and medical history of Asturias, a major work.

Member: Medical College, Royal Academy of Medicine.

Percy L. Julian / Percy Lavon Julian

Known as the “soybean chemist” for his extraordinary success in synthesizing innovative drugs and industrial chemicals from natural soya products, Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975) was an internationally acclaimed scientist whose discoveries earned him more than 130 chemical patents and a host of professional awards.

http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/pjulian.html

http://www.nas.edu/history/members/julian.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmjuli.html

http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/percyjulian.html

Johann Juncker *** Not in Gale

(1679-1759).  German chemist, physician.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/juncker.html

In 1717, Juncker became physician to the Royal Pedagagical Institute and Orphanage in Halle, a kind of training hospital.  In 1729, he became professor of medicine at the University of Halle. He was also rector twice.

He was eventually appointed Prussian privy councillor.  He practiced medicine during most, if not all, of his career.

Joachim Jungius *** Not in Gale

(1587-1657).  German physician, philosopher of science.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/jungius.html

In1625, Jungius was Professor of medicine, University of Helmstedt.  From 1624-1625 and 1626-1628, he was Professor of mathematics, University of Rostock.  From 1629-1657, he was Professor of natural science and Rector of the Akademisches Gymnasium, Hamburg. (Until 1640, he was also the rector at the Johanneum.)

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Joachim Jungius,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jungius.html:  “In mathematics Jungius proved that the catenary is not a parabola (Galileo assumed it was). He was one of the first to use exponents to represent powers and he used mathematics as a model for the natural sciences.”

Christopher B. Kaiser / Christopher Barina Kaiser

(Born 1941).  Gordon College, Wenham, MA, part-time lecturer in physics and astronomy, 1968-71; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, lecturer in Christian dogmatics, 1973-75; QEI, Inc., Bedford, MA, computer scientist, 1975-76; Western Theological Seminary, Holland, MI, visiting Professor, 1976-77, Assistant Professor, 1977-82, Associate Professor, 1982-88.

Paul Jacobson.  http://listserv.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9406b&L=orthodox&F=&S=&P=19132

Dr. Robert Kaita

(Born 1952).  Physicist.  Achievements include invention of In-situ Determination of Energy Species Yields of Intense Particle Beams; diagnostics for thermonuclear fusion plasmas. Cons. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, Garching, Federal Republic of Germany, 1990; co-Principal investigator Princeton Beta Experiment-Modification, 1989-94; co-Principal investigator of Current Drive Experiment-Upgrade, 1997; head of plasma diagnostics for National Spherical Torus Experiment, 1995.

http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=34&isFellow=true

http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9602/kaita.html

Webpage: http://pst.pppl.gov/person/bob_kaita.htm

“God, the Universe and Everything” transcript, http://www.theevidence.org/episodes/episode15.php

Joanna Kalliteraki

(Born "1962" Day="10" Month="9" September 10, 1962 in Athens, Greece).  Biologist, researcher.  With immunology dept., Laikon Hospital, 1998; researcher, University Athens, Greece, 1995; biologist, Asklipion Hospital, Athens, 1993-95.  Education: BSc, Athens, 1990; Ph.D., Pharm. Medical School, Athens, 1995.

Member: Committee for Polytechnic University, Crete, 1997.  NVAS, EBPS, Greek Neuroscience Society.  Christian Orthodox Church.

Translator: (book) Clinical Pharmacology For Nurses, 1993, Graphology, 1990; inventor in field.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Engelbert Kaempfer *** Not in Gale

(1651-1716).  German geographer, botanist.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kaempfer.html

Engelbert Kaempfer forum. http://rc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~michel/serv/ek/

Haralabos Leonidas Katsoulas

(Born "1971" Day="2" Month="2" February 2, 1971 in Sydney, Australia, arrived in Greece, 1992).  Biologist, certified. Teacher, Bankstown Greek Orthodox Community School, Sydney, 1990-91; Researcher Lab. Applied Geochemistry, University patras, 1993-94; supervisor practicals-cell biology I and II, 1995-96.  Education: BSc, University Patras, Greece, 1994; MSc, University Patras, Greece, 1996; Ph.D., University Patras, Greece, 1996.

Member: Hellenic Biochem. and Biophys. Society, Greek Society Biological Sciences, Panhellenic Union Biologists, N.Y. Academy Science.

Honor: Recipient scholarship General Secretary of Research & Tech., Athens, 1996.
Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Michael Newton Keas *** Not in Gale

Natural scientist.  Dr. Keas is Associate Professor of Natural Science, Oklahoma Baptist University, 2000, and a co-designer of its planetarium. Previous: Graduate/Postdoctoral Research Assistant (Library Exhibition Designer), University of Oklahoma Libraries, History of Science Collections, September 1992 – June 1993.

He earned an M.A. (1989) and a Ph.D. (1992) in History of Science (courses listed on page 10) from the University of Oklahoma after undergraduate studies in history and the physical and life sciences (B.S., biology, 1984) at Christian Heritage College, El Cajon, California, and miscellaneous cources at
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.  He experienced some of the last historic moments behind the Berlin wall as a Fulbright scholar in East Germany.

His independent and collaborative academic projects have received funding from agencies such as the National Science Foundation, the Templeton Foundation, and the American Council of Learned Societies. With support from Discovery Institute, he is writing a CD-ROM curriculum module with Stephen Meyer and Jonathan Moneymaker: “The Cambrian Explosion: Biology’s Big Bang.” The Cambrian explosion refers to the sudden appearance of most of the major animal body plans during a short segment of the Cambrian period of geologic time. He is also co-authoring and co-directing a planetarium show series entitled “Cosmology and Cultures.”

Michael Newton Keas investigates how the history, philosophy, and rhetoric of science can improve science education and a liberal arts understanding of science itself. He has addressed this and related topics in presentations given (in German and English) at institutions such as the Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Humboldt University (Berlin), Wilhelm-Pieck-University (Rostock), Oxford University, Chemical Heritage Foundation (Philadelphia), Wright Center for Science Education (Tufts University, Massachusetts), and the University of Minnesota.

He has contributed articles to several scholarly anthologies and journals, including the American Chemical Society’s Nobel Laureates in Chemistry (1901-1992) and the German centennial of A. W. Hofmann’s death, Die Allianz von Wissenschaft und Industrie: August Wilhelm Hofmann (1818-1892).

Faculty webpage, Oklahoma Baptist University, http://www.okbu.edu/academics/natsci/keas.htm

Curriculum vitae summary: http://www.okbu.edu/academics/natsci/hp/keas/v/02.htm

Honors: http://www.okbu.edu/academics/natsci/hp/keas/v/04.htm

Discovery Institute bio: http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=79&isFellow=true

See his senior fellow page at the pro-intelligent design Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture with the Discovery Institute.

Bartholomew Keckermann *** Not in Gale

(c. 1571-c. 1609).  German geographer, astronomer, mathematician, optician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/keckrman.html:

Though primarily a philosopher and theologian, Keckermann wrote a piece that holds an important place in the history of geography. He also published on astronomy, geometry, and optics, but in all cases only university lectures that contained nothing original.

William Williams Keen Jr.

(1837-1932). American surgeon, U.S. army, in Civil War; practiced at Philadelphia (from 1866); Professor at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia (1889-1907).  Pioneered in neurosurgery; first US brain surgeon; edited Gray’s Anatomy, 1887 and Surgery: Its Principles and Practice (1906-1921). Theistic evolutionist.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11844249&dopt=Abstract

http://www.healthmedialab.com/html/president/cleveland2.html

James P. Keener *** Not in Gale

Mathematician.  Bioengineer.  Cardiologist.  Distinguished Professor of Mathematics & Adjunct Professor  of Bioengineering, Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; applied mathematician with a special interest in biological and chemical dynamics, and cardiology.

Author: Principles of Applied Mathematics, 2000; Mathematical Physiology, 1998 (Winner of the 1998 Association of American Publishers “Best New Title in Mathematics”). He has written more than 70 research papers.

Member: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Society for Mathematical Biology, Biophysical Society, International Society for Complexity, Information and Design, Combined Membership List - (AMS, SIAM, MAA).

James Keener’s Home page, Department of Mathematics, University of Utah:  http://www.math.utah.edu/~keener/

James P. Keener.  Abstract, Defibrillation of Cardiac Tissue. http://www.math.utah.edu/~keener/lectures/abstracts/defibrillation.html

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.  “Christianity proclaims that there is a universal and undeniable need to know the Creator and that through Jesus Christ reconciliation of this estranged relationship is possible.  Furthermore, failure to recognize our own inadequacy and to live in denial of this empirically verified fact is an example of being out of touch with reality, a spiritual psychosis, a condition of blindness that afflicts the vast majority of my colleagues.  It is a curious fact that even among mathematicians the truth is not popular.”

Jimmy T. Keeton / Jimmy Ted Keeton

(Not Jimmy Keeton / James E. Keeton, associate vice chancellor for Clinical Affairs at UMC, Mississippi)

(Born 1946).  Meat scientist.  Animal scientist.  Dr. Jimmy Keeton is a Professor in the meat science section in the Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, at Texas A&M University. Dr. Keeton’s primary research interests involve enhancing the safety, nutritional value, and quality of meat products with most of his research efforts being devoted to reducing pathogen contamination, evaluating fat reduction systems; developing rapid, accurate assays to ensure the safety of precooked meats; characterizing the functional and sensory properties of novel ingredients; and

developing new process technologies for application to meat foods. Significant accomplishments include:

the discovery of bovine, porcine and avian muscle enzymes that could serve as heating endpoint indicators; validation of dry-cure ham processing procedures that inactivate Trichinalle spiralis, (this research lead to the revision of Title 9 Code of Federal Regulations and lengthened the dry-curing period); a biomechanical measurement technique that predicts tenderness of raw muscle samples;

development of meat products having 50 to 70% less fat or modified fatty acid compositions, and

validation of decontamination agents for ready-to-eat meat products. Previous positions: 1984-1992, Associate Professor, Texas A&M University, Meat Science; 1977-1983, Assistant Professor, North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Food Science, Muscle Foods;
Postdoctorate, North Carolina State University, Food Science.

Education: B.S., University of Tennessee, Animal Husbandry/Agricultural Education, 1968; M.S., University of Tennessee, Animal Products (Food Science), 1973; Ph.D., University of Tennessee, Animal Products (Food Science), 1977; Post Doctoral, North Carolina State University, Food Science (Meat Chemistry), 1980.

While at Texas A&M University, Dr. Keeton has authored or co-authored over 50 refereed journal articles, three textbook chapters, applied for two patents, received over $2,086,000 in grant/ contract support as principle investigator and served as a cooperator on projects totaling over $2,200,000.

He was a member of the first editorial board of the Journal of Muscle Foods and presently serves as a peer reviewer and referee for the Journal of Food Science, Journal of Animal Science, Meat Science, Journal of Textural Studies, USDA Competitive Grants Program, US Department of Commerce Small Business Grants Program, USDA-Agricultural Research Service and USDA-FSIS Programs.

Dr. Keeton teaches three undergraduate and three graduate level courses in meat processing/ food science and has been major advisor to over 27 master’s and doctoral graduate students. He also teaches principles of HACCP, meat processing technology and analytical chemistry to meat inspectors-in-training at the USDA-FSIS Training Center located in the Texas A&M University Research Park.

Home page, Texas A&M University, http://animalscience.tamu.edu/ansc/FACULTY/keeton.html

Patents:

A System for Polymerizing Collagen and Collagen Composites in situ for a Tissue Compatible Wound Sealant, Delivery Vehicle Binding Agent and/or Chemically Modifiable Matrix, United States, Patent No. 09/713270, 2002, Institution-owned.
Method and System for Estimating the Tenderness of a Meat Product, United States of America, Patent No. 08/881675 (application), 1997, Texas A&M University.
Method and Device for Determining the Presence of an Enzyme Analyte in Bovine, Porcine or Poultry Meat, United States of America, Patent No. 2065.01A (Docket), 1997, Industry-owned.

Dr. Keeton is a professional member of the American Meat Science Association (AMSA), Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), American Chemical Society (ACS), American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), Poultry Science Association (PSA), International Association of Food Protection (IAFP), Sigma Xi, Phi Tau Sigma, Gamma Sigma Delta and Alpha Zeta. He has served as a director of the AMSA, chairman of the 1992 Reciprocal Meat Conference of the AMSA, president of AMSA (1998-99), secretary of the Muscle Foods Division of IFT, president of the Texas A&M chapter of Gamma Sigma Delta (the Honor Society of Agriculture), and president of the Texas A&M chapter of Phi Tau Sigma (the Honor Society for Food Science). He has also served on the board of directors of the Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS) and as the Secretary/ Treasurer. Dr. Keeton is a member of the Graduate Faculty of Nutrition and the Faculty of Food Science and Technology. He has also served as a consultant to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the Organization of American States, the United States Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service, the International HACCP Alliance and various companies, suppliers and commodity support groups associated with the meat industry.

Curriculum vitae: http://myprofile.cos.com/keetonj26

Honors: Signal Service Award, American Meat Science Association, 2001; Meat Processing Award, American Meat Science Association, 1993; Ph.D. Graduate Scholarship, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1974; Academic Achievement Award, U.S. Army, Ft. Campbell, KY, 1969; M.S. Scholarship, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1968.

“Acid ‘Stops Listeria in its Tracks’,” http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2625745.stm

“Surface solutions to cut food poisoning - 06/01/2003,” http://www.meatprocess.com/news/news-NG.asp?id=14539.  A new product - acidified calcium sulphate - is currently showing potential as an effective way to kill Listeria monocytogenes and to keep foods safer for consumers.
“Our goal was to look at different treatments that might be used to decontaminate the surface of cooked products to ensure that Listeria was killed and it had very little opportunity to grow after that,” said Dr Jimmy Keeton, professor with the department of animal science at Texas A&M University. “Listeria grows at refrigerator temperatures,” he added.

James Keill *** Not in Gale

(1673-1719).  Scottish anatomist, iatromechanist, physiologist, physician, chemist.  Anglican.  Younger brother of John Keill.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/keill_jam.html:

Keill revised, completed, and published the translation of Lemery’s Course of Chymistry, 1698.  Anatomy of the Human Body Abridged, 1698--largely derivative although later edition incorporated Keill’s own increasing knowledge of anatomy. Despite its derivative nature, it was the most popular English compensium of anatomy of its time.

Keill was an iatromechanist in the tradition of Pitcairne. His physiological theories showed up in later editions of the Anatomy. In 1708, An Account of Animal Secretion . . . and Muscular Motion, which drew heavily on the Newtonian concept of attraction, Keill was the first to calculate, on dubious grounds, the rate at which the blood flows.  Essays on Several Parts of Animal Oeconomy, 1717, was the second edition of Secretion. Tentamina medico-physica, 1718, translated the Essays into Latin.

Keill attempted to relate his physiology to practice. His Medica statica, 1718, conclused with a number of health precepts and with two medical essays.

Member: Royal Society, 1712.  Informal Connections: Friendship and extensive medical correspondence with Sir Hans Sloane.

“Significant Scots: James Keill,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/keill_james.htm

John Keill *** Not in Gale

(1671-1721).  Scottish physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher.  Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, 1712.  Keill was a high church Anglican.  Older brother of James Keill.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/keill_joh.html

Keill’s first publication, An Examination of Dr. Burnet’s Theory of the Earth, 1698, was an attack on cosmogonical theories of the origin of the universe held by some mechanical philosophers.  Keill became a propagator of Newtonian philosophy. Introductio ad veram physicam, 1725 (later also in English). Keill constantly compared the atheistic tendencies in Cartesian natural philosophy with the Newtonian philosophy.

He wrote an article on short range forces between particles in the Philosophical Transactions.  He also wrote Euclides elementorum libri priores sex, 1715, with treatises on trigonometry and logarithms attached.

Keill became Newton’s champion (or mouthpiece) in the priority dispute.

Member: Royal Society, 1700.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  John Keill. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Keill.html

Keill | John | 1671-1721 | mathematician and astronomer http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/k/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1128/  Links to publications.

“Significant Scots: John Keill,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/keill_john.htm

David Kellner *** Not in Gale

(1643-1725).   German physician and scientist.  Personal physician to the ruler of Prussia.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kellner.html

The second of Kellner’s surgical dissertations is dedicated to Johann Langguth, a physician in the service of Duke Ernst of Saxony. It is possible that Langguth advanced Kellner in his work.  A reference in his Schenkeldiener (1690) mentions that he wrote the book in 1683 when he was with Duke Heinrich, his prince and overlord, in Roemhild. The book itself is dedicated to Johann Scheib, the surgeon and barber of Gotha (the prince’s city of residence) whom Kellner calls his friend and patron. 

Author: Hochnutzbar und bewahrte edle Bierbraukunst, mit einem Anhang ueber Wein und Essig (Leipzig- Gotha, 1690; 2nd ed., Leipzig, Eisenach, 1710).

Howard A. Kelly / Howard Atwood Kelly

Howard Atwood Kelly (1858-1943) served as one of the four original medical professors when Johns Hopkins Medical School was formed. He developed new techniques in abdominal surgery, particularly gynecologic surgery, and was one of the first to recognize the potential for treating cancer with radium.

The Howard A. Kelly Collection. http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/sgml/kelly.html

Howard Atwood Kelly (February 20, 1858-January 12, 1943) listing, http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/biblio/Kelly,%20Howard%20Atwood.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Lord Kelvin / William Thomson

William (Lord Kelvin) Thomson (1824-1907) is recognized as the premier scientific mind of the nineteenth century, and perhaps the greatest thinker since Isaac Newton (1642-1727). He originated new schools of thought in physics, thermodynamics, electronics, and mathematics. He was knighted in 1866 for his work in salvaging the first telegraph cable to span the Atlantic, became wealthy enough to own a 126-ton yacht and an estate, and in 1892 was made Baron Kelvin of Largs.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Thomson.html

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0385.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Dr. Elaine Kennedy

Geologist.  Research scientist at the Geoscience Research Institute, Loma Linda, California. She holds a B.S. in geology from Phillips University, a B.S. in teaching sciences from Phillips University, an M.S. in geology from Loma Linda University and a Ph.D. in geology from the University of Southern California. Dr. Kennedy’s current research involves a study of an unusual occurrence of dinosaur eggshell fragments in a storm surge deposit in Patagonia, Argentina.

Elaine Kennedy, Home page, http://www.grisda.org/ekennedy/

Elaine Kennedy.  “A little about my faith ...” Testimony: http://www.grisda.org/ekennedy/faith.htm

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/kennedy-e.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Johannes Kepler

The German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was one of the chief founders of modern astronomy because of his discovery of three basic laws underlying the motion of planets. He studied at Tubingen under Michael Mastlin, who imparted to him Copernican principles. Professor, Graz (1594); assistant to Tycho Brahe at observatory near Prague (1600); succeeded Brahe at observatory and as imperial mathematician and court astronomer (1601). Mathematician to the states of Upper Austria at Linz (1612); moved to Ulm (1626); completed and published Brahe's Tabulae Rudolphinae (1627); moved to Sagan in Silesia (1628). Discovered Kepler's laws of planetary motion, announcing the first two in his Astronomia nova (1609) and the third in Harmonice mundi (1619). Also published Mysterium cosmographicum (1596), De stella nova (1606), Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (1618-21), Somnium seu astronomia lunari (1634). Considered founder of modern optics by his postulationof the ray theory of light to explain vision. Did pioneer work that led to invention of calculus.  Lutheran.  Lunar Crater Kepler and Crater Kepler on Mars named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kepler.html

J. V. Field, London.  “Johannes Kepler,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Kepler.html

http://www.fau.edu/~jordanrg/bios/Kepler/Kepler_bio.htm

http://www.thocp.net/biographies/kepler_johannes.htm

http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/kaniol/a360/kepler.htm

“Johannes Kepler,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Johannes%20Kepler

Annotation: Posner Family Collection in Electronic Format Harmonices mvndi The Harmony of the Worlds in fulltext facsimile in Latin.

As for Kepler the scientist, he published two important works while he was in Linz. One was the Harmonice mundi (1618), in which his third law was announced. According to it the squares of the sidereal periods of any two planets are to each other as the cubes of their mean distances from the sun. The law was, however, derived not from celestial mechanics (Newton’s Principia was still 6 decades away) but from Kepler’s conviction that nature had to be patterned along quantitative relationships since God created it according to “weight, measure and number.” Shortly after his first book appeared, he wrote in a letter: “Since God established everything in the universe along quantitative norms, he endowed man with a mind to comprehend them. For just as the eye is fitted for the perception of colors, the ear for sounds, so is man’s mind created not for anything but for the grasping of quantities.” In the Harmonice mundi he wrote merely a variation on the same theme as he spoke of geometry which “supplied God with a model for the creation of the world. Geometry was implanted into human nature along with God’s image and not through man’s visual perception and experience.” “Johannes Kepler.” Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2^nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Edward Luther Kessel

(Born April 27, 1904).  Biologist.  Instructor zoology, entomology Marquette University, Milwaukee, 1928-30; editor Wasmann Journal Biology, 1940-75, from Assistant Professor to Chairman department of biology University San Francisco, 1930-75, emeritus Professor biology, 1975. Education:  Student Greenville College, Illinois, 1922-24, Church Division School of Pacific, 1925; B.S., University California-Berkeley, 1925, M.S., 1928, Ph.D., 1936.

Honors: Recipient Distinguished Teaching award, University San Francisco, 1970, Outstanding Educator America award, 1972; NSF grantee.  Fellow AAAS, California Academy Sciences (Associate curator of insects, emeritus curator 1975, technical publications, papers, proceedings and memoirs, 1940-75).

Member: Pacific Coast Entomology Society (President 1940-41), Society Systematic Zoology (section councilor 1955), Biosystematics Wilderness Soc, Nature Conservancy, American Scientific Affiliation, Women's Evang. Caucus, Sigma Xi, Alpha Sigma Nu, Beta Beta Beta, Phi Sigma. Chairman Christian citizenship and social action committee, Marin County Council of Churches, California, 1962-65; Chairman Protestant Interracial Fellowship, 1962-65; Member executive board Marin County Branch NAACP; Member North California chapter Presbyterian Interracial Council; Member committee racial and cultural relations No. California-Nev. Council of Churches, 1961-64; Member Urban League.

Contributor of Evidence of God in an Expanding Universe, 1958.  Editor: A Century of Progress in the Natural Sciences, 1953. Author monographs A Monograph on Echeveria, 1972, Nudibranchs, 1966, Flora of Kern County, California, 1967. Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Thomas Donnell Sporer Key

(Born "1928" Day="4" Month="8" August 4, 1928 in Marshall, Texas, United States).  Minister, biology educator.  Biology instructor, Hinds Community College, Raymond, 1990-95; pastor, Springridge Bible Church, Raymond, Mississippi, 1990-91; pastor, Skyview Congl. Methodist Church, Laurel, Mississippi, 1989-90; pastor, 1st Congl. Methodist Church, Magee, Mississippi, 1986-89; pastor, 1st Independent Methodist Church, Bainbridge, Georgia, 1985-86; pastor, Wesleyan Congl. Church, Citronelle, Alabama, 1982-85; chair biology dept., Oglethorpe University, 1969-74; biology instructor, Ball State University, 1965-69.  Board of Directors Immanuel Baptist Seminary, Sharpsburg, Georgia, v.p. development, 1973-99; Board of Directors Methodist Bible Hour Caribbean Mission.  Education: BA, MA, Southern Methodist University, 1952; EdD, Ball State University, 1969; ThD and Ph.D., Antioch Seminary, 1984, 1986; ScD, Immanuel College, 1978.  Certification: Ordained to ministry Congl. Methodist Church as elder, 1984. Dr. Key is currently semi-retired and serving as a part time minister.

Member: Fellow American Science Affiliation; Grace Gospel Fellowship, Grace Evangelical Society, Phi Delta Kappa Honorary; Member of China Mission Board; Lamplighter's 98 Leadership in a Time of Change; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Atlanta Area Microbiology Association.

Honors: Georgia Governor's Board of Ecology; Decree of Merit from International Biographical Centre at Cambridge, England; Research Board of Advisers 2000 of American Biographical Institute; Personalities of the South; Department of Defense Office of Civil Defense at Staff College, Battle Creek , Michigan (Radiological Defense Officer); Radiological Monitoring for Instructors; included in 2000 Outstanding Scholars of the 20th Century; SIGMA ZETA Honorary Science Society; Fellow of American Scientific Affiliation; Research Board of Advisers of American Biographical Association.

Author: Key to Headache Control, 1997, The Book of Mormon in the Light of Science, 1997, Key to Pest Control, 1997, others; co-author: Evolution and Christian Thought Today, 1959; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

http://mywebpages.comcast.net/drkey/profile.htm

The Book of Mormon in the Light of Science, http://mywebpages.comcast.net/drkey/mormon.htm

Thomas Key, Ph.D, Sc.D., Ed.D. (Biology).  “The Book of Mormon in the Light of Science,” http://mywebpages.comcast.net/drkey/download.htm

Key: “As both a professional biologist and pastor, I have had the privilege of knowing the works of God and the Word of God. My life goal is to help sinners come to the Creator who is our Savior and Lord.”

Vadim Tarasovich Khmurchik

(Born "1965" Day="24" Month="1" January 24, 1965 in Perm, USSR).  Biologist, researcher.  Senior Research scientist, Perm State Tech. University, 2000-01; Senior Research scientist, Russian Academy Sciences, Perm, 1998-99; Research scientist, Russian Academy Sciences, Perm, 1993-98; jr. Research scientist, Russian Academy Sciences, Perm, 1991-93; engr. Institute Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Russian Academy Sciences, Perm, 1990-91.  Education:  Graduate, Perm State University, 1989; Ph.D., Russian Academy Sciences, Perm, 1997.

Honor: Grantee Spl. Fund for Granting Talented Young Scientists, 1993.

Chairman Council Public Self-Government of Micro-District Stakhanovsky, Perm, 1998-2000. Christian Orthodox.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Gabriel Shukri Khodr

(Born

Member:  Fellow American College Ob-gyn., American College Medical Genetics; AMA, Society Gynecologic Investigation, Texas Medical Association

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

John Kidd, M.D. *** Not in Gale

(1775-1851).  From http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John%20Kidd:

John Kidd was born in Westminster, the son of a naval officer. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He became reader in chemistry at Oxford in 1801, and in 1803 was elected the first Aidrichian Professor of chemistry. He then voluntarily gave courses of lectures on mineralogy and geology: these were delivered in the dark chambers under the Ashmolean Museum, and there William Conybeare, William Buckland, Charles Daubeny and others gained their first lessons in geology. Kidd was a popular and instructive lecturer, and through his efforts the geological chair, first held by Buckland, was established. In 1818 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; in 1822 regius Professor of medicine in succession to Sir Christopher Pegge; and in 1834 he was appointed keeper of the Radcliffe Library. He delivered the Harveian oration before the Royal College of Physicians in 1834.

Publications: Outlines of Mineralogy (1809); A Geological Essay on the Imperfect Evidence in Support of a Theory of the Earth (1815); On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man (1833).

This was edited from the entry in the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

http://15.1911encyclopedia.org/K/KI/KIDD_JOHN.htm

Kyong-Tai Kim, Ph.D.

Neurophysiologist.  Associate Professor, Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Korea.  Neurophysiology Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Amherst , 1989; Research Investigator, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 1982-1985; Postdoctoral Fellow, Laboratory Molecular Neurobiology, Cornell University Medical College, 1989–1991;Visiting Scientist, Department of Physiol. & Biophys., University of Washington 1997–1998.  (Research Scientist) M.S. in Biology (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), 1982.  B.S. in Agricultural Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1980.

Fields of Specialization: Signaling systems in neuronal cells, Secretory mechanism of neurotransmitters and hormones, Regulation of neurotransmitter synthetic enzyme genes, Cloning of clock controlled genes, Identification of anchoring proteins for receptors and ion channels, Identification of signaling modulators in neurotransmission.
Major Publications(refer to lab homepage)

http://www.postech.ac.kr/life/mnp/frame_publication.html

http://www.postech.ac.kr/bk21/mls/pu_abstract/kkt_ab.html

Faculty webpage, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences at Postech.

http://www.posTechnicalac.kr/bk21/mls/en_dmls/e_faculty/e_facu_kkt.html

Faculty webpage, Department of Life Science, POSTECH; HyoJa-Dong San 31, KyungBuk Pohang, Korea, 790-784, http://www.postech.ac.kr/life/mnp/ktkim.htm.

George Kinoti *** Not in Gale

Zoologist, scholar.  Professor of Zoology at The University of Nairobi.  Executive director, African Institute for Scientific Research and Development, http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Science-Technology%20Ministry/AISREID.html

George Kinoti.  http://www.fum.org/about/triennial_George.htm.  “… the Gospel of Christ is a holistic gospel. It is concerned with the whole of life. It is good news not only for our spiritual and moral lives but also for every aspect of life. Our world badly needs the holistic gospel of Jesus.”

George Kinoti.  Hope for Africa, pp. 52-54.  “Why have the standards declined (in African Education)? The first reason is political interference in educational matters. In many African countries government has taken complete control of the educational system, including nationalisation of church schools and colleges. Professional educators have little say in educational policy or in the running of educational institutions in many African countries . . . If Africa is to have leaders of integrity, ability and a genuine concern for others, the Church must once again become a leader in the educational field. First, Christians need to play a leading role in the formulation of national educational policy.”

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

William Kirby *** Not in Gale

(1759–1850). Kirby has been called the “Father of Entomology” in England and was probably one of the most famous entomologists of all time. He was a minister for 58 years and extensively studied insects during that time.

http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/workers/WKirby.htm

Athanasius Kircher, S.J.

(1601-1680) German Jesuit and scholar. Taught mathematics and Hebrew at the College of Rome (from c.1638); gave up teaching to study hieroglyphics and archaeology (1643). Credited with invention of the magic lantern.

Athanasius Kircher on the Web: http://www.bahnhof.se/~rendel/kirlinx.html

Athanasius Kircher Links, with a Geoscience Bias: http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/kircher/kircher.html

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/kircher.htm

John Story Kirkbride *** Not in Gale (1809-1883).  Physician.

From “Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride” http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/history/kirkbride.html:

Kirkbride was a founding member of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII)—forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association—serving first as secretary, then later as president. Through this association and in his writings, Kirkbride promoted a standardized method of asylum construction and mental health treatment, popularly known as the Kirkbride Plan, which significantly influenced the entire American asylum community during his lifetime.

“Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride and the Magic Lantern,”  http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/tkirkbride.html

KIRKBRIDE’S HOSPITAL, Also known as Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, Placed on the National Register of Historic Places http://www.uchs.net/HistoricDistricts/kirkbride.html

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Perry William Kirklin

(Born 1935).  Scientist. Rohm & Haas Co, analyst group leader 1964-70; Mobil Research & Dev Corp, Senior research chemist 1970-78, Associate chemist 1978-91; Proj Fuels Research Leader, 1978-91; Bloomfield College, Associate Professor of chemistry, 1991-95; Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, adjunct Professor, 1996-97; St Mary Academy, sub teacher.Education: Westminster College, New Wilmington, Pennsylvania, BS, 1957; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Ph.D., 1964.

Memberships: Montgomery County College, summer bridges Professor, 1995-01; Chairman, ASTM Aviation Fuel Commission, 1977-91; Chairman Buckes County Health Planning 1968-72; Director, PHILA Regional Health Planning 1968-74; Pennsylvania State Health Planning Council 1970-74; President, vice President for Assistant treasurer, Salem Federal Credit Union 1972-present; Director, Bucks County Commission Center 1965-74; member Salem Baptist Church Jenkingtown Pennsylvania 1968-present; Natl Org Black Chemists & Chemical Engineers, 1979-present.

Honors: Pennsylvania Regional Introduction of Minorities to Engineering Award, 1988; ASTM Award of Appreciation, 1990; Westminster College Distinguished Chemistry Alumni Award, 1997.

Perry W. Kirklin, writer; Peter David, editor.  Aviation Fuel: Thermal Stability Requirements, June 1992, American Society for Testing & Materials.  Numerous technical articles published; numerous technical journals, 1964.

“Perry William Kirklin, Dr.” Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17^th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

Gottfried Kirch  *** Not in Gale

(1639-1710).  German astronomer, instrument-maker.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kirch_got.html

Kirch made a number of instruments, and also invented a new circular micrometer (1679).

Member: Kirch was the first astronomer at the observatory of the newly-established Berlin academy (1700).

http://www.plicht.de/chris/19kirchg.htm

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/kirch.html

Direktoren des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts.  http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/geschichte/direktoren/gkirch/

Maria Kirch / Maria Margarethe Winkelmann Kirch

(1670-1720).  German astronomer.  First woman to discover a comet, 1702.  Lutheran.  Meteorologist for the Berlin Academy.  Wife of Gottfried Kirch.  She was actively involved in the establishment of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, but lost her position there after her husband’s death.

Author: (Winkelmann) Vorstellung des Himmels bey der Zusammenkunfft dreyer Grossmächtigsten Könige. Potsdam, 1709; (Winkelmann) Vorbereitung, zur grossen Opposition, oder merckwürdige Himmels- Gestalt im 1712. Cölln an der Spree, 1711.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kirch_mar.html

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/enlightenment/kirch.html

Athanasius Kircher, S.J.

(1601-1680). German Jesuit and scholar. Geographer, archaeologist, cartographer, astronomer, optician, expert in navigation and magnetism, instrument-maker.  Taught mathematics and Hebrew at the College of Rome (from c.1638); gave up teaching to study hieroglyphics and archaeology (1643). Credited with invention of the magic lantern.

His principal work is the Latin compendium Musurgia universalis, sive Ars magna consoni et dissoni (Rome, 1650; ed. by W. Goldhan, Leipzig, 1988), one of the most significant treatises on music, most notably for its originality. He also wrote Magnes, sive De arte magnetica (Rome, 1641; 2nd ed., rev., 1643), Ars magna lucis et umbrae (Rome, 1646), Oedipus aegiptiacus (Rome, 1652-54), Iter exstaticum coeleste (Rome, 1656), Organum mathematicum (Würzburg, 1668; in collaboration with C. Schott), Ars magna sciendi (Amsterdam, 1669), Phourgia nova, sive Conuigium mechanico-physicum artis et naturae (Kenpten, 1673), Tariffa Kircheriana (Rome, 1679), and Vita admodum reverendi P. Athanasii Kircheri SJ viri toto orbe celebratissimi (MS).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kircher.html

Kircher described a device for measuring magentic force using a balance, promulgated the use of magnetic inclinations to find longitude, described a graduated aerometer, and described the method of measuring temperature by the bouyancy of small balls. He also designed and built sundials at Koblenz and Mainz.

From time to time he also did surveying and mapping, e.g., for the Elector of Mainz, and while in Narbonne (before he arrived at Avignon). In connection with this he developed a triangulation instrument.

1638, Kircher wrote and dedicated to Paul Lascaris, the Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of St. John (the Johanniterordens), a book for the use of knights designed to help them solve “the most important mathematical and physical problems.” This involved a mathematical instrument, called Kircher’s pantometer.

Connections: He acted as a kind of astronomical clearing house for observations between G.B. Riccioli, G.D. Cassini, and Hevelius.  Kircher worked closely with Caspar Schott, S.J., and Joseph Petrucci.

“Athanasius Kircher on the Web,” http://www.bahnhof.se/~rendel/kirlinx.html.  Links to online essays about Kircher.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08661a.htm

http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/kircher.htm

“Kircher, Athanasius, 1601?–1680,” http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0827756.html.

“German Jesuit archaeologist, mathematician, biologist, philologist, astronomer, musicologist, and physicist. One of the world’s great polymaths, he knew Hebrew, Aramaic, Coptic, Persian, Latin, and Greek as well as various modern languages. Kircher was interested in all branches of science, especially in subterranean phenomena (volcanic forces in particular), in the deciphering of hieroglyphics (albeit incorrectly), the chronologgy of ancient Egyptian dynasties, and in linguistic relations. He also aided Bernini in the erection of an Egyptian obelisk in Rome’s Piazza Navona and in the construction of his fountain. Kircher’s frequently playful inventions included an early slide projector, a talking and eavesdropping statue that employed a primitive intercom, a chamber of mirrors, and a vomiting machine.”

http://53.1911encyclopedia.org/K/KI/KIRCHER_ATHANASIUS.htm

Athanasius Kircher, S.J. - 1680: The Master of a Hundred Arts http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/kircher.htm

James L. Kitchens / James Lester Kitchens

(Not James Kitchens, Department of Sociology, University of North Texas)

(Born 1948).  Health physicist.  Quality Assurance Officer and Collateral Safety, Health, & Environmental Manager (Physical Scientist) at the USEPA, Ecosystems Research Division in Athens, Georgia and the Quality Assurance Officer for the facility. Expertise: Occupational Health & Safety, Industrial Hygiene (RPIH), Health Physics, Fire Safety Education, & Analytical Chemistry, Certified Hazardous Material Manager (CHMM). Previous positions: Chemical technologist Story Chemical Corp., Athens, Georgia, 1972-73; Environmental scientist Environmental Protection Division, State of Georgia, Atlanta, 1973-77; chemist, Bionetics Corp., Athens, 1977-80; radiation safety officer University Georgia, Athens, 1980.  Education: B.S., Chemistry, University of Georgia.

Member: Health Physics Society - Plenary member (President elect 1985-86, President 1986-87), Program Committee, RSO Section Nominating Committee; American Society of Safety Engineers - Professional member; Association of Hazardous Materials Managers; Association of Professional Industrial Hygienist - Registered Professional Industrial Hygienist; American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienist, Member; Project Safe Georgia, ERD Representative; Atlanta Federal Health and Safety Council, Past Chair; ORD Safety Team, Charter member, SHEMCHATTER editor.  Baptist.

Staff Member Page, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Research Division.  http://www.epa.gov/athens/staff/members/kitchensjamesl/

Environmental Compliance and Safety Officer

http://www.epa.gov/athens/learn2model/part-one/career/jlk.htm

Honor: Recipient Environmental Safety Officer of Year award University Georgia, 1983.

Richard Kirwan

(1733-1812). Irish chemist. Author of Elements of Mineralogy (1784), first English systematic treatise on this subject.

http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/enc/fecs/Kirwan.htm

http://www.pgil-eirdata.org/html/pgil_datasets/authors/k/Kirwan,R/life.htm

http://www.ria.ie/committees/pdfs/burns.pdf

John W. Klotz / John William Klotz

(Born 1918).  Biologist and Geneticist.  Seminary educator, author, minister. Chief Academic Officer, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis.  Director Graduate Studies, Concordia Seminary., St. Louis, 1978; Professor practical theology, Dean Academic affairs, Concordia Seminary., St. Louis, 1974-78; Professor and Academic Dean, Concordia Senior. College, Ft. Wayne, Indiana, 1959-74; Professor Religious Studies, Concordia Teachers. College, River Forest, Ill., 1945-59; Instructor, Bethany Luth. College, Mankato, Minnesota, 1943-45; Instructor, Concorida College, Bronxville, N.Y., 1941-43.  MDiv, Concordia Seminary., 1941; Ph.D in Biology from the University of Pittsburgh, 1947.

Member: Editorial Board of the Creation Research Society Quarterly. AAAS, American. Institute Biol. Science, Izaak Walton League, Nature Conservancy.

Author: Genes, Genesis and Evolution, 1955, The Challenge of the Space Age, 1961, Modern Science in the Christian Life, 1961, Abortion, 1973, Ecology Crisis, 1973, Studies in Creation, 1985, Men, Medicine and Their Maker, 1991.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/klotz-jw.html

Dr. Nancy F. Knapp / Nancy Flanagan Knapp *** Not in Gale

(Not Nancy Knapp, Mental health administrator, born June 2, 1922 in Cleveland, Ohio)

Educational Psychologist. Associate Professor, Dept. of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia, 2002-present; Assistant Professor, Dept. of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia, 1994-2001; Instructor, Adult Basic Education, Midstate Technical College, Stevens Point, WI, 1978-1989; Teacher, English and Speech, Janesville Craig High School, Janesville, WI, 1975-1976; Paraprofessional, Math and Science, Carleton Washburne Junior High, Winnetka, IL, 1972-1973.  B.A. in English with Honors, Beloit College, 1975; M.A. in Teaching, Beloit College, 1975; Ph.D. in Educational Psychology, Michigan State University, 1994.

Honors: 2003 Outstanding Teaching Award, College of Education, University of Georgia.

Outstanding Teaching Faculty Award, University of Georgia, 2003.

Member: American Educational Research Association, 1991-present; Relating Research to Practice Award Committee, 2003-2005; Chair, Teaching Educational Psychology Special Interest Group (SIG), 2000-2001; Program Chair, Teaching Educational Psychology SIG, 1999-2000; Graduate Student Coordinator, Teaching Educational Psychology SIG, 1993-1995; Proposal reviewer, Divisions C, G, K, 1994-present; International Reading Association, 1997-present; Invisible College of Research on Teaching, 1991-present; National Reading Conference, 1993-present; Chair, Committee on Ethics, 2001-2003; Proposal reviewer, 1995-present; Phi Beta Kappa, 1975-present; Portage County Literacy Council, Board of Directors, 1987-1989.  Co-developer, M.Ed. program in Applied Cognition and Development, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of Georgia.

Author: Pre-GED science skills. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1988 (a science reading text for adult basic education, reissued in 1989 as Breakthroughs in science skills ); In defense of Harry Potter: An apologia. School Libraries Worldwide (in press), et. Al.  See Curriculum vitae for publications list.

Editorial Advisory Board, Journal of Literacy Research, 1999-present; Editorial Reviewer, Qualitative inquiry, 2001-present.

Curriculum vitae: http://www.coe.uga.edu/edpsych/faculty/vita/Knapp.pdf

Alvin Raleigh Knight

(Born "1941" Day="26" Month="3" March 26, 1941 in Suffolk, Virginia, United States).  Training director.  Biologist.  Director training, Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia, 1989; employee relations specialist, Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia, 1986-89; employee development specialist, Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia, 1981-86; Deputy EEO officer, Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia, 1976-81; Research medical technologist, Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia, 1974-76; head toxicology br., Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Virginia, 1972-74; Teacher, Nansemond County Schools, Suffolk, 1970-72; biologist, Melpar, Inc., Fall Church, Virginia, 1966-70. Associate coordinator general studies division National Christian Education Congress, 1992.  Education: BS, Virginia State University, 1963; MS, Howard University, 1970.

Education advisory committee Portsmouth Virginia Employment Commission, 1986; President Baptist Sunday School, Baptist Training Union Congress Virginia, 1988. With U.S. Army, 1963-65.

Honor: Named Most Improved Speaker Dale Carnegie, 1976.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

D. E. Knuth / Donald Ervin Knuth / ()

(Born 1938).  Computer scientist.  Contemporary Authors: “Donald E. Knuth has done for computer science what Albert Einstein did for physics with his theory of relativity.” Professor Emeritus, Stanford University, 1993; Professor, Stanford (California) University, 1968-92; Associate Professor, California Institute Technology, Pasadena, 1966-68; Assistant Professor, California Institute Technology, Pasadena, 1963-66.

Education: BS, MS, Case Institute Technology, 1960; Ph.D., California Institute Technology, 1963; DSc (Honorary), Case Western Res. University, 1980; DSc (Honorary), Luther College, Decorah, 1985; DSc (hon.), Lawrence University, 1985; DSc (Honorary), Muhlenberg College, 1986; DSc (Honorary), University of Pennsylvania, 1986; DSc (Honorary), University of Rochester, 1986; DSc (Honorary), SUNY, Stony, 1987; DSc (Honorary), Valparaiso University, 1988; DSc (Honorary), Oxford (England) University, 1988; DSc (Honorary), Brown University, 1988; DSc (Honorary), Grinnell College, 1989; DSc (Honorary), Dartmouth College, 1990; DSc (Honorary), Concordia University, Montreal, 1991; DSc (Honorary), Adelphi University, 1993; DSc (Honorary), Masaryk University, Brno, 1996; DSc (Honorary), Duke University, 1998; DSc (Honorary), St. Andrews University, 1998; DSc (Honorary), Williams College, 2000; Docteur, University Paris-Sud, Orsay, 1986; Marne-la-Vallee, 1993; D Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 1991; Pochetnogo Doktora, St. Petersburg University, Russia, 1992; DLitt (Honorary), University Waterloo, 2000.

J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Knuth.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Knuth.html

Knuth has made many contributions to mathematics and computing, such as the Knuth-Bendix algorithm, one of the fundamental algorithms for computing with algebraic structures, particularly with groups and semigroups. This important contribution, published jointly with his student Peter B. Bendix in 1970, attempts to solve solve the word problem in algebraic systems by deriving consequences of given relations to give, in some sense, a complete set. Another contribution, which has totally changed the whole way that mathematics is printed and communicated, is Knuth’s invention of TeX, a language for typesetting mathematical and scientific articles. Other contributions: attribution grammar; the development of LR(k) parsing; the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm which searches for a string of characters; and structured documentation and literate programming.

He was the first recipient of the Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery in 1971; in 1974 he won the Alan M Turing Award from the Association for Computing Machinery; he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1975; in the same year he won the Lester R Ford Award from the Mathematical Association of America; he was awarded the National Science Medal in 1979 (presented to him by President Carter); he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1981; he was elected an honorary member of the IEEE in 1982 and awarded their Computer Pioneer Award in the same year; he was awarded the Steele Prize for Expository Writing from the American Mathematical Society in 1986; he was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1988; he was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1992; he was awarded the Adelskold Medal from the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1994; he was awarded the John von Neumann Medal from the IEEE in 1995; and the Kyoto Prize from the Inamori Foundation in 1996.

Member: Elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science in 1973; IEEE, NAS, National Academy of Engineering, Association for Computing Machinery, Academy of Science (foreign Associate Paris, Oslo and Munich).

Author: The Art of Computer Programming, 1968 (Steele prize 1987), Computers and Typesetting, 1986,  Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About: God and Computers, 2001.

Donald E. Knuth.  Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About,” http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/things.html.  ( Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2001), xi+257 pp. (CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 136.)  ISBN 1-57586-327-8. “I consider that my main goal in life is to do what God wants me to do, so I try to understand what God wants me to do. And I believe that by understanding the Bible I get very good clues about this.” and

“God definitely wants people to be actively searching for better understanding of life’s mysteries.”

Author of numerous academic papers. The Art of Computer Programming has been translated into numerous languages, including French, German, Russian, Romanian, Hungarian, Polish, and Chinese.

Donald E. Knuth, Professor Emeritus of The Art of Computer Programming at Stanford University, welcomes you to his home page at http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/

Curriculum Vitae: http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/vita.html

Books in Print by Donald E. Knuth: http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/books.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Donald%20Knuth

Nhan Nguyen http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/n/p/npn108/assignment_3.htm

Emanuel Koenig *** Not in Gale

(1658-1731).  Swiss physician, natural historian.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/koenig.html

In 1682, he became a member of the Accademia Naturae Curiosorum (after 1687, the Accademia Caesarae Leopoldina), taking the name “Avicenna.”

Suzanne Kolare *** Not in Gale

Cell biologist.  Medical researcher.  Lecturer, Department of Neuroscience in the Faculty of Medicine at the Karolinska Institute, Sweden.  DDS in Faculty of Odontology and a Ph.D. in Immunobiology from the Faculty of Medicine at the Karolinska Institute.  Published 22 over research papers and abstracts.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Gina Lee Koenig

(Born "1962" Day="3" Month="7" July 3, 1962 in Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States).  Microbiologist.  Certified specialist microbiologist in Biological safety microbiology, National Registry of Microbiologists.  Principal scientist, Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, California, 1997; Senior scientist, Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, California, 1996-97; Member Instructional Biological safety committee, Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, California, 1992; Research scientist, curator culture collection dept., Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, California, 1992-96; microbiologist, Genencor, International, South San Francisco, 1987-92; Research Assistant, Monterey Mushrooms, Watsonville, California, 1985-87; fisheries biologist, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, 1984-85; Research Assistant, Center for Air Environmental Studies, State College, Pennsylvania, 1983-84.Education: BS, Pennsylvania State University, 1984; MA, San Francicso State University, 1993.

Member: American Society Microbiology (committee for symposium convener 1998, 2000, committee for culture collections 1994-2001), Society for Cryobiology, American Biological Safety Association (registered Biological safety professional 1999, certified), U.S. Federation Culture Collections (program committee 1992, Chairman publicity committee 1992-94, exec. Board of Directors-at-large 1993-96, v.p. 1996-98, President 1998-2000, past President 2000-02), World Federation Culture Collections (program committee 1996, Board of Directors 2000), Mycol. Society of America, Mycol. Society San Francisco, Pennsylvania State University Alumni Association, Society for Indsl. Microbiology (convener 1997 symposium, workshop instructor 2002), Task Force on Biological Infrastructure and Databases, Planned Parenthood, Toastmasters (v.p. education 1996, Competent Toastmaster award 1996).

Honor: Recipient 1st pl. award California State University Biology Student Research Competition, 1992.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Robert C. Koons / Robert Charles Koons

(Born 1957).  Dr. Robert Koons is a Professor of philosophy at the University of Texas, Austin, where he has been since he earned his doctorate from UCLA in 1987 (promoted from Assistant to Associate Professor in 1994 and to full Professor in 2000). Koons has taught logic (both pure and applied), business ethics, philosophy of education, epistemology, metaphysics, human nature, and contemporary Christian philosophy. His research has been in the areas of philosophical logic, artificial intelligence, metaphysics, and the theory of causation and proper function. He is currently working on the logic of causation and the metaphysics of life and the mind.  Education: B.A., Philosophy, Michigan State University. Summa cum laude, 1979; B.A., Philosophy and Theology, Oxford University. First Class Honours, 1981; Ph.D., Philosophy, UCLA,1987.

Member: Society of Christian Philosophers and the Association for Symbolic Logic. Koons is a Fellow of the International Society for Complexity Information and Design and the Texas Public Policy Foundation.

Honors: Gustave O. Arlt Award (Council of Graduate Schools) 1992; Carnap Prize (UCLA) 1987; Danforth Fellow, l979-85; Dillistone Scholar (Oriel College, Oxford), l980; Marshall Scholar, l979-1981.

Author: Paradoxes of Belief and Strategic Rationality (Cambridge University Press, 1992), for which Koons received the Gustave O. Arlt Award in the Humanities from the Council of Graduate Schools, Realism Regained: An Exact Theory of Causation, Teleology and the Mind (Oxford University Press, 2000, New York).

Robert Koons. Autobiographical sketch.  http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/philosophy/faculty/koons/auto.html or http://www.leaderu.com/offices/koons/menus/autobiography.html

The Virtual Office of Robert C. Koons.  http://www.leaderu.com/offices/koons/

Faculty webpage, http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/philosophy/faculty/koons/main.html

Curriculum Vitae http://www.leaderu.com/offices/koons/menus/cv.html

Dr. Koon’s Realism Regained: Applications of an Exact Theory of Causation and Teleology, http://www.leaderu.com/offices/koons/menus/researchcv.html and http://www.leaderu.com/offices/koons/menus/book.html

http://www.iscid.org/robert-koons.php

Robert Koons.  “Are Probabilities Indispensable to the Design Inference?“ http://www.iscid.org/papers/Koons_AreProbabilities_112701.pdf

Discovery Institute profile, http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=55&isFellow=true

Dr. Charles Everett Koop

(Born 1916).  Pediatric surgeon, Professor, author. Surgeon-general of the U.S., 1982-89; leader of public education campaign to combat AIDS epidemic. He helped found the C. Everett Koop Institute at Dartmouth in 1992, and continues to lead it, as well as serving as a senior scholar and Professor of surgery there. Medal of the Legion of Honor (France), 1980; Inducted Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1982; Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal, 1983; Inducted Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1987; National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Emmy Award, 1991, for documentary C. Everett Koop, M.D.; Heinz Award in Public Policy, 1995; Surgeon General’s Exemplary Service Medal and Surgeon General’s Medallion, 1995; Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor.

Koop has written or co-written numerous books, including his most recent, Dr. Folkman’s War: Angiogenesis and the Struggle to Defeat Cancer (2001). In 1991 he was given an Emmy Award in the news and documentary category for C. Everett Koop, M.D., a five-part film series on health care reform. Koop is also chairman of the board of drkoop.com, an Internet consumer health resource, and founder of Shape Up, America!, a.national initiative to promote healthy weight and increased physical activity.

http://www.collphyphil.org/koopbio.htm

http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/history/biokoop.htm

The C. Everett Koop Institute.  http://www.dartmouth.edu/dms/koop/

Finding Aid to the C. Everett Koop Papers, 1937-2003 (bulk 1960-2000),

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/koop.html

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.  “I think that the hallmark of my existence is the integration of my surgical life with my Christian faith.”

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Konstantinos Aristomenis Kormas

(Born "1969" Day="24" Month="11" November 24, 1969 in Kavala, Greece).  Biologist, researcher.  Guest investigator, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2000; researcher, University of Athens, 1992-98.  Education: BSc, University Athens, Greece, 1994; Ph.D., University Athens, Greece, 1998.  Christian Orthodox.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Leonid Korochkin / Leonid Ivanovitch Korochkin

(Born 1935). Geneticist, artist, philosopher.  Doctor of medical sciences. Professor of Genetics at Yale University.  Head of the Molecular Biology Development laboratory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Head of laboratory, Institute of Gene Biology, Moscow, 1991; Head of laboratory, Institute Developmental Biology, Moscow, 1980; Head of laboratory, Institute Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia, 1965-79; Head of laboratory, Medical Institute, Tomsk, 1962-64.  Education: MD, Medical Institute, Tomsk, Russia, 1960; Kand., Medical Institute, Tomsk, Russia, 1961; Dr. Medical Science, Medical Institute, Tomsk, Russia, 1968.

Member: Russian Academy Sciences (corr.), Russian Academy Natural Sciences (academician)

Author: Gene Interactions in Development, 1981 (Koltzov’s prize 1995), Light and Dark (against Marxism), 1993. Contributor of articles to professional journals; Member editorial board, Journal of Biochemical Genetics, 1967 - present, Developmental Genetics, 1980-90, Russian Genetics, 1987 - present, Russian Journal Developmental Biology, 1969.

Award: State Prize of Russia, 1996.

Personal webpage, http://idbras.idb.ac.ru/personal/lik.htm

Russian Academy Of Sciences (RAS), Koltzov INSTITUTE of DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, http://idbras.idb.ac.ru/index.HTM

http://www.icp.ac.ru/RAS_1724-1999/CD_PAH/ENG/40/4067.HTM

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/korochkin-l.html

Dr. Ir. Arie M.C.A. Koster

(Born 1973) Arie Marinus Catharinus Antonius Koster

Mathematician, Scientific Computing - Optimization Zuse Institute Berlin

From http://www.zib.de/koster/cv/index.en.html

Arie Koster was born on Schoonhoven, the Netherlands. After completion of the VWO (pre-university education) at the Christelijke Scholengemeenschap Willem de Zwijger in Schoonhoven, he started in 1991 his studies in Technical Mathematics at Delft University of Technology. He specialized in Operations Research, and graduated in 1995 cum laude at the department of Statistics, Probability Theory and Operations Research on DualNet, a software package for the graphical representation of minimum cost flow network problems and algorithms. From September 1995 to August 1999, he was appointed as a Ph.D. student at the department of Quantitative Economics of the Universiteit Maastricht, where he completed his Doctoral thesis on frequency assignment. Since ZIB).

Home page: http://www.zib.de/koster/index.en.html

Faculty webpage, Universiteit Utrecht: http://www.cs.uu.nl/research/techreps/aut/arie.html

Grant Krafft *** Not in Gale

Molecular pharmacologist, gerontologist, neurobiologist.  Scientist specializing in Alzheimer’s research

Grant Krafft is co-founder, Chairman and Chief Science Officer of Acumen Pharmaceuticals, responsible for Acumen’s research and development programs and scientific strategies. Dr. Krafft is the author and co-inventor of Acumen’s patent portfolio covering Alzheimer’s disease mechanisms, therapeutics and diagnostics.  Director of research development at Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute in Evanston, Illinois, and Professor of neurology at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago.

Dr. Krafft obtained his B.S. degree with special honors in Chemistry at Valparaiso University, and his Ph.D. degree in Organic Chemistry at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 1980. He was an NIH post-doctoral Fellow in the Chemistry Department at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Dr. Krafft is an author of more than 75 scientific papers and a co-inventor of more than 20 issued and pending patents. He has been the principal investigator on more than a dozen NIH, NSF, ACS and Alzheimer’s Association Grants and received the Alzheimer’s Association T.L.L. Temple Award in 1999.

From http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/chem/news/krafft.html.

Carol Mueller. “A discovery to remember: Lutheran researcher finds pathway to drug discovery for Alzheimer’s disease treatment — and reversal,” http://www.thelutheran.org/9812/page24.html

Kathleen M. Kostel.  “Grant Krafft ’76 Can He Cure Alzheimer’s? http://www.valpo.edu/oia/magazine/p16.html, published in Valpo, the Magazine of Valparaiso University, Spring 2004.

Acumen Pharmaceuticals. http://www.acumenpharm.com/

John K.G. Kramer *** Not in Gale

Biochemist.  From http://res2.agr.ca/guelph/emp/kramer_e.htm:

Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, U.S.A.; B.S. (hons) and M.S in biochemistry from the University of Manitoba, Canada. Post-doctoral studies as a Hormel Fellow at the Hormel Institute (three years); Post-doctoral studies as an NRC Fellow at the University of Ottawa, Canada

Associate editor of the scientific journal LIPIDS; Research scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

John K.G. Kramer, Ph.D. Biochemistry. http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/kramer.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Richard Douglas Kramer

(Not Richard D. Kramer, Ph.D., Board Certified Entomologist, Director of Technical Services, American Pest Management, Inc.)

(Born 1946).  Aerospace engineer.  Dr. Richard D. Kramer has over 37 years experience in engineering and management. He has held senior positions with government and private industry, and has taught engineering and management science at the undergraduate and graduate levels. He is currently employed at Teledyne Solutions, Inc., responsible for propulsion systems engineering support to the National Missile Defense Ground Based Interceptor Program.

University of Alabama in Huntsville Continuing Education, http://www.coned.uah.edu/instructor.cfm?instrid=12843

Aerospace engineer NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, 1969-82; Senior systems engineer Teledyne Brown Engineering, Huntsville, 1982-83; Senior staff scientist, SRS Technologies, Huntsville, 1983; Teacher physics and engineering Calhoun Jr. College, 1982-83, University Alabama-Huntsville, 1982-85, SE Institute Tech., 1983-85. Served with U.S. Army, 1971-72.  B.Aerospace Engineering, Auburn University, 1969; M.S., University Alabama, 1976; M.S. in Industrial Engineering, University Alabama-Huntsville, 1982, Ph.D. in Mech. Engineering, 1982.

Honor: Reserve ret. Recipient Directors Commendation, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1972.

Member: Reserve Officers Association, ASME, AIAA. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Leopold Kronecker

(1823-1891). German mathematician. Lecturer (1861-83), Professor (1883 ff.), Berlin; known chiefly for work in elliptic numbers, the theory of algebraic equations, and the theory of algebraic numbers.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kronecker.html

http://www.math.ukans.edu/~engheta/bio/kronecker.html

http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/biokrone.htm

John Laurence Kulp *** Not in Gale

(Born 1921).  Physical chemist, Environmental scientist.

His research interests included radiocarbon dating and other isotope geochronology, and in 1960 he published a widely cited geologic time scale (Rep. International. Geological Cong. 21^st Session, Part III, p. 18-27). With Maurice Ewing, he was one of the leaders in the development of the Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University. In the mid-1960s he left academia to work for Isotopes, Inc., Teledyne, and Weyerhauser. In the 1980s he was the Reagan Administration’s director of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, and he was noted for a controversial report arguing that relatively little forest had been damaged by acid rain. He later was an expert for the American Council on Science and Health, a corporate-funded group dealing with environmental issues. As recently as 1997, he was an adjunct faculty member at the University of Washington and lecturing on the long-term availablity of natural resources.  From http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/AG.html.

Qualifications: Ph.D. in physical chemistry, Princeton University (1945); M.S., Ohio State University (1943); M.A., Princeton University (1944); B.S., Wheaton College (1942); Consultant, energy and environmental issues; Fellow, American Chemical Society; and author, “Phytosphere as a Sink for Carbon Dioxide,” Electric Power Research Institute (1990), and “Interim Assessment, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program,” U.S. Government Printing Office (1987). Principal areas of expertise/interest: Air/water pollution, acid rain, global warming, and solid and nuclear waste disposal.  Cited by the Directory of Environmental Scientists and Economists, published by The Environmental Policy Task Force of The National Center for Public Policy Research, http://www.nationalcenter.org/ScientistDirectory.html.

Ronald E. Doel.  “Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Explores Its History,”

http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/library/earthmatters/spring1998/ldeoexploresitshistory.html

Jennifer M. Fitzenberger.  “Earth provides endless resources, speaker says,” http://wildcat.arizona.edu/papers/90/121/01_2_m.html.  From Arizona Daily Wildcat, March 27, 1997.

Johann Kunckel *** Not in Gale

(c. 1630-1703).  Swedish chemist, alchemist, pharmacologist, instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/kunckel.html

Kunckel was deeply involved in alchemy. As a chemist he had something to do with phosphorus, and he contributed to the chemistry concerned with glass. In 1679 he published a translation of Neri’s Ars vitraria, augmented by himself.

Kunckel experimented with chemistry to produce valuable colored glass. His ruby glass, which was produced by introducing gold, was his greatest achievement, though he produced others as well. He also published a practical text on glass making in 1679.  Kunckel improved upon the furnace used in glassmaking.

Member: In 1693, member of the Academia Caesarea Leopoldina, taking the name “Hermes.”  In 1699, Académie Royal des Sciences.

Heather Grace Kuruvilla

(Born March 6, 1972 in Olean, New York, United States).  Biologist, educator.  Assistant Professor, Cedarville (Ohio) University, 1997. Grant, science program, Consultant New Life Christian School, Franklinville, N.Y., 1997.  Education: BS, Houghton College, 1992; Ph.D., SUNY, Buffalo, 1997.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Younghun Kwon *** Not in Gale
Physicist.  Visiting Professor, Theoretical High Energy Physics, University of Rochester, NY.

Professor, Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.  Associate Professor, 1961, Mathematical Physics.  Major: Theoretical and Mathematical High Energy Physics.

Contact page, http://hepth.hanyang.ac.kr/~yhkwon/

Younghun Kwon.  “Quantum Search: Its Progress,” http://physics.clarku.edu/colloquium/abstracts/kwon.html

Guy de La Brosse *** Not in Gale

(c. 1586-1641).  French botanist, physician, pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/labrosse.html

His major book, De la nature, vertu et utilité des plantes (Paris, 1628), was a theoretical book about plants in general. In it he raised questions about the generation, growth, and nutrition of plants. He also published a monograph on the causes of the plague, Traicté de la peste (Paris, 1623), and several other works on medicine, on plants, and on the collection of plants in the Jardin du Roi.

His titles make it clear that he regarded the Jardin du Roi as a collection of medicinally useful plants. The edict establishing it referred to it as a “Jardin des Plantes Medicinales” for the instruction of students of medicine.

From the beginning, La Brosse’s idea of the Jardin included instruction in chemistry as a handmaiden to medicine, and he devoted part of his works to chemistry--Paracelsian chemistry.

Jean Charles de La Faille, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1597-1652).  Belgian mathematician.  Military engineer.  Catholic, who entered the Jesuit order in 1613.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lafaille.html

La Faille owed his fame as a scholar to his tract, Theoremata de centro gravitatis partium circuli et ellipsis, published at Antwerp in 1632. In it the center of gravity of a sector of a circle was determined for the first time.

Also wrote Theses mechanicae, 1625.

Philip IV consulted La Faille on questions of defense and of military engineering and later charged him with teaching military arts and engineering to pages in the court. He served as technical adviser to the Duke of Alba along the Portuguese frontier in 1641-4. He also accompanied Don Juan on military expeditions.

He corresponded with Michel van Langren.

Philippe de La Hire [Philippe I] *** Not in Gale

(1640-1718).  French astronomer, mathematician, mechanic, zoologist, physiologist, meteorologist, cartographer, instrument-maker, hydraulics and navigation specialist, architect, naturalist, painter.  Catholic.  Eldest son of Laurent de La Hire, peintre ordinaire du roi, and founder and professor at the Académie Royale de Peinture and Sculpture. La Hire’s father was also one of the first disciples of Desargues.  Philippe’s younger brother is Gabriel-Philippe de La Hire.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lahire_phi.html

After his father’s death La Hire spent four years in Venice where he developed his artistic talent and studied classical geometry. Upon his return to France he was active primarily as an artist.  He formed a friendship with Abraham Bosse, Desargues’s last disciple, who asked La Hire to solve a problem in stonecutting. In 1673 La Hire published Nouvelle methode en géometrie pour les sections des superficies coniques et cylindriques from his research in constructing conic sections. Twelve years later he published a much more extensive work, Sectiones conicae, through which Desargues’ projective geometry became known.

La Hire published three works in one volume which, though not original, provided an exposition of the properties of conic sections and the progress of analytic geometry during the half century.

After his nomination to the Académie La Hire became active as an astronomer. He produced tables of the movements of the sun, moon, and the planets. He studied the instrumental techniques and particular problems of observation. From 1679-1682 he made several observations and measurements (occasionally with Picard) of different points along the French coastline. He continued his involvment in the mapping project of France (1683) by extending the meridian of Paris to the north.  In 1683 he participated in the experiment of falling bodies with Mariotte. The following two years he directed the surveying operations to provide water to Versailles. He devoted several works to the methods and instruments of surveying, land measuring, and gnomics.

La Hire’s work also extended to descriptive zoology, the study of respiration, and physiological optics.

During his many travels he made observations in natural science, meteorology, and physics. At the Paris observatory he conducted experiments in terrestrial magnetism, pluviometry, thermometry, and barometry.

In 1695 he published Traité de mécanique, an important work in the development of modern manuals of manuals.

He developed a leveling instrument for use in surveying.  He suggested the epicycloidal profile for gear teeth.

Memberships: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1678-1718.  He was nominated astronome pensionnaire in 1678. He participated in several projects of the Académie. He even edited various writings of his colleagues, Picard, Mariotte, Roberval, and Frenicle.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Philippe de La Hire,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/La_Hire.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/La_Hire.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08742b.htm

http://www.cosmovisions.com/LaHire.htm (in French)

Gabriel-Philippe de La Hire [Philippe II] *** Not in Gale

(1677-1719).  French astronomer, engineer, physician, anatomist, meteorologist, architect, cartographer, instrument maker, specialist in mechanical devices.  Catholic. His father, Laurent de La Hire, (1606-1656), was a distinguished artist.  Younger brother of Philippe de La Hire.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lahire_gab.html

La Hire assisted his father Laurent de la Hire in his regular observations at the Paris Observatory. His first solo work was the establishment of the Ephemerides for 1701, 1702, and 1703. This work involved de La Hire in a painful dispute with Jean Le Fevre, ‘astronome pensionnaire’ and editor of Connaissance des temps. Le Fevre accused both father and son of plagiarism and incompetence. The result of the controversy left Le Fevre with the loss of his editorship, severely censured, and expelled from the Académie.

In 1702 La Hire published a new edition of Mathurin Jousse’s Le theatre de l’art de charpentrie.  The following year he presented several short memoires to the Académie on subjects ranging from observational and physical astronomy to applied science and medicine.

After his nomination to the second class of architects of the Académie of Architecture (1706), de La Hire began to consider several technical and architectural problems. In 1707 he wrote a memoire on the organ of sight in which he established that the aqueous humor filled the same function as the vitreous humor.

In 1718 he participated in the geodesic operations carried out under the direction of Jacques Cassini to extend the meridian of Paris from Amiens to Dunkerque.

He invented a device to detach a carriage from the horses when they got out of hand.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1694-1719.

The Index biographique de l’académie lists the steps of his membership:

1694, appointed élève astronome.

1699, appointed associé

1706, appointed to second class in the Royal Academy of Architects.

1718, succeeded his father as pensionnaire in the Académie des sciences.

1718, succeeded his father as professor of architecture (Académie of Architecture).

http://www.cosmovisions.com/LaHire.htm (in French)

Estienne de La Roche / Villefranche *** Not in Gale

(c. 1480-c. 1520).  French mathematician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/laroche.html:

La Roche’s fame rests solely on his Larismetique published in 1520. This work introduced into France the Italian knowledge of arithmetic and useful notions of powers and roots. In 1880 Aristide Marre published Chuquet’s Triparty which only existed in manuscript form and suddenly La Roche was a plagiarist. Recent scholarship, though agreeing that parts of the Triparty were blatantly copied and other parts suppressed or curtailed in La Roche’s Larismetique, has emphasized the audience that La Roche was trying to reach with his work. At worst La Roche can be accused of patching together the works of three authors, Luca Pacioli, Philippe Frescobaldi (a banker in Lyon), and Nicolas Chuquet, whose works were inaccessible to the average French merchant. La Roche simply made their information available to a previously neglected audience.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Estienne de La Roche,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/La_Roche.html.  La Roche taught commercial arithmetic in Lyon for 25 years. Clearly he was well thought of as a teacher of arithmetic since he was often called master of ciphers.

David Lambert Lack

(1910-1973).  Biologist.  Ornithologist.  Lack was director of the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology in Oxford, England for more than twenty-five years, beginning 1945. During 1938 and 1939, he participated in a biological expedition to the Galapagos Islands.  Previous posts: Dartington Hall School, Devonshire, England, biology master, 1933-38, 1939-40.  President, International Ornithological Congress, 1962-66.  Education: Magdalene College, Cambridge, B.A., 1932, M.A., 1936, Sc.D., 1948.

Member: Royal Society (fellow), British Ecological Society (president, 1964); also member of numerous British and foreign ornithological societies.  British Army, Anti-aircraft, 1940, Operational Research, 1940-45. Anglican.

Author: Life of the Robin, Witherby, 1943, 4th edition, F. Watts, 1965; Darwin's Finches: An Essay on the General Biological Theory of Evolution, Harper, 1947, reprinted, Peter Smith, 1968; The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers, Clarendon Press, 1954; Swifts in a Tower, Methuen, 1956, reprinted, Halsted, 1973; Evolutionary Theory and Christian Belief, Methuen, 1957; Enjoying Ornithology, Methuen, 1965; Population Studies of Birds, Clarendon Press, 1966; The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers, Clarendon Press, 1967; Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds, Barnes & Noble, 1968; Ecological Isolation in Birds, Harvard University Press, 1971; Evolution Illustrated by Waterfowl, Harper, 1974; Island Biology, University of California Press, 1976.  Contributor of scientific papers on birds to professional journals.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Papers and correspondence of David Lambert Lack, 1910-1973, http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/0305lack.html

René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec

(1781-1826).   French physician. Considered father of thoracic medicine;introduced practice of auscultation with the stethoscope, which he invented (c.1819). Published De l’auscultation mediate (1819); Professor at College de France (1822); physician at Hopital de la Charite, Paris (1823).

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08737b.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Thomas Fantet de Lagny *** Not in Gale

(1660-1734).  French mathematician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lagny.html

Lagny is remembered for his contribution to computational mathematics. From 1687 to 1733 he published seven works.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1695-1734, Royal Society

The Index biographique de l’académie lists the steps of his membership:

1696, académicien géomètre, académicien externe.

1699, associé géomètre, premier titulaire.

1699, associé mécanicien (replacing Sauveur)

1719, pensionnaire surnuméraire.

1723, pensionnaire géomètre (replacing Varignon)

1724, sous-directeur.

1725, directeur.

1733, pensionnaire vétéran.

Charles Dean Lakin

(Born "1936" Day="29" Month="2" February 29, 1936 in Liberal, Missouri, United States).  Petroleum engineer.  Achievements include research in petroleum lubricants, fuels and additives; prevention of ground water and air contamination; disposal of hazardous waste; and product recycling.  Director product and environ. svcs., MFA Oil Co., Columbia, Mo., 1988; Director safety, MFA Oil Co., Columbia, Mo., 1985; Manager Agriculture chem. division, MFA Oil Co., Columbia, Mo., 1971-86; product researcher, MFA Oil Co., Columbia, Mo., 1964-71; biologist, MFA Oil Co., Columbia, Mo., 1960-64.  Advisory board Missouri Department of Agriculture, Jefferson City, 1983; Board of Directors Imperial, Inc., Shenandoah, Iowa; Member Missouri L.P. Gas Advisory Council, Jefferson City, 1985.  Education: BS, Kans. State University, 1957; Graduate, American Institute Coops., 1975.

Member: ASTM, American Petroleum Institute, Entomol. Society America, SAE International, American Management Association, Engineering Society for Advancing Mobility-Land-Sea-Air and Space, Columbia Cosmopolitan Club.  Deacon, elder Broadway Christian Church, Columbia, 1965. 1st lt. U.S. Army, 1957-59.

Contributor of articles to Pesticide Recommendations, Pesticide Formulation Procedures, L.P. Gas Safety.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Antoine de Lalouvere, S.J. / Lalouère / La Loubère / Lalovera *** Not in Gale

(1600-1664).  French mathematician. Catholic, who entered the Jesuit order in 1620.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lalouvre.html

Lalouvere’s chief book is the Quadrature circuli, on the quadrature of the circle, published in 1651 and dedicated to Louis XIV.  In 1658 he was drawn into the dispute with Pascal on cycloids for which his name is best known.  He was professor of humanities, rhetoric, Hebrew, theology, and mathematics in the Jesuit college at Toulouse.

Friendship and correspondence with Fermat.  Close relationship with Pardies and Willis.

Len Lamerton *** Not in Gale

Radiobiologist.  One of the founders of radiation biology in Britain. He was Professor of Biophysics as Applied to Medicine, London University 1960-1980 and Dean of the Institute of Cancer Research, London 1967-1977.  Quaker.

G. Gordon Steel.  “Professor Len Lamerton, 1915-1999,” from The Times, th October 1999, and Kit Hill, “Professor Len Lamerton,” from The Guardian, th November, 1999.

http://members.lycos.co.uk/JennySteel/lamerton.html. 

Kendall R. Lamkey / Kendall Raye Lamkey

(Born

http://www4.nas.edu/webcr.nsf/CommitteeDisplay/BANR-O-00-01-A?OpenDocument.
Lamkey is a research geneticist with the USDA-ARS and a professor of agronomy in the Department of Agronomy at Iowa State University. He is a full member of Iowa State’s Graduate Faculty. In addition, he is a member of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Biometrics Society, ENAR, Genetics Society of America, The Society for the Study of Evolution and the American Genetic Association. His research focuses specifically on the origin, maintenance, and utilization of genetic variation for important agronomic and grain quality traits in maize. In addition to funding from USDA, Lamkey has received funding from Pioneer Hi-Bred International. This private sector support represents approximately 5 percent of his research funding over the past 5 years. Lamkey received his B.S. in agronomy in 1980 and his M.S. in plant breeding in 1982, both from the University of Illinois. He received his Ph.D. in plant breeding in 1985 from Iowa State University. Currently, Lamkey is a technical editor for the journal Crop Science, and associate editor for the Journal of Heredity.

Chair Board of directors, First Christian Church, Ames, 1997, deacon, 1995-96.

Honor: Recipient Raymond and Mary Baker award for agronomic excellence Iowa State University, 1994.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Kendall R. Lamkey.  http://corn2.agron.iastate.edu/Lamkey/Personnel/Individuals/krlamkey.htm

Refereed Publications, http://corn2.agron.iastate.edu/Lamkey/Publications/Refereed_pubs.htm

“Welcome to the homepage of Kendall R. Lamkey’s maize breeding and quantitative genetics research project. http://corn2.agron.iastate.edu/Lamkey/Default.html.  Our project is part of the Cooperative Federal-State Maize Breeding Program located on the campus of Iowa State University. My research project is focused on the origin, maintenance, and utilization of genetic variation in maize.”

Walter Lammerts *** Not in Gale

Botanist.  Geneticist.

http://www.rirs.org/lammerts.htm

Bernard Lamy

(1640-1715). French ecclesiastic and scholar. Member of the Congregation of the Oratory; disciplined for teaching Cartesian doctrines. Wrote Nouvelles reflexions sur l’art poetique (1668), Traite de la grandeur en general (1680), Harmonie evangelique (1689).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lamy_ber.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Bernard Lamy,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lamy.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Lamy.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08771c.htm

MEMO - Le site de l’Histoire.  http://www.memo.fr/article.asp?ID=JJR_REL_027 (in French)

Francesco Lana-Terzi, S.J. *** Not in Gale

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/lana.htm

The Father of Aeronautics, Fr. Francesco Lana-Terzi, S.J., (1631-1687) Professor of physics and mathematics at Brescia. Histories of flight refer to his work Prodromo dell’Arte Maestra (1670) as the “the first publication to establish a theory of aerial navigation verified by mathematical accuracy and clearness of perception”.

http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/balloon/

Giovanni Maria Lancisi

(1654-1720). Italian physician, clinician, and botanist. Physician to three popes. Considered first modern hygienist; related prevalence of malaria in swamps to presence of mosquitoes and recommended drainage as preventive measure. Wrote De subitaneis mortibus on sudden deaths in Rome (1707), De motu cordis et aneurysmatibuson cardiac pathology (1728), treatises on influenza, malaria, rinderpest, etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lancisi.html:

Lancisi is considered the first modern hygienist.

http://www.accademia-lancisiana.it/giovanni_maria_lancisi.htm (in Italian)

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/lancisi.html (in Italian)

Bohumir Alfons Lang

(Born "1924" Day="19" Month="10" October 19, 1924 in Vyskov, Moravia, Czechoslovakia).  Molecular biologist, researcher.  Professor, Palacky University, Olomouc, 1993; researcher, Masaryk Meml. Cancer Institute, Brno, 1987; head clin. biochem. dept., Masaryk Meml. Cancer Institute, Brno, 1977-86; head clin. biochemistry dept., Brno, Czech Republic, 1969-76; Assistant Professor, Institute Medical Chemistry, Olomouc, 1957-68; house officer, Tchg. Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Olomouc, 1955-56; house officer, Polio Rehab. Institute, Velké Losiny, Czech Republic, 1950-54.  Science council medical faculty, Olomouc, 1990-99; medical faculty Consultant Institute Chemistry, Olomouc, 1996.  Education:  MD, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 1950; Ph.D., Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 1964.

Member: Czechoslovak Medical Society J. E. Purkyne (Deyl prize 1968), International Society Neurochemistry, International Society Oncodevelopment Biology and Medicine, International Union Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fed. European Biochemical Society.  President, Moravian-Silesian Christian Academy, Brno, 1990-99, Honorary President, 2000.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Karl Nikolaus Lang *** Not in Gale

(1670-1741).  Swiss paleontologist, natural historian, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lang.html

In addition to practicing medicine for his entire career, Lang was called upon by certain organizations to prepare reports on water quality. In 1720, with Mauriz Kappeler, he was appointed to investigate the springs at Schachenwald, Hackenrain, and Doggeli-Loecher. This report still exists. In addition, he was commissioned by the government of Uri to investigate Gades Unterschaechen and the privately owned spring at Suessberg.

Memberships: Academia Leopoldina, Berlin Academy, Institute Bologna.  John Woodward sucessfully opposed his membership in the Royal Society.  1703, member of the Academia Physico-Criticorum, Siena; 1705, member of the Academia Caesareo-Leopoldina Naturae Curiosorum.  Member of the Prussian Academy.  Member of the Academia Scientiarum, Bologna.  Connections: He was a good friend of the French botanist Joseph Pitton.

Dr. R. Alan Langford *** Not in Gale

Dermatologist.  Microbiologist.  Coordinator, Pre-Medical Studies Program, Franklin College of Arts & Sciences, University of Georgia.  Dr. Langford now teaches UGA courses in microbiology and pharmacy and is a clinical faculty member with the Medical College of Georgia. Dr. Langford serves as Faculty Advisor for the Georgia Alpha Chapter of Alpha Epsilon Delta Premedical Honor Society, which meets frequently on campus and welcomes any student to participate in its meetings.

In 1997, R. Alan Langford, M.D., F.A.A.D., became Coordinator of the Premedical Studies Program for the Franklin College. He is a graduate of the University of Georgia, the Medical College of Georgia, trained in an internship in internal medicine at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, served as a military flight surgeon in primary patient care in the U.S. Army and completed a residency in dermatology. In 2003, he received a Post Graduate Diploma in Infectious Diseases from the University of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.  He served on the faculties of two medical schools, and as a Consultant in Dermatology at the Carl Vincent V.A. Medical Center in Dublin, Georgia, where he had a solo practice in surgical and medical dermatology for 17 years and served a term as the Chief of the Medical Hospital Staff.

Faculty webpage, Franklin College of Arts & Sciences, http://www.franklin.uga.edu/people/alangford.htm

Philip van Lansberge / Philips Lansbergen *** Not in Gale

(1561-1632).  Belgian mathematician, astronomer.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lansberg.html

Lansberge published on the geometry of triangles, including spherical triangles in 1583--i.e, on trigonometry--apparently an important work.  Another work offered a new method to calculate the value of pi, which he computed to 28 places.  Lansberge was a Copernican who published defenses of Copernicanism already in 1619, and again in 1629. He did not accept Kepler’s ellipses, and he published astronomical tables intended to rival the Rudolphine Tables.

Robert Larmer / Robert A. H. Larmer *** Not in Gale
Professor of Philosophy.  Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Philosophy, University of New Brunswick,Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. University of Ottawa, Thesis Topic: Philosophy and the Principle of the Conservation of Energy, Ph.D. (Philosophy), 1985; University of Ottawa Thesis Topic: The Question of Miracle, M.A. (Philosophy), 1981;  Carleton University BA (Philosophy), 1979.

Author: Questions of Miracle, 1996; Water Into Wine: An Investigation of the Concept of Miracle, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press, 1988, paperback edition McGill-Queen’s, 1996); Ethics In The Workplace: Selected Readings in Business Ethics, editor (New York: West Educational Publishing, 1996, 2^nd edition forthcoming Wadsworth, Fall 2001).

Faculty webpage, http://www.unbf.ca/arts/Phil/rlarmer/index.html

Dawson Franklin Lasseter

(Born 1949).  Oil and gas consultant. Registered professional engineer, Oklahoma, Texas; Certified professional geological scientist. Reservoir engineer, staff geologist Mustang Fuel Corp., Oklahoma City, 1972-76; reservoir engineer Ramsey Engineering, Oklahoma City, 1976; district reservoir engineer, proration engineer Texas Oil & Gas Corp., Oklahoma City, 1976-79; v.p. exploration and engineering GEC Prodn. Co., Norman, Oklahoma, 1979-82; President, founder Geological Engineering Consultant, Norman, 1979. B.S. in Geological Engineering, University Oklahoma, 1972.

Honors:  Recipient James K. Anderson award University Oklahoma, 1972.

Member:  Society Petroleum Engineers, American Association Petroleum Geologists, American Institute Professional Geological Scientists, Society Indiana Petroleum Exploration Scientists, National Society Professional Engineers, Oklahoma Society Professional Engineers. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Oklahoma Dept. of Environmental Quality, http://www.deq.state.ok.us/

Joao Baptista Lavanha *** Not in Gale

(1550-1624).  Portugues-born cartographer, geographer, mathematician, instrument-maker and expert in navigation.  Catholic, converted Jew.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lavanha.html

Jacques-Desire Laval *** Not in Gale

(1803-1864).  Physician.  Intially torn between the priesthood and medicine, Jacques was educated at local schools, Evraux, and Stanlislaus College in Paris, and received his medical degree in 1830. Established his medical practice in Saint André and Saint Ivry-la-Bataille in his native Normandy.

http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintjeh.htm

Website (in French): http://www.spiritains.qc.ca/Historique/laval.htm

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

(1743-1794).  French chemist. Founder of modern chemistry and the author of the oxygen theory of combustion.  He was the first scientist to explain how things burn. He developed the first rational system for naming chemical compounds, which is still in use today, and established the practice of accurate measurement, which is the basis for all valid quantitative experiments.  He reformed chemical nomenclature, held various government offices. Member of Ferme Generale (1768-91); Director of state gunpowder works (1776); member of commission to establish uniform system of weightsand measures (1790); arrested by order of the Convention and guillotined. Conducted quantitative experiments; disproved the phlogiston theory; explained combustion (1772) as the union of the burning substance with the part of the air that he later (1777) termed oxygen; with Pierre Laplace proved that respiration is a form of combustion (1780); propounded a theory of formation of chemical compounds; conducted experiments to determine composition of water and various organic compounds; with Berthollet, Guyton de Morveau, and Fourcroy, devised system of chemical nomenclature that served as basis of present system (pub. 1787); published chief work Traite elementaire de chimie (1789).  Catholic.

“Antoine Lavoisier,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Antoine%20Lavoisier.

The Complete Works of Lavoisier (in French): http://histsciences.univ-paris1.fr/i-orpus/lavoisier/index.php

Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794).  http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Lavoisier.html

Michael J. Lawrence *** Not in Gale

(Not geologist Michael J. Lawrence of Croydon, New South Wales, Australia)

Information systems specialist. Emeritus Professor, School of Information Systems, Technology and Management University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1975-present. Director, International Institute of Forecasters.  School of Information Systems Technology and Management (SISTM), Faculty of Commerce, University of New South Wales, 1975 - present; Professor of Information Systems 1991 – present, and Head of School of Information Systems, 1996 – 1998; Associate Professor, 1983 -1991 and Head 1987, 1988; Senior Lecturer 1975 – 1983. Bachelor of Science, University of Sydney, N.S.W., 1962; Master of Science - Bachelor of Engineering (First Class Honours) University of Sydney, N.S.W., 1964; Doctor of Philosophy -  University of California, Berkeley, California, USAMajor: Operations Research, (College of Engineering) 1967.

http://www2.sistm.unsw.edu.au/nps/servlet/portalservice?GI_ID=System.LoggedOutInheritableArea&maxWnd=_Staff_A_MichaelLawrence

Visiting Positions: Visiting Professor, Management Science Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England September 1998- May 1999; Visiting Professor, London Business School, June 1990 - January 1991, and April 1994 - September 1994;Visiting Professor, City University, London; January 1994 - April 1994; Visiting Professor, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France; December 1984 - June 1985; Visiting Scholar, Imperial College of Science and Technology, July - November 1981.

Honor: Elected Fellow of the Australian Computer Society, 1987.

Full List of Publications: http://www2.sistm.unsw.edu.au/nps/servlet/portalservice?GI_ID=System.LoggedOutInheritableArea&maxWnd=_Staff_A_MichaelLawrence_P

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Dawn M. Lawson

(Born 1963).  Information scientist.  Lawson is a telecommunications specialist with the Defense Information Systems Agency in Falls Church, Virginia. Education: George Mason University, MA, telecommunications management, 1998, UNC-Greensboro, BS, clothing and textiles, 1986; Chicago State University, leadership seminar, 1999; Leadership Development Institute, 1999.

Member: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc, state legislative coordinator, 1998-02; Blacks In Government, life member, national corresponding secretary, 2000-01; National Secretary 2001-02; League of Women Voters; NAACP; University of North Carolina at Greensboro Alumni Association, life member; Fairfax County Commission on Organ & Tissue Donation and Transplantation; Fairfax County Complete Count Committee, 2000; West Springfield Civic Association; Antioch Baptist Church; Armed Forces Communication & Electronics Association (AFCEA); Fairfax County Telecommunications Task Force.

Honors: Blacks in Government, Meritorious Service Award, 1999, council involvement Award, 1998, outstanding mentor/community service Award, 1996; Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, certificate of recognition, 1998; Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc, Doris R. Asbury Connection Award for legislative involvement, 1997, 1998; US Geological Survey Performance Awards, 1993-96, 1998-99; Joan Orr Air Force spouse of the year, 1995; US Dept of Interior, Service Award, 1995; AT&T FTS2000 Award for management and administrative excellence, 1993; DISA special Act Service Award, 2000; Technology All-Star during the first annual Women of Color Government and Defense Technology Awards conference, 2001; DISA Wall of Heroes, 2002.  Listed in the June/July 2001 U.S. Black Engineer Information Technology magazine.

“Dawn M. Lawson.” Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17^th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

Jenice Evelyn Lawson

(Born 1952). Quality assurance professional, pharmacist.  Senior scientist, Clorox Tech. Center, Pleasanton, California, 2000-2002; regulatory compliance specialist, Clorox Tech. Center, Pleasanton, California, 1989; Manager, Lynn Drug Co., Columbus, 1987-88; computer programmer, consultant, College. pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1986-87; pharmacist, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Fed. Rep. Germany, 1985; graduate Research, teaching Associate, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1980-84; staff pharmacist, Easter’s Ben Franklin Pharmacy, Maryville, Missouri, 1979; staff pharmacist, St. Francis Hospital, Maryville, Missouri, 1976-78; staff pharmacist, The Corner Drug, Maryville, Missouri, 1975; pharmacy intern, Federmann Drug Store, Kansas City, 1974. Education: AA, East Central College, 1972; BS, University Missouri, Kansas City, 1975; BS, Northwest Missouri State University, 1979; MS, Ohio State University, 1985.

Member: American Pharmaceutical Association Contra Costa German-American Club, Society Risk Analysis and Exposure Assessment, Diamond Toastmasters (secretary district 57 club 4582, 1991, Treasurer 1991, President 1991, Competent Toastmaster award 1991, Able Toastmaster award 1993), Kappa Epsilon (Nellie Wakeman award 1983). Worker Trinity Baptist Church, Livermore.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Gaspar Lax *** Not in Gale

(1487-1560).  Spanish scholastic philosopher, mathematician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lax.html

Lax was engrossed in nominalist logical subtleties; he was known as the Prince of Sophists. In his own age he was better known as a mathematician, a field in which he published. He also published a Quaestiones phisicales, 1527.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Gaspar Lax,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Lax.html

Henrietta Swan Leavitt

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921) was an American astronomer of the first magnitude. Her research resulted in numerous advances within the field, the effects of which extended well beyond her lifetime. She discovered a means to rank stars’s magnitudes using photographic plates, which became a standard in the field. Leavitt also discovered a means by which astronomers became better able to accurately measure extra galactic distances known as the period-luminosity relation. She also discovered more variable stars than any other astronomer in her time.

http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Leavitt,_Henrietta_Swan@871234567.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/baleav.html

http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lea.html

http://astronomy.wakaf.net/htm/leavitt.htm

Charles de L’Écluse / Carolus Clusius / Carlus Clusius / Jules-Charles L’Écluse

(1526-1609). French botanist, natural historian, pharmacologist, cartographer. Credited with introducing the potato into Europe; published Rariorum plantarum historia (1601), etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lecluse.html

L’Écluse’s Rariorum plantarum historia (1601) records approximately 100 new species; Exoticorum libri decem (1605) is an important work on exotic flora and includes everything that he published on the subject. Those two works contain all of his original contributions in botany and natural history and are still often consulted. He also published other works and translated several works of his contemporaries in natural science.

He edited De piscibus marinis libri xviii, (1554).  He published Antidotarium, sive de exacta componendorum miscendorumque medicamentorum ratione libri tres (1561) and another similar work in 1567.

Beyond his interest (like that of every other natural historian of the age) in the medicinal properties of plants, l’Écluse did not practice medicine.  He prepared two major maps for Ortelius, one of Gallia Narbonensis (or southern France) and the other of Spain.

http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Authors/Clusius1430.html:

“In 1593 Clusius (also known as Carlus Clusius, Charles de L’Écluse, and Jules-Charles L’Écluse) succeeded Dodoens as the chair of botany at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, where he started their (later famous) botanical garden.  Clusius is most famous among mycologists for a picture of a stinkhorn that Robert Gerard lifted and included in his “Gerard’s Herbal”... but upside-down, because it looked more like a plant that way. This, of course, demonstrates the atrocious intellectual standard of the herbals of the time (or perhaps just Gerard’s) but little else.
”Clusius made many contacts while wandering Europe after fleeing France (he was a Protestant, and the French Church went on one of its periodic rampages), and used them to obtain plants unavailable in Western Europe at the time: Isley credits him with the introduction of the peony, tulip, hyacinth and potato to Western European gardening, and likewise credits him with establishing the Netherlands as the tulip center of the world.
”The Fungorum Historia appendix to his Rariorum Plantarum Historia describes over a hundred fungi (including his famous stinkhorn), the most in one place for quite some time.”

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch, History, http://132.229.93.11/rhb/history.htm

Luther Lee

Luther Lee, (1800-1889), clergyman and abolitionist, was a leading figure in the anti-slavery movement within the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Luther Lee, Natural theology, or, The existence, attributes and government of God : including the obligations and duties of men, demonstrated by arguments drawn from the phenomena of nature, Syracuse, Wesleyan Methodist publishing house, 1866.

Mark Lee

(Born1952). Colonel, USAF.  Astronaut. With wife Jan Davis, first husband-and-wife team in space, 1992.  Chief of the Astronaut Office EVA Branch. Shuttle flights included missions on the Atlantis (1989), Endeavor (1992) and Discovery (1994, 1997). Lee graduated from Viroqua High School, Viroqua, Wisconsin, in 1970; received a bachelor of science degree in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1974, and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980.

Following pilot training at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, and F-4 upgrade at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, Lee spent 2-1/2 years at Okinawa Air Base, Japan, flying F-4’s in the 25^th Tactical Fighter Squadron. Following this assignment, he began his studies at MIT in 1979 specializing in graphite/epoxy advanced composite materials. After graduation in 1980, he was assigned to Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts, in the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) Program Office, as the operational support manager. His responsibilities included resolving mechanical and material deficiencies which affected the mission readiness of the AWACS aircraft. In 1982 he returned to flying, upgrading in the F-16 and serving as executive officer for the 388^th Tactical Fighter Wing Deputy Commander for Operations, and as flight commander in the 4^th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, until his selection as an astronaut candidate.

He has logged 4,500 hours flying time, predominantly in the T-38, F-4 and F-16 aircraft.

Lee was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in May 1984. In June 1985, he completed a one-year training and evaluation program, qualifying him for assignment as a mission specialist on future Space Shuttle flight crews. His technical responsibilities within the Astronaut Office have included extravehicular activity (EVA), the inertial upper stage (IUS), Spacelab and Space Station systems. Lee has also served as a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in the Mission Control Center, as Lead “Cape Crusader” at the Kennedy Space Center, Chief of Astronaut Appearances, Chief of the Astronaut Office Mission Development Branch, Chief of the EVA Robotics Branch, and Chief of the EVA Branch. He also worked Space Station assembly issues for the Astronaut Office.

A veteran of four space flights, Lee has traveled over 13 million miles going around the world 517 times and spending 33 days in orbit. He flew as a mission specialist on STS-30 (May 4-8, 1989) and STS-64 (September 9-20, 1994), and was the Payload Commander on STS-47 (September 12-20, 1992), and STS-82 (February 11-21, 1997). During STS-64, he logged EVA hours totaling 6 hours and 51 minutes. During STS-82 he logged 19 hours and 10 minutes in 3 EVAs.

Lee retired from NASA and the Air Force effective July 1, 2001.

Member: Registered professional engineer in the State of Colorado. Member of the American Angus Association and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Honors: Distinguished Flying Cross, Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, 2 Air Force Commendation Medals, 4 NASA Space Flight Medals, NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, NASA Public Service Group Achievement Award, and 2 NASA Exceptional Service Medals.

MARK C. LEE (COLONEL, USAF, RET.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER), http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lee.html or http://www.stecf.org/hst/sm/sm2/crew/lee.html

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/astronauts/lee.html

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:uLudK-adAEAJ:editorialmatters.lee.net/articles/2004/06/01/stories/features/efea166.txt+%22Mark+Lee%22+astronaut+Christian&hl=en

Dr. Wayne Lees, DVM*** Not in Gale

Veterinarian.  Epidemiologist.  Animal Disease Surveillance Unit, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Oak Lake, Manatoba, Canada.

Member: Christian Veterinary Missions, Canada.

Wayne Lees.  “Unraveling the mysteries of CWD,” http://www.deer-library.com/artman/publish/article_139.shtml.  July 26, 2003.

Nicaise Le Febvre *** Not in Gale

(c. 1610-1669).  French pharmacologist, iatrochemist.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lefebvre.html

Le Febvre’s principal contribution to science is his textbook, the Traité de la chymie (Paris, 1660). His other published work was a description of a polypharmaceutical preparation. In the tradition of iatrochemistry, the Traité was directed to medicinal preparations.

Memberships: Royal Society, 1663-1669.  He was admitted on the nomination of Sir Robert Moray.

Jean LeFevre / Jean LeFebvre *** Not in Gale

(Not the instrument maker of the same name who lived at the same time.)

(1652-1706).  French astronomer, cartographer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lefevre.html

Around c. 1682, LeFevre did calculations for Picard.  After Picard’s death, he continued pedestrian aspects of Picard’s work, calculating astronomical tables, publishing the Connaissances des Temps, making a few observations and assisting R. de la Hire in surveying.  In 1682, this work got him elected to the Académie.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, c.1682-1701.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

(1646-1716). German philosopher and mathematician. In service of archbishop elector of Mainz (1667-76); on diplomatic missions to Paris (1672-76) and London (1673), meeting many scholars; laid foundations (1675)of integral and differential calculus, published (1684) before Newton’s, thus causing long-debated controversy; developed the dynamic theory of motion (1676). In service at Hanover of dukes of Braunschweig-Luneburg as librarian and privy councilor (1676-1716); proposed basis for general topology (1679); wrote (1686, pub.1819) Systema theologicum, an attempt to find common ground for Catholic and Protestant faiths; suggested founding of Academy of Sciences (1700). Developed rationalistic system of metaphysics basedon his theory of monads; also wrote on mathematics, natural science, philosophy, theology, history, law, politics, and other subjects; his principal work in theology Essais de theodicee (1710), in the main a discussion of problem of evil and a defense of optimism.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/leibniz.html

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.  http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/tleib.htm

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Leibniz.html

http://www.friesian.com/leibniz.htm

http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/leib.htm

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Leibniz.html

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/leibniz.htm

http://lgxserve.ciseca.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Leibniz+Gottfried+Wilhelm

http://www.leibniz-igb.de/leibniz.htm (in German)

http://euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/leibniz.html

http://www.infoscience.fr/histoire/biograph/biograph.php3?Ref=129 (in French)

Egbert Giles Leigh, Jr.

(Born 1940.)  Biologist, educator.  Staff scientist, biologist, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Canal Zone, Republic of Panama, 1969-present.  Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, Assistant Professor of biology, 1966-72.  Education: Princeton University, B.A., 1962; Yale University, Ph.D., 1966.

Member: American Society of Naturalists.

Author: Adaptation and Diversity: Natural History and the Mathematics of Evolution, Freeman, Cooper, 1971; (Editor with A. Stanley Rand and Donald M. Windsor) The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-Term Changes, Smithsonian Institution Press (Washington, DC), 1982; Tropical Forest Ecology: A View From Barro Colorado Island, Oxford University Press (New York), 1999.

Contributor of articles to American Naturalist, Science, and other periodicals.

Faculty webpage, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. http://www.stri.org/english/scientific_staff/staff_scientist/scientist.php?id=22

Matti Leisola *** Not in Gale
(Born 1947).  Chemist.  Bioprocess Engineer.  Professor, Department of Chemical Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland (1997 – present). Research Director Cultor Ltd 1991-1997; Department manager Cultor Ltd, 1989-1991; Senior scientist Cultor Ltd, 1988-1989; Senior teaching Assistant, ETH-Zürich, 1984-1988;Research Fellow ETH-Zürich, 1981-1983; Professor (acting) HUT 1978; Senior teaching ass HUT, 1976-1981; Research assistant The Academy of Finland ,1974-1976; Research help The Academy of Finland, 1972-1973; Habilitation ETH-Zürich, Institut für Biotechnologie, 1988.  Education: D.Sc. (Tech.) Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), 1979; Lic.Science Technician, HUT ,1975; M.Sci (Tech.) HUT, 1972. Scientific expert: Oulu university, Professor of bioprocess engineering, 1998 - 2000 ; HUT, docent of biochemistry, 1998; Evaluator for EU-biotech programs, 1991-1995; scandinavian representative, 1996; Expert for US-Department of Energy, 1988.

Awards: Latsis-Preis, ETH-Zürich, 1987; Biotechnology award of Alko Ltd , 1997; Innovation award (Foundation for new technology, with O.Turunen and F. Fenel), 2000.

Patents: 1. Visuri K, Niemi H, Leisola M, Palosaari S ja Kaipainen E (1990) Menetelmä proteiinien kiteyttämiseksi korkean paineen avulla.Finnish patent no.; 2. Apajalahti J and Leisola M (1996) Novel yeast strains for the production of xylitol. French patent no. 9209109 + patent applications in several countries; 3. Leisola M ja Jokela J (2000) Process for the preparation and simultaneous separation of enzyme-catalysed products. Kansainvälinen patenttihakemus; 4.Turunen O, Fenel F ja Leisola M (2000) Method to improve the stability and optimal pH of family G/11 xylanases. Kansainvälinen patenttihakemus.

Contact page, http://www.worldoflearning.com/views/entry/FI/5/15/5/7

Contact page, http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Biotekniikka/matti/Matti_Frames.htm

Curriculum vitae: http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Biotekniikka/matti/curriculum_vitae.htm

Laboratory homepage: http://www.hut.fi/Units/Biotechnology/

Jérôme Jean Louis Marie Lejeune

(1926-1994).  French geneticist.  Physician.  The father of modern genetics.  In 1959, Lejeune identified the human chromosomal abnormality linked to Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, one of the most common forms of mental retardation and the first chromosomal disorder to be positively identified. Lejeune’s discovery marked a turning point in the new science of cytogenetics (the scientific study of genetic variations at the chromosomal level). Institute Progenese, Paris; Professor fundamental genetics Faculty Medicine, Necker-Enfantsmalades, Paris, l969-94; chief Service, Hopital Enfants Malades, Paris, l964-94; Director, National Science School Center, Paris, l963-64; attending, National Science School Center, Paris, l952-63.  Education: The University of Paris (M.D., 1951; Ph.D., 1960).

Member:  Royal Society Medicine (London), American Academy Arts and Sciences, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Royal Academy of Sciences (Stockholm), Academy Moral and Political Sciences, National Academy Medicine (Paris).  Roman Catholic.

Honors: Recipient Kennedy prize, l962, Znanie diploma, l964, William Allen Meml. award, l969, Feltrinelli prize, l984.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

The Jérôme Lejeune Foundation http://www.fondationlejeune.org/eng/Default.asp.  “The main target of the Jerome Lejeune Foundation, a state-recommended foundation, is research into Intelligence Disability.
The Foundation supports both fundamental and clinical research projects aimed at leading, directly or indirectly, to the discovery of treatments for genetic intelligence diseases, in particular, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).”

The Jérôme Lejeune Foundation. http://www.fondationlejeune.org/eng/Content/Fondation/professeurlj.asp Professor Lejeune cited as the father of modern genetics. “The establishment known as the Jérôme Lejeune Foundation, created in 1995, is intended to follow up the work to which Professor Jérôme Lejeune devoted his life :
- Medical research into intelligence diseases and genetic diseases,
- Care and treatment of patients, in particular those suffering from Trisomy 21 or other genetic anomalies, whose lives and dignity must be protected from the moment of conception until they die.”

 “French Pro-Life Geneticist Jerome Lejeune to be Considered for Catholic Beatification,” http://www.geocities.com/scfl_2000/enews04/20040220.htm “He was a man of science who lived his Christian faith in his profession work, heroically, showing his faith with a simplicity and joy, serving life with a full devotion and complete disinterest,” said Cardinal Angelini, the former president of the Pontifical Council for Health Care.

http://trisomie.21.free.fr/jerome_lejeune.htm (in French)

http://www.fondationlejeune.org/eng/Content/Fondation/professeurlj.asp

Access Research Network, Volume 13, Number 1.  “What is in the Fridge?” http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/arn/orpages/or131/lejeune.htm.  Testimony of French geneticist Jérôme LeJeune in the Tennessee "Frozen Embryo" case.

Abbé Georges Édouard Lemaître

The Belgian astronomer Abbé Georges Édouard Lemaître (1894-1966) originated what came to be called the “big bang” theory of cosmogony.

After 1927, Lemaître served as a professor of astrophysics at the University of Louvain, teaching and conducting research. Throughout his career he continued to refine his theory, but he also investigated such subjects as the three-body problem, calculating machines, and cosmic rays. He remained, throughout his life, active in the Catholic Church. He saw no conflict between his scientific work and his religious beliefs. He once said, as quoted in the New York Times: “All problems in life can be solved either by religion or science, but not by both combined.” In an interview with the New York Times Magazine, he put much of the blame for the perception of a conflict on scientists: “Once scientists can grasp that the Bible does not purport to be a textbook of science, the old controversy between religion and science vanishes.” He acknowledged, however, this is more difficult for some branches of science to do than others, but physicists and astronomers “have been religious men, with a few exceptions. The deeper they penetrated into the mystery of the universe, the deeper was their conviction that the power behind the stars and behind the electrons of atoms was one of law and goodness.”

Institut d’Astronomie et de Géophysique Georges Lemaître, http://www.astr.ucl.ac.be/

http://www.kosmologika.net/Scientists/Lemaitre.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Louis Lémery *** Not in Gale

(1677-1743).  French chemist, anatomist, physiologist.  Son of Nicolas Lemery.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lemery_lou.html

The bulk of Lémery’s scientific writings, which deal mainly with problems of chemical analysis, were published in the Mémoires de l’Académie royale des sciences. His most important observations on organic analysis are contained in four papers published in 1719-1721. His anatomical papers deal with the circulation of the blood in the fetal heart and with the origin of monaters. In addition to his Academy memoirs, he published two monographs, Traité des alimens (1702) and Dissertation sur la nourriture des os (1704).

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1712-1743.  He was sous-directeur in 1716 and 1717.

Nicolas Lémery

(1645-1715). French chemist, pharmacologist.  Apothecary to the king (1674-81); noted teacher. Two sons both followed him into the Academy as chemists: Louis and Jacques.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lemery_nic.html:

Lémery’s chief contributions to pharmacy were his two complementary works, the Pharmacopée universelle (1697) and the Traité des drogues simples (1698). They represent a comprehensive dictionary of pharmaceuticals. His last major work, Traité de l'antimoine (1707), contains the results of his investigation into the properties and preparations of mineral antimony.  His textbook on chemistry, the Cours de chymie (Paris, 1675), went through more than thirty editions.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1699-1715.

http://13.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LE/LEMERY_NICOLAS.htm or http://14.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LE/LEMERY.htm

http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/exhibit/lemeryy.htm

http://www.nd.edu/~aostafin/lineage/lemery.html:

First to distinguish between vegetable (organic) and mineral (inorganic) chemistry. Adopted an atomic theory assuming that fundamental particles have characteristic shapes.  Discovered a commercial process for the production of sulfuric acid.  Obtained boric acid from borax.  Investigated chemistry of antimony sulfide.  Analyzed camphor and honey.

E. Stan Lennard, M.D., Sc.D.  *** Not in Gale
General surgeon.  Associate Professor of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.  Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery (beginning 1987), Evergreen Hospital Medical Center, Kirkland, Washington, U.S.A. (Retired).  Specialist, thorax and abdomen.

E. Stan Lennard, M.D., Sc.D. “The Distinctive Human Self,” http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/other_papers.shtml?main#the_distinctive_human_self

John C. Lennox / John Carson Lennox, M.A., D.Phil. (MA Ph.D. Camb. DSc Wales) *** Not in Gale
(Not Professor of English John Lennox, York University, Toronto, Ontario)

Mathematician.  Research Fellow in Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, England.

John Lennox was Exhibitioner and Senior Scholar at Emmanuel College Cambridge from which he gained MA and Ph.D. degrees (1970) and has worked for 29 years as Reader in mathematical research at the University of Cardiff, Wales, for which he was awarded a DSc. He spent a year at each of the universities of Wuerzburg, Freiburg (as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow) and Vienna, and has lectured extensively in both Eastern and Western Europe on mathematics, apologetics and the exposition of Scripture. He is currently Fellow in Mathematics and the Philosophy of Science at Green College, University of Oxford, Visiting Fellow at the Mathematical Institute Oxford, and a Senior Fellow of the Whitfield Institute.  He also teaches a module in Science, Faith and Philosophy in the Medical Faculty at Oxford. In addition to around 70 papers and two books in mathematical publications, he is the author of a number of books on the relations of science with religion, the most recent of which is: Hat die Wissenschaft Gott begraben (Has Science Buried God?), Brockhaus, 2002.

From http://www.euroleadership.org/html/forumDetails.htm:

John has lectured extensively in Europe, both Western and Eastern, including many visits to Russia as a guest of the Academy of Science.  John is very involved in the science-religion debate, having been active in Christian work since his student days. He gave the Whitefield Institute annual public lecture in 1998 on the topic, “Is the Watchmaker Really Blind?” in which he challenged the materialistic atheists like Dawkins et al.

From http://www.srcf.ucam.org/ciccu/me01/john.html.

Author: Did Science Bury God? A critical analysis of modern conditions for thinking, R. Brockhaus: Wuppertal 2002.

John Lennox on C.S. Lewis, http://www.bogardconstruction.com/vic8.html

John Lennox.  “Science and Creation,” http://www.caef.net/Servir/sel_2003/2003_06_10_scienceetcreation.htm (In French) Translated and transcribed by A.Kitt.  Lennox: “The rise of sciences to the 16^th and 17^th centuries was the fact of men such as Kepler and Newton which believed in a creative God.  They expected to find laws in nature because they believed in a person who had registered these laws in their creation. Science is possible because there is order in the universe, and in my opinion this order finds its origin in God of order. Intellectually, I cannot believe in a rationality which would come from the irrational one.”

Quoted here: http://groups.msn.com/EvolutionvCreation/janescorner.msnw?action=get_message&mview=0&ID_Message=2755&LastModified=4675466954803827606

“Suppose I wheel in the most magnificent cake ever seen and I had it in front of me various fellows of every academic and learned society in the world and I picked the top men and I tell them to analyse the cake for me. So out steps the world famous nutritionist and he talks about the balance of the various foods that form this cake.

“Then a leading biochemist analyses the cake at the biochemical level. Then a chemist says, ‘Well, yes, of course, but now we must get down to the very basic chemicals that form this.’

“Then the physicist comes on and says, ‘Well, yes, these people have told you something, but you really need to get down to the electrons and the protons and the quarks.’

“And last of all the stage is occupied by the mathematician. And he says, ‘Ultimately you need to understand the fundamental equations governing the motion of all the electrons and protons in this cake.’

“And they finish, and it is a magnificent analysis of the cake.

“And then I turn round to them and I say, ‘Ladies and Gentlemen, I’ve just got one more question for you. Tell me why the cake was made.’ And there in front of them stands Aunt Mathilda who made the cake.

It’s only when the person who made the cake is prepared to disclose why she’s made it that they’ll ever understand why. No amount of scientific analysis, however exhaustive and detailed, can answer that question.

“And then Aunt Mathilda in the end says, ‘I’ll let you out of your misery. I’ve made the cake for my nephew Johnny - it’s his birthday next week.’ And there’s the answer, isn’t it? No amount of scientific analysis of this planet on which we stand will tell you why it was made unless the Creator chooses Himself to speak. The fantastic thing is that He has spoken and what He has spoken is called Genesis.”

James M. Lepkowski

(Born 1948).  Biostatitician, research scientist.  James Lepkowski is a research professor at the Institute for Social Research and an Associate Professor of biostatistics at the University of Michigan. He is also a research professor in the Joint Program in Survey Methodology at the University of Maryland.

He is the first director of the Michigan Program in Survey Methodology. He conducts survey methodology research including the design and analysis of area probability and telephone samples, compensating for missing data, and telephone sampling methods.

He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and was elected to membership in the International Statistical Institute. He received a BS in mathematics from Illinois State University (1970), an MPH in Biostatistics (1976) and Ph.D. in Biostatistics (1980), both from the University of Michigan.

Faculty webpage, James M. Lepkowski, Ph.D., Associate Professor Department of Biostatistics, Research Professor, Institute for Social Research, Research Professor University of Maryland, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.  http://www.sph.umich.edu/faculty/jimlep.html

Member: American Statistical Association, International Statistical Institute, International Association of Survey Statisticians, Society Epidemiologic Research.  Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.
http://www.isr.umich.edu/gradprogram/faculty.htm#James

http://www.jpsm.umd.edu/facstaff/jlepkowski.htm

The National Academies Committee Membership

http://www4.nationalacademies.org/webcr.nsf/CommitteeDisplay/SAIS-P-01-07-A?OpenDocument

MiCEHS Research Staff, http://www.isr.umich.edu/src/smp/micehs/research_staff.htm#Jim%20Lepkowski

Jacques-François Le Poivre *** Not in Gale

(1642-1710).  French mathematician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lepoivre.html

Le Poivre is known by his short treatise, Traité des sections du cylindre et du cone considerées dans le solide et dans le plan, avec les demonstrations simples & nouvelles (Paris, 1704).

Dr. Thomas Lessl / Thomas M. Lessl

(Born 1954).  Scholar.  Speech Communication. Associate Professor, Department of Speech Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. Ph.D., University of Texas, Austin.

Field of interest: Speech Communication; Research: Rhetoric of Science.

Dr. Thomas Lessl.  Christian Student Survival Conference, Session 3: “Sexuality: Straight, Gay or Bi,”

http://www.leaderu.com/cl-institute/cssc/survival07.html

Lane Patman Lester, Ph.D.

(Born 1938).  Genetics, biology educator, computer programmer.  Professor of Biology at Emmanuel College in Franklin Springs, Georgia.  Biology teacher Evans High School, Orlando, Florida, 1963-67; Assistant Professor of biology University of  Tennessee, Chattanooga, 1970-73; mini-course developer Biology Sciences Curriculum Study, Boulder, 1973-74; Professor of biology, Christian Heritage College, El Cajon, California, 1974-75; Professor of biology, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, 1979-present, Director Center for Creation Studies, 1985. B.S.E., University of Florida, 1963; M.S. in ecology, Purdue University, 1967, Ph.D. in genetics from Purdue University, 1971. NDEA Fellow, 1967-70. On board of directors of Creation Research Society, Sigma Xi.

Author: (with J.N. Hefley) Cloning: Miracle or Menace?, 1980; (with R.G. Bohlin) The Natural Limits to Biological Change, 1984; contributor articles to professional journals.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/1184.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/lester-lp.html

Lane Lester.  “Genetics: No Friend of Evolution,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/1356.asp, First published in Creation 20(2):20-22, March-May 1998.

http://home.eclions.net/sc110/

John Coakley Lettsom *** Not in Gale

From http://www.intelihealth.com/chn/medhelp/HH/00296484.htm:

John Coakley Lettsom (1744-1815) was a famous English physician, philanthropist and chronicler of the human condition. On this date in 1791, he wrote in a letter that medicine “is not a lucrative profession. It is a divine one.” Born in the British Virgin Islands on a cotton plantation, Lettsom attended school in Great Britain and returned to the Virgin Islands in 1776 to provide medical treatment to the inhabitants there. His Quaker beliefs spurred him to free the slaves on his family’s plantation. Upon returning to England, Lettsom started both the Medical Society of London and the Royal Humane Society.

“John Coakley Lettsom’s Welsh Connections.”  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12870042&dopt=Citation,  Copyright InteliHealth, Inc., 2000. All rights reserved.

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Benjamin S. Leung / Benjamin Shuet-Kin Xerjen Leung

Biochemist.  Animal scientist.  Gynecologist.  Professor, Obstetrics & Gynecology Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1982-present. Primary Research Interest and Area of Expertise:  Mechanism of cancer growth, metastasis and apoptosis regulated by steroid hormones and growth factors. Breast, ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers. Receptors, signal transduction, ubiquitination and caspase cascades. Interested in partnering with industry to conduct pre-clinical trials, consult and conduct joint research. Previous positions: Assistant Professor & Director, Universtiy of Oregon Health Science Center, Surgery & Biochemistry, 1971–1976; Senior Research Scientist, Director of Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Surgery & Biochemistry, 1976–1978; Professor, graduate faculty, University of Minnesota, Animal Science, 1982–present; Associate Professor, University of Minnesota, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1978–1982.
Education: Student in chemistry and zoology, Hong Kong Baptist College, 1960-61; B.S. cum laude, Chemistry and Zoology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, 1961–1963; Ph.D in Biochemistry, Colorado State University, Collins, CO, 1966–1969; Postdoc, Hormone Action, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 1969 – 1971.

Professional Memberships:  American Association for Cancer Research, Inc., 1984–present; American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1976 – 1995; Endocrine Society , 1974; Society of Chinese Bioscientists in America, 1990–present; Society for Gynecologic Investigation, 1982–1996; American Society for Cell Biology, 1998–present; Minnesota Chromatography Forum (Chairman program Committee 1983-1984), International Platform Association.

Faculty webpage, https://egms.umn.edu/cgi-bin/bioshow/FindSomebody.pl?user=leung001&button=Search

Departmental website listings

Editor: Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Tumors, Vols. I and II, 1982; member Editorial Board Oncology and Biotech. News; Contributor of over 80 articles to professional journals.

Urbain LeVerrier

(1811-1877). French astronomer. Produced improved tables of Mercury’s orbit; investigated (1845) disturbance in the motion of Uranus, making calculations indicating the presence of an unknown planet which was discovered (1846) by J.G. Galle and named Neptune; carried out complete revision of planetary theories. Director of Paris Observatory (1854-70, 1873-77).

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Le_Verrier.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Urbain%20Leverrier

Guillaume-François-Antoine de L’Hospital / Guillaume François Antoine L’Hospital / Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l’Hôpital

(1661-1704).  French mathematician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lhopital.html:

L’Hospital’s fame was based on his book Analyse des infiniment petits pour l’intelligence des lignes courbes (1696), the first textbook of the differential calculus. At his death he left the completed manuscript of a second book, Traité analytique, which was published in 1720.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Guillaume François Antoine Marquis de L’Hôpital,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/De_L'Hopital.html:

“Guillaume De l’Hôpital served as a cavalry officer but resigned because of nearsightedness. From that time on he directed his attention to mathematics. L’Hôpital was taught calculus by Johann Bernoulli from the end of 1691 to July 1692.

“L’Hôpital was a very competent mathematician and solved the brachystochrone problem. The fact that this problem was solved independently by Newton, Leibniz and Jacob Bernoulli puts l’Hôpital in very good company.

“L’Hôpital’s fame is based on his book Analyse des infiniment petits pour l’intelligence des lignes courbes (1696) which was the first text-book to be written on the differential calculus. In the introduction L’Hôpital acknowledges his indebtedness to Leibniz, Jacob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli but L’Hôpital regarded the foundations provided by him as his own ideas.

“In this book is found the rule, now known as L’Hôpital’s rule, for finding the limit of a rational function whose numerator and denominator tend to zero at a point.”

W. W. Rouse Ball.  “The Development of Analysis on the Continent,” From A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908).  http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/18thCentury/RouseBall/RB_Cont18C.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07469a.htm

Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l’Hôpital.  http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Guillaume%20Fran%E7ois%20Antoine%20de%20l’H%F4pital:  His name is also spelled l’Hospital. The circumflex in “l’Hôpital” is a neologism; it was not in use at the time l’Hôpital was alive.

http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/hospital.html (in German)

http://www.sciences-en-ligne.com/momo/chronomath/chrono1/Lhospital.html (in French)

http://www.ull.es/bull/lam2000/Hospital.htm (in Spanish)

Edward Lhwyd [Llhwyd, Lhuyd, Llwyd, Lloyd, Floyd, Luidius] *** Not in Gale

(1660-1709).  Welsh paleontologist, natural historian, botanist, geologist.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lhwyd.html

Lhwyd collected plants around the hill mass of Snowdon in Wales and established the existence of a distinct alpine flora and fauna there. Ray published Lhwyd’s list of plants around Snowdon in his Synopsis, 1690.

He assisted Martin Lister in cataloguing mollusks and fossils in Oxfordshire. This topic became his primary scientific interest and resulted ultimately in Lithophylacii botannici ichnographia, 1699.

Fossils involved him in geology. Ichnographia included six letters on geological subjects. The fossil content of stones led him to question the deluge account.

Lhwyd undertook a general natural history of all the celtic parts of Britain (including also Ireland and Brittany). Achaeologia britannica, 1707, was to have been the first volume of this work, but Lhwyd did not live to publish the rest. That volume is more linguistic than scientific; it inaugurated the study of comparative celtic philology.

Membership: Royal Society, 1708.  Informal Connections: Friendship with Hans Sloane, Martin Lister, John Ray, John Morton, John Aubrey, Thomas Molyneux, Tancred Robinson, and most of the naturalists of his day in Britain. Intimate frienship with Thomas Hearne. His correspondence with his friends is published in Gunther.

Quarrelled with Dr. Woodword about the origin of marine fossils.

Oxford University Museum of Natural History.  http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/geocolls/lhwyd/lhwyhome.htm

Who was Edward Lhwyd?  http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/geocolls/lhwyd/lhwydbio.htm

Andreas Libavius / Libau

(1560-1616).  German chemist, iatrochemist, alchemist, physician and author who made important chemical discoveries but is most noted as the author of the first modern chemistry textbook.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/libavius.html

http://www.geschichte-des-weines.de/personenAZ/libavius_andreas_l.html (in German)

Charlie Liebert *** Not in Gale

(Born 1941).  Chemist.  AAS degree in Chemical Technology from the State University of New York at Farmingdale, 1959, BS in Chemistry from Fairleigh Dickenson University (Teaneck, NJ), 1967, and an MBA in Marketing from the Graduate Division of Iona College (New Rochelle, NY), 1972.  From 1961 to 1967 he worked for Lever Brothers Company in their Research and Development Division doing laundry detergent application research and development.  In 1967 he joined Geigy Chemical Corporation (which became CIBA-GEIGY and is now known as Ciba Industrial Chemicals.) advancing from laboratory technician to supervisor.  In 1973 he moved to the marketing department, where responsibilities included; market research, customer service, order processing, transportation, technology development, strategic planning, and budgeting. He retired at age 53 after 27 years with Ciba in November 1994.  Founder, Piedmont Association for Creation Education and Research, has been working in the Piedmont region of North Carolina since 1991 to promote the acceptance of the creation model of origins. The Lieberts now belong to Covenant Fellowship in Greensboro, North Carolina.

From Biography, http://www.sixdaycreation.com/promo/biocwl.doc

Paul Chesser.  “Liberated Lieberts,” http://www.qrowireless.net/~paulchesser/charlieliebert.htm or  http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2/4387news10-5-2000.asp originally appeared in the September 15, 2000 edition of the Charlotte World (North Carolina, USA).  Testimony.

 “Creation, Dinosaurs and the Flood,” http://www.sixdaycreation.com/

Francis Line, S.J. *** Not in Gale

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/line.htm:

In 1669 King Charles II felt he needed a spectacular sundial for his garden in Whitehall. Francis Line (1595–1654), renowned dial maker and Professor of physics in Liege, was chosen for the job. Some sort of gentleman’s truce was arranged, Line came to Whitehall and built a elaborate dial modeled after his famous sundial at Liege. It was an immediate and immense success, and consisted of a series of glass spheres floating freely in fluid inside larger glass spheres. Because this fascinating sundial had interesting demonstration possibilities - even for inquisitors, a friend of Galileo requested Line to bring one to Rome to help Galileo defend the heliocentric theory.

Derek Arthur Linkens, BSc(Eng), MSc, Ph.D., DSc(Eng), ACGI, CEng, FIEE, FInstMC *** Not in Gale
Biomedical and industrial engineer. Professor and Dean  of the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield. Derek Arthur Linkens received a BSc (Eng) degree in Electrical Engineering from Imperial College, London, MSc in Systems Engineering from the University of Surrey, Ph.D. from the University of Sheffield and DSc(Eng) from the University of London. After working in underwater weapon and aerospace technology he joined the University of Sheffield in 1969. He is currently Research Professor in the area of intelligent system engineering relating to both biomedical and industrial engineering problems. He is also the Director of the Institute for Microstructural and Mechanical Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield (IMMPETUS). He has published over 300 refereed papers and has been Author and Editor of 7 books. He is a Fellow of the IEE and the Inst MC of which he was President in 1993.

Honors: Elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, for his research on biological systems modelling and control.

From http://control.ee.ethz.ch/news/seminars/seminars.msql?action=ShowDetails&id=58

Faculty webpage, Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, http://www.shef.ac.uk/acse/staff/d.a.linkens/

Contact page, http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~cellier/dlinkens.html

Carl Linnaeus

The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) established the binomial system of biological nomenclature, formalized biological classification, and gave the first organization to ecology.

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0356.html

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/linnaeus.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Ralph Linton

(1893-1953). American cultural anthropologist. Professor, University of Wisconsin (1928-37), Columbia (1937-46), Yale (1946-53). Contributed to development of cultural anthropology. Author of The Material Culture of the Marquesas Islands (1924), The Tanala, a Hill Tribe of Madagascar (1933), The Study of Man (1936), The Cultural Background of Personality (1945), The Tree of Culture (1955).

Honor: Huxley Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1954.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/linton_ralph.html

Ralph Linton, Anthropologue américain, 1893-1953 http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/classiques/Linton_Ralph/linton_ralph.html (in French)

Joseph Lister

The English surgeon Joseph Lister, 1^st Baron Lister of Lyme Regis (1827-1912), discovered the antiseptic technique, which represents the beginning of modern surgery.  Quaker.  Listerine mouthwash is named after him for his work in antisepsis. He credits Ignaz Semmelweis for earlier work in antiseptic treatment: “Without Semmelweis, my achievements would be nothing.”

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi622.htm

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0389.html

http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html

http://www3.telus.net/st_simons/cr9801.htm

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/joseph_lister.htm

http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lis.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Joseph%20Lister

Lister’s 1826 Microscope.  http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/treasure/objects/a54204.asp

“Joseph Lister,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Joseph%20Lister

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Joseph Jackson Lister

(1786-1869). English optician. Wine merchant by trade. Investigated principles of construction of the object glasses of microscopes and discovered fundamental principle (law of the aplanatic foci) of the modern instrument (1830); first to ascertain true form of red corpuscleof mammalian blood (1834).  Founder member of the Microscopical Society.  Father of Joseph Lister.

Joseph Jackson Lister’s microscope.  http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/galleryguide/E5281.asp

Martin Lister *** Not in Gale

(1632-1712). English naturalist and physician, was born at Radclive, near Buckingham. He was nephew of Sir Matthew Lister, physician to Anne, queen of James I., and to Charles I. He was educated at St Johns College, Cambridge, 1655, graduated in 1638/9, and was elected a Fellow in 1660. He became F.R.S. in 1671. He practiced medicine at York until 1683, when he removed to London. In 1684 he received the degree of M.D. at Oxford, and in 1687 became F.R.C.P. He contributed numerous articles on natural history, medicine and antiquities to the Philosophical Transactions. His principal works were Historiae animalium A ngliae tres tractatus (f678); Historiae Conch yliorum (1685 1692), and Conchyliorum Bivalvium (1696). As a conchologist he was held in high esteem, but while he recognized the similarity of fossil mollusca to living forms, he regarded them as inorganic imitations produced in the rocks. In 1683 he communicated to the Royal Society (Phil. Trans., 1684), An ingenious proposal for a new sort of maps of countries; together with tables of sands and clays, such as are chiefly found in the north parts of England. In this essay he suggested the preparation of a soil or mineral map of the country, and thereby is justly credited with being the first to realize the importance of a geological survey.

From http://20.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LI/LISTER_MARTIN.htm

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lister.html

http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Authors/Lister2099.html

Martin Lister (1639–1712) and Fools’ Gold. www.d.umn.edu/~aroos/AMBroos.pdf

David Livingstone

(1813-1873). Scottish missionary, physician and explorer. Operative in cotton mill from age of ten; ordained missionary (1840). Embarked as missionary, reached Bechuanaland in Africa (July 1841); repulsed by Boers in missionary efforts.  He later organized exploration expeditions into interior; discovered Lake Ngami (1849), Zambezi River (1851); on great expedition northwardfrom Cape Town through west Central Africa to Luanda and back to Quilimane (1853-56) collected vast amount of information and discovered Victoria Falls of the Zambezi (1855); welcomed back in Britain with enthusiasm; published his Missionary Travels (1857).  With mutual regrets he severed connection with missionary society. Returned as consul of Quilimane (1858-64); commanded expeditions exploring Zambezi, Shire, and Rovuma rivers, discovered lakes Chilwa and Nyasa (1859); recalled (1863) and on second visit to England published The Zambesi and its Tributaries (1865) with intent to expose Portuguese slave traders and get missionary and commercial settlement established near head of the Rovuma. Led expedition to explore watershed of Central Africa and sources of Nile (1866); discovered lakes Mweru (1867) and Bangweulu (1868), explored country to Nyangwe on the Lualaba River, returned almost dying to Ujiji, where he was rescued (1871) by newspaper reporter Henry M. Stanley, saying “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”  Unable to persuade Livingstone to return to England, Stanley reequipped him and departed from him near Tabora on “Nothing earthly will make me give up my work in despair. I encourage myself in the Lord my God, and go forward.”  He was later found dead, kneeling in prayer.  The Last Journals of David Livingstone were published in 1874.  Livingstone was buried in great honor in London's Westminster Abbey.

Award: Royal Geographical Society Gold Medal, 1855.

“David Livingstone.” http://tqjunior.thinkquest.org/4034/livingstone.html?tqskip=1

“Dr. Livingstone.” http://www.believersweb.org/view.cfm?ID=74

D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones *** Not in Gale

Dr. D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones (1898-1981) Physician, pastor.  Trained in London for a medical career and was associated with the famous Doctor Thomas Horder. During his medical years he was a much sought after physician and was well respected in his field.

The Martyn Lloyd-Jones Recordings Trust official Web Site. http://www.mlj.org.uk/index.html

http://www.mlj.org.uk/intro.htm

Sir Fred Catherwood.  “Dr. D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones: His Life and Ministry,” http://www.mlj.org.uk/biog.html

http://www.txdirect.net/~tgarner/lloydjones.htm

http://withchrist.org/MJS/lloyd-jones.htm

“"1899" Day="20" Month="12" December 20, 1899 • Birth of Evangelist Martyn Lloyd-Jones,”

http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/DAILYF/2002/12/daily-12-20-2002.shtml

Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones Online. http://www.misterrichardson.com/mlj.html

Mathias de L’Obel *** Not in Gale

(1538-1616).  Belgian botanist, pharmacologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lobel.html:

L’Obel’s Stirpium adversaria nova (1571, written with Pierre Pena) is one of the milestones of modern botany. Later, Stirpium observationes, a sort of complement to the Adversaria, was joined to it under the title Plantarum seu stirpium historia (1576). Also other books on botany.

His botanical work was directed toward the pharmacological use of plants. L’Obel published an essay on the pharmacology of Rondelet as part of a reissue of his Adversia in 1605. He referred to Lord Zouch’s garden as the garden of medicine.

http://www.paeon.de/h1/lobel.html

John Locke

(1632-1704).  English philosopher, physician who an initiator of the Enlightenment in England and France. Secretary to diplomatic mission to Brandenburg (1665); went to live in house of Anthony Ashley Cooper (later Earl of Shaftesbury) as physician and confidential adviser (from 1667) and tutor; secretary of Council of Trade and Plantations (1672-73). In France (1675-79); suspected of complicity in Shaftesbury plots (1684), fled to Holland; returned to become commissioner of appeal (1689-1704) and adviser to government on coinage. Spent some 20 years developing his empirical theory of epistemology, published in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690); outlined his liberal constitutionalist ideas on government in TwoTreatises on Government (1690). Author also of three Letters on Toleration (1689, 1690, 1692), Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695). Known as the father of English empiricism.  Political theories influenced writers of U.S. Constitution.

Disclaimer: We have found claims of Unitarianism but they come from doubtful sources which will be not accepted as authoritative.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/locke.html

“John Locke (1632-1704): ’The Philosopher of Freedom’,” http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Locke.htm

http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/locke.html

Locke’s works available on the Internet: http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dmckiern/locke.htm

http://www.johnlocke.org/

John Locke Bibliography. http://www.libraries.psu.edu/tas/locke/

Sir Charles Locock *** Not in Gale

(1799-1875).  Scottish obstetric physician.  Physician-Accoucheur to Queen Victoria.

From “Biography of Sir Charles Locock (1799-1875),” http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/dnb.locock.html:

For three years Locock was resident private pupil of Sir Benjamin Brodie in London, and afterwards graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1821. Brodie recommended him to devote himself specially to midwifery, and he was fortunate in receiving the commendations of Dr. Gooch, who was retiring from practical midwifery. After 1825 he rapidly rose to the first rank, and long had the best practise in London as an accoucheur. In 1843-5 he lectured at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and was for many years physician to the Westminster Lying-in Hospital. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1836, and was a member of its council in 1840-1-2. In 1840 he was appointed first physician-accoucheur to Queen Victoria, and attended at the birth of all her children. Besides contributing some practical articles to the Cyclopæ dia of Medicine and to the Library of Medicine, he made a valuable contribution to medicine by the discovery of the efficacy of bromide of potassium in epilepsy (see Reports of Discussions, Royal Med.-Chir. Society; Lancet and Medical Times, 23 May 1857). In 1857 he was created a baronet, although he declined the honour in 1840. He was president of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1857, was elected F.R.S. and created D.C.L Oxon. in 1864.

“Sir Charles Locock (1799-1875), Physician-Accoucheur to Queen Victoria,” Links, http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/locock.html

Thomas Stanton Loeber

(Born "1922" Day="2" Month="9" September 2, 1922 in San Francisco, California, United States).  Biologist (retired).  Achievements include co-developer of first computerized library catalog.  Biological Consultant, Pacific SW Biological Services, National City, California, 1986-1987; technical writer Nuc. Generating Station, So. California Edison, San Onofre, California, 1983-1986; program exec., Oregon Department of Transp., Portland, 1978-1981; instructor, Mt. Angel College, 1966-1967; Research analyst, State Libr., Salem, Oregon, 1963-1967; Director National Malaria Eradication Service, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 1957-1960.  Malariologist International division, USPHS, 1956-60; Assistant Professor SW Oregon C.C., 1967-73; instructor National University, San Diego, 1984; U.S. rep. Regional Conf. WHO, Baghdad, 1957, Addis Ababa, 59; Consultant Governor's Commission for Handicapped, Salem, Oregon, 1968, Manpower Study Prudential Properties, Agoura, California, 1974; tutor in Mathematics and English Latino elem. school children, 2001; founder Los Amigos Fund (Presbyterian Church), 2003; medical mission Global Health Outreach, Honduras, 2003.  Education: BA in Zoology, Pomona College, 1948; MS in Entomology, University Mass., 1950; MA in International Rels., UCLA, 1963. Certification: Certified Vector Control Specialist California Department of Health, 1955, Fundamentals of Procedure Writing Gen. Physics Corp., 1985

Member:  Director, UCLA International Student Center, 1962-63; Member Christian Medical-Dental Assoc./Global Health Outreach; staff adminstructor 58th Biennial session Oregon House of Representatives; deacon Presbyterian Church, 2002-present. Member: Nature Conservancy, Sigma Xi, Pi Gamma Mu, Pi Sigma Alpha.

Honor: Grantee, Ford Foundation, 1962.

Author: Foreign Aid Our Tragic Experiment, 1961, Three Case Studies in Public Library Development, 1966, A Brief History of Time Since 1960, 1999; co-author: A Computer-Based Approach to Planning in Underdeveloped Areas, 1965; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

James Logan

(1674-1751). American public official and jurist, b. Lurgan, Ireland, of Scottish parentage. To America (1699) as secretary to William Penn; member of the provincial council (1703-47); mayor of Philadelphia (1722); acting executive of the province (1736-38). Chief justice, Pennsylvania supreme court (1731-39). Interested in botany; the family Loganiaceae and the genus Logania were so named by Linnaeus in his honor.

Marion Parris Smith.  “James Logan.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936:  “His most important scientific work was a series of “Experiments Concerning the Impregnation of the Seeds of Plants,” the results of which he reported to his friend Peter Collinson in London and to the Royal Society (1736; see Charles Hutton and others, Philosophical Transactions ... Abridged, 1809, VII, 669). His conclusions he later published in a Latin treatise, Experimenta et Meletemata de Plantarum Generatione (Leyden, 1739). Translated into English by Dr. John Fothergill, the celebrated Quaker physician, it was published in London in 1747. Other papers contributed by Logan to the Royal Society of London include “An Account of Mr. T. Godfrey’s Improvement of Davis’ Quadrant” (Philosophical Transactions, Abridged, VII, 669); “Some Thoughts on the Sun and Moon, When Near the Horizon Appearing Larger than When Near the Zenith” (Ibid., VIII, 112); “Concerning the Crooked or Angular Appearance of the Streaks or Darts of Lightning in Thunderstorms” (Ibid., VIII, 68). He also published two translations: Cato’s Moral Distiches, Englished in Couplets (1735), and M. T. Cicero’s Cato Major; or His Discourse of Old Age (1744), the latter said by Charles Evans (American Bibliography, II, 1904, p. 258) to be generally considered the best specimen of printing from Franklin’s press.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/logan.html

http://www.famousamericans.net/jameslogan/

http://www.ushistory.org/tour/more/logan.htm

http://www.college.upenn.edu/introduction/loganbio.html

Mikhail Lomonosov / Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov / Mikhail Vasil’evich Lomonosov / Mikhail Vasilevich Lomonosov / Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов

(1711 in Denisovka (now Lomonosov) -1765). The Father of Russian Poetry and the Father of Russian science.  Writer, chemist, meteorologist, astronomer.  Studied in Germany (1736-41), esp. under Christian von Wolff and Johann Henckel; adjunct in physics (1742-45), professor of chemistry (from 1745), St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; established (1748) first scientific chemical laboratory in Russia and introduced (1752) a course of instruction in physical chemistry; set up a colored-glass works (1753) and produced the first colored-glass mosaics in Russia. As a scientist he rejected the phlogiston theory of matter commonly accepted at the time, and he anticipated the kinetic theory of gases. He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, and stated the idea of conservation of matter. Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury, and to observe the atmosphere of Venus during a solar transit in 1761, concluding that Venus had an atmosphere “similar to, or perhaps greater than that of the earth.”

Lomonosov drew up plans for Moscow State University (opened 1755) and appointed a councilor (1757). While imprisoned (1743-44), wrote 276 Notes on Corpuscular Philosophy and Physics containing dominant ideas of his scientific work; developed an atomistic theory of matter based on a materialistic monadology; evolved a corpuscular, mechanical theory of heat based on Boyle; did work on the law of the conservation of matter and energy, crystallization of liquids, electricity, meteorology, metallurgy, origin of icebergs; invented (1759) several astronomical and navigational instruments.

He also made significant contributions to the philological study of the Russian language, including the development of a scientific vocabulary, and wrote a controversial history of Russia.  He wrote poetry, much of it on scientific subjects; worked on unfinished heroic epic on Peter the Great; his tragedy Tamira and Sellim produced in St. Petersburg (1750). A leader in reformation of Russian language and versification, esp. with Russian Grammar (1755-57). 

Mikhail Lomonosov Memorial.  http://sangha.net/messengers/lomonosov.htm

“Combining the formidable will-power and the formidable strength of perception, Lomonosov embraced all the branches of learning. A thirst for a deeper appreciation of things proved an overwhelming passion with that impassioned spirit. A historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he had experienced it all and perceived it all ...” (Alexander Pushkin)

Two Letters of Mikhail Vasilevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) to his Patron, I. I. Shuvalov. [excerpted from Anthology of Russian Literature From the Earliest Period to the Present Time, Leo Wiener, ed. and Tr. Pt. 1 (New York, 1902), pp. 242-246]: http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Lomonos.html

See the grave of Mikhail Lomonosov , http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2991

at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&GRid=2991&CRid=639673

at St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.

Lomonosov “Aerodynamic”: Lomonosov invented a prototype of helicopter in 1754! http://avia.russian.ee/vertigo/lomonosov-r.html

2001: 290^TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV! http://english.pravda.ru/culture/2001/11/16/21187.html

About Lomonosov works on chemistry (in Russian), http://grokhovs1.chat.ru/lomonos/lomono1.html

Biography, in Russian, http://litera.ru/stixiya/articles/783.html

Biography, in Russian,  http://fplib.ru/literature/18century/lomonosov.html(opt,graphics,unix,russian,koi8,new)

M. V. Lomonosov: velikiy syn Rossii, in Russian, http://rusnauka.narod.ru/lib/lomonosov_m/lomonosov.htm

Velikie himiki: Lomonosov, in Russian, http://www.alhimik.ru/great/lomonos.html

Lomonosov i metallurgiya, in Russian, http://alhimik.ru/great/lomonM.html

Other biographical articles in Russian, http://litera.ru/stixiya/authors/lomonosov/articles.html

Mikhail Vasilevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов) http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Mikhail%20Lomonosov

http://www.norskfysikk.no/nfs/epsbiografer/LOMONO%7E1.PDF

http://russianscientists.com/history/lomonosov.php3

Mikhail Vasilevich Lomonosov (1711-65).  “Evening Meditations on Seeing the Aurora Borealis,” http://lamar.colostate.edu/~aksmith/HY440/poems.html.  Sir Jon Bowring’s Specimens of the Russian Poets.

From Lomonosov’s collected essays: “The Creator gave the human race two books.  In one He revealed His majesty, in the other – his will.  The first is the visible world, which He created so that man – beholding the magnitude, the beauty, and the harmony of His creation – could acknowledge God’s omnipotence.  The second book is Holy Scripture.”

Crawford Williamson Long

(1815-1878).  American physician, surgeon, anesthesiologist and pharmacist.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Crawford-Williamson-Long:

Crawford Williamson Long received his M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1839. He performed the first surgical operation in general anesthesia induced by ether (8 operations between 1842 and 1846). Although William T.G. Morton is well-known for performing his historic anesthesia on October 18, 1846, C.W. Long is now known to be the first doing an ether-based anesthesia. After observing the same effects with ether that where already described by Humphrey Davy 1800 with nitrous oxide, C.W. Long used ether the first time on March 30, 1842 to remove two tumors from the neck of his patient, Mr. James M. Venable. The results of this trials where published several years (December 1849) later only being second after Mortons publication. An original copy of his publication is held in the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

See citation on William Thomas Green Morton.

Stephen Long

Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC Santa Barbara.  Dr. Stephen Ingalls Long (Born 1946) received the IEEE Microwave Applications Award in 1978 for development of InP millimeter wave devices. In 1988 he was a research visitor at GEC Hirst Research Centre, U.K. In 1994 he was a Fulbright research visitor at the Signal Processing Laboratory, Tampere University of Technology, Finland and a visiting professor at the Electromagnetics Institute, Technical University of Denmark. He is a senior member of the IEEE and a member of the American Scientific Affiliation.

Webpage: http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/Faculty/Long/

Stephen Long.  One Christian’s Perspective on Work: A Personal Testimony

http://www.id.ucsb.edu:16080/fscf/LIBRARY/LONG/Perspective.html

Adam Lonitzer / Lonicerus

(1528-1586). German botanist, natural historian, physician, mathematician.  The genus Lonicera was named after him.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lonicers.html:

As well as acting as municipal physician, he wrote books on public health, such as regulations for controlling the plague (with Johann Palmerius, 1572) and regulations for midwives (1573).  Education: 1536, University of Marburg, received a B.A. (1540), and M.A. (1545).  He studied medicine at Marburg and at Mainz. He received his M.D. in 1554 from Marburg.

Dame Kathleen Lonsdale

Kathleen Lonsdale (1903-1971) was an early pioneer of X-ray crystallography, a field primarily concerned with studying the shapes of organic and inorganic molecules. In 1929, Kathleen Lonsdale was the first to prove experimentally that the hexamethylbenzene crystal, an unusual form of the aromatic compound, was both hexagonal and flat in shape. In 1931, she was the first to use Fourier analysis to illustrate the structure of hexachlorobenzene, an even more difficult organic structure to analyze.  In 1945, Lonsdale was the first woman, along with microbiologist Marjory Stephenson, admitted as a Fellow to the Royal Society. She was the first female professor at University College, London, the first woman named president of the International Union of Crystallography, and the first woman to hold the post of president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. She accepted her achievements as a pioneering woman scientist with characteristic humility. In 1966, the “lonsdaleite,” a rare form of meteoric diamond, was named for her.

Professor of Chemistry at the University of London, 1949-68.  Dame Commander of Order of the British Empire, 1956; Davy Medal of Royal Society, 1957; honorary D.Sc. from University of Cardiff, University of Manchester, University of Leicester.

Special interests include social responsibility of scientists, science and religion, and contacts between scientists in all countries, especially in times of political difficulties—interests reflected in her lectures during visits to Europe, Soviet Union, United States, People’s Republic of China, Japan, Australasia, Canada, South Africa, United Arab Republic.

Author: Simplified Structure Factor and Electron Density Formulae for the 230 Space-Groups of Mathematical Crystallography, G. Bell and Sons, 1936; Crystals and X-Rays, G. Bell and Sons, 1948; International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography, Kynoch Press, Volume 1, 1952, Volume 2, 1959, Volume 3, 1962;Removing the Causes of War, (Swarthmore Lectures), Allen & Unwin, 1953; Is Peace Possible?, Penguin Books, 1957; (With J. Kasper) International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography, Volume 2, Kynoch Press, 1959; International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography, Volume 3, Kynoch Press, 1962; I Believe (Arthur Stanley Eddington Memorial lecture), Cambridge University Press, 1964.

Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale.
http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Lonsdale,_Kathleen_Yardley@8480138866.html

http://www.chemsoc.org/chembytes/ezine/2003/childs_jan03.htm

Dr. Peter E. Childs.  “The Life and Work of Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale (1903-1971),” http://www.ul.ie/~childsp/Elements/Issue4/childs.htm.  A lecture by Dr. Peter E. Childs to mark the official opening of the Kathleen Lonsdale Building, University of Limerick, 20^th. April 1998

Frank Lorimer

(1894-1985).  Educator, clergyman, sociologist, demographer, and author. Lorimer’s inquiries as a scientist of human populations covered such diverse areas as Soviet and African societies, fertility differentiation among separate groups, and eugenics—the science of breeding for purposes of genetic improvement. Professor Emeritus, American University, from 1964; Professor sociology Graduate School, American University, 1938-64; President, Population Association America, 1946-47; secretary, Population Association America, 1934-39; Research Fellow, Eugenics Research Association, 1930-34; Research Director, Brooklyn Conference in Adult Education, 1929-30; Lecturer in social theory, Wellesley (Mass.) College, 1928-29; Assistant Professor philosophy, Wells College, Aurora, N.Y., 1927-28; minister, N.Y.C. Baptist Mission Society, 1922-25; Associate Director, Abraham Lincoln Center, Chicago, 1920-1921.  Education: AB, Yale University, 1916; AM, University Chicago, 1921; BD, Union Theol. Seminary., 1923; Ph.D., Columbia University, 1929, and from 1922 to 1925, he served as a minister of the New York City Baptist Mission Society.

Author: The Growth of Reason: A Study of the Role of Verbal Activity in the Growth of the Structure of the Human Mind, 1929, The Making of Adult Minds in a Metropolitan Area, 1931, Dynamics of Population; Social and Biological Signifigance of Changing Birth Rates in the United States (with F. Osborn), 1934, Foundations of American Population Policy (with E. Winston and L. Kiser), 1940, Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects, 1946, Culture and Human Fertility, 1954, Demographic Information on Tropical Africa, 1961.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Dr. Adriaan A. Louis / Ard A. Louis *** Not in Gale

Royal Society University Research Fellow, Cambridge University, England.

Ard Louis grew up in Gabon, West Africa, where his parents are missionaries. His first degree was from the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands, and his Ph.D. in theoretical physics was from Cornell University, USA. Since 1998 he has been working at Cambridge University, UK, where he is director of studies in physics and chemistry at Hughes Hall, and leads an interdisciplinary research group in theoretical chemistry that focuses on the statistical mechanics of complex fluids.

Webpage: http://www-louis.ch.cam.ac.uk/louis/

Curriculum Vitae for Adriaan (Ard) A. Louis: www-louis.ch.cam.ac.uk/ard-louis-cv.pdf.

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Colonel Jack Lousma

(Born 1936). U.S. astronaut and space shuttle pilot. Crew member, Skylab 3, 1973, Columbia space shuttle, 1982.

Awarded the Johnson Space Center Certificate of Commendation (1970) and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1973); presented the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and the Navy Astronaut Wings (1974), the City of Chicago Gold Medal (1974), the Robert J. Collier Trophy for 1973 (1974), the Marine Corps Aviation Association’s Exceptional Achievement Award (1974), the Federation Aeronautique Internationale’s V. M. Komarov Diploma for 1973 (1974), the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy for 1975 (1975), the AIAA Octave Chanute Award for 1975 (1975), the AAS Flight Achievement Award for 1974 (1975); inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame (1982). NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1982), Department of Defense Distinguished Service Medal (1982), NCAA Silver Anniversary Award (1983). Inducted into the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame (1988).

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Jack%20Lousma

http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lousma-jr.html

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1. “I think that it is impossible to work in the field of space technology and exploration – to be acquainted with the magnitude and precision of space, and to be exposed to the principles of the universe – without being sure that it could not all have just happened by mere chance.  It had to be engineered by a Master Planner and Designer.  My work in the space program has reinforced my faith in God, the Creator.”

Richard Lower

(1631-1691).  English physician and physiologist. Made first direct transfusion of blood from one animal to the veins of another (in dogs, 1665); studied cardiopulmonary system; published Tractatus de corde (1669).  Richard Lower was a pioneer in seventeenth century medicine because of his studies in experimental physiology. His observations about the circulation and transfusion of blood led to some of the most significant discoveries in the history of medicine. Lower studied at Westminster School and Christ Church College, Oxford, where he earned an M.A. in 1655 and an M.D. in 1665. He was named Sedleian professor of natural philosophy in 1660. He is still regarded as one of Oxford’s finest doctors.

http://www.thoemmes.com/dictionaries/lower.htm:

Lower is famous for his anatomical work on the brain and nerves, carried out as the assistant of Thomas Willis  in Oxford in the early 1660s, and for his own anatomical and physiological investigation of the structure and action of the heart, on which he published in 1669. He was also involved in the first experimental transfusions of blood into a human subject in 1666. He was one of the most skilled and accomplished vivisectionalists of his time.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_lower.html

http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/lower.html

http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/132/5/420

Margaret D. Lowman

(Born 1953).  Naturalist.

Burgundy Wildlife Camp, science teacher, 1969-75; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, lecturer in adult education department, 1978-81; Ruby Hills (sheep and cattle ranch), Walcha, Australia, co-owner, 1983-90; Williams College, Williamstown, MA, Professor of biology and environmental studies, 1990-92; Selby Gardens, Sarasota, FL, director of research and conservation, 1992-present, appointed to Jessie B. Cox Chair in Tropical Botany, 1993-present. Canopy Construction Associates, founder, 1992. Russell Sage College, Geneva Sayre Lecturer, 1995; West Georgia College, Professor Lampton Annual Lecturer, 1995; adjunct Professor at Williams College, University of Florida, University of South Florida, and New College of the University of South Florida, 1992-present; speaker at colleges and universities, including University of California, Santa Barbara, Pennsylvania State University, University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Carleton College, Northfield, MN. Earthwatch, member of board of directors, 1990-present; Massachusetts Tropical Conservatory, member of board of education, 1991-present; Jason Project in Science Education, chief scientist, 1994 and 1999; Monteverde Institute (Costa Rica), member of board of directors, 1996; TREE Foundation, member of advisory board, 1998-present; International Canopy Network, member of board of directors, 1999. Work featured in Heroes of the High Frontier, a National Geographic television special, 1999.

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Arboretum/lowmanbio.html

Ernest Lucas

(Born 1945).  Theological educator.  Education: BA, Oxford (U.K.) University, 1967; BA, Oxford (U.K.) University, 1976; Ph.D., University Kent, Canterbury, U.K., 1970; Ph.D., Liverpool (U.K.) University, 1989. Memberships: Royal Society Chemistry, Christians in Science (Executive Committee 1986), Society of Genealogists, Human Values in Health Care Forum (vice chair 1993-95). Part-time lecturer, Bristol University, 1994; tutor in bibl. studies, Bristol (U.K.) Baptist College, 1994; director studies, Institute for Contemporary Christianity, London, 1986-94; senior tutor, Liverpool Bible College, 1982-86; tutor, Liverpool Bible College, 1978-82; minister, Durham (U.K.) City Baptist Church, 1976-78; part-time lecturer, Oxford Polytechnic, 1973-75; research Fellow, Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, 1972-73; research Associate biochemistry, University N.C., Chapel Hill, 1970-72.
Co-author: Our World, 1986 (C.S. Lewis Gold Medal 1988).

http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/home.html

http://www.bristol-baptist.ac.uk/page03.php#Ernest

Shannon W. Lucid

(Born 1943 in Shanghai, China).  Biochemist. Aerospace administrator. Astronaut. Chief scientist, NASA Solar System Exploration division, 2002-present.  First woman to fly on the shuttle three times; mission specialist remained aloft 188 days stationed on Space Station Mir, 1996; mission specialist flight STS 76 & 79, NASA, 1996; mission specialist flight STS-58, NASA, 1993; mission specialist on Shuttle Atlantis Flight, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1991; mission specialist flights STS-51G and STS-34, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; astronaut, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, 1979; chemist, Kerr-McGee, Oklahoma City, 1966-68; Research Associate, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, from 1974; Senior lab. technician, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 1964-66. On February 12, 2002, NASA chose Lucid to be the new chief scientist of its Solar System Exploration division (part of the California-based Jet Propulsion Laboratory). In this position, she will direct, establish, and develop the agency’s science agenda, leading a three-person science council that will shape the future of U.S. space exploration.

Education: University of Oklahoma, B.S. in Chemistry, M.S. and Ph.D in Biochemistry.

Honors: Recipient Freedom Forum’s highest award, the Free Spirit Award, 1997.

SHANNON W. LUCID (PH.D.), NASA ASTRONAUT, http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/lucid.html

New Mexico Museum of Space History, Alamogordo, New Mexico. http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=101

International Space Hall of Fame, Shannon W. Lucid.  http://www.spacefame.org/lucid.html

http://www.okstate.edu/apdc/ShannonLucid.html

http://wspace.danask.com/lucid.htm

“NASA Astronaut, Dr. Shannon Lucid, Selected as Chief Scientist,” by NASA,12 February 2002, http://www.space.com/news/lucid_promo_020212.html

“[Oklahoma Governor] Keating Congratulates Shannon Lucid On Receiving Congressional Space Medal Of Honor,”http://www.state.ok.us/osfdocs/nr12296.html

“The Incredible Shannon Lucid,” http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/F_The_Incredible_Shannon_Lucid.html

Astronautix.com profile.  http://www.friends-partners.org/mwade/astros/lucid.htm

NASA profile. http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/women/bios/sl.html

Mir Space Station Web Site, “The Career of Dr. Shannon Lucid,” at: http://www.cosmicimages.com/Mir/lucidcareer.html (February 28, 2002).

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Solar System Exploration, “Shannon Lucid,” at: http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/features/peoplefeat.html (February 28, 2002).

Saint Luke

(Fl. 1^st century).  Physician.  St. Luke (active 50 AD) was one of the four Evangelists. Author of the Third Gospel and its sequel, the Acts of the Apostles.  Luke’s name—of Latin origin—indicates that he apparently was not of Jewish derivation. The earliest surviving testimony describes him as a Syrian from Antioch. His abundant acquaintance with the Antiochean Church, as well as his knowledge of literary Greek, both illustrated in his writings, supports this testimony. Tradition and one text of St. Paul’s (Colossians 4:14) say that Luke was a trained physician. His Gospel exhibits a Greek literary style absent from the other Gospels and documents of the New Testament. Luke, apparently, was a well-educated man. His Greek was as polished as that of such classical writers as Xenophon.

Biography of Saint Luke.  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09420a.htm#I

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Richard D. Lumsden *** Not in Gale

(1938-1997) Richard D. Lumsden, Ph.D. Biology He had a B.S. and M.S. in Zoology from Tulane University, a traineeship in Cell Biology at Harvard (non-degree), a Ph.D. in Biology from Rice University, and a Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship in Medical Pathology from the Tulane University School of Medicine. Dr. Lumsden was former Professor of Parasitology and Cell Biology and Dean of the Tulane University Graduate School. He received over 21 Research Grants and Contracts from such organizations at the National Institutes of Health, The National Science Foundation, and the FDA. He published some 90 peer-reviewed papers, mostly in parasitological journals often describing new species, and presented over 100 program abstracts. An issue of the Journal of Parasitology [87(3), June 2001], featured a study by a group of workers at UCLA on human brain tapeworm parasites (pages 510-521), and it references work by Dr. Lumsden done over 21 years ago on electron microscopy of the tapeworm. He won the Henry Baldwin Ward medal, the highest award in parasitology. Dr. Lumsden was a member of the American Society of Parasitologists, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Zoologists, the Society for Cell Biology, the Helminthological Society of Washington, and the New York Academy of Sciences.

For a detailed look at his accomplishments, etc., click this: http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/lumsden.html

http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_5.htm

Kenneth H. Luther

Mathematician.  Environmental scientist.  Assistant Professor, Mathematics and Computer Science and Chair, Environmental Science Program, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana.  “My area of research is mathematical modeling of groundwater flow. I am particularly interested in modeling groundwater flow using the analytic element method. This method is an alternative to grid based numerical methods such as the finite difference method or the finite element method. The AEM uses concepts from potential theory to construct solutions to flow problems which are analytic almost everywhere. Most of my work involves construction of 3D solutions, although I have dabbled in 2D as well. My professional activities include being on the Board of Directors of the Valparaiso Water Department, membership in the Indiana Water Resources Association. I will be president of the IWRA in 2004.”

Education: B.S. in Mathematics from Mount Union College, M.S. in Mathematics from the University of Delaware, Ph.D.. in Environmental Science from Indiana University.  “I studied mathematical and computer modeling of groundwater flow in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA).”

Dr. Luther is president of the IWRA. Indiana Water Resources Association.

Indiana Water Resources Association.  http://www.valpo.edu/organization/xiwra/

The Indiana Water Resources Association (IWRA) was founded in 1979 as a state affiliate of the American Water Resources Association to promote water resources research, education, and communication in Indiana. The IWRA is an organization of several hundred professionals and students working in all aspects of water resources. Its members include scientists, engineers, regulators, educators, policy-makers, and students from government agencies, universities, industry, consulting firms, and other water related groups.

Dr. Ken Luther, http://faculty.valpo.edu/kluther1/

http://faculty.valpo.edu/kluther1/research.html

Ludmila Alekseevna Lutova

(Born "1945" Day="6" Month="10" October 6, 1945 in Leningrad, Russia).  Geneticist, researcher.  Professor of biology, St. Petersburg State University, 1996; Department chief dept. of biology, St. Petersburg State University, 1994-95; Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University, 1988-95; Assistant Professor biology, St. Petersburg State University, 1980-88; science rschr., St. Petersburg State University, 1969-80.  Education: MSc, St. Petersburg State University, 1969; Ph.D., St. Petersburg State University, 1977; DSc, St. Petersburg State University, 1994.

Member: N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Genetics and Breeding Society (council 1972).  Orthodox Christian.

Honors: Personal Soros grantee, 1993, RFFI grantee, 1994-95, St. Petersburg Mayor’s Office grantee, 1995.

Author: (handbook) Biotechnology of Higher Plants, 1990.  Patentee in field of biology plant protection.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Richard N. Luxton / Richard Neal Luxton

(Born 1950).  South American literature educator, researcher, explorer and writer. Also worked as ship's steward, migrant farm laborer, schoolteacher, and construction worker.  Chair Department of Human Studies, Western New England College, 1992; Professor, Western New England College, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1989; Professor, Chapman College, Sacramento, 1985-89; Professor, National University, Sacramento, 1985-89.Education: BA, Essex University, Colchester, Eng., 1972; Ph.D., Essex University, Colchester, Eng., 1978.  Member: Latin American Indian Literary Assn. (symposium chairman, 1986, v.p. 1986-89, president, 1989-92).

British Academy fellow, 1979, Harvard University fellow, 1981.

Honors: Poulter Scholarship in archaeology from University of Essex, 1974-76; British Academy grant, 1979-80; Harvard fellow at Dumbarton Oaks, 1981.

Author: The Mystery of the Mayan Hieroglyphs, 1981, The Book of Chumayel, The Counsel Book of the Yucatec Maya (1539-1638).

Contact: http://www.wnec.edu/html/acadhtml/faculty/luxton_r.html

Alexander MacAlister *** Not in Gale

(1844–1919). Professor of Anatomy, Cambridge.

http://www.phthiraptera.org/phthirapterists/Macalister/Macalister.htm

Donald MacCrimmon MacKay

Known for his wide-ranging research on the brain and intelligence, Donald M. MacKay (1922-1987) was a neuroscientist, educator, editor, and author. His major work involved brain organization and vision, but he also conducted comparisons between the brain and computers and explored cybernetics.

W. R. Thorson. “An I Behind the Eye: Donald MacKay’s Gifford Lectures,” Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2G2

From PSCF 44 (March 1992): 49-54.

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/PsychologyNeuroscience/PSCF3-92Thorson.html

MacKay told Contemporary Authors: “As a practicing scientist and a committed Christian, I find no shadow of conflict between my science and my faith. For me each fresh discovery only adds to the wonder of the world and the glory of its Author—but it also increases our need for wisdom greater than our own if we are to use our scientific knowledge responsibly. I believe that the re-integration of science and Christian faith is not just possible but long over-due.”

Colin Maclaurin

(1698-1746). Scottish mathematician. Professor at Marischal College, Aberdeen (1717) and at Edinburgh (1725). Author of Geometrica Organica, sive Descriptio Linearum Curvarum Universalis (1720) dealing with general properties of conics and of higher plane curves, Treatise of Fluxions (1742) containing his essay on tides, statement of the conception of level surfaces, and theory of maxima and minima, A Treatise of Algebra (1748), An Account of Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophical Discoveries (1748).

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maclaurin.html

http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/biomacla.htm

Webpage: http://www.frc.mass.edu/smabrouk/calculus_III/History_Student_Web_Pages/Laws_Ragunas/Maclaurin's_life/life.htm

Jed Macosko, Ph.D. / Jed C. Macosko *** Not in Gale

Biochemist. Jed C. Macosko is Assistant Professor of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. Dr. Macosko’s research involves the detection of forces in single biomolecules and molecular machines by using microspheres and centrifugal force.  Dr. Macosko studies protein motors and machines, mapping their potential energy surfaces. Surveying and mapping the potential energy surfaces of protein machines is essential for understanding their function and for developing drugs to halt their activity.

Dr. Macosko received his B.S. in chemistry from MIT and his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in 1999 for his work on influenza hemagglutinin and HIV RNA. Dr. Macosko taught chemistry at Wheaton College, IL, then returned to UC Berkeley for a two year NIH postdoctoral fellowship in the Molecular and Cell Biology Department.  From there, he took an Assistant Professorship of biophysical chemistry at La Sierra University in Riverside, California, consulting for Burstein Technologies Inc. in Irvine, CA.  Then, he moved to the University of New Mexico where he studied life’s molecular machines as a Discovery Institute, before settling at Wake Forest University in North Carolina.

Dr. Macosko has been awarded MIT’s Merck award for academic excellence, Admiral Rickover’s medal of honor for exemplary research, and two of NIH’s competitive research grants.

International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, http://www.iscid.org/jed-macosko.php

Welcome from Wake Forest University, http://www.wfu.edu/physics/news/2004s/Jed/

Macosko Research Group, Jed C. Macosko, Assistant Professor of Biophysics, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, http://www.wfu.edu/%7Emacoskjc/

Graham Maddox *** Not in Gale

Professor of Political Science, University of New England, Australia.

From “Graham Maddox, Professor of Political Science, retires after a distinguished 38-year career at UNE!” http://www.une.edu.au/arts/social_science/NewsUpdate.htm (Excerpts):

“Professor Maddox was presented with the title, Emeritus Professor, at a celebratory evening held at Booloominba on Wednesday 30 July, 2003.  Joining the Univesity as a Lecturer in Continuing Education, stationed in Tamworth, he went on to become a long-serving Dean of the Faculty of Arts, including a double term as (Foundation) Executive Dean.  As a teacher, he has inspired generations of students with a passionate sense of social justice that informs his scholarship.

Professor Maddox is the author of four books, including Australian Democracy in Theory and Practice (1^st edition 1988, 5^th edition in preparation), the most widely used first-year Politics Text in Australia. The Hawke Government and Labor Tradition (1989) sparked considerable public debate,and Religion and the Rise of Democracy (1996) has been widely praised for its insight and scholarship.  In addition he is the author of dozens of refereed journal articles, many of which have been reprinted in standard anthologies.

His longstanding concern with constitutionalism and the Australian Constitution has been recognised by his invited participation in several constitutional conferences and conventions, and his international reputation as a scholar has been recognised by his election to the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia.

A fine musician, Graham Maddox has made a huge contribution, as conductor and performer, to musical life within and beyond the Armidale community.”

Other writings: “Australian Democracy and the Compound Republic,” Pacific Affairs vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 193-207, year 2000; Socialism in Contemporary Australia. South Melbourne: Longman, 1996; Political Writings of John Wesley, Bristol: Thoemmes, 1988
Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Directory of Fellows, http://www.assa.edu.au/Directory/listall.asp?id=191

http://www.une.edu.au/arts/PAIS/maddox.htm

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Johann Heinrich Madler

(1794-1874). German astronomer. With Wilhelm Beer published first map of Mars (1830)and an authoritative map of the Moon (1836); popularizer of astronomy with his Populare Astronomie (1841) and Geschichte der Himmelskunde (1873).

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Madler%20crater

http://www.mezgazd-koszeg.sulinet.hu/kemia/DATA/Tudosok/data/bh5/madler.html

Michael Maestlin *** Not in Gale

(1550-1631).  German astronomer.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maestlin.html

In 1580, appointed Professor of mathematics, University of Heidelberg.  1584-1631, Professor of mathematics, University of Tuebingen.  Between 1588 and 1629, elected dean of Tuebingen arts faculty eight times.

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/M/Maestlin.html

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Maestlin.htm (in French)

Lorenzo Magalotti *** Not in Gale

(1637-1712).  Italian specialist in scientific communication, natural philosopher.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magaloti.html

Magalotti was the secretary of the Accademia del Cimmento and reported its activity in the Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell’Accademia del Cimento (Florence, 1667), essays on natural experiments mainly carried out by Borelli, Redi, and Vincenzio Viviani.  Magalotti did not carry on any significant scientific work of his own, but he was involved part of his life with the currents of scientific thought.

Member: Accademia del Cimento, 1560-1667; Royal Society, Accademia della Crusca and of the Arcadia.

He carried on an extensive correspondence, at least some of which has been published (see Cochrane). Among his correspondents were Michelini, Viviani, and Redi, all of whom were Magalotti’s close friends. Magalotti became the friend of Steno when he came to Florence.  In England he formed a friendship with Boyle.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/magalo.html (in Italian)

Cesare Magati *** Not in Gale

(1579-1647).  Italian surgeon.  Catholic. In 1619 Magati joined the Capuchin order.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magati.html

He is particularly remembered for De rara medicatione vulnerum (1616), which discusses the theory and method of healing wounds. He also wrote another work on this subject, replying to an attack by Sennert. Magati was a conservative physician who held to the tradition of Galen and Hippocrates. Within those limits he emphasized that the function of the physician was to assist nature, the ultimate source of cure, as much as possible by obstructing her as little as possible with excessive medication and treatment. For this he is remembered as a fundamental reformer of surgery.

Magati also left behind a manuscript De re medica. An important consultation on syphilis survives, as well as a writing on the plague.

Bartolomeo Maggi *** Not in Gale

(c. 1477-1552).  Italian surgeon.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maggi.html

Maggi was among the first to teach a rational method of treating gunshot wounds. The De vulnerum bombardorum et sclopetorum curatione, his work on the treatment of wounds, was published posthumously at Bologna in 1552. He was known also for his method of amputation.  In 1550 Maggi published a consultation of syphilis.

Raffaello Magiotti *** Not in Gale

(1597-1656).  Italian physicist.  Instrument-maker.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magiotti.html

Magiotti demonstrated experimentally Torricelli’s hypothesis that the mean velocity of a liquid flowing out of the bottom outlet of a vessel is proportional to the square root of the head pressure. He determined the rate of flow through various sizes of openings. Only one work by him was printed during his lifetime, the Renitenza dell’acqua alla compressione (1648). This work embodies the first published announcement of the near incompressibility of water at a constant temperature and the expansion and contraction of water and air according to changes in temperature.

Magiotti developed the “Cartesian devil” or “diver” to illustrate the incompressibility of water.

Magiotti was one of the three favored followers, along with Castelli and Torricelli, whom Galileo referred to as his Roman “triumvirate.” He maintained a correspondence with Galileo.  Torricelli greatly admired him, openly acknowledged his aid in the field of hydrodynamics, and sought his approval of his work on solid cycloids.

He was present at an experiment to test why pumps raise water only about 30 feet that was devised and staged in Rome by Berti at sometime between 1638 and 1644.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/emagio.html

Valeriano Magni *** Not in Gale

(1586-1661).  Italian-born physicist, natural philosopher.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magni.html

Magni was one of the pioneers with the Torricellian experiment and published an account of it, the Demonstratio ocularis (Warsaw, 1647).  Magni also worked on a general philosophy opposed to Aristotle.

Magni was first, foremost, and overwhelmingly a Catholic activist in the struggles of the counter-reformation. Although his scientific activities really existed, they were always decidedly subordinate to his religious activities.  The publication of his barometer experiment aroused great controversy in 1640’s.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/emagni.html

Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky *** Not in Gale

(1669-1739).  Russian mathematician, military engineer, expert in navigation.  Russian Orthodox.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magntsky.html

Magnitsky’s Arithmetic (1703) was the first guide to the new mathematics published in Russia. Combining the tradition of Russia mathematical literature of the 17th century with that of the western European mathematical schools, the work served as the basic texbook of mathematics in Russia for half a century.  He also participated in the preparation of a Russia edition (1703) of the logarithmic table of Vlacq (1618).

He co-edited Tables for Navigation (1722).

In addition to the work on navigation, in 1707, on the occasion of the Swedish invasion, Peter set Magnitsky to work on the fortifications of the city of Tver.

The Moscow Academy, in which Magnitsky appears to have been prominent, was not connected with the famous imperial academy in St. Petersburg. It was based rather on an earlier Kiev Academy.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Magnitsky.html:

Peter the Great founded the Navigation School in Moscow in 1701 and the following year he appointed Magnitsky a teacher there. Magnitsky remained there for the rest of his life. From 1715 until his death he was director of the Navigation School.

Pierre Magnol

(1638-1715). French physician and botanist. Originated classification of plants by families; works included Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum (1689) and Novus caracter plantarum (1720). The genus Magnolia was named after him.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/magnol.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-Selections616.0.html:

One of the greatest botanists of the 17th century and demonstrator of plants and later director at the Montpellier botanical garden, made important contributions towards a “natural” classification of plants and was the first to use the term “family” for plants. Magnol had contact with all the leading botanists of Europe.

Olaus Magnus

(1490-1557). Swedish ecclesiastic, geographer and historian. Roman Catholic priest; left Sweden (1523); resident in Danzig and (from 1541) in Rome; director of St. Brigitta’s monastery, Rome (from 1549); archbishop of Uppsala (1544-57). Published Carta Marina (1539), first detailed map of Scandinavia, and Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus (1555), long accepted as authoritative on Scandinavian history. His brother (1488-1544), also ecclesiastic and historian; sent to Sweden by Pope Adrian VI as papal legate (1523); administrator of Uppsala archdiocese (1524); exiled for refusalto support Gustav I Vasa; archbishop of Uppsala (1533-44) but lived with his brother in Danzig and Rome. Author of Historia de omnibus gothorum sueonumque regibus (1554), primary source for history of several Scandinavian kings.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/olausmag.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09536b.htm

http://sio.midco.net/dansmapstamps/olausmagnus.htm

Dr. Eric Magnusson

(Born 1933). School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University College, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia. Research in quantum mechanics and chemistry, University of London, 1957-60. Learn to program the enormously expensive “Mercury”, the University’s first mainframe computer. Returned to Australia and spent the next twenty years in teaching and administration. Set up a science faculty at Avondale College as it prepared for degree-granting status. Principal for ten years. Also taught at University of Newcastle. Introduced research students to the mysteries of quantum chemistry on computers. Returned to research at the Australian National University in 1981. University of New South Wales, Australia, 1986-2001. Retired in 2001.

Now a Visiting Fellow in quantum chemistry.

Webpage: http://www.1851alumni.org.uk/alumni/magnussone.htm

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Emanuel Maignan *** Not in Gale

(1601-1676).  French-born physicist, optician, instrument-maker.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maignan.html

Maignan entered the order of Minims in 1619, and devoted much of his energy to the administrative and religious work of his order as well as to the education of the youths of Toulouse.

He participated in Rome in the important experiments which helped to establish the possibility of artificially creating a void space in nature and which influenced the work of Torricelli and others. His Cursus philosophicus (1653) provides one of the fullest accounts of these researches. His Perspective horaria (1648) is an extremely detailed and almost exhaustive discussion of sundials. In this work many optical topics such as sciagraphy are also treated.

Maignan and Berti constructed an apparatus to demonstrate that a bell ringing in a Torricellian tube becomes inaudible when the air is removed.  Maignan’s Perspective gives a clear and full account of how to make the instruments for constructing dials and buffing instruments and the necessary steps in polishing lenses.

Sun dials.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/emaign.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-159W58.0.html

Maignan (1601-76), was a priest who was a member of the circle of experimenters in Rome which included Kircher, Magiotti, and Berti. Once described by Bayle as ‘one of the greatest philosophers of the seventeenth century,’ Maignan has largely been forgotten, although he was an original and individualistic thinker of no small merit.

Jean Jacques d’Ortous de Mairan *** Not in Gale

(1678-1771).  French physicist, mechanic, optician, mathematician, engineer, scientific organizer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mairan.html

Mairan was concerned with a wide variety of subjects, including heat, light, sound, motion, the shape of the earth, and the aurora. His works include Dissertation sur les variations du barometre (Bordeaux, 1715), Dissertation sur la glace (Bordeaux, 1716), Dissertation sur la cause de la lumière des phosphores et des noctiluques (Bordeaux, 1717), and Dissertation sur l’estimation et la mesure des forces motrices des corps (1728). He also published a number of mathematical works.

Mairan replaced Fontenelle as perpetual secretary of the Académie. He was its assistant director in 1721, ‘27, ‘36, ‘44, ‘59, and director in ‘22, ‘28, ‘45, ‘60. He was also editor of the Journal des scavants.

After the Maritime Council commissioned the Académie, the Académie charged Mairan and Varignon in 1721 to investigate the gauging of ships in order, by means of an exact method, to prevent the complaints of commerce and the fraud of merchants. Mairan visited the ports of the Mediterranean in this capacity. In the end, the scheme of the Académie was not adopted.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, Royal Society, Institute Bologna, Russian Academy (St. Petersburg)

1718, associé of the Académie; 1719, pensionnaire géomètre until his death (with an interlude from 1743-46).

With Jean Bouillet and Antoine Portalon, he founded his own scientific society in Béziers about 1723.

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/demairan.html:

Born on November 26, 1678 in Béziers as a lower nobleman, de Mairan attended college at Toulouse, with main interest in ancient Greek language. He went to Paris in 1698 to study physics and math, under the direction of Malebranche (1638-1715), among others. From 1704 to 1718 he lived in Béziers. In 1718, he was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences as Associate in the department of Geometry. In 1740 he became Associate Secretary of the academy, and was elected to the Academy Francaise in 1743.

De Mairan’s scientific work includes contributions to the theory of heat, observations of meteorological phenomena, and theoretical work on the orbital motion and rotation of the Moon.

He mentioned his notion of a small nebulosity around a star closely north of the Orion Nebula in or before 1731, mentioned in his best known work, Traite physique and historique de l’Aurore Boreale (Physical and Historic Tract of the Aurora Borealis), published 1733 in Paris and reprinted in the Journal des Scavans in 1754. This nebula was later cataloged as “M43“ by Charles Messier.

De Mairan died of pneumonia in Paris on February 20, 1771.

He is honored by naming a Moon Crater after him: Mairan (41.6N, 43.4W, 40.0 km diameter, named 1935).

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Mairan.htm (in French)

http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/weather/30.htm

Charles Maitland *** Not in Gale

(1668-1748). Scottish-born surgeon.  At the behest of English aristocrat Lady Mary Wortley Montague, Dr. Maitland was the first doctor to apply variolation techniques in Britain.  King George II sent him to Hanover to inoculate Frederick Prince of Wales.

http://www.cytos.org/smallpox.html

Isobel Grundy Montagu’s variolation, http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC195E/Montagu.pdf

Nicolau Barquet, MD, and Pere Domingo, MD.  “Smallpox: The Triumph over the Most Terrible of the Ministers of Death Annals of Internal Medicine 15 October 1997. 127:635-642. Related Letters,” http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC195E/Montagu.pdf.

“Lady Montague was so determined to prevent the ravages of smallpox and so impressed by the Turkish method that she ordered the Embassy surgeon, Charles Maitland, to inoculate her 5-year-old son in March 1718. On returning to London in April 1721, she had Maitland inoculate her 4-year-old daughter in the presence of the physicians of the court. Among these physicians was Sir Hans Sloane, President of the Royal Society and the king's physician. This was the first professional variolation performed in England. Word of these practices spread and reached the Princess of Wales and other members of the Royal Family. Charles Maitland was granted royal license to perform a trial of variolation on six prisoners at Newgate on 9 August 1721; these prisoners were promised a full pardon if they submitted to the so-called Royal Experiment. The trial was observed by the court physicians and 25 members of the Royal Society and the College of Physicians. All of the prisoners survived and were released. One was exposed to two children with the illness and proved to be immune. Maitland later variolated six charity children in London and successfully treated the two daughters of the Princess of Wales on 17 April 1722. Not surprisingly, the procedure gained general acceptance after this last success.”

Jenö Major

(Born "1952" Day="28" Month="11" November 28, 1952 in Budapest, Hungary).  Geneticist, researcher. Certification: Biologist diplomate. Senior researcher, National Institute Chemical Safety, Budapest, 1999; head laboratory, National Institute Occupl. Health, Budapest, 1992-99; science councillor, National Institute Occupl. Health, Budapest, 1995; Senior researcher, National Institute Occupl. Health, Budapest, 1989-95; Assistant Professor, Madarász St. Hospital, Budapest, 1985-86; Junior researcher, head of laboratory, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, 1986-89; Research Assistant, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, 1979-85; science co-worker, Eötvös Lóránd University Science, Budapest, 1977-79.  Education: MSc, József Attila University science, Szeged, Hungary, 1977; Ph.D., József Attila University science, Szeged, Hungary, 1980.

Member: N.Y. Academy Science, European Tissue Culture Society, Hungarian Cancer Society (sec. environ. and worksite mutagenesis section 1994).  Parish clerk, Lutheran Church, Budafok, 1994, Presbyterian, 1988. Sgt. Hungarian People's Army, 1971-72.

Contributor of articles to professional journals., chapters to books.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Nicholas de Malebranche

The French philosopher and theologian Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715) was a noted Cartesian. His analysis of the fundamental presuppositions of Descartes’s philosophy led to a set of doctrines that is known as occasionalism.  Entered Congregation of the Oratory (1660); ordained (1664); engaged in philosophical controversies, esp. with Arnauldand Bossuet. Principal disciple of Descartes; attempted to synthesize Cartesianism with Neoplatonism and thought of St. Augustine; his philosophical system embodied the doctrine that the mind cannot have knowledge of anything external to itself except through its relation toGod. Chief work De la recherche de la verite (1674-78); also wrote Traite de la nature et de lagrace (1680), Meditations chretiennes (1683), Traite de morale (1684), Entretiens sur la metaphysique et la religion (1688).

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/malebranche/:

The French Cartesian Nicolas Malebranche was hailed by his contemporary, Pierre Bayle, as “the premier philosopher of our age.” Over the course of his philosophical career, Malebranche published major works on metaphysics, theology, and ethics, as well as studies of optics, the laws of motion and the nature of color. He is known principally for offering a highly original synthesis of the views of his intellectual heroes, St. Augustine and René Descartes. Two distinctive results of this synthesis are Malebranche’s doctrine that we see bodies through ideas in God and his occasionalist conclusion that God is the only real cause.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/malbrnch.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Nicholas de Malebranche,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Malebranche.html

http://www.iep.utm.edu/m/malebran.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09568a.htm

http://lgxserve.ciseca.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Malebranche+Nicolas

http://www.rasscass.com/templ/te_bio.php?PID=1335&RID=1 (in German)

http://71.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MALEBRANCHE_NICOLAS.htm

Malebrache.  http://osu.orst.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/malbranche.html

Nicholas Malebranche.  http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/malebran.htm

Bonnie A. Mallard *** Not in Gale
Veterinarian.  Professor of Immunology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph.

B.Sc. (Agriculture) 1979, M.Sc. 1982, Ph.D. 1988.

Member, Christian Veterinary Missions, Canada.

Faculty webpage, Ontario Veterinary College. http://www.ovc.uoguelph.ca/pathobio/faculty/mallard.shtm

http://www.ovc.uoguelph.ca/news/news7.pdf . Bonnie Mallard and Bruce Wilkie, both of the department of Pathobiology, have developed an alternative breeding method that boosts the immune sys- tems of pigs and cattle.

Mary Koske.  “Immunity research earns recognition,” http://www.uoguelph.ca/atguelph/96-07-10/mallard.html.  “Research begun in graduate school to produce disease-resistant cows and pigs has earned Professor Bonnie Mallard, Pathobiology, the 1996 Pfizer Award for Research Excellence for contributions to animal health genetics. The award recognizes young researchers for excellence in their work.

“Mallard gives credit for the award to her collaboration with Professor Bruce Wilkie, Pathobiology, and the late professor Brian Kennedy, Animal and Poultry Science. She says their work has been aimed at achieving ‘environmentally friendly food products’ - cattle and pigs that have not been treated with hormones or antibiotics to prevent or cure disease.

“’Because of this research, Canada’s farmers and dairy industry will have a unique market niche in the exportation of hormone and drug-free food products,’ she says.

“As a Guelph graduate student, Mallard was interested in the inherent immunity of dairy cows, but the limited number of cows available and their 10-month breeding period made research slow and difficult. She decided instead to study the immune system of pigs because there are many siblings in a litter and their gestation interval is only four months.

“After completing her Ph.D., Mallard began collaborating with Wilkie and Kennedy to find a way to produce animals that were inherently resistant to disease. Wilkie’s expertise in immunology, Mallard’s in immunogenetics and Kennedy’s in quantitative genetics led to a model that, seven years later, is the prototype for genetic selection for broad-based disease resistance.”

“Commercial farm testing of dairy cattle is under way and will begin soon for pigs, says Mallard. And the patent for the technology developed at Guelph is in its final stages for approval. She believes this technology will not only improve animal health, but will also give Canada an edge in food production because more and more people are demanding drug- and hormone-free food products.”

Marcello Malpighi

(1628-1694). Italian anatomist and microscopist Marcello Malpighi used the newly invented microscope to make a number of important discoveries about living tissues and structures.  He discovered capillaries; founded sciences of histology (the study of tissues), embryology, plant anatomy, comparative anatomy.  Professor at Pisa (1656-59) and Messina (1662-66); personal physician to Pope Innocent XII (1691). Because of early use of microscope in biological studies, called founder of microscopic anatomy; studied structure of secreting glands; discovered capillary circulation in the lung of the frog (1661), the deeper portion of the epidermis known as the Malpighian layer, loops ofcapillaries (or Malpighian tufts) in the kidney, and masses of adenoid tissue (or Malpighian corpuscles) in the spleen; described taste buds, structure of human lung, development of the chick, structure of the brain and spinal cord, and the metamorphosis of the silkworm.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/malpighi.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09573d.htm. Notes Malpighi is founder of comparative physiology.

“Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694).”  http://www.webref.org/scientists/malpighi.htm:

An Italian scientist and physician who studied tissues and organs microscopically and is considered the founder of microanatomy. He related anatomy and physiology to medicine, including detailed structure of lungs, kidneys, spleen, and other organs, and the capillary circulation in frogs (1660). He later studied the structure of plants and animals and may have referred to cells when he spoke of “globules” and “saccules” (1661). He discovered the existence of blood capillaries, whose existence had been hypothesized by William Harvey about 30 years earlier. In addition, he studied the development of organs of chick embryos and erroneously concluded that the adult was preformed in a miniature form in the egg.

“Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694),” http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/malpighi.html

http://9.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MALPIGHI_MARCELLO.htm

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Malpighi/1.html

http://www.spaceship-earth.org/Biograph/Malpighi.htm

Eustachio Manfredi *** Not in Gale

(1674-1739).  Italian astronomer, mathematician, specialist in hydraulics.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/manfredi.html

Manfredi's publications were heavily in astronomy. Around c. 1690, he frabricated his own astronomical instruments.  However, he also wrote a number of opinions on hydraulic questions (which were published in the collections on that subject), and he edited Guglielmini's work on rivers.  For years he was the superintendent of waters for Bologna. In that position he appears to have been the principal agent behind the planned diversion of the Reno into the Po that upset everyone outside of Bologna.  He went to Ravenna to repair damage caused by rivers and to advise on planned diversions. He was called to Rome to advise on draining the Pontine Marches, and to the Val di Chiana and to Lucca on questions of hydraulics.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences (1726), Royal Society (1729).  In1690, he founded his own scientific academy, the Accademia degli Inquieti, a private institution that became the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1714.  He became a member of the Bologna "colony" of the Arcadia in 1699 and (as a literary figure) of the Accademia della Crusca in 1706.  Manfredi corresponded extensively with many of the leading mathematicians of Europe.

http://www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it/scienziati/Manfredi-1.html (in Italian)

http://www.polybiblio.com/phillips/662.html:

 “In 1715 Manfredi completed his two-volume Ephemerides motuum coelestium for 1715-1725, based on the still unpublished tables of Cassini in Paris, his predecessor in the chair of astronomy at Bologna. Intended, unlike most of its predecessors, not for astrological use but for practical astronomy, the ephemeris were of unusual extent and practicability. They included tables of the meridian crossing of the planets, tables of the eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter and of the conjunction of the moon and the principal stars, as well as maps of the regions of the earth affected by solar eclipses. The ephemeris were preceded by a volume of instructions including tables that were reprinted by Eustachio Zanotti in 1750” (DSB). Manfredi was lecturer in mathematics at the University of Bologna, and one of the leading observational astronomers of the eighteenth century. This was his first major publication.

Patricia Ann Pritchett Mangan

(Born 1953).  Statistician. staff specialist, N.C. Baptist Hospital, 2000; statis. analyst, N.C. Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, 1999-2000; Senior staff scientist, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, 1996-99; Director software Development, ARJAY Equipment Corp., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1993-96; Senior staff R&D statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1990-93; Senior R&D statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1986-90; R&D statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1982-86; tobacco Development statistician, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1978-82. Education: BS, Purdue University, 1975; MS, Purdue University, 1977.

Member: American Statistics Association, Washington Statistics Association, Purdue Alumni Association.
Honors:  Recipient G.R. DiMarco award, 1990, 96, Excaliber award for Outstanding Performance, 1991, 93.

Editor Journal of Sensory Studies, 1992-95; Contributor of articles to science journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Dr. John Mann *** Not in Gale

Agriculturist, former director of Director of Alan Fletcher Research Station.

Interview: http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/3516.asp

Donald H. Mansfield

(Born October 30, 1951 in Salem, Oregon, United States). Biologist, educator.  Donald H. Mansfield is professor of biology at Albertson College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho, 1989 and curator of the Harold M. Tucker Herbarium. Research interests: Flora of Steens Mountain; Floristics of SW Idaho and SE Oregon; Evolution of

SW Idaho flora; Biology of rare plants; Subalpine flora and plant succession; Environmental control of plant metabolism, growth and development; Physiologic ecology of plants; Laboratory, field, and problem-solving education in biology.  Previous posts:  Associate Professor of biology and environmental studies, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, 1984-89; Assistant Professor of biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, 1981-84; postdoctoral plant physiologist, University of California, Davis, 1979-81.  Education: BA, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, 1973; MS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1977; DA, Idaho State University, 1979.

Member: Idaho Academy of Science (President 2000-2001). Phi Beta Kappa, 1973-present; Sigma Xi, 1978-present; National Association of Biology Teachers, 1977-present; Association for Biology Lab. Educators, 1979-present; American Institute of Biological Science, 1984-present.

Author: Flora of Steens Mountain, 2000.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Curriculum vitae: http://www.albertson.edu/biology/media/pdfs/mansfieldcv.pdf

Neil A. Manson *** Not in Gale
Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, 2002.

Neil A. Manson earned his Ph.D. in philosophy from Syracuse University in 1998. Afterwards, he held the positions of Gifford Research Fellow in Natural Theology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland
(1999-2001) and Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Center for Philosophy of Religion at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana (2001-2002). His general interests include metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of science, with a specific emphasis on the design argument for the existence of God. He has authored several published articles on the topic and recently finished editing Godand Design: The Teleological Argument and Modern Science (Routledge, 2003).

From http://www.has.vcu.edu/phi/philos/philfac/manson.html

Sir Patrick Manson

(1844-1922). Scottish parasitologist. The father of tropical medicine.  Manson earned his MD from Aberdeen Medical School in 1865.  Manson was posted to Formosa (Taiwan) as medical officer for the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs in the southwestern port of Takao (Kaohsiung). It was Manson’s responsibility to inspect ships and treat crews, which gave him ample opportunity to observe tropical diseases.  He later settled at Amoy (Xiamen), a port on the Chinese mainland, as head of Baptist Missionary Hospital and engaged in private practice (1871); settled in Hong Kong (1883); instituted school of medicine which developed into university and medical school of Hong Kong. To London (1890); instrumental in foundation (1899) of London School of Tropical Medicine and taught there (to 1914). First to enunciate (1877-78) hypothesis that the mosquito was the host of the malarial parasite at one stage of its existence, and thus an active agent in spreading malaria.

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.  “Behind the Frieze - Sir Patrick Manson (1844-1922),” http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/manson.html

He wrote Manual of Tropical Diseases which promptly became a bestseller in its field. He retired in 1912 to fish in Ireland but returned to London at the beginning of the First World War. Despite crippling attacks of gout he continued to take a lively interest in medical education until his death in 1922.

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst241.html

http://www.uclh.org/about/history/biographies.shtml

Giacomo Filippo Maraldi

(1665-1729). Italian astronomer. Nephew of J. D. Cassini; lived in Paris (from 1687). Discovered that the dark division observed by Cassini was the line of demarcation between two of Saturn’s rings; recognized the variability of one of the stars in the constellation Hydra (1704); author of a star catalogue.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maraldi.html

http://www.pianeta-marte.it/nasce_aerografia/maraldi/maraldi_giacomo_filippo.htm (in Italian)

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/maraldif.html (in Italian)

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Maraldi.htm (in French)

Norman Henry March

(Born 1927). Professor of physics, University of Sheffield 1961-72; Professor of theoretical solid-state physics Imperial College, London 1972-77; University of Oxford: Coulson Professor and head Dept of Theoretical Chemistry 1977-94, Professorial Fellow University College, 1977-94, Professor Emeritus 1994-present; former chairman: Condensed Matter Physics Committee, Institute of Physics London, Advisory Committee on Condensed Matter Int Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy; Hon DTech Chalmers University Gothenburg Sweden 1980.

Jean Marchant *** Not in Gale

(1650-1738).  French botanist.  Catholic.  Father was Nicolas Marchant.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marchant_jea.html

Marchant devoted almost all his life’s work to the preparation of the Histoire des plantes. When the Académie decided to give up the project, he continued to prepare botanical descriptions. Although the greater part of this work remained unpublished, some fifteen of his notices did appear in the Academy’s memoires. Among these, his “Observations sur la nature des plantes” deals with the notion of partial transformism among plants, thus foreshadowing one of the tenets of evolution.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1678-1678, académicien botaniste, replacing his father.  1699, pensionnaire botaniste, premier titulaire.

Nicolas Marchant *** Not in Gale

(Birth unknown-1678).  French botanist.  Pharmacologist.  Father of Jean Marchant.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marchant_nic.html

Marchant devoted the last ten years of his life to the preparation of the Histoire des plantes, undertaken in 1667 by the Académie. He prepared a large number of descriptions for this project which was never published, being abandoned by the Academy in 1694. He collaborated in editing the Mémoire pour servir à l’histoire des plantes (1676). He was the first botanist to take up the study of lower plants.

Member: Founding member, Académie Royal des Sciences, 1666-78.

Jan Marek Marci of Kronland / in Latin Johannes Marcus Marci, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1595-1667).  Bohemian physician, mechanic, optician, mathematician.  Catholic. According to Jesuit sources he was admitted to the Society shortly before his death.

http://www.informationblast.com/Johannes_Marcus_Marci.html

“Jan Marek Marci of Kronland, in Latin Johannes Marcus Marci (1595--1677), was a doctor and scientist in Bohemia (present Czech Republic). He spent most of his career as a professor of Charles University in Prague, where he served as Dean of the medical school and Rector. He was also personal doctor of Emperors Ferdinand III and Leopold I, and distinguished himself in the defense of Prague against the Swedish armies in 1648. His studies covered the mechanics of colliding bodies, epilepsy, and the refraction of light, among other topics.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marci.html

Marci’s most important work was accomplished in medicine and physics. The De proportione motus (1639) contained his theory of the collision of bodies and gave an account of the experiments whereby he reached it. He also carried out research in optics, setting down most of his results in Thaumantias liber de arcu coelesti (1648). Also Disssertatio de natura iridis (1650).

His medical works involved philosophical as well as theological problems. He was a follower of the school of Paracelsus. He renewed the idea that an organic body develops from a semen. The powers of a creative spirit are put into individuals by God in the process of creating the world. Every individual can renew himself. In all, a Platonic-Stoic conception of nature close to van Helmont and Leibniz. He devoted particular attention to questions of what would now be termed neurology, physiology and psychophysiology, in treatises that have not yet been fully evaluated. He also tried to adopt a purely medical approach to disease and to analyze critically both previous descriptions of epileptic fits and existing theories of their origin.

Author: Idearum operaticum idea,1636; Philosophia vetus restitute, 1662; Othosophia seu philosophia impulsus universalis, 1683; De longitudine seu differentia inter duos meridianos, 1650.

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-Selections625.0.html:

Marci (1595-1667), professor of medicine at Prague University has been called the “Bohemian Galileo.” Needham, in his History of Embryology, describes Marci’s theories regarding embryology in the present book as a “development of extraordinary interest” (p. 80).”His Idearum Operatricium Idea, published in 1635, was a mixture of purely scientific contributions to optics, and speculative theories about embryology. Thus he explained the production of manifold complexity from the seed in generation by an analogy with lenses, which will produce complicated beams from a simple light-source. The formative force radiates from the geometrical centre of the foetal body, creating complexity but losing nothing of its own power...”Marcus Marci thus links together the following trends of thought: (1) the old Aristotelian theory of seed and blood, (2) the new rationalistic mathematical attitude to generation as e.g. in Gassendi and Descartes, (3) the new experimental approach, in his contributions to optics, (4) the cabbalistic mysticism of light as the fountain and origin of things. Finally (5) by his brilliant guess of centres of radiant energy, he anticipates much of modern embryology (field theories, fate of part as function of positions, etc.). Pagel and Baumann give an elaborate discussion of his opinions.”Needham, pp. 80-81. The present book contains “his theory of the collision of bodies (particularly elastic bodies) and gave an account of the experiments whereby he reached it. Although these experiments are described precisely, Marci was unable to formulate general quantitative laws from them, since his results were not drawn from exact measurements of either of the sizes and weights of the spheres that he employed or of the direction and velocity of their motion. Rather, he was content with simple comparisons of the properties that he investigated, characterizing them as being ‘smaller,’ ‘bigger,’ or ‘the same’ as each other...despite these shortcomings, his observations and conclusions are generally right. He was able to distinguish different qualities of spheres and to state the concepts of solid bodies and of quantity of motion.”D.S.B., IX., p. 97.The delightfully engraved title-page illustrates many of the experiments described in the book: weights being dropped from a high tower, a cannon being fired, careening balls on a billiard table, sparks flying off a grinding wheel (centrifugal force), a man swinging from two ropes (pendulum motion), and a man batting a ball against a wall.Marci “was the first to make substantial progress with the difficult problem of impact, a problem that Galileo touched on without success and that Descartes completely muffed.”E.C. Watson in American Journal of Physics, Vol. 16 (1948), pp. 246-47.III.  The present book, concerned with the theory of collisions, is a continuation and elaboration of his 1639 publication De Proportione Motus seu Regula Sphygmica. In this work, Marci responds to criticisms made of his 1639 book [see item II] and presents new theories concerning the geometrical form of bodies in movement, the properties of free fall, the duration of the oscillation of a pendulum and its length, etc. There are a number of references to Galileo.

“Marci also carried out research in optics, setting down most of his results in Thaumantias...(1648). In his optical experiments, designed to explain the phenomenon of the rainbow, Marci placed himself in the line of such Bohemian and Moravian investigators as Kepler, Christophe Scheiner, Baltasar Konrad, and Melchior Hanel. In his experiments on the decomposition of white light, for which he employed prisms, Marci described the spectral colors and recorded that each color corresponded to a specific refraction angle. He also stated that the color of a ray is constant when it is again refracted throughout another prism...He did not mention the reconstitution of the spectrum into white light (a result that is first to be found in the work of Newton), although he did study the ‘mixture’ of colored rays. He also made inconclusive experiments on light phenomena on thin films.”D.S.B., IX, p. 97.

http://kpedagogika.unas.cz/2003marekmarci.htm (in Czech)

Pavel Šišma .  “Jan Marcus Marci,” http://www.math.muni.cz/math/biografie/marcus_marci.html (in Czech)

John P. Marcus *** Not in Gale

Biochemist and Molecular Biologist.  Senior Research Officer at the Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Pathology, University of Queensland, Australia. His research involves the discovery and characterisation of anti-microbial proteins from plant sources to enhance disease resistance in agriculturally important plants.  Marcus obtained his B.A. Degree with a Major in Chemistry at Dordt College, Sioux Center, Iowa in 1987. His Ph.D. in biological chemistry at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1993 involved research on enzymes. John and Amy Marcus and their two young children attend the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Australia, Brisbane.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/marcus-j.html

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/562.asp

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Henry Margenau

Born Einstein’s Space and Van Gogh’s Sky,The Miracle of Existence, Ethics and Science, The Nature of Physical Reality, and Integrated Principles of Modern Thought.

Professor Henry Margenau.  “Why I am a Christian” http://www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth16.html

FrÈre Marie-Victorin / Frere Marie-Victorin / Conrad Kirouac

FrÈre Marie-Victorin (1885-1944) achieved international acclaim for his botanical work on the plants of the Laurentian Mountains of Quebec, Canada. A member of many Canadian and international learned societies, Marie-Victorin wrote a number of works that are considered important to the field of botany and have often received awards. He taught at the University of Montreal for more than two decades and advocated the popularization of science, often working with children’s groups. “He can truly be said to have been one of the founding fathers of modern intellectual enterprise in French Canada,” Dictionary of Literary Biography contributor Michel Gaulin wrote of the botanist.

http://www.mrst.gouv.qc.ca/_an/programmes/prixduquebec/_PrixQc_Qui_etait/marie_victorin.html

http://www1.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=197

Edme Mariotte *** Not in Gale

(c. 1620-1684).  French physicist, mechanic, optician, botanist, hydaulics specialist, meteorologist, engineer, navigation specialist.  Catholic. Titular abbot and prior of St. Martin de Beaumont sur Vingeanne.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mariotte.html

Mariotte’s work on plant physiology drew the attention of the Académie soon after its founding in 1666. He held the “singular doctrine” that sap circulated through plants in a manner analogous to the circulation of blood in animals.

Mariotte had a wide range of interests including mathematics, geometrical optics, hydrostatics, and the laws of impact. At the Académie he participated in several of the investigations both inside and outside his area of speciality. He participated in the installation of the the hydraulic system at Versailles and directed some important hydraulic experiments at the chateau de Condé in Chantilly and at the Observatory. He conducted experiments on the refraction of light, barometric changes, and falling bodies among many others. With Cassini and Picard he examined a work on navigation and the problem of longitude. The strength of his work was in his ability to recognize the importance of results, confirming them by new and careful experiments, and drawing out the implications of the results.

In 1668 he wrote, Nouvelle découverte touchant la veue, on optics and his experiments to locate the blind spot in vision. Traité de la percussion ou choc des corps (1673), became a standard work on the subject of laws of inelastic and elastic impact. Mariotte’s law (i.e., Boyle’s Law) appeared in his De la nature de l’air (1679) in which he described the isothermal behavior of an enclosed mass of air. Mariotte’s final work published posthumously (1686), Traité du mouvement des eaux et des autres corps fluides, treated the theory of the motion of bodies in a resisting medium using natural springs, artificial fountains, and the flow of water through pipes as his topic.

In 1672 Mariotte published, Traité du nivellement, a work describing a new form of level using the surface of free-standing water as the horizontal reference and employing a reflection mark on the sight stick to gain greater accuracy in sighting. He gave full instructions for the instrument’s use and discussed its accuracy with respect to other levels.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1666-1684.  Mariotte entered the Académie as a physicist but was soon sharing in the work of the mathematicians. His work was known to the Royal Society and cited in Newton’s Principia. Mariotte recognized the important role that international cooperation could play in science. He sent for information and shared information with societies in London, Warsaw, Constantinople, and in Spain and Italy.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09671a.htm or http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Mariotte/1.html:

Mariotte’s fame rests on his work on hydrostatics and on the establishment of the law of gases that bears his name. This was first published in an essay on the nature of air in 1676. “The diminution of the volume of the air proceeds in proportion to the weights with which it is loaded.” This law is now stated as follows: “The volume of a gas, kept at a constant temperature, changes inversely as the pressure upon the gas.” This is the fundamental generalization of our knowledge concerning gases. He invented a device for proving and illustrating the laws of impact between bodies. The bobs of two pendulums are struck against each other, and the resultant motions are measured and studied. He added to the mathematical deductions of Galileo, Pascal, and others, a number of experimental demonstrations of the laws of the pendulum, of the flow of water through orifices, of hydrostatic pressure etc. Mariotte’s flask is an ingenious device to obtain a uniform flow of water. His work included experiments on heat and cold, light, sight, and color. He was a member of the Royal Society of Science from its foundation in 1666. His contributions (Oeuvres) were collected and published at Leyden in 1717, and again at The Hague in 1740.

http://30.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MARIOTTE_EDME.htm

http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/MARIOTTE.htm  (in French)

Boyle-Mariotte Law.  http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Boyle-Mariotte%20law

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Edme_Mariotte.html (in German)

Georg Markgraf / Georg Marcgraf *** Not in Gale

(1610-1644).  Dutch astronomer, botanist, zoologist, cartographer, military engineer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/markgraf.html

In 1638, Markgraf sailed with military and exploratory expedition to Dutch settlements in Brazil under Maurice of Nassau. The expedition founded the town of Mauritzstad and built the castle of Vrijburg (in the tower of which Markgraf had an observatory) on Antonio Vaz island (Recife). Markgraf drew up the plan of the city and its fortifications, and mapped the region from Rio Sao Francisco to Ceara and Maranhao.

Dr. Frank Marsh *** Not in Gale

(1899-1992) Dr. Frank Marsh, Ph. D. in Botany from the University of Nebraska, says that “if evolutionists had not wasted a generation of hard work in trying to pick up a trail which never existed, biology would be at least a generation further along in the discovery of the laws and processes which do exist” (Marsh, Evolution, Creation and Science (1947),. p. 285).

http://www.geocities.com/lclane2/marshtimeline.html

John Harrison Marsh

(Born "1954" Day="25" Month="6" June 25, 1954 in Auburn, Washington, United States).  Biologist.  Environmental planner, environmentalist.  Certification: Bar: Oregon 1986.  Director ESA program, Parametrix, Inc., Portland, 1999; Manager habitat and production, N.W. Power Planning Council, Portland, 1996-99; Enhancement Act coordinator, N.W. Power Planning Council, Portland, 1985-96; fisheries ecologist, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, 1979-85; public info. officer, enhancement coordinator, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, 1978-79; fisheries biologist, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Astoria, 1978; fisheries biologist, National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon, 1977-78; Research Assistant, EPA, Corvallis, Oregon, 1975-77. Instructor science and technical of watershed Management Portland State University, 1997; speaker, expert witness in field; guest Lecturer Lewis and Clark College, 1984, 95, Portland State University, 1995, 96, 98; field leader streamkeeper program Oregon Trout, 1997, 98.  Education: BS, Oregon State University, 1977; JD, Lewis & Clark College, 1985; certified, Lewis & Clark College, 1985.

Member: American Fisheries Society (certified professional fisheries scientist, exec. committee Portland chapter 1981-84, v.p. 1981-82, President 1982-83, chair legis. committee Oregon chapter 1988-89, program committee 1980-81, riparian committee Western division 1982-83, convenor various sessions, native peoples fisheries committee 1982-88, chair 1984-86, resolutions committee 1985-86, strategic plan devel committee, 1993-95, other coms.), Oregon State Bar Association, Native America Fish and Wildlife Association, Oregon Wine Brotherhood (chair Benefit Auction and Barrel Tasting 1995), Great Lovers of Wine Society Oregon (President 1988).  Organizer food drive Friends of Seasonal Workers, 1987; chair ann. employer food drive Sunshine Divsn., 1987; Board of Directors Panavista Park Homeowners Association, 1991-93, Member architectural review committee, 1990, chair, 1991; Riverwest Church lead Sunday school instructor grades 5-6, 1992-96, adult Bible study instructor, 1995-99, Kinship leader, 1994-98, Mexican Youth Mission team, 1994, 95, libr. coordinator, 1995; Assistant scoutmaster Boy Scouts America, 1972-73, 99; Member steering committee Sharing Columbia: Partnerships for Action, 1998; Assistant coach Little League Baseball, 1998, 99.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Contributor of articles to professional publications.

Gailen D. Marshall Jr. / Gailen Daugherty Marshall, Jr.

(Born 1950).  Physician, scientist.  Gailen D. Marshall Jr. is Associate Professor of Medicine and Pathology, and Director of the Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, 1998-present.  Research interests:  Clinical immunoregulation; effects of psychosocial stress on human immunity; pyschoneuroimmunology, nutritional impact on immune responses, experimental immunotherapy Previous positions: Research Scientist, Division of Adult Nephrology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 1982–84; Straight Medicine Intern, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA1984–85; Research Fellow, Division of Allergy-Immunology, University of Iowa City, IA1985–86; Cellular Immunology Division Chief and Laboratory Director, Biotherapeutics, Inc., Memphis, TN1986–88; Senior Clinical Fellow, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Medical School, Memphis, TN,1988–89; Chief Medical Resident, University of Tennessee Baptist Memorial Hospital, Memphis, TN, 1988–89; Associate Medical Director, Research for Health, Inc., Houston, TX, 1989–90; Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, 1990–91; Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Director, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 1991–98.  Education: BS, University of Houston, 1972; MS, Texas A&M University, 1975; Ph.D., University of Texas, 1979; MD, University of Texas, 1984.

Member: Fellow ACP, American College Allergy and Immunology, American Academy Allergy-Immunology (chair committee); Texas Allergy-Immunology Society (chair committee, Board of directors, 1999-2002), Greater Houston Allergy Society.  Baptist.

Member editorial board Molecular Biotherapy, 1992-93, Cancer Biotherapy, 1994-96, Allergy Proceedings, 1994- present, Annals Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 1995-99, Journal of Interferon Cytokin Research, 1999-present, Clinical Immunology, 2001-present, Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2002-present, Cellular Molecular Allergy, 2003; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Faculty webpage, http://gsbs.gs.uth.tmc.edu/tutorial/marshall.html  Biographical sketch http://gsbs.gs.uth.tmc.edu/biosketches/marshall_g.rtf

http://content.health.msn.com/content/Biography/7/71764.htm

Gailen Marshall.  “Texans’ worries about mold are way out of hand,” http://www.texasbuildingstandards.org/oped-gailenmarshall.htm, Dallas Morning News, July 14, 2002 or http://www.tala.com/AI/DMN07-14-02.htm, Houston Chronicle,  July 14, 2002.
Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Luigi Ferdinando Marsili / Marsigli

(1658-1730). Italian naturalist, geographer, and soldier. Founded Accademia della Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna (1712); published first treatise on oceanography, Histoire physique de la mer (1724).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/marsili.html

http://www3.unibo.it/avl/storia/marsili.htm (in Italian)

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/marsilil.html (in Italian)

http://www.udenap.org/marshall_autres/marsili_luigi_ferdinando.htm (in French)

http://www.italicon.it/schede/S336-001.htm (in Italian)

Dr. Larry Dean Martin *** Not in Gale

Paleontologist.  Professor and Senior Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, Museum of Natural History; Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Webpage: https://www.ku.edu/~ceas/areas/people/CEAS/Martin_Larry_D.html

Larry D. Martin. “An Iconoclast for Evolution? A Berkeley-educated biologist’s attack on the icons of evolution is full of sound and fury, signifying a difference in philosophy—not science,” http://www.arn.org/docs/wells/jw_iconoclast0201.htm.  From World and I, February 1, 2001.

Faculty webpage, University of Kansas: http://www.ku.edu/cgiwrap/aims/people?details=5736

http://www.ku.edu/cgiwrap/aims/people

“The Dinosaur Hunters,” http://www.kansas.com/mld/kansas/news/special_packages/6793916.htm

Wichita Eagle | 09/17/2003 | The Dinosaur Hunters

Larry W. Martin / Lawrence W. Martin *** Not in Gale

(1956-2002).  Physicist.  Theologist.  Larry Martin is Professor of physics at North Park University in Chicago, IL, and visiting Professor of Physics at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC. Co-creator of WebAssign, computer software that provides faculty with the ability to assign, collect and grade students over the World Wide Web.  Martin worked on the original WebAssign project at North Carolina State University in 1997.

Lon Grahnke.  “Web Redefines Course Interaction,” Chicago Sun-Times, July 5, 2000.

Nancy Amdur.  “Electronic Mail Keeps Professors’ Doors Open at All Hours,” Chicago Tribune, November 14, 1999.

Lisa Guernsey.  “Textbooks and Tests That Talk Back: New Software Allows Professors to Provide Instant Feedback to Students,” The Chronicle of Higher Education,” Information Technology, February 12, 1999. http://chronicle.com/free/v45/i23/23a02101.htm

See www.webassign.net and http://webassign.net/credits.html

Martin has a bachelor of arts in music and education from Virginia Polytechnic Institute, a master of arts in theological studies from Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in Massachusetts, and a master of science and a doctorate in theoretical solid-state physics from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. In addition to traditional physics courses, Martin occasionally teaches a science/religion course for college and seminary students. He is also a church musician.

 “Professor honored for teaching, campus leadership,”

http://www.insideonline.com/site/epage/5754_162.htm

Lawrence W. Martin, Ph.D., was awarded both the 2002 Zenos Hawkinson Award for Teaching and Campus Leadership and the Student Association Service Award at a recent Honors convocation ceremony at North Park University. Martin has taught physics at North Park since 1991.

The Zenos Hawkinson Award for Teaching Excellence and Campus Leadership honors one of North Park’s Professors for superior teaching and leadership at North Park University. Senior students and all faculty members were asked to nominate a Professor who has made significant contributions to teaching and campus leadership in areas including, but not limited to, model classroom teaching, campus leadership, student mentoring, pioneering instructional methodology, or creative course development. The award is given in honor of former North Park History Professor Zenos Hawkinson, who modeled these same qualities during his years at North Park.

The Student Association Service Award nominees are chosen by the Senate, Executive Committee, and Judiciary of the North Park University Student Association. The winner is the Professor students feel has best served the student body each year.

Just a few examples of what students and faculty had to say in their nomination letters about Larry Martin: “Professor Martin is always available and always willing, whether explaining the real meaning of the second law of thermodynamics, talking about theology over coffee, or even opening his home to people who did not have a place to go over the holidays. He is a model and a mentor to many of his students. He is a man of honesty and humor, conviction and compassion, who made it his goal to love the Lord his God with all his emotions, his intellect, and his abilities—his complete being.”

“Larry W. Martin,” http://lists.pkal.org/people/martin.htm

Recent publications include “The Web Chronology Project” in The History Teacher and “Web-based Testing in Physics Education: Methods and Opportunities” in Computers in Physics, and he contributed a chapter in the book Just-In-Time-Teaching: Blending Active Learning with Web Pedagogy, by Novak, et al., (Prentice Hall, 1999).

Larry Martin, Associate Professor of physics, North Park University. http://www.asa3.org/archive/asa/199703/0314.html

Annie Hawkinson.  “Students Remember Dr. Martin,” http://www.northpark.edu/sa/press/02-03/11.01.02.pdf  North Park Press, v. 83, n. 8.  November 1, 2002.

Crisóstomo Martinez *** Not in Gale

(1638-1694).  Spanish-born anatomist, physiologist, microscopist, embryologist, engraver, painter.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/martinez.html

His microscopical anatomical work, especially of bone structure, puts him among the leading early microscopists.

Reproduction of Crisostomo Martinez Microscope (1680), http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/microscopio.html (in Spanish):  Crisóstomo Martinez began to work in an anatomical atlas in 1980. At the request of the University of Valencia and the authorities of the city, Carlos II granted economic aid to him to carry out the project.  The work in Valencia began in 1687 and was transferred to Paris for completion. There it entered in relation to the scientific atmosphere of Académie of Sciences.  His drawings and manuscripts are a reflection of the scientific movement that developed in Spain at the end of the 17^th century.

Todd Martinez *** Not in Gale
Todd J. Martínez, Associate Professor of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

From webpage: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/chem/gmartin.htm

Professor Martínez was awarded the B.S. in chemistry by Calvin College in 1989 and the Ph.D. in chemistry by the University of California (Los Angeles) in 1994. He was a Fulbright Fellow at the Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics in Jerusalem, Israel and a University of California Presidential Postdoctoral Fellow at UCLA for two years prior to joining the faculty at University of Illinois in 1996. His research interests are in theoretical chemistry with particular emphasis on electronic structure and molecular dynamics. Honors and awards: Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar, Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundations (2000); Sloan Fellow, Sloan Foundation (1999); Beckman Young Investigator Award, Beckman Foundation (1999); Packard Fellow, Packard Foundation (1999); University of California President’s Postdoctoral Fellow; Fulbright Junior Researcher; NSF CAREER Investigator; Research Corporation Research Innovation Award.

Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology profile: http://www.beckman.uiuc.edu/faculty/martinez.html

Martinez Research Group: http://mtzweb.scs.uiuc.edu/

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Nevil Maskelyne

(1732-1811). English astronomer. Ordained minister (1755); deputed to observe transit of Venus at St. Helena (1761); experimented en route on determination of longitude by method of lunars, which method he introduced in his British Mariner’s Guide (1763); astronomer royal (1765); invented prismatic micrometer; supervised publication of annual Nautical Almanac (1766-1811); suggested and carried out Mt. Schiehallion experiment for determining earth’s density from deviations of the plumb line (1774).

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Maskelyne.html

http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-nevil-maskelyne.htm

Niccolo Massa *** Not in Gale

(1485-1569).  Italian anatomist, physician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/massa.html

Massa undertook a program of dissection and investigation of the human body at least from 1526 to 1533, producing a treatise entitled Liber introductorius anatomiae (Venice, 1536), which remained the best brief textbook on the subject for a generation.

He also wrote on pestilential fevers, on syphilis, and on medicine in general.

Member: Medical College.  He entered the Venetian College of Physicians in 1521.

Walter Eugene Massey

(Born 1938).  Physicist, educator, science foundation administrator. He was nominated by President George Bush to be director of the National Science Foundation and became the second African American to hold this post. President, Morehouse College, Atlanta, 1995; Senior v.p. Academy of affairs, University California System, 1993-95; Director, NSF, Washington, 1991-93; v.p. for Research and for Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, 1984-91; Director, Argonne National Laboratory, 1979-84; Professor physics, University of Chicago, 1979-93; Professor, Dean of College, Brown University, Providence, 1975-79; Associate Professor of physics, Brown University, Providence, 1970-75; Assistant Professor physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1968-70; physicist, Argonne (Illinois) National Laboratory, 1966-68.

“The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences.  Walter Eurgene Massey: Physicist (Theoretical and Solid State),” http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/massey.html:

He received a Bachelor of Science from Morehouse College in 1958. He earned both a Master of Science and Ph.D. in Physics from Washington University in 1966. Professor Massey’s research in theoretical and solid state physics deals with many-body problems, quantum liquids, and quantum solids.

On June 1, 1995, Dr. Walter E. Massey was named ninth president of Morehouse. Massey served previously as provost and senior vice president-academic. Massey was the director of the National Science Foundation, the government’s lead agency for support of research and education in mathematics, science and engineering.

Member: AAAS (Board of Directors 1981-85, President-elect 1987-88, President 1988-89, Chairman 1989-90), American Physics Society (councillor-at-large 1980-83, v.p. 1990), Energy Advisory Board (chair 1997-99), Mellon Foundation, Amoco Corp., Motorola, Inc., Bank of America Corp., McDonald’s Corp., BP Amoco, Gates Millenium Scholars Advisory Council, Marine Biology Laboratory Council Visitors, Smithsonian Institute Board Regents, Sigma Xi.  Member of the National Science Board (1978-1983); Trustee, Brown University; Trustee, Rand Corporation; Visiting Committee for the Physics Department of MIT and Harvard; Superconducting Supercollider Site Evaluation Committee of the National Academies of Science and Engineering; Co-Chairman, AAAS Steering Committee for the Project to Strengthen the Scientific and Engineering Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Honors: Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers, 1975, New York Academy of Sciences, Archie Lacey Memorial Award, 1992; Morehouse College, Bennie Trailblazer Award, 1992; Morgan State University, Distinguished Achievement Award, 1992; Golden Plate Award, 1992. Recipient over 25 hon. degrees; NAS Fellow, 1961, NDEA Fellow, 1959-60, AAAS Fellow, 1962.

Contributor of articles on science education in secondary schools and in theory of quantum fluids to professional journals.

http://www.cs.jmu.edu/common/projects/Af-AmInScience/Physics/Massey.htm

Michael Mästlin *** Not in Gale

(1550–1631.) http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Mastlin/1.html:

German astronomer and mathematician who was one of the first scholars to accept and teach Polish astronomer Copernicus's observation that the Earth orbits the Sun. One of Mästlin's pupils was German mathematician Johannes Kepler.  Mästlin was born in Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg, and studied at Tübingen. In 1580 he became professor of mathematics at Heidelberg and in 1584 at Tübingen, where he taught for 47 years.  In 1573, Mästlin published an essay concerning the nova that had appeared the previous year. Its location in relation to known stars convinced him that the nova was a new star - which implied, contrary to traditional belief, that things could come into being in the spheres beyond the Moon.  Observation of the comets of 1577 and 1580 convinced Mästlin that they also were located beyond the Moon. Together with other observations, this led him explicitly to argue against the traditional cosmology of Aristotle.  However, Mästlin's Epitome of Astronomy 1582, a popular introduction to the subject, propounded a traditional cosmology because this was easier to teach.

Joseph Mastropaolo *** Not in Gale

Aerospace physiologist.  Kinesiologist. Professor Emeritus at California State University, 1994-present.  Adjunct faculty at Institute for Creation Research, Santee, California.  Professor of biomechanics and physiology at California State University (1968-1994), Faculty member at University of Illinois, 1955, University of Iowa, 1955-57, St. Cloud State College, 1957-58, Western State College, 1958-61.  Education: B.S. in Kinesiology, Brooklyn College, NY, 1950; M.S. in Kinesiology, University of Illinois, 1955; Ph.D. in Kinesiology, University of Iowa, 1958; Electrocardiography and Biophysics of the Circulation, University of Chicago, Medical School, 1962-63.

Member: Council on Epidemiology, American Heart Association Fellow, Associate Member: American Physiological Society, International Human Powered Vehicle Association, Council on Epidemiology Fellow.

Patent in crew conditioning for extended manned space missions, 1971.

Reviewer of Journal of Applied Physiology, 1992-96.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/mastropaolo-j.html

Joseph A. Mastropaolo, Ph.D. Kinesiology/Physiology Curriculum vitae: http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/jmastropaolo.html

Joseph Mastropaolo, Ph.D.  “Comments on the proposed new Ohio Department of Education (ODE) Science Standards,” http://www.creationists.org/OSBE/joseph_%20mastropaolo.html

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Increase Mather

Increase Mather (1639-1723), American colonial representative, president of Harvard College, and author, was the most prominent member of the second generation in Massachusetts colony.

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASA_INC.HTM

http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/M/Mather-I1.asp

Increase Mather.  “Shifting Signs: Increase Mather and the Comets of 1680 and 1682”- [Early Modern Literary Society 1.3 (December 1995): 3.1-34] .

According to Mather’s journal:  “The Lord broke upon my conscience with very terrible convictions and awakenings. I shut myself up . . . and wrote down all the sins which I could remember. . . . I brought them before God, and I cried to him for pardoning mercy. . . . at the close of the day, as I was praying, I gave myself up to Jesus Christ, declaring that I was now resolved to be his servant.”

“Increase Mather.” Historic World Leaders. Gale Research, 1994.

Kirtley F. Mather / Kirtley Fletcher Mather

Kirtley F. Mather (1888-1978) was a pioneering field geologist who searched successfully for oil deposits in places as varied as the American West and mountains of Bolivia. The report on his Bolivian expedition, which he gave to the Geological Society of America in 1921, led to his thirty-year appointment as a teacher at Harvard University.

Author: Old Mother Earth, Harvard University Press, 1928; Science in Search of God, Holt, 1928; Sons of the Earth, Norton, 1931; (With W. W. Atwood) Physiography and Quaternary Geology of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado (monograph), U.S. Geological Survey, 1932; (With C. J. Roy) Laboratory Manual of Physical and Historical Geology, Appleton-Century, 1934; (With Dorothy Hewitt) Adult Education: A Dynamic for Democracy, Appleton, 1937; (With Shirley L. Mason) A Source Book in Geology, McGraw, 1939, reprinted, Hafner, 1964, published as A Source Book in Geology: 1400-1900, Harvard University Press, 1970; Enough and to Spare, Harper, 1944; Crusade for Life, University of North Carolina Press, 1949; A Laboratory Manual For Geology, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Volume 1: (with C. J. Roy and L. R. Thiesmeyer) Physical Geology, 1950, Volume 2: (with C. J. Roy) Historical Geology, 1952; (Contributor) Harlow Shapley, editor, Science Ponders Religion, Appleton, 1960.

The World in Which We Live, Pilgrim Press, 1961; The Earth Beneath Us, Random House, 1964, revised edition, 1975; (Contributor) Jerry R. Tompkins, editor, D-Days in Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial, Louisiana State University Press, 1965; Source Book in Geology: 1900-1950, Harvard University Press, 1967. When Mather was in his eighties he summed up his ideas about the relationship between religion and science in the book The Permissive Universe. Left among his papers at the time of his death, the manuscript was edited by his daughter Florence and her husband and was published in 1986.

Kennard B. Bork.  “A Scientist Concerned About Society: Kirtley F. Mather (1888-1978),” Denison University Department of Geology and Geography, Granville, OH 43203.

Reprinted from GSA Today, July 1996, http://geoclio.st.usm.edu/mather.html

John Mathwig

(Born March 18, 1944).  Biologist, entomologist, educator.  Member faculty College of Lake County, Grayslake, Illinois, 1970-present, Professor biology and entomology, 1976-present, Assistant Chairman Biological and health sciences division, 1979-83, curator insect collection, 1970; Director Entomology Research Lab., Lake Villa, Illinois, 1982; mosquito control consultant, Director quality control and environmental assessment Protection Unlimited, Lake Villa, 1982; President WillowPoint Industries, Mundelein, Illinois, 1984; Principal investigator-mosquitos Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Program, 1985; aquatic Consultant, 1975.  Education: BS, University of Wisconsin, 1966; Ph.D., Kansas 

Member: National Association Biology Teachers, American Association Mosquito Control, Illinois Mosquito Control Association, Presbyterian.

Author: Biology Lab Manual, 1973, Environmental Biology, 1977, 3d edit., 1986, Insects and Common Pests, 1987; author, editor: The Environ Newsletter, 1982; Contributor of articles in field to newspapers.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli / Pierandrea Mattiolo *** Not in Gale

(1501-1577).  Italian-born physician, chemist, botanist, pharmacologist, geographer.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mattioli.html

In 1544 Mattioli published Di Pedacio Dioscoride anazarbeo libri cinque, which through revisions and expansions, made him famous. It is a practical scientific treatise intended for daily use by physicians, herbalists, and others. Cappelletti insists that the commentary on Dioscorides is also the work of a dedicated student of botany. Before this he had published De morbi gallici curandi ratione, dialogus (Bologna, 1530), a traditional examination of the origins and treatment of syphilis (in which he was either the first or one of the first to recommend mercury as a cure), and later Epistola de bulbocastaneo (Prague, 1558), another work in botany. He published as well a series of writings on various medical subjects.  In 1558 he translated Ptolemy’s Geography into Italian.

During his stay in Trentino (1528-1539), he became an intimate friend, adviser, and physician to Cardinal Clesio, bishop of Trento, who developed a great esteem for him. Mattioli published an account, in poetry, of the Cardinal’s palace, Il magno palazzo.  He was royal physician first at the court of Ferdinand I and then at that of Maximilian II. Ferdinand, who was an avid collector, while Archduke of Tyrol, influenced the publication of the commentary on Dioscorides. He employed illustrators to make the engravings, and later he arranged to have the work translated into Czech.

Mattioli wrote a short treatise on the method of distillation.

Mattioli was a friend of Ghini (with whom he exchanged plants) and of Gesner.  Stannard speaks of an extensive correspondence with other naturalists. His letters to Aldrovandi were published by Fantuzzi and Raimondi.  He also carried on acrimonious disputes with Anguillara and Lusitanus.

http://www.todayinsci.com/cgi-bin/indexpage.pl?http://www.todayinsci.com/3/3_23.htm:

Di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo libri cinque (1544) served as one of the bases for the development of modern botany.

Edward Walter Maunder *** Not in Gale

(1851–1928). The English astronomer who first identified the period from 1645 to 1715, now known as the Maunder minimum, during which the recorded number of sunspots and auroras was extremely low.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=enweath2065&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Edward Walter Maunder, The Astronomy of the Bible: An Elementary Commentary on the 
Astronomical References of Holy Scripture (New York: Mitchell Kennerley,  ca. 1908.

Pierre Louis de Maupertuis

(1698-1759).  A mathematician, biologist, and astronomer, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was a strong proponent of Sir Isaac Newton’s theory of gravitation, helped confirm Newton’s theory on the exact shape of the earth, and formulated the principle of least action in physics. Born in Saint Malo, France, Maupertuis had a wide range of scientific interests. As a biologist, he wrote Systéme de la Nature, in which he provided the first accurate scientific record of a dominant hereditary trait transmitted among humans. He also introduced the theory of the survival of the fittest in his Essai de Cosmologie, a theory that Charles Darwin later expounded to wide acceptance.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maupertuis.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Pierre-Louis%20Moreau%20de%20Maupertuis

http://www.mikkeli.fi/opetus/myk/pv/comenius/maupertuis.htm

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/maupert.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/pierre_louis_maupertuis

Francesco Maurolico / Marul / Marol *** Not in Gale

(1494-1575).  Italian mathematician, astronomer, optician, mechanic, musician, geographer, military engineer, instrument-maker.  Catholic.

http://www.polybiblio.com/blroot/4699.html:

“Maurolico is described by Sarton as one of the most remarkable men of the Renaissance. He made major contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, optics, music, and geodesy (see Arnaldo Masotti, DSB, IX, pp. 190-94).”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/maurlico.html:

Maurolico received orders in 1521. When he became abbot of S. Maria del Parto in 1550, he probably took the Benedictine vows. This was the only benefice he ever held.

Photismi de lumine et umbra was completed in manuscript form in 1521 but published only in 1622, with his Diaphana, which was also an early work.  Maurolico made extensive plans and preparations for the publication of the major works of classical Greek geometry, correcting earlier editions which he found highly defective. With one exception he was not able to carry these plans all the way to publication, although a number of the works were published from his manuscripts after his death.

He published a Cosmographia (Ptolemaic, in the same year as Copernicus’ De revoutionibus) and observations of the new star of 1572.  He also published an edition of Aristotle’s Mechanical Problems, and a work on music.

Toward the end of his life he compiled a summary of Ortelius’s Theatrum orbis terrarum and a geographical work on the islands of the world.

In1541, at the request of Jacopo Gastaldo he made a map of Sicily (published 1575).  He published on the construction of the astrolabe and on astronomical instruments in general.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Francisco Maurolico,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maurolico.html

The Maurolico Project. http://maurolico.free.fr/introen.htm

Pier Daniele Napolitani. Description of the Maurolico Project.  http://maurolico.free.fr/progeten.htm

“Francesco Maurolico (1494-1575) was one of the main mathematicians of 16^th century Europe. He spent most of his life in Messina and in Sicily, a marginal location with respect to the main cultural centers of the time: Roma, Venezia, Firenze, Urbino. This fact did not prevent him from devising a huge program of restoration and recovering of classical mathematics. In 1575, at the end of his life, he had accomplished editions, compendia, commentaries of the treatises of Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius, Serenus, Theodosius, Menelaus, Ptolemaeus, Autolycus. In addition to the works on those authors, presented ex traditione Maurolyci and hence philologically very approximative, he completed a series of original treatises in several domains of mathematics (optics, arithmetic, statics, gnomonics, astronomy): results and proof-methods can be found in them going beyond the most advanced results and refined proof-methods of classical antiquity.”

Rhabanus Maurus *** Not in Gale

(c776-856) Abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, celebrated theological and pedagogical writer of the ninth century.  His chief pedagogical works are: “De universo”, a sort of encyclopedia in 22 books, based on the Etymologies of Isidore; “De computo “, a treatise on reckoning; “Excerptio de arte grammatica Prisciani”, a treatise on grammar, etc. Other important works are: “De ecclesiastics discipline”; sermons, treatises, a martyrology, and a penitential.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12617a.htm

Matthew Fontaine Maury

The American naval officer and oceanographer Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873) is remembered chiefly for his The Physical Geography of the Sea of 1855, now recognized as the first textbook of modern oceanography.

The Fontaine-Maury Society, http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~rbr3325/fontainemauryhome.html

William Maury Morris II. http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~lpproots/Fountaine/mfm-01.htm

William Maury Morris II. http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~lpproots/Fountaine/mfm-02.htm

William Maury Morris II. http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~lpproots/Fountaine/mfm-03.htm

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG97/monument/maurybio.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

James Clerk Maxwell

The Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) formulated important mathematical expressions describing electric and magnetic phenomena and postulated the identity of light as an electromagnetic action.

Baptist.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Maxwell.html, or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maxwell.html

“A Visit to James Clerk Maxwell’s House,” http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Maxwell_House.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Maxwell.html

http://www.sonnetusa.com/bio/maxwell.asp

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/jc_maxwell.asp

Books by James Clerk Maxwell: http://www.geometry.net/scientists_bk/maxwell_james_clerk.html

“While we look down with awe into these unsearchable depths and treasure up with care what with our little line and plummet we can reach, we ought to admire the wisdom of Him who has so arranged these mysteries that we can find first that which we can understand at first and the rest in order so that it is possible for us to have an ever increasing stock of known truth concerning things whose nature is absolutely incomprehensible.” From http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/~fskiff/quotes_maxwell.htm

James Clerk Maxwell http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/James%20Clerk%20Maxwell

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Christian Mayer *** Not in Gale

Moravian astronomer (1719-1783), appointed Professoressor of mathematics and physics in the University of Heidelberg. In 1755 he was invited by the Elector Palatine Charles Theodore to construct and take charge of astronomical observatory at Mannheim. Here as well as at Schwetzingen, where he had also built an observatory, he carried on his observations which led to numerous memoirs, some of which were published in the “Philosophical Transactions” of London.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10086a.htm

John Mayow / John Mayouwe / John Mayo

(1641-1679). English physiologist and chemist. Known for work on atmospheric composition, respiration, chemistry of combustion, and muscular action; his investigation (1674) of part played by spiritus nitroaerus in combustion is sometimes considered as discovery of oxygen.

Mayow, a member of a well-established family in Cornwall, studied at Oxford from which he received a bachelor’s degree in 1665 and a doctorate in civil law in 1670. He also studied medicine, and although he received no degree in the field, Mayow entered medical practice for a short time after leaving Oxford. He spent much of the 1670s in London where he became acquainted with Robert Hooke, who recommended Mayow’s election as fellow of the Royal Society in 1678.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mayow.html

John Mayow (1640-1679).  http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/mayow.html Excerpts from Tractatus Quinque Medico-Physici (1674), translated as Medico-Physical Works (Oxford, 1926)

http://74.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MAYOW_JOHN.htm

Carla Killough McClafferty

(Born 1958).  Radiologic technologist.  Author.  Rebsamen Memorial Hospital, staff radiologic technologist, 1978-83; part-time work in orthopedic clinics, 1983-present. Women’s Sunday School Teacher, Victory Missionary Baptist Church, 1998-present. Education: Graduate of Baptist Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology, 1978.

Memberships: Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators, Authors Guild, American Society of Radiologic Technologists, American Registry of Radiologic Technicians.  Baptist.

Honors: Work-in-progress grant, Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators, 1997; New York Public Library List, and Children’s Book Council selection for Outstanding Science Trade Book, both 2002, both for The Head Bone’s Connected to the Neck Bone: The Weird, Wacky, and Wonderful X-Ray.

Author: Forgiving God: A Woman’s Struggle to Understand When God Answers No, Discovery House (Grand Rapids, MI), 1995; The Head Bone’s Connected to the Neck Bone: The Weird, Wacky, and Wonderful X-Ray, Farrar, Straus & Giroux (New York, NY), 2001.

Contributor to periodicals, including Cricket, German Life, and Radiologic Technologist.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Robert Henry McCafferty

(Born 1956).  U.S. computer scientist. While a student at the University of Virginia, Mr.McCafferty worked as a research project engineer at the Scott Paper Co. in Philadelphia, 1979 – 1980.  After taking Bachelor’s [1979] and Master’s degrees of Mechanical Engineering [1980] as well as a Master of Computer Science [1982] from the University of Virginia. Mr. McCafferty cut his teeth in semiconductors with equipment and process control - including adaptive control implementation - at IBM, Burlington [Senior Associate engineer, 1981-1987]. This was followed by assignment to the Corporate Staff [1988], before he finished his career with the Company managing efforts to optimize circuit design against the effects of manufacturing variability. From there he spent a half-decade in wide-ranging consulting assignments for a subsidiary of Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN), which eventually became part of Brooks Automation, specializing in semiconductor and pattern recognition assignments. Mr. McCafferty now operates the North American branch of Curvaceous Software Limited, a UK technology firm specializing in multi-dimensional data visualization and analysis combined with Geometric Process Control and alarm management, having started up the Company’s U.S. operations in 2000.

From Biomedical Computing Interest Group.  http://www.altum.com/bcig/events/tutorials/2004_04.htm

Biography at Curvaceous Technologies: http://www.curvaceous.com/company.html, notes that McCafferty is “an expert in the application of adaptive control, process optimisation and pattern recognition in semi-conductor manufacturing and has experience across other industries including steel, chemicals, power generation, paper and refining.”

Curvaceous Technologies, based in the UK and US are the proud recipients of The European Process Safety Centre (EPSC) Award for The ‘Biggest Contribution to Improving Plant Safety 2003’.

Dr. John McCall *** Not in Gale

Veterinarian.  Professor of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia.

BS, University of Georgia, 1963; MS, University of Georgia, 1966; Ph.D., University of Georgia, 1970.

Faculty webpage, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, http://www.vet.uga.edu/ID/mccall.html

Publications, PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=PubMed&term=mccall+jw[AU]

Alfred McCann / Alfred Watterson McCann

(1879–1931).  Nutricionist, journalist, reformer.  During his youth Alfred McCann suffered from an ailment that he believed was remedied by proper diet. This experience marked the beginning of his life-interest in food. After attending Mount St. Mary’s College, Emmitsburg, Maryland, he was graduated from Pittsburg College of the Holy Ghost (now Duquesne University) in 1899, remained there as an instructor in English, mathematics, and elocution, and studied nutrition in his spare time. He was soon engaged to write advertisements for various food concerns, including Francis H. Leggett & Company.  He wrote for the New York Globe series after series of sensational articles against manufacturers who used coal tar dyes, bleaches, inert fillers, and injurious preservatives, and against public officials who condoned such abuses. The Globe provided him with a laboratory and stood behind him in the ensuing law suits. He wrote for the New York Evening Mail after the Globe suspended publication in 1923, and established the Alfred W. McCann Laboratories, Inc., in New York, whence issued a stream of endorsements of special brands of everything from chickens to cigars.

In 1913 he published Vital Questions and Answers Concerning 15,000,000 Physically Defective Children and Starving America. In 1917 he produced a war emergency food book, Thirty Cent Bread, which urged the advantages of using cornmeal, of dehydrating instead of canning fruits and vegetables, and of killing off grainconsuming steers. These suggestions were the basis of an article in the Forum (October 1917) severely criticizing the United States Food Administration. He insisted continually on the value of the mineral salts in food in This Famishing World (1918; revised as The Science of Eating, 1919) and in The Science of Keeping Young (1926). After publishing a violent antievolution book, God—or Gorilla (1922) -- in which he focused primarily on critiquing the various fossils which were then used to support the ape-human evolution scenario—he received the degree of LL.D. from Fordham University. His Greatest of Men—Washington (1927) was a laudatory volume written to inspire young people.

In 1928 he began to broadcast food talks over the radio. In the late 20’s and early 30’s McCann’s Pure Food Hour exposed the dangers of food additives and the illegal practices of some manufacturers. In addition, McCann discussed the virtues of a healthy diet. His influence was so great that the consumption of whole wheat bread in New York City increased dramatically during his reign.

After McCann Senior.’s death in 1931, McCann Jr. took over his father’s legacy. McCann Jr.’s show focused less on breaking open the indiscretions of the food industry and more on the art of good food and wine. In 1975 Patricia McCann, Alfred Jr.’s daughter, hit the airwaves continuing the family tradition.

http://www.drjoy.com/air/history.html

Alfred W. McCann.  “This Famishing World,” http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/Famish/famworldToC.html, published 1918.

William Frederick McCormick

(Born 1933). Forensic pathologist, neuropathologist. Retired. Diplomate American Board of Pathology.  Deputy chief medical examiner, State of Tennessee, 1987; Assistant chief medical examiner, State of Tennessee, 1985-87; Professor, head forensic pathology, James H. Quillen College Medicine, East Tennessee State University, 1989; Professor pathology, neuropathology, James H. Quillen College Medicine, East Tennessee State University, 1985; Clinical Professor pathology, University of Texas Medical Br., Galveston, 1985-89; Professor pathology, neurosurgery and neurology, University of Texas Medical Br., Galveston, 1973-84; Chairman surgery Dept. Review Committee, University of Iowa, 1968-69; Professor, University Iowa, 1968-73; Associate Professor, University of Iowa, 1964-68; spl. Fellow, instructor neuropathology, Columbia University, 1961-62; Deputy chief medical examiner, Tennessee, 1961-63; member Executive Committee, basic medical sciences, University of Tennessee, 1963-64; Assistant Professor, University of Tennessee, 1960-64; instructor, University of Tennessee, 1960; Assistant in pathology, University of Tennessee, 1957-60; Resident in pathology, University of Tennessee, 1957-60; Intern, Baptist Memorial Hospital, Memphis, 1956. Research interests: Non-metric variables, specific human decay rates (chemical, microscopic, and gross changes), age and sex related changes. BS, University Chattanooga, 1953; MD, University of Tennessee, 1955; MS, University of Tennessee, 1957.

Member: AAAS, AMA, American Society Human Genetics, American Society Experimental Pathology, Association American Medical Colleges, American Association Pathologists, American Association Neuropathologists, National Association Medical Examiners, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Texas Medical Association, American Association Physical Anthropologists, American Academy of Neurologists, Academy of Forensic Science, Sigma Xi.

Honors: Named Milton Helpern Memorial Lecturer, 1985; recipient Outstanding Contribution award for neuropathology rev. course, Armed Forces Institute Pathology, 1990.

Author: (with W. E. Bell) Increased Intracranial Pressure in Children, 1972, 2d edit., 1978, Neurologic Infections in Children, 2d edit, 1981, (with S. S. Schochet, Jr.) Syllabus of Neuropathology, 1973, Atlas of Cerebrovascular Disease, 1976, Neuropathology Case Studies, 1976, 3d edit., 1984, Essentials of Neuropathology, 1979; Contributor (with S. S. Schochet, Jr.) of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Faculty webpage, Forensic Anthropology Center, The University of Tennessee, http://web.utk.edu/~anthrop/FACfaculty.html

Raymond McLeod, Jr.

(Born 1932).  Marketing representative, management information systems specialist, computer scientist, manager, educator.  International Business Machines Corp., Dallas, Texas, marketing representative, 1957-65; Lifson, Wilson, Ferguson & Winick, Dallas, consult, 1965-67; Recognition Equipment, Inc., Dallas, marketing manager, 1967-69; Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, assistant professor of business administration, 1973-80; currently affiliated with College of Business Administration, Texas A & M University, College Station.  Education: Baylor University, B.B.A., 1954; Texas Christian University, M.B.A., 1957; University of Colorado, D.B.A., 1975.

Member: Methodist. Military/Wartime Service: U.S. Air Force, 1954-56; became captain.

Author: (With I. H. Forkner) Computerized Business Systems, Wiley, 1973, 2nd edition, 1982; Management Information Systems, Science Research Associates, 1979, 3rd edition, 1986; Case Book in Management Information Systems, Science Research Associates, 1979, 3rd edition, 1986; Decision Support Software for the IBM Personal Computer, Science Research Associates, 1985; (With Alan Mazursky) Decision Support Software for the IBM Personal Computer: Lotus Edition, Science Research Associates, 1986; Introduction to Information Systems: A Problem-Solving Approach, Science Research Associates, 1989; Information Systems, Macmillan, 1990; Information Systems Concepts, Maxwell Macmillan, 1994; Systems Analysis and Design: An Organizational Approach, Dryden, 1994.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

“Author Ray McCloud, Jr.,” http://www.buresund.se/authors/authors.php?aid=1020 or http://www.prenhall.com/divisions/bp/app/mcleod/html/authorbio.html.  “During his almost 30 years as a professor Ray has taught over 8,000 students, and his MIS text has probably been used by more students around the world than any other. Just like the IBM decision in 1957, the teaching decision in 1969 proved to be the right one. Ray feels fortunate that he has been able to share his experiences in the computer field with so many students.”

Darlene E. McCown

Nursing educator.  Professor of Human Development and Family Studies, Director of Health Services, Professor of Nursing, Northeastern Seminary at Roberts Wesleyan College.  Areas of Special Interest: Grief, Death and Loss; Family; Human Growth and Development; Faith Development; Health; Research; Therapeutic Touch. Previous: Associate Professor, University Rochester, N.Y., 1988; Professor, Azusa Pacific University, L.A., 1985-88; Associate Professor, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, 1974-85; Assistant Professor, Seattle (Washington) Pacific University, 1971-72; Assistant Professor, Virginia Medical College, Richmond, Virginia, 1967-70. Dr. McCown holds two graduate degrees and is a frequently sought after speaker and consultant. Her earned degrees include: B.S., Seattle Pacific University, 1964; B.S.N., University of Washington, 1964; M.N., University of Washington, 1967; Ph.D., Oregon State University, 1982.
Member: National Association Pediatric Nurse Association Practitioner, Association Death Education and Counselors (certified), National League Nursing (site visitor), Sigma Theta Tau.
Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Faculty webpage, Northeastern Seminary at Roberts Wesleyan College, Faculty, Staff and Administration,  http://www.nes.edu/faculty.htm

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Michael Leon McCollough

(Born 1953).  Astronomer. Laboratory instructor, Auburn (Ala.) University, 1974-75, graduate Assistant, 1975-77, lab. technician, 1977-78; Associate instructor Indiana University, Bloomington, 1978-86; ops. astronomer Computer Sciences Corp., Balt., 1988-90, science planning and scheduling system dep. br. chief, 1990-92; data processing and distbn. manager U.S. ROSAT Science Data Center, 1992-93; Assistant system manager BATSE Data Analysis System, 1993; Visiting Lecturer Oklahoma State University, 1986-87; Visiting Assistant Professor University of Oklahoma, 1987-88. B.S., Auburn University, 1975, M.S., 1981; Ph.D., Indiana University, 1989.

Honors: Recipient Achievement award Space Telescope Science Institute, 1990, 91, Public Service Group Achievement award NASA, 1991, Cert. Recognition, 1991, 93.

Member American Astron. Society, Royal Astron. Society, Astron. Society Pacific, American Physics Society, Sigma Xi (Associate), Sigma Pi Sigma. Baptist.

Carl Nimitz McDaniel

(Born June 9, 1942).  Biologist.  Educator.  Instructor, U.S. Naval Academy, 1969; postdoctoral fellow, Yale University, New Haven, 1973-75; Assistant Professor biology Rensselaer Poly. Institute, Troy, N.Y., 1975-80, Associate Professor, 1981-87, Professor 1987.  Education: A.B., Oberlin College, 1964; M.A., Wesleyan University, 1966, Ph.D., 1973.

Member: George Washington School District Board, Brunswick, N.Y., 1980-81; board trustee 1st Presbyterian Church, Troy, N.Y., 1979-82, 83-86, Chairman endowment committee, 1980-85. Served to Lt. U.S. Navy, 1966-70. Grantee NSF, U.S. Department of Agt., NIH. Member Society Development Biology, American Society Plant Physiologists, Botanical Society of America.

Consulting editor: Encyclopedia of Science & Technology in Development Biology, 1982. Contributor of chapters to books and articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Faculty webpage, Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic: http://j2ee.rpi.edu/biology/update.do?artcenterkey=4 Environmental sciences, developmental biology

Home page, http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bio/info/Staff/mcdaniel.html

James McDivitt / James Alton McDivitt

(Born 1929).  Pilot.  Astronaut.  Defense and aerospace executive.  Flew on Gemini 4, 1965; Apollo 9, 1969.  Retired Senior Vice President strategic management, Rockwell International, Arlington, Virginia.

James McDivitt’s education credits include a BSc in Aeronautical Engineering from University of Michigan, 1959; D, University of Michigan, 1965; DSc, Seton Hall University, 1969; DSc, Miami University, 1970; LLD, Ea. Michigan University, 1975.  He joined the U.S. Air Force in 1951, advancing through grades to Brigadier General until his retirement in 1972. He flew 145 missions during the Korean War.  He graduated the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School (1960) and the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School (1961). NASA selected him to be an astronaut in 1962. In June 1965, he was the Command Pilot of Gemini 4, the first 4 day mission by NASA which was highlighted by his Pilot Ed White’s first American EVA.  In March 1969, he was the Commander of Apollo 9, the first manned test of the Lunar Module(LM) during an earth orbital mission. McDivitt was named Manager, Lunar Landing Operations at JSC in May 1969, and named Manager, Apollo Spacecraft Program overseeing all lunar operations from Apollo 12 through to Apollo 16 in August 1969. In 1972 he resigned NASA and the U.S. Air Force to become Executive Vice-President, Corporate Affairs, Consumer Power Co.  In March 1975, he joined Pullman Inc., as Executive Vice-President & Director, becoming President of the Pullman Standard Division in October of that year. In January 1981, joined Rockwell International as Senior Vice-President of Government Operations and Strategic Planning.

Member:  Advisory council, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 1988, University of Notre Dame College of Engineering, 1975-88, Fellow Society Experimental Test Pilots (Kinchloe award 1969).

James A. McDivitt (Brig. General, USAF Ret.). http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/mcdivitt-ja.html or http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/mcdivitt.htm

http://www.urbin.de/autogramme/original_mcdivitt.htm (In German)

Ephraim McDowell

(1771-1830).  Pioneered in abdominal surgery; performed first ovarian operation in U.S. in Kentucky, 1809.

http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/mcdowell.htm~right

Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center.  http://www.emrmc.org/

McDowell House Museum, Inc.  http://www.mcdowellhouse.com/

Murray J. McEwan *** Not in Gale

(Not Murray McEwan of Balance Agri-Nutrients Limited.)

Interstellar chemist.  Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. M.Sc.(Hons.), Ph.D.(Cant.), F.R.S.N.Z., F.N.Z.I.C.

Faculty webpage, University of Canterbury, http://www.chem.canterbury.ac.nz/people/mcewan.shtml

Marsden Fund Newsletter, n. 26, December 2003.   http://www.rsnz.govt.nz/funding/marsden_fund/news26/index.php

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III. The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Andrew McIntosh, DSc, FIMA, CMath, FInstE, CEng *** Not in Gale

Mathematics.  Professor of Thermodynamics and Combustion Theory, University of Leeds, England.

D.Sc. in mathematics from the University of Wales, 1998; Ph.D. in the theory of combustion from the Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1981; B.Sc. with first class honors in applied mathematics from the University of Wales, 1973.

Author of over 80 research papers. Contributor to 10 textbooks dealing with combustion theory.

Biography, http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/a_mcintosh.asp or

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/mcintosh-a.html

Faculty webpage, University of Leeds: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/fuel/people/mcintoshac/default.htm

Curriculum vitae: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/fuel/people/mcintoshac/shortcv.htm

Inaugural lecture, University of Leeds, “Burning, Frizzling or Fizzling,”  http://www.leeds.ac.uk/fuel/research/fizzle/

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Robert Gilmore McKinnell

(Born 1926).  Biologist.  Researcher.  Educator.  Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, research associate in embryology, 1958-61; Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, Assistant Professor, 1961-65, Associate Professor, 1965-69, Professor of biology, 1969-70; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Professor of genetics and cell biology, 1970-present. Visiting scientist at Dow Chemical, Freeport, TX, 1976. Conference organizer of Third International Conference on Differentiation, Minneapolis, 1978; participant in Princess Takamatsu cancer symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 1980; guest of Institute of Developmental Biology, Academia Sinica, Peking, China, 1980; guest of Department of Histopathology, Oxford University, Oxford, England, 1980.  Education: University of Missouri, B.A., 1948; Drury College, B.S., 1949; University of Minnesota, Ph.D., 1959.

Memberships: International Society of Differentiation (secretary), American Association for Cancer Research, American Institute of Biological Sciences, Society for Developmental Biology, Environmental Mutagen Society, Linnean Society of London, Sigma Xi. Presbyterian. U.S. Naval Reserve, Supply Corps, 1944-47, 1951-53; became lieutenant.

Honors: Excellence in teaching award from Tulane University, 1970; NATO senior science fellow, 1974; distinguished alumni award from Drury College, 1979.

Author: Cloning: Nuclear Transplantation in Amphibia, University of Minnesota Press, 1978; Cloning: A Biologist Reports, University of Minnesota Press, 1979; (Editor with Marie A. DiBerardino, Martin Blumenfeld, and Robert D. Bergad) Differentiation and Neoplasia, Springer-Verlag, 1980; Cloning of Frogs, Mice, and Other Animals, University of Minnesota Press (Minneapolic, MN), 1985; (With others) The Biological Basis of Cancer, Cambridge University Press ( New York), 1998. Contributor of more than fifty articles to scientific journals., including Science, Cancer Research, and Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Associate editor of Gamete Research; member of editorial board of Differentiation.

McKinnell told Contemporary Authors: “I cherish the fact that I was born during the great American Depression in southwest Missouri, which was not a particularly affluent region at the time. Those circumstances, it seems to me, helped to provide an appreciation of lasting personal relationships and the capacity to endure the stress and difficult times that come to all people. I relied during that period on the joy of family and friends instead of plastic toys and the companionship of electronic devices. Placing value on human relationships instead of material goods freed me in later years to attempt biological research, which ultimately led to writing. The writing has been as much a source of satisfaction as the research which led to it, and I am grateful to my somewhat austere origins and the warm memories of family and friends that made it all possible.”

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Grenetta McKinstry

(Born 1947). Environmental scientist. President, Senior microbiologist Gene Amplification, Inc., 1989-present. Previous positions: Researcher, Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical Co., Indpls., 1970-72; tech. Assistant dept. microbiology Ohio State University, 1972-76, Teaching Assistant, 1976-79; tutor European Molecular Biology Organization, University Erlangen-Nurnberg (West Germany), 1979; postdoctoral Associate Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, West Berlin, 1979, Ohio State University, 1979; microbial geneticist Abbott Labs., North Chicago, Illinois, 1980-85; Senior microbial geneticist Oak Ridge Research Institute, 1985-87; Senior microbiologist PEER Consultant, 1987-89. Education: AB cum laude, Biology, Stillman College, 1968; MA (NDEA Fellow) in Microbiology, Indiana University, 1970; Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1979.

Member: American Society for Microbiology, Association for Women in Science, AAAS, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, American Phytopath. Society, Sigma Xi.  Baptist.

Honor: Recipient Presidential award, 1982. 

Contributor of articles on microbial genetics to science publications.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Gene Amplification International, Environmental Consulting Agency, http://www.geneamplificationintl.com/cgi-bin/ePages.storefront/40e8355a005554c00000c6ace395064c/ePages/Customer/Vanity/vanity/www.geneamplificationintl.com

Grenetta McKinstry and Arthur L. Koch.  Department of Microbiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401; “Interaction of Maltose Transport with the Transport of Glucose and Galactosides,” http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=247303.  Journal of Bacteriology, 1972 January; 109 (1): 455–458.

Victor McKusick

(Born "1921" Day="21" Month="10" October 21, 1921 in Parkman, Maine, United States).  Geneticist, educator, physician.  Certification: Diplomate American Board Internal Medicine.  Victor A. McKusick has been called the “father of medical genetics” due his major contributions to the field that have spanned the second half of the twentieth century. From cardiologist, to geneticist, to educator, administrator, and author, McKusick has had an impact on nearly every major milestone in modern genetics. It has been suggested that through his writing and teaching he has probably influenced all geneticists in the world today.

Chief div. Medical genetics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1957-73, 85-89; University Professor medical genetics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1985; physician-in-chief, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1973-85; Chairman Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1973-85; William Osler Professor medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1978-85; Professor epidemiology, biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1969-78; Professor medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1960-85; chief division Medical genetics, Dept. of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1957-73; Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1957-60; Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1954-57; instructor medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1951-54; tng. in clinical medicine, laboratory school, Johns Hopkins University/USPHS, 1946-52.   Member School advisory committee National Foundation, 1959-78; member advisory Board Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1967-83; committee mapping and sequencing of human genome National Academy of Science, 1986-88; President International Medical Congress, Ltd., 1972-78; member National Advisory School Resources Council, 1970-74; member Board science advisors Roche Institute Molecular Biology, 1967-71; trustee Jackson Laboratory, 1979; founding member American Board Medical Genetics, 1979-82; President 8th International Conference Human Genetics, Washington, 1991; member human genome advisory committee NIH, 1988-92, NIH/DOE work group on ethical, legal and societal implications of Human Genome Project, 1990-95; co-Chairman Centennial of Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1989-90; co-founder, co-Director Annual short course in Medical and Experimental mammalian genetics, Bar Harbor, Maine, 1960, European School Medical Genetics Sestri Levante and Bertinoro, 1988; Chairman committee on DNA tech. in forensic science NRC/NAS, 1989-92, advisory update committee, 1993-96; member science advisory Board Celera Genomics, 1998; founding fellow American College Medical Genetics.Education: Student, Tufts College, 1940-43; MD, Johns Hopkins University, 1946; DSc, N.Y. Medical College, 1974; MD, Liverpool University, 1976; DSc, University Maine, 1978; DSc, Tufts University, 1978; DSc, University Rochester, 1979; DSc, Meml. University, Nfld., 1979; DMCh, University Helsinki, 1981; D, Medical University S.C., 1979; MD, Edinburgh University, 1984; DSc, Aberdeen University, 1988; DSc, Medical College Ohio, 1988; DSc, Bates College, 1989; Ph.D., Tel Aviv University, 1989; MD, Zurich (Switzerland) University, 1990; DSc, Colby College, 1991; DSc, University of Chicago,1991; DSc, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 1992; DSc, Medical College Wisconsin, 1998; DSc, Rockefeller University, 2002.

Member: Fellow AAAS (chair Medical sciences section 1991), American Academy Orthopedic Surgeons (hon.), Royal College Physicians (London), Hastings Center, American College Medical Genetics (hon.); National Academy of Science (James Murray Luck award 1982), American Philos. Society (v.p. 1996, Benjamin Franklin medal for Distinguished achievement in sciences 1996), American Society Human Genetics (President 1975, Wm. A. Allan award 1977), Association American Physicians (Kober medal 1990), American Society Clinical Investigation (v.p. 1967), Human Genome Orgn. (founder President 1988-89), American Academy Arts and Science, Little People of American (hon. life), Academy National Médecine (France; corr.), Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Omega Alpha, Johns Hopkins Club, West Hamilton St. Club, St. Andrew’s Society Balt.  Presbyterian (elder).

Honors: Named honorary citizen of Genoa, 1997; named to International Pediatrics Hall of Fame, 1987; recipient Distinguished Achievement award, Modern Medicine, 1965, John Phillips award, ACP, 1972, Silver medal, University Helsinki, 1974, Gairdner International award, 1977, Premio Internazionale Sanremo per le Ricerche Genetiche, 1983, Col. Saunders award, March of Dimes, 1988, Distinguished Alumnus award, Johns Hopkins University, 1983, Alumnus Service award, Johns Hopkins Medical School, 1989, Passano award, 1989, Distinguished Service award, Miami Biotech. Winter Symposium, 1991, Frank Bradway Rogers Info. Advancement award, Medical Libr. Association, 1991, Silver Columbus medal, Comune di Genova, 1992, Maine prize (with twin), 1993, Mendel medal, Villanova University, 1995, Big “M” award, Maine State Society Washington, D.C., 1995, Coriell medal, Coriell Institute, Camden, N.J., 1997, Lasker award for lifetime achievement in Medical science, 1997, City of Medicine award, Durham, North Carolina, 1997, James P. McGovern Compleat Physician award, 2000, Albert Lasker award for Special Achievement in Medicine, Lasker Foundation, 2000, National medal of science, 2002, School Achievement award, American Heart Association, 2002.

Author: Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue, 1956, 60, 66, 72, 93, Cardiovascular Sound in Health and Disease, 1958, Medical Genetics, 1958-60, 1961, Human Genetics, 1964, 69, On the X Chromosome of Man, 1964, Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 1966, 68, 71, 75, 78, 83, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 98, Medical Genetics Self-Instruction Guide, 1993, (with others) Osler’s Textbook Revisited, 1967, Genetics of Hand Malformations, 1978, Medical Genetic Studies of the Amish, 1978, A Model of its Kind, 1989, Osler’s Legacy, 1990, A Century of Biomedical Science at Johns Hopkins, 1993; author, editor: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 1985; editor-in-chief Medicine journal, 1985; founding co-editor-in-chief Genomics journal 1987; editor Medical textbook.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

McKusick, “Father of Genetic Medicine,” To Get National Medal of Science,”  http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/2002/MAY/020509.htm

http://www.jhu.edu/~jhumag/0400web/38.html
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/2002/MAY/McKusickBio.html

“In 1972 McKusick received the John Phillips Award of the American College of Physicians for distinguished contributions in Internal Medicine. The recipient of numerous honorary doctorates, McKusick has also received the Gaidner International Award (1977), the William A. Allan Award of the American Society of Human Genetics (1977), the James Murray Luck Award from the National Academy of Sciences (1982) and the Sanremo International Prize for Genetic Research (1983). He has been inducted into the International Pediatrics Hall of Fame (1987) and has received the Passano Award (1989), the George M. Kober Medal (American Association of Physicians, 1990) and in 1997 received the prestigious Albert Lasker Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science. More recently, McKusick was honored with the Ellen Browning Scripps Medal and the John P. McGovern Compleat Physician Award. McKusick has served in distinguished positions on numerous advisory boards and editorial boards and within professional organizations.”

The news release from the National Science Foundation: http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/pr0240.htm

Previous Medal of Science recipients: http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/awards/nms/medal_recipients.htm

Ellen Winnie McLaughlin

(Born August 17, 1937).  Biologist.  Educator.  Instructor biology Converse College, Spartanburg, S.C., 1960-63; Assistant Professor biology Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, 1967-70, Associate Professor, 1970-75, Professor, 1975. faculty v.p. Samford University, 1986-87, President, 1987. Emory University Fellow, 1965; Samford University research grantee, 1988, 1993. Education: BS, SUNY-Albany, 1958; MA, University N.C., 1962, Ph.D., Emory University, 1967.

Member: AIBS, Alabama Academy of Science, Association So. Biologists, American Science Affiliates, Phi Kappa Phi, Christian and Missionary Alliance, Affiliation of Christian Biologists, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (formerly American Society of Zoologists), American Malacological Union.

Author: Laboratory Guide for General Biology, 1992, Histology Laboratory Manual, Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Development of Freshwater Snail Eggs, 1989. American Zool. 29:112A. Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation and Water Depth on Development of Freshwater Snail Embryos, 1992. American Zool. Effects of Near-, Mid-, and Far-U.V. Radiation on Snail Development, 1995.  Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Honors: Beta Beta Beta Biological Honor Society Advisor; The National Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi #140 Chair, Fellowship Committee 1989-97; President 1992-93; Hypatia Honor Society for Women at Samford University, Advisor; Advisory and Review Board on the Status of Women at Samford University.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Faculty webpage, Samford University, http://faculty.samford.edu/~ewmclaug/

“Dr. Ellen McLaughlin has taught in the Samford University Department of Biology since 1967, longer than anyone else in the department. She has served three times as acting chair of the department, and is best known for her development of the Cornerstone interdisciplinary science course and her ongoing research with ultra-violet radiation effects on snail embryos. She is presently serving as chairman of the Biology Faculty Building Committee for the new Samford Science Center.”

Tom McLeish *** Not in Gale

Polymer physicist.  Tom McLeish is Professor of Polymer Physics and, since 1993, Head of the Polymers and Complex Fluids Group (incorporating the Leeds branch of the Polymer IRC) in the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Leeds University. Prevously, he was a Lecturer at the University of Sheffield from 1989 to 1993. His research has developed within the field of Soft Condensed Matter Physics, concentrating on Polymeric Dynamics, but also encompassing related problems in other complex fluids, including peptide self-assemblies and protein dynamics. His own contributions have been mostly theoretical, but he has frequently initiated collaborations with experimentalist physicists, engineers and chemists. He is currently an EPSRC Senior Fellow and Director of the IRC in Polymer Science and Technology and of the White Rose Life Science Interface Doctorla Training Centre. He also has an active interest in the Public Understanding of Science and Theology.

From “Society of Rhaeology Author Profile,” http://www.rheology.org/sor012/author.asp?AuID=76

Tom McLeish studied for a BA and Ph.D. in theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge.

“TCB McLeisch,” Faculty webpage, Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, http://www.physics.leeds.ac.uk/pages/TCBMcLeish

His research falls into three distinct but related strands:

Molecular Polymer Rheology - focussing on the special dynamics of branched entangled polymers, and the Mupp Project.

Dynamics of Phase Separation in Polymeric Fluids - especially structure formation and control.

Self-Assembled and Biological Complex Fluids- including wormlike micelles, peptide nanotapes (amyloid fibrils) and protein physics.

Professor Tom McLeish webpage, http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/WEBSITE/default.aspx?CID=8723&ZoneID=6&MenuID=1546 .The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) is the UK’s main agency for funding research and related postgraduate training in engineering and the physical sciences – from maths to materials science, and from information technology to structural engineering.  EPSRC is a non-departmental governmental public body (NDPB), funded by the Government through the Department of Trade and Industry’s (DTI) Office of Science and Technology (OST).

Dr. Tom McLeish, ITP & Leeds.  “Non-Relativistic Brownian Strings: A Common Motif in Nature,”

http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/bblunch/mcleish/

Don Connigale. “Life: Cosmic Cheese,” http://www.culturelab-uk.com/site/templates/print_view.asp?ID=175

Tim Radford. “’Science cannot provide all the answers’
Why do so many scientists believe in God?” The Guardian, Thursday September 4, 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1034872,00.html

“Should physics go to bed with biology?” http://www.stats.bris.ac.uk/research/applied/amnag/coll/

Tom McLeish.  “Risk in the Scientific Process ,” http://www.cis.org.uk/conference/Sheffield_2003/macleish.htm

Tom McLeish.  “Facing up to the mystery of God,” http://physicsweb.org/article/review/14/4/4/1

Review: April 2001 of  Faith, Science and Understanding by John Polkinghorne.

Ronald E. McNair / Ronald Erwin McNair

(1950-1986).  Physicist.  NASA astronaut, 1978-1986.  Lecturer physics, Texas Southern University, Houston, 1983-86. Staff physicist, Hughes Research Labs., Malibu, California, 1976-78. Ronald McNair became the second black astronaut in space and the first black to lose his life while in flight. His outstanding academic achievements and expertise in physics and the specialized fields of chemical and high–pressure lasers led him to be selected in 1979 as a shuttle mission specialist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He became known as a member of the crew for the ill–fated manned spacecraft Challenger launched in 1986.  Graduated from Carver High School, Lake City, South Carolina, in 1967; received a bachelor of science degree in Physics from North Carolina A&T State University in 1971 and a doctor of philosophy in Physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976; presented an honorary doctorate of Laws from North Carolina A&T State University in 1978, an honorary doctorate of science from Morris College in 1980, and an honorary doctorate of science from the University of South Carolina in 1984.

While at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dr. McNair performed some of the earliest development of chemical HF/DF and high-pressure CO lasers. His later experiments and theoretical analysis on the interaction of intense C02 laser radiation with molecular gases provided new understandings and applications for highly excited polyatomic molecules.

In 1975, he studied laser physics with many authorities in the field at E’cole D’ete Theorique de Physique, Les Houches, France. He has published several papers in the areas of lasers and molecular spectroscopy and has given many presentations in the United States and abroad.

Following graduation from MIT in 1976, McNair became a staff physicist with Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California. His assignments included the development of lasers for isotope separation and photochemistry, utilizing nonlinear interactions in low-temperature liquids and optical pumping techniques. He also conducted research on electro-optic laser modulation for satellite-to-satellite space communications, the construction of ultrafast infrared detectors, ultraviolet atmospheric remote sensing, and the scientific foundations of the martial arts.

He first flew as a mission specialist on STS 41-B, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 3, 1984. He logged a total of 191 hours in space. Dr. McNair was a mission specialist on STS 51-L, which was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, at 11:38:00 EST on January 28, 1986. The STS 51-L crew died on January 28, 1986 after Challenger exploded 1 minute 13 seconds after launch.

From “Ronald E. McNair (Ph.D.), NASA Astronaut,” http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/mcnair.htm

Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Optical Society, the American Physical Society (APS), the APS Committee on Minorities in Physics, the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics Board of Trustees, the MIT Corporation Visiting Committee, Omega Psi Phi, and a visiting Lecturer in Physics at Texas Southern University.

Honors: Graduated magna cum laude from North Carolina A&T (1971); named a Presidential Scholar (1967-1971), a Ford Foundation Fellow (1971-1974), a National Fellowship Fund Fellow (1974-1975), a NATO Fellow (1975); winner of Omega Psi Phi Scholar of the Year Award (1975), Los Angeles Public School System’s Service Commendation (1979), Distinguished Alumni Award (1979), National Society of Black Professional Engineers Distinguished National Scientist Award (1979), Friend of Freedom Award (1981), Who’s Who Among Black Americans (1980), an AAU Karate Gold Medal (1976), five Regional Blackbelt Karate Championships, and numerous proclamations and achievement awards.

http://www.ollusa.edu/_services/McNair/RONALD.HTM

http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/physics/mcnair_ronalde.html

McNair Magnet School.  http://novusites.admin.brevard.k12.fl.us/schools/mcnairmid/aboutmcnair.html

http://www.ou.edu/special/mcnair/RonaldMcNair.htm

About Ronald E. McNair...

http://www-mcnair.berkeley.edu/Ronald_E._McNair.html

The U.C. Berkeley McNair Scholars Program, named after the late Dr. Ronald E. McNair, is a federally funded TRIO program with 158 sites at universities across the country.

http://www.csufresno.edu/mcnair/McNairbio.html

East Tennessee State University.  “Who was Donald E. McNair?” http://www.etsu.edu/mcnair/mcnair.htm

Mead, Margaret

(1901-1978). American anthropologist, writer. Assistant curator of ethnology, American Museum of Natural History (1926-42); associate curator (1942-64), curator (1964-69). Adjunct professor, Columbia (from 1954). On field trips to Samoa (1925-26, 1928-29), New Guinea (1931-33), Bali and New Guinea (1936-39); known also as popular and controversial lecturer on contemporary social issues.  Education: Attended DePauw University, 1919-20; Barnard College, B.A., 1923; Columbia University, M.A., 1924, Ph.D., 1929.

Member: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Anthropological Association (fellow; past president), American Association for the Advancement of Science (past president; past chair of board), Institute for Intercultural Studies (secretary), American Association of University Women, Society of Applied Anthropology (past president), American Ethnological Society, Society of Woman Geographers (fellow), American Orthopsychiatric Association (fellow), World Society of Ekistics (past president), Scientists Institute for Public Information (past president), Society for General Systems Research (past president), Institute for Intercultural Studies, World Federation of Mental Health (past president), American Council of Learned Societies (past vice-president), New York Academy of Science (fellow), Phi Beta Kappa, Delta Kappa Gamma, Sigma Xi.  Episcopalian.

Honors: Honorary degrees from Wilson College, 1940, Rutgers University, 1941, Elmira College, 1947, Western College for Women, 1955, University of Leeds, 1957, Kalamazoo College, 1957, Skidmore College, 1958, Goucher College, 1960, Temple University, 1962, Lincoln University, 1963, Columbia University, 1964, and University of Cincinnati, 1965. National achievement award, Chi Omega, 1940; gold medal award, Society of Women Geographers, 1942; one of outstanding women of the year in science, Associated Press, 1949; Viking Medal in anthropology, 1958; medal of honor, Rice University, 1962; Women's Hall of Fame, Nationwide Women Editors, 1965; William Proctor Prize for Scientific Achievement, Scientific Research Society of America, 1969; Arches of Science Award, Pacific Science Center, 1971; Kalinga Prize, UNESCO and government of India, 1971; Wilder Penfield Award, Vanier Institute of the Family, 1972; Lehmann Award, New York Academy of Sciences, 1973; Omega Achievers Award for Education, 1977; Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1979.

Author: Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), Growing Up in New Guinea (1930), Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935), Balinese Character (with Gregory Bateson, 1941), And Keep Your Powder Dry (1942), Male and Female (1949), Childhood in Contemporary Cultures (with Martha Wolfenstein, 1955), New Lives for Old (1956), Anthropology (1964), Continuities in Cultural Evolution (1964), Culture and Commitment (1970), Blackberry Winter (autobiography, 1972).

“Dr. Mead was not only an anthropologist and ethnologist of the first rank but also something of a national oracle on other subjects ranging from atomic politics to feminism,” wrote Alan Whitman in the New York Times obituary. As a professional she altered the scope and approach of her science; as a human being she embodied passionate concern and sensible humanism; as a celebrity “she lent her support to dozens of causes,” wrote Boyce Rensberger, “above all, to the cause of greater understanding and human harmony.”

Margaret Mead was an authority on more than a dozen aspects of human science, any one of which would be sufficient to occupy the attention of most individuals. “She did many things simultaneously--but she did them all well,” John Willey, Mead's editor at Morrow for thirty years, told Publishers Weekly. As Newsweek's Elizabeth Peer noted, “the obsession that ruled such diversity was to learn how people cope with change.” John Thompson of Harper's summed up Mead's career as a continual study of “man's cultural evolution, particularly as it is marked in the successive adaptations of generations.” She was concerned not only with the “generation gap” but with gaps in general. She was an arbiter, a peacemaker, trying to defuse emotionally laden conflicts with facts and common sense. Life described her as “the cool anthropologist, rational grandmother, symbol of common sense to millions of Americans.”

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

“Margaret Mead,” http://www.gwu.edu/~asc/biographies/Mead/

“Margaret Mead,” http://www.mala.bc.ca/~MCNEIL/mead.htm

“Margaret Mead,” http://kroeber.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/information/biography/klmno/mead_margaret.html

“Margaret Mead,” http://www.gwu.edu/~asc/biographies/Mead/

Barbara Mearns / Barbara Crawford Mearns

(Born 1955).  Scottish psychologist, biologist.  Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries, Scotland, occupational therapist in child psychiatry department, 1976-80; Carnsalloch Cheshire Home, Dumfries, occupational therapist, 1982-83; Crichton Royal Hospital, occupational therapist, 1984-85; biohistorical researcher and writer, 1985-present; A Rocha Trust (Christians in Conservation), U.K. administrator, 1997-present.  Education: Attended Astley Ainslie College of Occupational Therapy, 1973- 75, and Bible Training Institute of Glasgow, 1980-81.
Member: Baptist.

Author: (With husband, Richard Mearns) Biographies for Birdwatchers: The Lives of Those Commemorated in Western Palearctic Bird Names, Academic Press, 1988; (With husband, Mearns) Audubon to Xantus: The Lives of Those Commemorated in North American Bird Names, Academic Press, 1992; (With husband, Mearns) The Bird Collectors, Academic Press, 1998.

Barbara Mearns told Contemporary Authors: “The twelve-year period up to 1997 was dominated by biohistorical research and writing for the three books my husband and I wrote on early naturalists. By the time The Bird Collectors was finished, I was ready for a change of direction, and was fortunate to be asked to work for the A Rocha Trust. A Rocha is an international organization of Christians in conservation, with a well-established Field Study Centre in southwest Portugal. Since 1997, a small team has been working in conservation and environmental education at the Aammiq Marsh in Lebanon, the last major wetland in that country, and there are new projects beginning in France and Kenya, with plans for development in Canada and England. This is, therefore, an exciting time to be working as the U.K. administrator, and the role brings together my lifelong interest in wildlife, my desire as a Christian to help the church become more actively involved in caring for God's world, and my experience in writing.”

Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2001.

Pedro de Medina *** Not in Gale

(c. 1493-c. 1567).  Spanish cartographer, navigation expert, mathematician, cleric.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/medina.html

Medina taught navigation and mathematics to pilots.  In 1549, named “cosmografo de honor” to the kings.

He was consulted by two juntas convened by the Council of the Indies (in 1554 and 56) to determine the position of the Philippines and other Pacific islands in relation to the dispute with Portugal.

Paul Martin Mehrle, Jr.

(Born December 13, 1944).  Biochemist.  Physiologist, National Fishery Research Lab, Columbia, Mo., 1971-81, chief biologist, 1981.  Education: B.A., Southwestern University, Memphis, 1967; M.A., University of Missouri., 1969, Ph.D., 1971.

Member: Chairman, Zoning Adjustment Board, 1981-82; Member Mayor of Columbia Task Force on Drug Abuse, 1983. Member American Fishery Society (editor water quality reports 1981, Associate editor transactions, 1981-83), American Chemical Society, Society Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Presbyterian. Lodge: Rotary.

Recipient Special Achievement award, U.S. Department of Interior, 1975, 77, 78, 81.

Co-author science publications and books on environmental toxicology.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004. 

Colin Melbourne *** Not in Gale

Colin is an English veterinarian and zoologist who was “saved” in 1988 at a Spirit-filled Baptist fellowship, whilst back-packing around New Zealand. You can read his salvation testimony here.  He moved to Southeast Asia as a missionary in 1990.

Colin Melbourne, English Missionary in Asia.  “Sox & The Meaning of Life,” http://www.born-again-christian.info/testimony.htm. “An English veterinarian and his Muslim girlfriend ‘living life to the full’ discover Real Life in the Lord Jesus Christ. The true story of how a cynical scientist, and a real life James Herriot becomes a born again Spirit-filled missionary, after a lady washed his sox [sic].”

Colin Melbourne.  “All Creatures Great and Small : James Herriot Remembered,” http://www.born-again-christian.info/james.herriot.htm. “But the biggest thrill in my life has not been treating all creatures great and small like Mr. Herriot (UK vets don’t like to be called ‘Doctor’, it’s something we have to get used to working outside the UK.) The greatest joy I’ve had is Meeting The One who made them all. His name is The LORD Jesus Christ. You can read what happened, and how He sent me to become a Missionary in Asia here.”

Website, “Born Again Christian Info,” http://www.born-again-christian.info

Francisco de Mello *** Not in Gale

(1490-1536).  Portuguese mathematician, cartographer.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mello.html

Mello wrote extensively on mathematics, including Euclid’s optics and Archimede’s hydrostatics.

http://24.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MANUEL_DE_MELLO_DOM_FRANCISCO.htm

Johann Gregor Mendel

(1822-1884). Austrian botanist. The science of genetics can trace its origins to biologist Gregor Mendel. In meticulous studies with pea plants, Mendel acquired the experimental data necessary to formulate the laws of heredity.  Entered order of Augustinians at Brunn (1843); ordained (1847); taught in technical high school (1854-68); abbot (1868). Known for breeding experiments with peas in monastery garden (from 1856); discovered Mendel's laws of segregation and of independent assortment, based on his inference that heritable characteristics are paired units and that their appearance in hybridized offspring obeys statistical laws; his work was published by natural history society of Brunn (1866) but not widely recognized until brought into prominence by De Vries and others. (1900).http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=ethics0268&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.library.villanova.edu/services/exhibits/gregor_johann_mendel.htm

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/mendel_gregor.html

http://www.infoscience.fr/histoire/portrait/mendel.html (in French)

http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/mendel.htm (in German)

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10180b.htm

http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/gregormendel.html

National Genome Research Project. http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=mendel%2C%20johann%20(gregor) Listen to a detailed explanation.  Dr. Francis Collins, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, discusses Johann (Gregor) Mendel.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gregor%20Mendel

Mendel | Johann Gregor | 1822-1884 | Austrian biologist and botanist, http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/m/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0458/

Gregor Mendel.  http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/mendel.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Pietro Mengoli *** Not in Gale

(1625-1686).  Italian mathematician, astronomer, musician, optician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mengoli.html

Mengoli was ordained as a priest and served a parish in Bologna from 1660 to his death in 1686.

Mengoli’s mathematics was superficially conservative, and he was in fact quickly forgotten. Recently, however, he has been rediscovered and is increasingly recognized as a transition between Cavalieri’s indivisibles and Leibniz’s differentials.

He wrote Novae quadraturae arithmeticae, 1650, significantly extended early work in infinite series.  Geometriae speciosae elementa, 1659, contained a theory of limits.  Circolo, 1672, found the value of pi/2 as an infinite product. There were also other mathematical works.

Mengoli was also interested in astronomy. He wrote a book on atmospheric refraction, and he published one on musical theory.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Pietro Mengoli,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mengoli.html:

After Cavalieri died in November 1647, Mengoli had been appointed to his chair at the University of Bologna. Mengoli held a number of chairs at the University of Bologna where he taught all his life. He was professor of arithmetic from 1648 to 1649, then professor of mechanics from 1649 to 1668 and, finally, professor of mathematics from 1668 until his death in 1686. In addition to these chairs he was also a priest in the parish of Santa Maria Maddelena in Bologna from 1660.

Other work by Mengoli included astronomy, refraction in the atmosphere and a book Speculazioni musicali (1670) on the theory of music. In this Mengoli’s criticizes the theory of resonance set out by Galileo.

http://www-ma1.upc.es/recerca/reportsre/01/rep0102massa.doc

David N. Menton *** Not in Gale

Cell biologist.  Associate Professor of Anatomy at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Biomedical research technician at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota in the Department of Dermatology (1960-62); Associate Professor of Anatomy at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (1966-2000); Associate Professor Emeritus of Anatomy at Washington University School of Medicine (July 2000). His Ph.D. degree (Biology) was received from Brown University in 1966, with a B.S. from Mankato State University in 1959.

Consulting editor in Histology for Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, a standard medical reference work.

He has authored over 18 technical publications in professional journals. He is a member of Sigma Xi, American Association of Anatomists and other scientific societies. President of the Missouri Association for Creation. Technical Advisor for the Institute for Creation Research in San Diego CA.
Honors: Silver Award from the American Academy of Dermatology; Named “Teacher of the Year” in 1979 at Washington University School of Medicine.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/d_menton.asp

Profile at http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/biologicalscientists.html:

 “Who Is Dr. David Menton?” http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/menton.htm

David N. Menton, Ph.D “The Origin of Life,” http://www.oralchelation.com/viewpoint/karl_loren/life1.htm. Originally published in St. Louis MetroVoice, August 1993, Vol. 3, No. 8

David N. Menton, Ph.D. “The Dating Game,”http://www.gennet.org/facts/metro14.html or http://www.revelationwebsite.co.uk/index1/menton/t1.htm. Originally published in St. Louis MetroVoice, August 1994, Vol. 4, No. 8.

Technical/In-depth Papers, http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/papers.htm

Margaret Young Menzel

(1924-1987).  Biology educator.  University service Professor, Florida State University, 1986-87; Associate Chairman graduate affairs, Florida State University, 1972-73; Professor biol. science, Florida State University, 1968-86; Associate Professor, Florida State University, 1963-68; research Associate dept. biol. sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, part-time, 1955-63; research geneticist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 1962-63; plant geneticist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Tallahassee, 1956-62; instructor agronomy, Texas Agricultural Expt. Station, College Station, 1949-54; Instructor chemistry and bacteriology, Lamar College, Beaumont, Texas, 1944-45. Visiting research scientist Texas A&M University, College Station, 1974-75.  Education:  B.A. magna cum laude, Southwestern University, 1944; Ph.D. (Blandy fellow 1945-49), University Va., 1949.

Member: American Genetic Association, American Society Plant Taxonomists, American Society Cell Biology, Association Tropical Biology, Association Southeastern Biologists (v.p. 1967-68, Research prize 1950, Meritorious Teaching award 1985), Bot. Society America, Genetics Society America, Crop Science Society America, Sigma Xi (Chapter President 1971-73), Society Study Evolution.  Methodist.

Contributor of articles to various publications.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

In Memoriam:  Dr. Margaret Y. Menzel, Professor Emerita, 1924-1987. http://www.bio.fsu.edu/faculty-menzel.php

Obituary, http://www.bio.fsu.edu/history/obitmenzel.html

Michele Mercati

(1541-1593). Italian physician and naturalist. Director of Vatican botanical garden (from 1561); physician to Pope Clement VIII; established natural history museum in Vatican and wrote a description of it in Metallotheca Vaticana (1574). Also wrote Istruzione sopra la peste (1576), Degli obelischi di Roma (1589).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mercati.html

Gerard Mercator / Gerhadus Mercator / Gerhard Kremer

The Flemish cartographer Gerhardus Mercator (1512-1594) was among the first makers of modern atlases and is best known for his great world map, or chart, using the projection that has acquired his name. Lunar features Crater Mercator and Rupes Mercator named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mercator_ger.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson. “Gerardus Mercador,” http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Mercator_Gerardus.html

Christopher Merrett / Christopher Merret *** Not in Gale

(1614-1695).  English natural historian, botanist, physician, chemist, pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/merrett.html

Merrett’s major work was Pinax rerum naturalium britannicarum, 1667, which was planned to replace How’s Phytologia. The preface to Pinax emphasizes the utility of the book for pharmacology.  However, Merret was not a field naturalist, but a compiler of the information in books and from a couple of field people. The book included the first attempt to construct a British fauna. It also contains a good deal on geology, fossils, and minerals. In regard to the last, Merrett also published an article in the Philosophical Transactions on the tin mines of Cornwall.

Merrett did contribute articles on vegetable physiology to the Philosophical Transactions.  He published one medical work in 1682.  Also wrote The Art of Glass, 1662, contains a great deal about the preparation of chemical materials for glass.

Merrett’s translation of Neri’s book into The Art of Glass, with Merrett’s considerable additions to it, is said to have helped the glass industry in England and indeed (through translations) elsewhere in northern Europe. Even though Merrett was not engaged personally in glass making, he made himself familiar with the operations in London glass works. He was also interested in metallurgy, and published an article on refining in the Philosophical Transactions.

Member: Royal Society, 1660--one of the original group. Earlier he had been one of the group in London, the misnamed “Invisible College,” generally taken as the precursor to the Royal Society.  Medical College.  Informal Connections: Friendship with Harvey, 1640s-1657. Friendship with Boyle.  Royal College of Physicians, 1651-1681. Gulstonian lecturer, 1654; Censor seven times between 1657 and 1670.

Marin Mersenne

Had it not been for the tireless efforts of French Minimite friar Marin Mersenne (1588-1648), communication describing the discoveries in science would have never been dispersed to the far corners of the mathematical and scientific worlds during the 17^th century.  Mersenne was a monk, astronomer, physicist, mathematician, scientist, and philosopher known for his development of the Mersenne primes, which have played a significant role in number theory for several centuries. He is also known as the father of acoustics.

From “Marin Mersenne.” Notable Mathematicians. Gale Research, 1998.

He was a fellow pupil of Descartes; entered mendicant order of Minims (1611); taught at Nevers (1614-20), Paris (from 1620); defended Descartes and Galileo against clerical critics; discovered Mersenne numbers (1644).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mersenne.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Marin Mersenne,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mersenne.html

Mersenne Primes: History, Theorems and Lists. http://www.utm.edu/research/primes/mersenne/index.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10209b.htm

http://www.utm.edu/research/primes/mersenne/LukeMirror/mersenne.htm

http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Mn.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Mersenne/1.html

Marin Mersenne (1588 - 1648), “Harmonie Universelle” (1636), Livre Quatriesme (propositions V-VI-VII), http://www.ipem.rug.ac.be/staff/dirk/gamba/mersenne/mersenne.html

http://13.1911encyclopedia.org/M/ME/MERSENNE_MARIN.htm

Rodney S. Karjala. http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/mersenne.html

41st Known Mersenne Prime Found!! http://www.mersenne.org/prime.htm

http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/mersenne.shtml (in German)

Jean Mery *** Not in Gale

(1645-1722).  French anatomist, surgeon, physiologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mery.html

Most of Mery’s work was comparative-anatomical and pathological. His pathological research was mostly concerned with human developmental malformations.  After 1684, he became associated with the comparative-anatomical work led by C. Perrault and Duverney.  In 1693, Mery was embroiled in a controversy over the traditional interpretation of mammalian fetal circulation. He based his theory on preserved and dry specimens which yielded inconsistent findings. Nevertheless, Mery held his views until his death.

Among his other anatomical works were his research on the ear following Lami; his description of the urethral glands before Cowper; and his description of the eustachian valve preceding that of Winslow.

He entered into the discussion of the vacuum.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1684-1722.  Correspondence with Pascal. He had several disputes with Pascal on the existence of a vacuum. But later in his Gravitas he honored Pascal for his role in developing an experiment to produce a vacuum within a vacuum.

Alex Metherell, Ph.D., M.D. *** Not in Gale

Medical Doctor.  Visiting Research Specialist, Institute for Software Research, University of California at Irvine. He is working on his primary research interest of muscle biophysics. He is specifically interested in the mechanism by which muscle generates force and contracts. Alex is using theoretical modeling to analyze different models to better understand how muscle contracts. He is also developing a novel computerized music score display for choral works and healthcare informatics.

Faculty webpage, Institute for Software Research, University of California at Irvine,  http://www.isr.uci.edu/people/visitors.html

Biography: [Presbyterian] Elder Alex F. Metherell, M.D., Ph.D. http://www.pcusa.org/ga216/clerk/metherell.htm

Born in the Far East, Alex grew up in Australia and England. After graduating from college, Alex received his Ph.D. in Engineering three years later from Bristol University in England. Two days later he married his Scottish wife Pamela (whom he met two years earlier while flying in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve during his doctoral program) and a week after that immigrated to the United States.

After doing extensive published work in engineering at the University of Minnesota and McDonnell Douglas where he rose to Division Director, he went to medical school at the University of Miami, Florida, where he earned his M.D. degree in only two years. He is Board Certified in Radiology and helped pioneer the clinical use of MRI imaging in Southern California. He co-founded a medical transcription company, which after several mergers now serves over 200,000 physicians and numerous hospitals throughout the U.S. and Canada. Over the years he has held various Professorships at UCLA and UCI.

Alex Metherell taught Bible studies and has become known as an authority on the medical and physical aspects of the Crucifixion and Resurrection. His commentaries have been published and televised worldwide. He contributed to a chapter on the subject in the multi-million-copy best seller, The Case for Christ,  by Lee Strobel.

He is a Reasons to Believe Science Scholar. Reasons To Believe is an independent Christian non-profit organization that shows how recent scientific discoveries confirm the existence of the God of the Bible.

Adriaan Metius *** Not in Gale

(1571-1635).  Dutch mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, instrument-maker, engineer, cartographer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/metius_adr.html

De Waard says that he spent a lot of time pursuing the philosophers’ stone.  Metius published on the astrolabe and on surveying.  He assisted his father for a time as a military engineer.

His teaching at Franeker was especially geared toward the training of Frisian surveyors.  He manufactured astronomical instruments.  He developed a special form of Jacob’s Staff which was useful in surveying.

http://www.sapere.it/gr/ArticleViewServletOriginal?otid=GEDEA_metius_adriaan&orid=GEDEA_metius_adriaan&todo=LinkToFree  (in Italian)

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Metius.htm (in French)

Jacob Metius *** Not in Gale

(Birthdate unknown-1628).  Dutch instrument-maker, specializing in grinding lenses.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/metius_jac.html

Metius is a co-discover of the telescope; one of the first to bring together a concave and a convex lens in a tube. He applied for a patent in 1608, but could not establish priority over H. Lippershey, who applied a few months previously.  He made several different inventions, but was extremely secretive about them, and burned all of his instruments before he died.

Angela Meyer *** Not in Gale (Not the nursing educator)

Horticulture Scientist.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/meyer-a.html:

Has spent years as a research scientist at Hort Research, Mount Albert Research Centre in New Zealand. Holds a B.S. in botony from the University of Auckland, an M.S. with first class honors in botony from the University of Auckland, and a Ph.D. in horticultural science from the University of Sydney. Dr. Meyer has published 11 refereed papers in the area of seasonal effects on fruit production and in 1994 was awarded the New Zealand Science and Technology bronze medal for excellence in kiwi fruit research and service to science.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

John R. Meyer*** Not in Gale

(Not entomologist John R. Meyer)

Chemist, zoologist, biophysicist.  Meyer is Professor of Biology at Master’s College in Los Angeles (formerly Los Angeles Baptist College) and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Creation Research Society.  Meyer has B.A. in biology and chemistry, Kearney State College, Kearney, Nebraska, 1962 and received his Ph.D. in Zoology from the State University of Iowa, 1969. He served as a Post-doctoral Fellow at the University of Colorado and as Assistant Professor of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Louisville Medical School.  He was formerly Director of the Van Andel Creation Research Center, Creation Research Society, Chino Valley, Arizona.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/meyer-jr.html

http://www.faith.edu/new_web/alumni/update2002/alumnhon.htm

John R. Meyer. “The Van Andel Creation Research Center, A Unique Creationist Resource,”

http://www.creationresearch.org/vacrc/centerinfo.html, CRSQ 36(2): 68-71.

Stephen C. Meyer *** Not in Gale

Physicist.  Geologist. Associate Professor of Philosophy at Whitworth College, Senior Research Fellow at the Discovery Institute (Seattle), Director and Senior Fellow of the Discovery Institute’s Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture. Formerly a geo-physicist with the Atlantic Richfield Company.  Stephen C. Meyer received his Ph.D. in the History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Cambridge in 1991 for a dissertation on origin-of-life biology and the methodology of the historical sciences.

He is a past recipient of a Rotary International Scholarship, the American Friends of Cambridge scholarship (administered by the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust) and a Templeton Foundation science-religion teaching grant.

He has contributed to several scholarly books and anthologies, including The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition: An Encyclopedia, Darwinism: Science or Philosophy, Of Pandas and People: The Central Question in Biological Origins, The Creation Hypothesis: Scientific Evidence for an Intelligent Designer, Mere Creation: Science, Faith & Intelligent Design, and Facets of Faith and Science: Interpreting God’s Action in the World.

Discovery Institute profile, http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=11&isFellow=true

Stephen C. Meyer.  “A Scopes Trial for the ‘90s,” http://www.apologetics.org/articles/scopes.html

From The Wall Street Journal,

Home page, Access Research Network, http://www.arn.org/meyer/smhome.htm

http://www.meta-library.net/bio/stevem-body.html

Interviewed in The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God, by Lee Strobel. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2004. ISBN 0-310-24144-8, (hardbound), ISBN 0-310-24050-6 (paperback).

Pier’ Antonio Micheli *** Not in Gale

(1679-1737).  Italian botanist, natural historian, paleontologist, mineralogist, geologist, zoologist, pharmacologist, metallurgist, agriculturalist.  The father of mycology – the study of fungi.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/micheli.html

In his major work, Nova plantarum genera (Florence, 1729), Micheli considered some 1900 species, of which nearly 1400 were new. The work remained unfinished at the time of his death (in the sense that he continued to collect more material), and a considerable amount of the data that he had gathered was never incorporated into it.

Micheli was an outstanding representative of a new phenonenon, the specialist in certain groups of plants--for Micheli the ombrellifers, gramineae, mosses, fungi, and marine algae.  In addition to his botanical studies, he was also concerned with zoology (especially fish or, better, sea life), paleontology, and geology. He was the first to recognize Monte Amiata as an extinct volcano far from regions still active volcanically. He explored the minerals of Tuscany.

In his early expeditions around Florence, apothecaries (whom Micheli had consulted about questions of plants) used him to gather medicinal plants for them.  In 1708 the Grand Duke sent Micheli north of the Alps specifically to learn how the Germans made tinplate [sic], and also to collect for the garden in Pisa. Micheli wrote a description of how tinplate was made.

He was nominally employed in a herbal garden.  Micheli drew up catalogues of fruits produced in Tuscany and of vines everywhere and the conditions in which they flourished. In 1723 he published a work on a weed that was damaging vegetables in Tuscany, with advice on how to eliminate it.

http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Authors/Micheli908.html

Micheli was the first (and for a long time the only) person to attempt scientific study of fungi. He did studies “sowing” fungal spores on a medium, and showing that the same kind of fungus grew there (this in opposition to the idea of “spontaneous generation”). And he also did very nice microscopic work distinguishing very tiny genera.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/micheli.html (in Italian)

“History of Mycology” http://www.towson.edu/~wubah/mycology/European%20mycological%20history.htm

Famiano Michelini *** Not in Gale

(1604-1665).  Italian physician, pharmacologist, hydraulics specialist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/michlini.html:

Michelini was ordained in 1636.  Although he did not have a medical degree, Michelini was interested in medicine, to which he applied the experimental method and helped to pave the way for Redi’s experiments and Borelli’s theories. Michelini urged the use of citrus juices and control of weight.  In 1664 he published Della direzione de’ fiumi, a subject to which he had given major attention all his life.

At least during an epidemic Michelini ministered to the sick. Certainly he gave medical advice in general and composed Discourses on Health, which remained unpublished. Especially he advised the use of citrus juices as a medicine.

Through most of his career in Florence, Michelini was consulted on issues of hydraulics, such as the courses of the Chiana and Arno rivers and problems of drainage of the plain at Pisa. He advised boxes or bulkheads filled with stone to protect the banks of rivers. He also gave advice about the silting up of the lagoon at Venice.

http://www.polybiblio.com/blroot/10129.html:

Trattato della direzione de fiumi nel quale si dimostrano da’ suoi veri principi i modi più sicuri, e meno dispendiosi di riparare a’ danni, che sogliono farsi dall’ acque. Florence Nella stamperia della Stella 1664.

In this book Michelini deals with techniques for altering the course or flow of a river, problems of drainage, and placement of stones to protect the banks of rivers. Although he had an interest in medicine and mathematics, the main focus of his attention was hydraulics. He is known for a long-standing controversy with Toricelli on a number of issues dealing with hydraulics; many questions regarding this controversy remain unanswered, as well as why he was never invited to join the Accademia del Cimento.  Michelini (1604-65) taught mathematics at Florence and at the University of Pisa where he was acquainted with Galileo. He lived at court and also taught astronomy to Prince Leopoldo di Medici, who financed the publication of the present work. As tutor to Leopoldo, Michelini was among a number of scientists and philosophers close to the prince that ultimately became the prototype of the Accademia.

Marco Severo Milani-Comparetti

(Born May 15, 1926 in Florence, Italy).  Italian geneticist, bioethicist.  Director Medical School, Institute Biology & Genetics, Ancona, 1974-97; Associate Professor human genetics and bioethics, Ancona (Italy) University Medical School, 1980; Assistant Professor, Ancona (Italy) University Medical School, 1972-79; Assistant Professor, Rome University Medical School, 1970-71; geneticist, The Gregor Mendel Institute, Rome, 1956-69; Director international school, American Institute Mgmt., N.Y.C., 1953-56. Member permanent committee International Congresses of Human Genetics, 1961, Assistant sec. gen., 1961-91; science Director International Institute for Ethical-Juridical Studies of New Biology, Milazzo, Italy, 1986-92; science sec. Olympic Games Science Committee, Rome, 1960; academician Accademia delle Muse, Florence, Italy; Board member, Terra Foundation, Lucca, Italy.  Education: Ph.D., Rome University, 1969

Member:  AAAS, Italian Society Bioethics (President 1994), American Society Human Genetics, European Society Human Genetics, Italian Association Medical Genetics, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Rumanian Academy Medical Sciences, Lions. Forza Italia.  Roman Catholic.

Author and co-author several books; co-editor International Journal Bioethics 1992-97; Associate editor Acta Geneticae medicae et Gemellogiae; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Raymond H. Medley, Jr.

(Born August 10, 1932).  Mathematics and computer science educator.  Professor of Mathematics, computer science, Chairman dept. Belmont College, Nashville, 1964; teacher Fisk University Pre-College Center, Nashville, 1964-67.  Education: B.S., Peabody College, 1957, M.A., 1959, Ph.D., 1975; postgrad. University Evansville, Clarkson University Teacher Hillsboro High School, Nashville, 1957-64.

Member, Association for Computing Machinery, Mathematics Association America, National Council Teachers Mathematics, National Hemophilia Found. (Chairman Board directors Cumberland Chapter), National Geographic Society, Tennessee Hist. Society Hist. Belmont Society, Tennessee Mathematics Teachers Association, Middle Tennessee Mathematics Teachers Association Democrat. Baptist.

Honors: Recipient Outstanding Professor award Belmont College, 1976; NSF fellow, 1962-64.

Author: basic algebra study guide.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

John Bruce Millar

(Born 1942 in England).  Australian speech pathologist. Research Assistant University Keele, 1967-68, Research Fellow, 1968-70; Research scientist, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia, 1970-73; Fellow Australian National University, Canberra, 1973; Senior Academy Associate University Melbourne, Australia, 1988-98; Associate Director Research school of information sciences and engineering Australian National University, 1999.

Education: B.Sc. with honors, University of Liverpool, England, 1964; Ph.D., University Keele, England, 1968.

Member: Elder, Belconnen Baptist Church, Canberra, 1982; v.p. Parents and Citizens Association Belconnen High School, Canberra, 1985.  President Australian Speech Science and Tech. Association (foundation secretary); member Advisory council International Speech Committee Association; Board member Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australia, Permanent council for Organization of International Conferences on Spoken Language Processing (General tech. chair 1994-98).

Editor directory Speech Research in Australia, 1972-84; editorial Board Speech Communication, 1987. Contributor of articles to professional publications.

Patentee speech processor.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Hugh Miller

(1802-1856). Scottish geologist and man of letters. Accountant in bank at Cromarty; contributed to Mackay Wilson’s Tales of the Borders; wrote Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland (1835); editor of The Witness, organ of nonintrusionists (1840-56), in which he began geological articles collected asThe Old Red Sandstone (1841). Presented anti-evolutionary interpretation of fossil record. Pioneer in popularizing of geology by means of chief works Footprints of the Creator (1847), The Testimony of the Rocks (1857), Sketch Book of Popular Geology (1859); wrote First Impressions of England and its People (1846) and My Schools and Schoolmasters (1854).

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0493.html

Dr. Karl V. Miller *** Not in Gale

Entomologist.  Karl V. Miller is Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Management at the D. B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, 2000 - present; Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, 1999 – present; Associate Professor of Wildlife Ecology and Management, D. B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, 1996-2000; Associate Research Scientist. D. B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia. 1995-1996; Assistant Research Scientist, D. B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia. 1990-1995. Dr. Miller’s research focuses on the physiology, habitat requirements and management of white-tailed deer and on the impact of forest management practices on deer and other wildlife species. Education: Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Resources, University of Georgia, 1985. Dissertation: ‘Social and biological aspects of signpost communication in white-tailed deer.’ Master of Science in Entomology, Ohio State University, 1981. Thesis: ‘The biology, host preference, and functional response of Atheta coriaria (Kraatz) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Bachelor of Science in Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 1979.

Member: The Wildlife Society, Certified Wildlife Biologist, Forest Wildlife Committee, Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (1991-present), Wildlife Publication Award, The Wildlife Society (2000-2004), Reaccreditation Review Committee, Southeast Section of The Wildlife Society (1998-present), Publications Awards Committee, Southeastern Section, The Wildlife Society, (1994-present), American Society of Mammalogists, Southern Weed Science Society Forest Plant ID Subcommittee, Southern Weed Science Society (1995-present).

Author: (with J. J. Miller) Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses, 1999; editor (with R. L. Marchinton) Quality Whitetails: the Why and How of Quality Deer Management. Stackpole Books, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 322 pp., 1995.  Contributor to over 150 other professional reports, publications, and book chapters.

Faculty webpage, School of Forest Resources,  http://www.forestry.uga.edu/warnell/faculty/html/miller.html

Samuel Miller

(1769-1850). Author, Clergyman Presbyterian, Educator, Horticulturist.

http://www.ptsem.edu/grow/Library/PTSHist&Trad/miller.htm

http://www.libarts.ucok.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1483/suppl/chpXI/Samuel%20Miller.%20Minisrter%20and%20pro.htm:

In 1803 Miller produced his best-known work, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century, the first significant intellectual history written by an American. Although the book was largely derivative, it surveyed with remarkable breadth developments in the sciences, agriculture, medicine, philosophy, art, literature, and education. Despite his criticisms of the philosophes, Miller affirmed their talents and achievements. A Brief Retrospect rejoiced in the scientific progress as well as the diffusion of knowledge brought by the eighteenth century and predicted greater triumphs in the nineteenth, but the book also warned against confusing progress with human perfectibility or scientific advance with moral improvement.

Thomas Millington *** Not in Gale

(1628-1704).  English physiologist, anatomist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/millngtn.html

Millington was a leading physician, active in the Oxford group of physiologists, pursuing both anatomical and physiological investigations.

Member: Medical College, Royal Society (original member).  Informal Connections: Close connection with Boyle, Wallis, Wilkins, Willis and Wren in the circule in Oxford. Sydenham praised him as a practicing physician.  Royal College of Physicians, 1672; Censor, 1678, 1680, 1681; Harveian Orator, 1679; Treasurer, 1686-9; Elect, 1691; Consilarius, 1691, 1695; President, 1696-1704.

Edward Arthur Milne

Mathematician, astronomer and astrophysicist Edward Arthur Milne (1896-1950) was known for his important theoretical analyses of the conditions on the surface and of the atmospheres of stars. He also developed his own competing theory to Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity called “kinematic relativity.” Cambridge University, director of Solar Physics Laboratory and instructor, 1920-c. 25; Manchester University, Chair of Applied Mathematics, mid-1920s-c.29; Oxford University, Rouse Ball Chair of Mathematics, 1929-50.

Honors: Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1935; the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, 1941; and the Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1945.

Author: The White Dwarf Stars: Being the Halley Lecture, Delivered on

Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure, Clarendon Press, 1935; Kinematic Relativity: A Sequel to Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure, Clarendon Press, 1948; Vectorial Mechanics, Interscience Publishers, 1948.

J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson.  https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Milne.html

Arthur Milne Bibliography. http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Milne/MilneRefs.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Arthur%20Milne

http://astroinfo.port5.com/m/edward_arthur_milne.html

http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Milne/index.html

Forrest M. Mims, III / Forrest Marion Mims, III

Forrest M. Mims, III (born 1944) is a writer, teacher, and amateur scientist. He received a Rolex Award for developing a miniature instrument that measures the ozone layer and has contributed projects to “The Amateur Scientist” column in Scientific American. His scientific publications have appeared in Nature and other scholarly journals. Served in the U.S. Air Force, photo-intelligence officer in Vietnam, 1967-68; development engineer in Laser Division of Air Force Weapons Laboratory, 1968-70, leaving the service as a captain; free-lance writer, 1970-present; editor, Science PROBE!, 1990-present.

Website: http://www.forrestmims.org/pages/8/index.htm

About Forrest M. Mims, III: http://www.forrestmims.org/pages/1/index.htm

Forrest M. Mims regarding controversy over his Christian faith: http://yarchive.net/env/fmims.html

Scott Minnich *** Not in Gale
Geneticist.  Microbiologist.  Dr. Minnich is Associate Professor of microbiology at the University of Idaho and is a Fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design. Previously, Dr. Minnich was an Assistant Professor at Tulane University. In addition, he did postdoctoral research with Austin Newton at Princeton University and with Arthur Aronson at Purdue University. Dr. Minnich’s research interests are temperature regulation of Y. enterocolitca gene expression and coordinate reciprocal expression of flagellar and virulence genes. Scott Minnich holds a Ph.D. from Iowa State University.

Scott Minnich is widely published in technical journals including Journal of Bacteriology, Molecular Microbiology, Journal of Molecular Biology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal of Microbiological Method, Food Technology, and The Journal of Food Protection.

http://www.iscid.org/scott-minnich.php

Faculty webpage, http://www.ag.uidaho.edu/mmbb/p_minnich_s.htm

Intelligent Design URC.  http://www.idurc.org/yale-minnich.html

Colin Ware Mitchell

(1927-1996).  English geographer. Government of Sudan, Ministry of Agriculture, soil surveyor in research division, 1952-55; soil survey team leader, Hunting Technical Services, Ltd., 1956-63; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, ministry of defense research Fellow, 1963-67; University of Reading, Reading, England, Lecturer in geography, 1968-1996. Consultant to government, business, and the United Nations. Military service: Royal Air Force, 1945-48.

Author: Terrain Evaluation, Longman, 1973; The Case for Creationism, Autumn House Limited (Alma Park, Grantham, UK), 1994.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Maria Mitchell

(1818-1889). First woman astronomer in the U.S.  Librarian of Nantucket Atheneum (1836-60); working alone, established orbit of a newly discovered comet (1847), for which she became first woman elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1847); on staff of American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac (1849-68); Professoressor, Vassar College (1865-88).  Quaker.

“Maria Mitchell - American Astronomer.” http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95aug/mitchell.html

“Maria Mitchell,”  http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/mitc-mar.htm

“Maria Mitchell,”  http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/mmitch.html

Silas Weir Mitchell

(1829-1914).  American physician and author.  Practiced, Philadelphia; surgeon in Union army in Civil War; specialized in study and treatment of neurological disorders. Author of Gunshot Wounds (1864), Wear and Tear (1871), Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences (1872), Fat and Blood(1887), etc.

Literature, Arts and Medicine Database: Silas Weir Mitchell.
http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webauthors/mitchell466-au-.html

Portrait of Silas Weir Mitchell.  http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/painexhibit/weir.htm

Silas Weir Mitchell on His Rest Cure.  http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~clit121/weirmit.html

“Silas Weir Mitchell.”  http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/959.html

Thomas Moffett / Moufet / Mouffet / Muffet / Muffett *** Not in Gale

(1553-1604).  English natural historian, entomologist, physician, iatrochemist, pharmacologist, agriculturalist.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/moffett.html

While in Basle, Moffet published several medical treatises, and later Nosomantica, 1588, a book on diagnosis.

He became a Paracelsian and published De jure et praestantia chemicorum medicamentorum dialogus apologeticus, 1584. Either with De jure or at much the same time, Epistolae quinque medicinales. Both of these were iatrochemical, Paracelsian works; both were included in Zetzner’s Theatrum chemicum.

He is best known for Theatrum insectorum, which was published only well after his death, in 1634. He was also the author of The Silkewormes and their Flies, 1599, an effort to promote the planting of mulberry trees and the raising of silkworms in England.

Raven has a very low opinion of Moffett as a naturalist. The book on insects, his best production as a naturalist, was the work of Gesner, Edward Wotton, and Thomas Penny, which Moffett received from Penny and put into its final form.

Health’s Improvement, 1655, was also posthumous. It is mostly about diet. It includes some natural history.

Moffett participated in the College of Physicians’ project to compose a pharmacopoeia.

Member: Royal College of Physicians, 1588-1604; Censor 1588.  Informal Connections: Studied medicine at Cambridge under John Caius. Intimate friendship and cooperation with Penny.  Studied medicine at Basle under Felix Platter and Theodor Zwinger.

Moffet added a number of descriptions and drawings from his own observations to Conrad Gesner’s unpublished book, Theatrum Insectorum.

Georg Mohr *** Not in Gale

(1640-1697).  Danish-born mathematician.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Georg%20Mohr

Mohr was born in Copenhagen. His only original contribution to geometry was the proof that any geometric construction which can be done with ruler and compass can also be done with compasses alone. He published his proof in the book Euclides Danicus, Amsterdam, 1672.

The Danish Mathematics competition is named in honour of Georg Mohr.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mohr.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. Georg Mohr https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mohr.html:  Mascheroni, who is credited with proving that all Euclidean constructions can be carried out with compasses alone, did not prove this until 125 years after Mohr’s book was published. Mohr proves in the book that a line segment can be divided in golden section with compass alone, and the historical and pedagogical importance of this theorem is discussed by Zühlke in [8].

Mohr spent part of his life in Holland and part in Denmark. He fought in the Dutch-French wars around 1672 and became a prisoner of war. Mohr corresponded with a number of mathematicians including Leibniz who had received a work written by Mohr on root extraction. It had been sent to him by Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society in London, in 1675 and Leibniz replied to Oldenburg in the following year praising Mohr’s skill in geometry and analysis. Mohr was back in Denmark around 1681 but, having decided not to accept a post from King Christian V as supervisor of his shipbuilding, he returned to Holland in 1687.

http://www.kolding-gym.dk/International/Georg%20Mohr/main.html

Abraham de Moivre / Abraham Demoivre

(1667–1754).  French mathematician in England (from 1688). Despite being persecuted for his religious faith and subsequently leading a somewhat unstable life, he pioneered the development of analytical trigonometryfor which he formulated his theorem regarding complex numbersdevised a means of research into the theory of probability.  Early contributor to the mathematics of life insurance, and a successful proponent of the calculus of Newton and Leibniz.  He was a friend of Isaac Newton and Edmund Halley.

Author of The Doctrine of Chances (1718), which advanced knowledge of probability; Miscellanea Analytica (1730), also on probability; works on calculus, annuities, etc. Discovered Stirling's formula, introduced complex numbers in trigonometry. Member of Royal Society (1697).

Abraham Demoivre.  http://www.engr.iupui.edu/~orr/webpages/cpt120/mathbios/ademoi.htm

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/moivre.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Abraham de Moivre,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Moivre.html

http://22.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DE/DEMOIVRE_ABRAHAM.htm

http://euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/demoivre.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Abraham%20De%20Moivre

http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/10920/Moivre.htm

Joseph Privat de Molières *** Not in Gale

(1677-1742).  French physicist, mathematician, natural philosopher.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/privat.html

A major figure in the protracted struggle against the importation of Newtonian science into France, de Molières devoted his career to developing and improving Cartesian physics. In the Mémoires of the Académie and in several entries of the Journal de Trevoux, de Molières presented his emended Cartesian program. His Lecons de mathematiques (1726) explained and demonstrated the principles of algebra and calculus in a well-ordered fashion. The following work, Lecons de physique (1734-1739), appeared in four volumes and was the published version of his lectures at the Collège Royal.

De Molières offered a vortex hypothesis that was intended to be a reconciliation between Cartesian and Newtonian ideas. He even extended his system to explain electrical and chemical phenomena. With his emended Cartesian program, de Molières hoped to incorporate Newtonian calculations and techniques which would lead to agreement between theoretical findings and experimental and observational data.

Upon the death of his elder brother, his family looked to him to carry on the family affairs. Against his family’s wishes de Molières embraced an ecclesiastical life. He entered the Congregation of the Oratory around 1699.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1721-42; Royal Society, 1729-42.  1721-29, adjoint mecanicien in Académie.  1729-42, associé in Académie.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. Joseph Privat de Molières https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Privat_de_Molieres.html

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Molieres.htm (in French)

Juan Molina, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1740 to 1829).  Biologist.  The first scientist of Chile.  Theistic evolutionist, pre-Darwin.

Juan described an analogy between living organisms and minerals. He proposed an idea of the gradual evolution of human beings, thereby anticipating Darwin’s theory of evolution. In an 1815 work on nature’s three kingdoms (mineral, vegetable and animal) he describes the Creator’s plan for a continuous seamless chain of life from mineral life to vegetable life to animal life with no discrete discontinuous steps. Crystalline minerals tend to gather together in preparation for the higher form of vegetable life which then evolve into animal life. John showed unusual insight as well as care to maintain the scientific method, basing his claims on scientific observations.

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/molina.htm

William Molyneux *** Not in Gale

(1656-1698).  Irish-English optician, astronomer, natural historian, natural philosopher, instrument-maker, engineer.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/molyneux.html

Molyneux’s most important and best known work was Dioptrica nova, 1692. Questions of optics occupied much of his attention.  He began to make astronomical observations no later than 1681, when he obtained a telescope from Flamsteed. He continued to observe throughout his life, but he never wrote anything on astronomy. He did publish a few papers of observations in the Philosophical Transactions, as well as papers on optics, natural philosophy, and miscellaneous topics.

He collected materials on the natural history of Ireland for a “description of Ireland” for Moses Pitt’s intended Atlas. This was never published. He read papers on natural history before the Dublin Philosophical Society.

Molyneux translated Descartes’ Meditations into English. The problem of the blind man who gains sight, which he proposed to Locke, remains a topic that is discussed even in our day.

Molyneux designed a telescopic sundial and a new hygroscope.

With his father he experimented on gunnery and drew up a paper (unpublished) on the subject. There is no evidence that he drew plans of the principal fortress in Flanders, despite his commission to do so.

While he was Surveyor General, he restored Dublin Castle, though it appears that the plans were not his.

Memberships: Dublin Philosophical Society, Royal Society, 1685.  Informal Connections: Formed a Dublin Philosophy Society in 1683 and was elected the first secretary of the Society. In 1687 the Society collapsed. It was revived, 1693-7; Molyneux was a member but not very active during the second period.  He corresponded with the Royal Society and Oxford Philosophy Society.  Friendship and correspondence with Flamsteed and later Halley. The correspondence with Flamsteed is published in the General Dictionary. Lengthy correspondence with Locke from 1692 until Molyneux’s death. Published in Some Familiar Letters (of Locke).

Nicolas Bautista Monardes *** Not in Gale

(1508-1588).  Spanish physician, pharmacologist, botanist, natural historian, mineralogist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/monardes.html

Monardes is the best known Spanish physician from the 16th century. He was translated into Latin, English, Italian, French, German, and Dutch. Through him the materia medica from the new world first began to be known in Europe. Because of his tests on animals, he is considered as one of the founders of experimental pharmacology.  He gave the first scientific description of several species of plants.

He also described some animals, such as the armadillo, living specimens of which he did see. So also some of the minerals of America.  He wrote a book on iron that was famous; it included information of the working of iron and was not confined solely to its pharmacological uses.

http://www.paghat.com/beebalmmarshall.html

Nell Irene Mondy, DNS

(Born 1921).  Nutritionist.  Chemistry educator.  Professor Emeritus of Nutrition, Cornell University.

Assistant Professor chemistry Ouachita University, 1943-44, Research Assistant in biochemistry Texas University, 1944-45; Research Associate in biochemistry Cornell University, 1945-46; instructor chemistry Associated Colleges Upper N.Y., 1946-47, Assistant Professor chemistry, 1947-48; instructor food and nutrition Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1948-51, Assistant Professor, 1953-57, Associate Professor, 1957-81, Professor nutrition, food science and toxicology, 1981; supervisory food specialist, food quality lab. USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, 1960-61; food consultant R.T. French, Rochester, N.Y., 1966-67; Visiting Professor Florida State University, 1969-70; food consultant Holmen Brenderi, Gjovik, Norway, 1972-73, S & B Shokuhin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1978-79, Nihon Kaken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1978-79, EPA, Washington, 1979-80, University Wisconsin, 1981, Proctor & Gamble, Cincinatti, 1985-present, Frito-Lay, Inc., 1988, Endico Potatoes, Inc., 1990, General Mills, Mlps., 1991; Birkett-Williams Lecturer Ouachita University, 1980; Visiting scientist International Institute Tropical Agricultural, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1983-84; Visiting scholar Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 1989; Lecturer African Potato Association Reduit, Maurities, 1990; consultant ETA, Britannica Brands, N.Z., 1991.  Education: M. BA in Chemistry summa cum laude, Ouachita University, 1943, BS in Chemistry summa cum laude, 1943; MA in Biochemistry, University of Texas, 1945; Ph.D. in Biochemistry, Cornell University, 1953.

Member: Fellow AAAS (consortium affiliates for International programs 1983-98, Committee on agr., food and renewable resources 1984-98), Institute Food Technologists (Elizabeth Steir award 1997), Institute Chemists; member AAUW, Graduate Women in Science (hon. life, National Director 1985-90, rep. to AAAS, 1984, National President 1983-84, National archivist 1978-83, fellowships Committee 1970-74, chair International rels. Committee 1989-97), Potato Association American (hon. life; International relations Committee 1984, Director physiology Committee 1983-85, secretary utilization Committee 1982-84), AAUP, American Chemical Society, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, American Home Econsultant Association, European Association Potato Research, American Dietetics Association, N.Y. State Hort. Society, Empire State Potato Association, American Society Plant Physiologists, International Platform Association, Society Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Washington Women’s Network, Sigma Xi, Iota Sigma Pi, Sigma Delta Epsilon, Phi Kappa Phi, Omicron Nu, Pi Lambda Theta, Gamma Sigma Delta, Phi Tau Sigma (charter).  Baptist.

Honors: Sigma Xi Fellow, 1951-53; recipient NATO award, 1960; Distinguished Alumna award Ouachita Baptist University, 1960, Centennial Achievement award, 1986; NSF award, 1959; Danforth award, 1954, 58; named to National Women’s Hall of Fame.

From Nell I. Mondy Professor Emeritus, DNS, Cornell College of Human Ecology, Division of Nutritional Sciences, http://www.human.cornell.edu/faculty/facultybio.cfm?netid=nim1&facs=1:

“I serve as a reviewer of manuscripts for the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry and the American Journal of Potato Research. I am active in the Institute for Food Technologies (IFT), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and national Graduate Women in Science (GWIS). I serve on the Agriculture, Food and Renewable Resources Committee of AAAS as well as on the Consortium of Affiliates for International Programs. I am a Fellow of IFT and AAAS.

Recipient of the Outstanding Alumni Award of the Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the Elizabeth Stier Award of IFT and the National Recognition Award of GWIS. A plaque is on the wall at the National Women’s Hall of Fame honoring my accomplishments and special place in women’s history.

Current Research Activities
Research interests involve the study of plant biochemistry as it relates to human nutrition and food—more specifically the study of factors affecting the nutritive value and quality of potato tubers, a very important vegetable with regard to nutritive value and extent of cultivation around the world. Potato constituents studied are ascorbic acid, protein, lipids, minerals, phenols, and glycoalkaloids. The effect of fertilizer constituents such as boron, zinc, magnesium, potassium and nitrogen are studied as well as the effect of storage conditions, sprout inhibition, irradiation, processing, and packaging on quality are included. Other research interests include the study of food safety as influenced by naturally-occurring toxicants such as glycoalkaloids and nitrates.”

Selected Publications / Books: Mondy, N.I. 2001. You Never Fail Until You Stop Trying: The Story of a Pioneer Woman Chemist. 240 pages. Dorrance Publishing Co. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Susan Lang. “Nell I. Mondy Laboratory of Human Performance is dedicated in MVR,”

http://www.news.cornell.edu/Chronicle/03/6.12.03/Mondy_lab.html.  “A laboratory in the new west wing of Martha Van Rensselaer Hall (MVR) at Cornell was named the Nell I. Mondy Laboratory of Human Performance in honor of Nell I. Mondy, professor emerita of nutrition, food science and toxicology, May 30. June 12, 2003.”

“Guide to the Nell Mondy Papers,1932-2001. Collection Number: 23\14\2663. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library,”  http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMA02663.html

Susan S. Lang  “Pioneering Cornell female chemist tells her story in new autobiography, FOR RELEASE: May 31, 2001 ,” http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/June01/mondy.book.ssl.html

http://www.celebrate.cornell.edu/discover/insiders2.html

Daniel Milton Monroe, Jr.

(Born "1943" Day="4" Month="9" September 4, 1943 in Memphis, Tennessee, United States).  Biologist, chemist.  Achievements include development of diagnostic enzymeliposome immunoassays, immuno-optrodes, disposable biosensing devices, antibody production, vaccines. Research Associate, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1975; Research Assistant, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 1967-75; Laboratory Assistant, Christian Bros. College, Memphis, 1963-65. Consultant in field.  Education: BS, Christian Bros.

Member: American Institute Chemists (certified professional chemist, 1982). Cited for continuing medical laboratory education. American Society Clin. Pathologists, 1989.
Contributor of chapters to books, articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Nelson C. Montague

(Born 1929). Physical scientist.  Electrical engineer.  Defense Documentation Center, Defense Logistics Agency. 1984 retired; National Bureau of Standards, electrical engineer, 1951-68. Education: BS Electrical Engineering, 1952.

Member: Member Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Inc 1950’s; Fairfax NAACP; treasurer N Virginia Baptist Association 1968-present; member executive Board NVB Association; vice President Commission on Human Rights & Commission Relations, Vienna Virginia; Mayor’s Advisory Committee 1966-70; coach Little League Virginia 1972-73; financial secretary Northern Virginia Baptist Ministers & Laymen’s Union 1985-94; life member, NAACP, 1994.

Honors: Recipient Group Award National Bureau of Standards 1964; Outstanding Performance Rating QSI Defense Documentation Center 1974; Achievement Award Arlington Branch NAACP 1986; Faithful Service Award Fairfax NAACP Branch, 1988.

“Nelson C. Montague.” Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17^th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

Geminiano Montanari *** Not in Gale

(1633-1687).  Italian astronomer, physicist, natural philosopher, physiologist, meteorologist, optician, engineer, cartographer, instrument-maker, hydraulics expert.  Catholic.

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2437.html:

Montanari (1633-87) was a prominent Galilean who was involved in controversies over the atomistic interpretration of physics.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/montnari.html

After Count Malvasia interested him in astronomy, Montanari did a map of the moon for Malvasia’s ephemerides of 1662. To map the moon, Montanari developed a reticule for his telescope. Montanari published a volume of ephemerides and astronomical tables for himself in 1665. From 1669 he was involved with Cassini’s sundial in San Petronio. He studied variable stars, and carried out lots of observations of comets.  He studied capillary phenomena, and he experimented with a megaphone and with sound.  He carried on a long campaign to discredit astrology.  Montanari did experimental studies in biology--aritifical incubation and blood transfusions.  He studied meteorological phenomena and tried using the barometer both to predict weather and to measure altitude.  He passed on an unpublished manuscript on hydraulics to his student Guglielmini.

Montanari was something of a polymath. He also worked on a pendulum clock. While in Bologna he made lenses which were considered excellent.  He developed what sounds like a sort of orrery, a machine he called a “Sferologio” that showed all of the movements of the heavenly bodies.  Montanari developed a level that used a telescope to achieve greater accuracy. The same telescope was equipped with a reticule intended to make it possible to measure distances directly.  He published a piece on the megaphone, which he understood could be used both to project the voice and to amplify sound arriving at the ear.  In Venice he advised strongly the diversion of all rivers away from the lagoon in order to keep it from silting up--in direct opposition to the position Castelli had taken. Montanari’s advice was taken.  He published a manual for gunners and he composed an unpublished manuscript on fortification.

The Venetian state used Montanari for advice on the control of rivers and protections of the lagoon, on fortification, and on organization of the mint (which occupied much of the rest of Montanari’s life).

In the mid 60’s Montanari organized the Accademia della Traccia in Bologna, the precursor to the Accademia degli Inquieti and the Instituo. He was also a member of the Accademia gelati.

He engaged in a number of heated controversies, especially with the Jesuits and especially with Fabri.

http://www.coelum.com/calanca/biografia_geminiano_montanari.htm (in Italian)

http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/weather/montanari.htm

Guidobaldo del Monte / Guidobaldo Marchese del Monte *** Not in Gale

(1545-1607).  Italian mechanic, mathematician, astronomer, optician, engineer, architect, hydraulics specialist, instrument-maker.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/monte.html

Guidobaldo del Monte wrote Liber mechanicorum, 1577--on statics, with a return to pure Archimedean principles in rejection of the quasi- dynamic analysis of Jordanus. Later, Paraphrase of Archimedes: Equilibrium of Planes, 1588, and De cochlea, 1615 (posthumous).  Guidobaldo left three manuscript treatises on proportions and on Euclid.  He composed two works on astronomy: Planisphaeriorum, 1579, and Problematum astronomicorum, 1609 (posthumous).

Guidobaldo del Monte was the author of what has been called the best Renaissance study of perspective, Perspectivae libri sex, 1600, and a manuscript on refraction in water.

He designed the ducal theater in Urbino. He left behind a treatise on the Archimedean screw to raise water.

In some sources it is asserted that he elaborated Commandino’s instrument (a reducing compass) into the proportional compass, though apparently this is dubious. However, he did invent other mathematical instruments.  He invented machines and corresponded with Contarini about them.

In Urbino, Guidobaldo del Monte was the friend of Commandino and Baldi. He saw Commandino’s Latin translation of Pappus through the press after Commandino’s death.  He corresponded with the Venetian mathematician Barozzi (Barocius).  He was the patron and friend of Galileo, with whom he exchanged a few letters.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Guidobaldo Marchese del Monte,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Monte.html

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/delmonte.html (in Italian)

Sy Montgomery

(Born 1958).  Naturalist.  Sy Montgomery’s writings about the natural world extend from the ordinary to the exotic, from the common firefly of many North American backyards to the elusive man-eating tigers of Borneo.

Website: http://www.authorwire.com/

Biography: http://www.authorwire.com/Sy/Author.html or http://www.authorwire.com/Sy/AuthorText.HTML

Henri Louis Habert de Montmor  *** Not in Gale

(c. 1600-1679).  French natural philosopher, scientific organizer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/montmor.html

Montmor’s significance in the history of science lies in his patronage of scientists and philosophers. He was founder and patron of the Académie Montmor. He wrote a Latin poem on Cartesian physics, De rerum naturae, and was known as a propagator of Cartesianism.

Montmor provided his clients with “an infinity” of machines and instruments with which he had stimulated his own curiosity for thirty years, but he could not supply them with a forge, a laboratory, or an observatory, which would require the patronage of a sovereign. He made an implicit appeal to the king for the creation of an institution under royal patronage which alone could supply the more elaborate needs. The Académie Montmor is usually called the forerunner of the Académie royale des sciences. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1634.  On 30 April 1635 a group met at his town house on the Rue Sainte Aroye (?) (now 79 Rue du Temple). In the 40’s he offered Descartes full use of his country house, but Descartes declined.  No document proves conclusively that regular scientific meetings took place at Montmor’s residence before 1653. In 1653 Gassendi moved into his house in the Rue du Temple. Montmor encouraged him to write La vie de Tycho Brahe, and Gassendi dedicated it to him. Gassendi also made him the executor of his will and left Montmor all his books, manuscripts and the telescope Galileo had given him. When Gassendi died, Montmor arranged his funeral, and collected his writings and wrote a preface to the six-volume Latin edition published at Lyons in 1658.

Gassendi’s presence in Montmor’s household certainly contributed to the development of the meetings held there by the cultivated men who had previously gathered around Mersenne and who now assembled on the Rue du Temple. In those meetings some experiments were conducted. From the end of 1657 the weekly gatherings of what came to be called the Académie Montmor can be dated. At Montmor’s request, Sorbière prepared a plan for the organization of meetings in the form of nine articles. The goals of the meetings “will not be the vain exercise of the mind on useless subtleties; rather, one should always propose the clearest knowledge of the works of God and the advancement of the conveniences of life, in the arts and sciences that best serve to establish them.”

Among the members of the Académie Montmor were Chapelain, Sorbière, Montmor, Clerselier, Rohault, Pierre Huet, Roberval, and Huygens (when he was in Paris). Oldenburg also visited the house in the Rue du Temple when he stayed in Paris. According to Huygens’ journal, he met Auzout, Frénicle de Bessy, Desargues, Pequet, Rohault, La Poterie, Sorbière, and Boulliau there.

The activities of the Académie Montmor during the first years included Chapelain’s announcement of Huygens’s discoveries (the pendulum clock, the first known satellite of Saturn, a diagram of his system of Saturn--planet and ring), Rohault’s experiments on the magnet, Pecquet’s dissertations, and Thevenot’s presentation of his tubes.

Soon two currents appeared within the Académie Montmor: a tendency to seek natural causes, and a preference for observation and experiment. The problem worsened in the following years, and the Academy received various kinds of criticism. In response to all the criticism, the Academy attempted to reform itself. Experiments were tried there with an air pump constructed according to Huygens’ plan. Nevertheless, as Huygens wrote to Moray in 1664, a widespread desire was felt to establish the academy on a new basis. Montmor, meanwhile, continued to receive scientists and to take an interest in philosophers.

Montmor was himself a good scholar. He assembled a very rich library in which the correspondence of important contemporaries, such as Gui Patin ands Chapelain had a major place.

Pierre Remond de Montmort *** Not in Gale

(1678-1719).  French mathematician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/montmort.html

Montmort became a canon at Notre Dame de Paris about 1700, but later gave up his clerical office in 1706.

His book on probability, Essay d’analyse sur les jeux de hazard, (Paris, 1708), made his reputation among scientists and led to a fruitful collaboration with Nikolaus I Bernoulli. The greatest value of this book lay perhaps not in its solutions but in its systematic setting out of problems about games.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1716-1719; Royal Society, 1715-1719  He was elected fellow of the Royal Society when he was visiting London in 1715. The Académie made him an associate member the following year (he could not be granted full membership because he did not reside in Paris).

Montmort was taught by Malebranche and worked with Nicole. Nicolas Bernoulli once spent three months at his estate. Montmort corresponded with Leibniz, Halley, Craig, Taylor, Hermann, and Poleni.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Pierre Rémond de Montmort,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Montmort.html

John N. Moore *** Not in Gale

Biologist.  Retired Professor of Natural Science at Michigan State University, where he received his M.S. (Biology) and Ed.D. degrees. He was one of the original founders of the Creation Research Society, a Director of the CRS and has spent many years as Managing Editor of its Creation Research Society Quarterly. He has authored several booklets and articles on creationism and edited the first creationist biology textbook, Biology: A Search For Order in Complexity. Author: How To Teach Origins (Without ACLU Interference), (Mott Media, 1983).

Dr. John N. Moore. “A Check List on Fallacies of Reasoning to be Avoided by Scholarly, Rational Persons,” http://www.sedin.org/propeng/fallacs.htm

Thomas Monroe Moody

(Born November 7, 1946).  Biologist.  Wildlife supervisor.  Certified law enforcement officer, New Mexico Conservation officer, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Los Alamos, 1970-72, Fisheries Manager, Roswell, 1972-75, Hatchery Manager, Jemez Springs, 1975-77, Hatchery biologist, Santa Fe, 1977-79, Assistant chief hatcheries, 1979-84, Assistant chief law enforcement, 1984. B.S., New Mexico State University, 1968, M.S., 1970.

Honors: Recipient Big Horn Sheep award New Mexico

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Hong Mo Moon

(Born "1935" Day="10" Month="4" April 10, 1935 in Puyo, ChoongNam, Korea, came to U.S., 1962).   Health products executive, molecular biologist.  Achievements include research in mechanism of protein synthesis, procaryotic and eucaryotic peptide chain elongation mechanism, cytomegalovirus DNA and protein synthesis, purification of both mouse and human cytomegalovirus, elucidation of both mouse and human cytomegalovirus structural proteins, purification of neurofilaments and assembly mechanism.  President, Alpha Omega Lab., Inc., Parsippany, N.J., 1987; Senior v.p., Eugene Technology International, Inc., Ramsey, N.J., 1984-86; laboratory head, N.Y. State Institute for Basic Research, S.I., 1981-84; laboratory scientist, N.Y. State Institute for Basic Research, S.I., 1974-80; postdoctoral fellow, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, N.J., 1970-73; postdoctoral fellow, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 1969-70; postdoctoral fellow, Yale University, New Haven, 1968-69. Visiting Professor Seoul National University, 1979; Adjunct Professor Cornell University Medical College, N.Y.C., 1983-87.  Education: BS, SungKyun Kwan University, Seoul, Korea, 1960; Ph.D., University N.C.

Member: Fellow National Academy Clin. Biochemistry; American Society Microbiology, Chemist's Club of N.Y.C.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Sir Robert Moray / Murrey / Murray *** Not in Gale

(c. 1608-1673).  Scottish chemist, scientific organizer.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/moray.html

Moray was primarily a public figure, a statesman and diplomat, and only secondarily a scientist. He was a central figure in the establishment of the Royal Society, interceding for it with the court, and he was described in his day as the soul of the Society.

He was a virtuoso in the style of the day, interested in everything but accomplished (in science) in nothing. However, he did experiment fairly extensively in chemistry and was known at the time as a chemist.

Member: Royal Society, 1660; President, 1660-2. Moray was one of the initial gathering in November 1660 that decided to organize the Society.  Informal Connections Correspondence with Bruce on scientific questions--and later (1660-70) with Huygens.  Moray was either the first or one of the first to be inducted into the freemasons in England (1641).

http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/Writings/moray_r.html

http://58.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MU/MURRAY_or_MORAY_SIR_ROBERT.htm

Henry More

(1614-1687). English philosopher and poet. Became a leading member of Cambridge Platonists; argued against Descartes and Hobbes; composed books in verse and prose under spiritual stimulus of one of his pupils, Anne, Viscountess Conway. Author of Psychozoia Platonica (verse, 1642), Philosophicall Poems (1647), Antidote Against Atheism (1652), Conjectura Cabbalistica (1653), Immortality of the Soul (1659), Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness (1660), Enchiridion Ethicum (1667), Divine Dialogues (1668), Enchiridion Metaphysicum (1671).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/more.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10564c.htm

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Henry More,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/More_Henry.html

Martha Ann Morey

(Born "1923" Day="8" Month="8" August 8, 1923 in Sanford, Florida, United States).  Geneticist, educator.  Genetics instructor, Clinical Pediatric Genetics, University of Missouri Medical School, Kansas City, 1985; genetic counselor, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Mo., 1976; founder, Director day care Center, Liberty ( Mo.) Christian Church, 1972-79; physical education teacher, Hart High School, Newhall, California, 1950-51; teacher science, Los Angeles Pacific College, 1948-50.  Education: AA, Chesbrough Seminary, 1941; AB, Greenville College, 1943; MS, University Rochester, 1949; RN, BS, Graceland College, 1980.

Member: AAUW, American Society Human Genetics.  Medical chair 10th Habitat for Humanity, Kansas City, 1986; Contributor of So. Poverty Law Center, Alabama; charter member National Museum Women in Arts.

Author numerous poems; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Robert Morison

(1620-1683). Scottish botanist. Fled as Royalist to France (1644); gardenerto Gaston, duc d’Orleans (1649); senior physician and botanist to Charles II and superintendent of royal gardens (1660); first professor of botany, Oxford (1669). Revived study of systematic botany in Praeludia botanica (1669), Historia plantarum (1680-99). The genus Morisonia was namedfor him.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/morison.html

“Significant Scots: Robert Morison,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/morison_robert.htm

Robert L. Morlan / Robert Loren Morlan

(1920-1985). A political scientist, educator, administrator, and author, Robert L. Morlan taught at University of Redlands, Redlands, CA, as instructor in political science, 1948-49; Assistant Professor, 1949-52, Associate Professor, 1952-56, professor of political science from 1956 until his death. Morlan read French, German, and Dutch, and among his other academic posts were Fulbright Lecturer at the University of Amsterdam from 1956 to 1957 and Smith-Mundt Professor at the College of Europe from 1959 to 1960. Other positions included Commissioner, California State Scholarship Commission, 1961-69; consultant to U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1967; president, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties Council of Churches, 1969-71. City councilman, Redlands, 1954-56, vice-mayor, 1956; president of Citrus Belt Division, League of California Cities, 1955-56. Military service: U.S. Army Air Forces, 1942-46.

Education: Denison University, B.A., 1942; University of Minnesota, M.A., 1947, Ph.D., 1949.

Member: American Political Science Association, American Association of University Professors, United Nations Association, World Federalists U.S.A., National Municipal League, Western Political Science Association (president, 1967-68), Southern California Political Science Association (president, 1955-56, 1962-63), Phi Beta Kappa, Omicron Delta Kappa (western states deputy, member of general council, 1954-85), Tau Kappa Alpha.

Honors: National Distinguished Service Award, Omicron Delta Kappa, 1970; Denison University Alumni distinguished achievement citation, 1972. The Morlan Award is awarded annually to the outstanding Faculty Secretary in Omicron Delta Kappa. Individual circles may nominate their Faculty Secretaries for the Outstanding Faculty Secretary of the Province. The thirteen Province nominations are then sent to a National committee which chooses the recipient of The Robert L. Morlan Faculty Secretary Award.

Author: Intergovernmental Relations in Education, 1950; Capitol, Courthouse, and City Hall, 1954, 4^th edition 1972; Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, 1915-1922, 1955; and American Government: Policy and Process, 1971, 2^nd edition 1975. He was also co-author of The Fifty States and Their Local Governments, 1967.

Writer of pamphlets on the California ballot and public policy issues; contributor of about twenty-five articles on government and education to journals.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

J. P. Moreland *** Not in Gale

(Born 1948). Professor of Philosophy, Talbot School of Theology, Biola University, La Mirada, CA.

:B.S. in Chemistry (with honors), University of Missouri, 1970; Th. M. in Theology (with honors), Dallas Theological Seminary, 1979; M. A. in Philosophy (with highest honors), University of California, Riverside, 1982; Ph.D. in Philosophy, University of Southern California, 1985.

Member: Alpha Chi Sigma (Chemical Honorary Fraternity), American Scientific Affiliation, American Philosophical Association, Evangelical Philosophical Society, Evangelical Theological Society, Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute (Fellow), Society of Christian Philosophers, University Faculty for Life.

Author: Universals, Qualities, and Quality-Instances: A Defense of Realism (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985); Scaling the Secular City: A Defense of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1987; Christianity and the Nature of Science: A Philosophical Investigation (Baker Book House, 1989); Eldercare for the Christian Family (with Jim Duncan, Tim Smick, Jeff Watson, Dallas: Word Books, 1990).

Faculty webpage, Biola University.  http://people.biola.edu/faculty/moreland/

Faculty webpage, Talbot School of Theology.  http://www.talbot.edu/faculty/moreland.cfm

Curriculum vitae: http://www.talbot.edu/faculty/moreland_cv.pdf

J. P. Moreland.  “The Real Issue: Is Science a Threat or Help to Faith? A look at the concept of Theistic Science,” http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9404/threat.html

“The Real Issue: Leader in the Voice for Intelligent Design, Profile of Dr. J. P. Moreland,” http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9602/moreland.html

Discovery Institute profile, http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=56&isFellow=true

Ken Ham, Dr Carl Wieland and Dr Terry Mortenson. “Are (biblical) creationists ‘cornered’?—a response to Dr J.P. Moreland; The Bible talks of ‘the four corners of the earth.’ Does this mean the days of creation could be non-literal, too?” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2003/1001cornered.asp

Interviewed in The Case for a Creator: A Journalist Investigates Scientific Evidence That Points Toward God, by Lee Strobel. Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2004. ISBN 0-310-24144-8, (hardbound), ISBN 0-310-24050-6 (paperback).

Louis Moreri

1643-1680. French Roman Catholic priest and scholar. Compiler of Grand Dictionnaire historique ou Melange curieux de l’histoire sacree et profane (1674).

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Louis%20Moreri

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10567a.htm

http://www.bac.edu/library/rarebooks/Moreri.htm

Samuel Morland *** Not in Gale

(c. 1625, 1695).  English hydraulics expert, engineer, mathematician, inventor.  Calvinist, Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/morland.html

Much of Morland’s effort after 1660 went into pumps and hydraulics.

Raising water was always Morland’s central occupation. Early in the Restoration he tried to make a machine that exploded gunpowder (in effect the first internal combustion engine) to create a vacuum into which water would be sucked. Later he worked on a steam engine and at one point applied for a patent, but this also did not work out. However, he did construct a force pump using a piston that, among other things, raised water from the Thames to Windor Palace. The French did not choose to adopt his pump for the Versailles water works. He apparently did build a system, with his pump, to supply water to the garden of Lord Arlington, and he constructed the water works in his own garden.

Morland built two arithmetical machines and later a third machine to do trigonometric calculations. He also published tables to facilitate computations.

He designed a new capstan to weigh heavy anchors.

Morland translated a work on fortification, and he designed a new gun carriage.

He designed two different barometers--a balance barometer and a diagonal barometer intended to expand the scale for easier reading.

http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/smorland.html

Sir Samuel Morland, the diplomatist, mathematician and inventor, was born in 1625 at Sulhamstead Bannister in Berkshire. He was the son of Thomas Morland, rector of the parish church there. He entered Winchester School in 1638 and, in May 1644 at the age of nineteen, entered as a sizar at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he became acquainted with Bishop Cumberland. He was elected a fellow of the society, on 30th November 1619, and his name figures as tutor upon the entry of Samuel Pepys to the college on 1st October 1650. In his manuscript autobiography, preserved in the library at Lambeth Palace, he states that, after passing nine or ten years at the university, where he took no degree, he was solicited by some friends to enter into holy orders but, not deeming himself “fitly qualified”, he devoted his time to mathematical studies, which were the leading pursuit of his life. His last signature in the college books is dated 1653.

Edited from Leslie Stephens & Sidney Lee’s Dictionary of National Biography, 1891.

“The Inventions of Sir Samuel Morland (1625-1695): From Megaphone to Steam Power!” http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/smorland2.html:

Sir Samuel Morland was one of the chief mechanicians of his time. Aubrey credits him with the invention of “drum cap-stands for weighing heavy anchors.” It is admitted that he invented the speaking-trumpet - though Kircher disputed his claim - and two arithmetical machines, of which he published a description under the following title: ‘The Description and Use of two Arithmetick Instruments’ (1673). The arithmetical machines, originally presented to Charles II in 1662, were manufactured for sale by Humphry Adanson, who lived with Jonas Moore Esq. in the Tower of London. By means of them, the four fundamental rules of arithmetic were readily worked “without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty.” This calculating machine appears to have been a modification of one constructed by Blaise Pascal about 1642. One of Morland’s machines is now in the Science Museum in South Kensington. Pepys characterised one that he saw as very pretty but not very useful. A similar instrument seems to be indicated by No. 84 of the Marquis of Worcester’s ‘Century of Inventions.’

Morland’s treatise on the speaking-trumpet is entitled: ‘Tuba Stentoro-Phonica: An Instrument of excellent use, as well at Sea, as at Land’ (1671). An advertisement states that the instruments of all sizes and dimensions were made and sold by Simon Beal, one of his majesty’s trumpeters, in Suffolk Street. The tubes are stated in a French edition of the treatise published in London (1671) to be on sale by Moses Pitt for £2-5s each. One is still preserved at Cambridge University.

Morland’s most important discoveries were in connection with hydrostatics, although the statement that he invented the fire-engine is untrue. He was only an improver of that machine. The problems connected with raising water to a height by mechanical means were receiving a great amount of attention during the middle of the seventeenth century, and to the discoveries made in this field (in which Morland bore an important part) are largely attributable the subsequent rapid development of the steam-engine and the accelerated rate of evolution in mechanical science generally. Morland may have had his attention drawn more particularly to this subject by Pascal’s researches, which were then attracting attention in France, though Pascal’s celebrated treatise ‘Sur l’Equilibre des Liqueurs’ was not published until 1663. It is certain that, from Morland’s return to England in 1660, water-engines of various kinds occupied the bulk of his time and capital. On 11th December 1661, a Royal Warrant, was issued for a grant to Morland of the sole use, during fourteen years, of his invention for raising “water out of pits to any reasonable height by the force of air and powder conjointly”.

Edited from Leslie Stephens & Sidney Lee’s Dictionary of National Biography, (1891).

http://www.vauxhallsociety.org.uk/Morland.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/beyond/factsheets/makhist/makhist9_prog1b.shtml

http://www.nicolaseverino.it/Biografie/BIOGRAFIE/MORLAND%20Samuel.doc

Edward Williams Morley

Originally trained for the ministry, Edward Williams Morley (1838-1923) decided instead in 1868 to pursue a career in science, the other great love of his life. At first he devoted himself primarily to teaching, but gradually became engaged in more original research. His work can be divided into three major categories: the first two involved the determination of the oxygen content of the atmosphere and efforts to evaluate Prout’s hypothesis; his third field of research involving experiments on the velocity of light with Albert Michelson, are those for which his name will always be most famous.

All of his research work was characterized by great ingenuity in devising and constructing apparatus and by his ability to make precise and accurate measurements. He received honorary degrees from many institutions and was awarded the Sir Humphry Davy Medal by the Royal Society of London in 1907, the Elliot Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute, 1912, and the Willard Gibbs Medal from the Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society in 1917. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1895 and of the American Chemical Society in 1899. He published or read fifty-five scientific papers.

http://www.famousamericans.net/edwardwilliamsmorley/

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Edward%20Williams%20Morley

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

John D. Morris *** Not in Gale

Geological Engineer.  John D. Morris is Field Scientist for ICR, as well as Associate Professor in Earth Science and Apologetics for Christian Heritage College. He has the B.S. in Civil Engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1969), the M.S. (1977) and Ph.D. in Geological Engineering (1980) from the University of Oklahoma. He worked several years as an engineer for the City of Los Angeles, and has taught at Oklahoma University. He was in charge of ICR’s research expeditions to Mount Ararat in search of Noah’s Ark, and has made extensive field studies of the Paluxy River footprints in Texas. He is author of three ICR books, Adventure on Ararat, The Ark on Ararat, and Tracking Those Incredible Dinosaurs.

Honors: Department of Health, Education & Welfare Mining and Mineral Fuels Fellowship, 1975-76; 1976-77; 1977-78; 1978-79. Phillips Petroleum Graduate Fellowship, 1979-80. Oklahoma Mining & Minerals Research Institute Research Grant, 1979-80; 81-82. Sun Oil Teaching Award, 1980; 1981.

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/jmorris.html

John David Morris,

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/326.asp

Curriculum Vitae, http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/jmorris.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Jedidiah Morse

“The father of American geography,” Jedidiah Morse (1761-1826), American geographer and clergyman, was most influential for his dissemination of geographical knowledge about the American continent.  Father of Samuel F.B. Morse.

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1462.htm

http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/M/Morse-Je.html

http://www.famousamericans.net/jedidiahmorse/

Samuel F.B. Morse / Samuel Finley Breese Morse

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872), American artist and inventor, designed and developed the first successful electromagnetic telegraph system.

The Samuel Morse Historic Site.  http://www.morsehistoricsite.org/

http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/samuel_f__b__morse http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/atthtml/mrshome.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/atthtml/morse_ms.html

http://www.fact-index.com/s/sa/samuel_f__b__morse.html

John Morton *** Not in Gale

(Not John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1420-1500.)

(c. 1671-1726).  English natural historian, Anglican clergyman.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/morton.html

Morton’s only publication was The Natural History of Northamptonshire, 1712. In this work he followed Woodward’s proposition that the delyde was responsible for the geological features of the county and for its fossils.

Member: Royal Society, 1703-26.  Informal Connections: Friendship with John Ray; correspondence with Sloane, Dr. Richardson, Dr. John Woodward, and Lhwyd.

Rosalie Slaughter Morton *** Not in Gale

From Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/M/Mortn-R1.asp

(1876-1955). American surgeon, b. Lynchburg, Virginia, M.D. Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1897. She was the first woman faculty member of both the New York Polyclinic Medical School and Hospital (1912-18) and the College of Physicians and Surgeons (1916-18). During World War I she was active in hospital work, especially during the Salonica campaigns and in Serbia and France. For this work, and for her efforts that made possible the education in the United States of 60 Serbian students, she was decorated by foreign governments and the state of New York. After 1930 she engaged in private practice in Florida. She took part in public health and welfare activities, invented a number of surgical instruments and appliances, and wrote many articles, especially on gynecology and arthritis.

Rosalie Slaughter Morton Papers.  http://www.ecommcode2.com/hoover/research/historicalmaterials/other/morton.htm

Jean Sloat Morton *** Not in Gale

(Born 1926).  Biochemist.  Dr. Morton holds five degrees from three institutions, District of Columbia Teachers’ College, American University and George Washington University. Her Ph.D. from George Washington (1969) is in Cellular Studies, with her dissertation at Washington’s Smithsonian Institution. She has taught biology at American University and George Washington University, and has served as a consultant in microbiology. Author: Science in the Bible (Moody, 1978), writer of numerous science instructional units for various grade levels.

From http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-086.htm

Jean S. Morton, Ph.D. “GLYCOLOSIS AND ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION,” http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-090.htm, Impact, No. 90, December 1980

Jean S. Morton, Ph.D. “VIRGIL’S AENEID, BY CHANCE ALONE?” http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-146.htm, Impact, No. 146, August 1985

Roberto Landell de Moura *** Not in Gale

(1861-1928).  Physicist, chemist, priest. Roberto Landell de Moura performed the world's first public long-distance transmission of the spoken word without wires.  In 1902 he is recognized as the inventor of the wireless telephone in a full-page story published in the New York Herald.  In New York, Landell obtains the patent for the wave transmitter (radiophone), the wireless telegraph and telephone in 1904.   He conceived of transmission by means of light, thus foreseeing the principle of fiber optics.  In 1906 Landell discovered the human radioactive aura and photographed it, 30 years before Kirlian.

A TRIBUTE TO FATHER ROBERTO LANDELL DE MOURA, http://www.rlandell.hpg.ig.com.br/english.htm

Born on "1861" Day="21" Month="1" January 21, 1861 in the City of Porto Alegre, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Ordained as a Roman Catholic Priest in Rome, in the year of 1886. There, he also studied in the field of Physics and Chemistry Research, developing the first concepts about “Unity and Physics Forces” and
“Universal Harmony”. These theories would guide him to his future inventions.
He also took interest in the “Physics and Science” and the “Medicine and Chemistry” fields. He conducted his first public experiment on The points of transmission and reception were: the Santana Borough and Avenida Paulista in the downtown sector.

Father Landell researched that all bodies - animate and inanimate - were encircled by a coloured luminous energy halo, invisible to the naked eye. Some of his documents pointing to that discovery exist, dating from the year 1907. In fact, he photographed the effect in 1909, which would be known as “The Kirlian Effect”, due to the works of the Russian couple Semyon and Valentina Kirlian.
Father Landell passed away in Porto Alegre, on

http://www.rlandell.hpg.ig.com.br/godvoice.htm

Gabriel Mouton *** Not in Gale

(1618-1694).  French mathematician, astronomer.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mouton.html

At four years of age he entered St. Paul’s Church in Lyons as an enfant choeur. After taking holy orders he became vicaire perpetuel at St. Paul’s Church. He is buried at the chapel there. He spent his whole life in Lyons fulfilling his clerical duties.

Mouton was a pioneer in research on natural and practical units of measurement. His Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae apparentium (1670) was the fruit of his astronomical observations and certain computational procedures he had developed. Mouton proposed to deduce the length of a terrestrial meridian from the variations of the length of a pendulum. A fraction of the terrestrial meridian would be adopted as the universal unit of length. The measuring procedures at the time were too unsatisfactory. The topic wouldn’t be taken up again until 1790.

He determined with astronomical accuracy the apparent diameter of the sun at apogee.

He presented a very pratical computational device for completing ordered tables of numbers when the law of formation was known.

He constructed an astronomical pendulum remarkable for its precision.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Gabriel Mouton,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mouton.html

Sebastian Muenster *** Not in Gale

(c. 1488-1552).  German-born geographer, mathematician, astronomer, cartographer, instrument-maker.  Catholic, then Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/muenster.html

“In 1505, Muenster entered the Minorite order. 1507, took his vows. 1512, became a priest.

1529, converted to Protestantism. This was in Basel, where he spent the rest of his career. I think this means we should call him Calvinist.”

Münster did a map of Germany, and other maps including one of the area around Basel.  In order to compile his geography, Münster sent sets of instructions, including simple instructions for surveying, to various people throughout Germany (and Europe).  In 1525 Münster published a description of an instrument (which he called an Instrument of the Sun) for observations of the stars.

http://www.fact-index.com/s/se/sebastian_muenster.html

http://www.raremaps.de/cartographmuenster.html

http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/homo-heid/muenster.htm (in German)

Sebastian Münster in Heidelberg (Vortrag von Hartmut Bobzin) http://www.semitistik.uni-hd.de/muenster/ (in German)

Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon. - Verlag Traugott Bautz, Enthält umfangreiche Literaturangaben http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/muenster_s.shtml (in German)

Bilder aus dem Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg  (in German)

Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E. *** Not in Gale
Architectural engineer.  Professor of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.  Prior to joining Penn State, Dr. Mumma was an engineer with the General Motors Corporation and on the faculty at Ohio State University and Arizona State University. Professor Mumma is a 1966 BS Mechanical Engineering graduate of the University of Cincinnati, and a MS Mechanical Engineering (1971) and Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering (1974)graduate from the University of Illinois. He is a registered professional engineer in 3 states, with over 35 years of design and research experience. He is an ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc) Fellow, and a recipient of several Society awards, including the E. K. Campbell Award of Merit—in recognition of outstanding service and achievement in teaching, the Willis H. Carrier Best Paper Award, the Distinguished Service Award and is currently one of the Societies Distinguished Lecturers. He joined ASHRAE as a graduate student in 1970, and has since served on numerous committees including Chair of R&T, Chair of TC 6.7, Tech. Council, Publishing Council, Standards, Program, Scholarship Trustees, and the ASHRAE Learning Institute. Dr. Mumma has published over 80 technical papers and articles.

From faculty webpage, Penn State College of Engineering, http://www.engr.psu.edu/AE/faculty/mumma.htm

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/mumma-s.html

Faculty advisor, Origins Club, Campus Crusade for Christ, The Schreyer Honors College

“Engineers Develop Economical Terrorist-resistant A/C Concept,” http://www.energyvortex.com/pages/headlinedetails.cfm?id=283&archive=1.  “Penn State engineers have developed a terrorist-resistant A/C concept that they estimate costs less to install in new construction, is more energy efficient, and is cheaper to operate than the current industry standard. Dr. Stanley A. Mumma, P.E., Professor of architectural engineering and developer of the concept, says, ‘Currently, if an anthrax-laden letter is opened in an office, a standard, forced air, cooling system can carry the airborne spores to other locations in the building. Forced air systems can also expose occupants throughout a building to odors and cold viruses or contribute to “sick building” problems.’” See http://www.doas.psu.edu/

Endorses Creation’s Tiny Mystery by Robert Gentry at http://www.halos.com/books.htm.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Norma Frances Munson

(1923-1999).  Biologist, ecologist, nutritionist, educator.  Researcher, Nutrition, Arthritis, Alzheimer's, Hypoglycemia & MS, Libertyville, 1965; Teacher, Libertyville (Illinois) H.S., 1955-79; Teacher, Detroit Lakes (Minnesota) H.S., 1948-54; Teacher, Aitkin ( Minnesota) H.S., 1946-48.  Education: BA, Concordia College, 1946; MA, University Mo., 1955; Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University, 1962; postgraduate, Indiana University, 1957; postgraduate, Western Michigan University, 1967; postgraduate, Lake Forest College, 1971, 72, 78; student, various foreign universities, 1964-71.

Member: Fellow American Biog. Institute Research, International Biog. Association; National Biology Teachers Association (Research in degenerate diseases, arthritis, hypoglycemia and obesity award 1971), AAAS, American Institute Biological Science, Illinois Environmental Council, National Audubon Society, Illinois Audubon Council, National Health Federation, International Platform Association, International Professional and Business Women, National Wildlife Federation, N.Y. Academy Sciences, Chicago Academy of Science, Parks and Conservation Association, Concerned Women for America Nature Conservation, Evanston North Shore Bird Club, Delta Kappa Gamma.  Ruling elder 1st Presbyterian Church, Libertyville, 1971-77; President Lake County Audubon Society, 1975-79, 82-86, 88-89, 97, Treasurer, 1990-95; President Libertyville Education Association, 1964-67; active Rep. Party Illinois, Citizens to Save Butler Lake, Citizens Choice, Defenders; Member U.S. Congressional Advisory Board, 1985; Board of Directors Holy Land Christian Mission International; Member Heritage Foundation, Citizens Lake County for Environmental Action Reform, Wilderness Society.

Honors: Recipient Hilda Mahling award, 1967, C. of C. award, 1971, Illinois Best Teacher award, 1974; Biology Teacher of Year award, 1971; NSF fellow, 1957, 58, 60-62, 70-71.

Author: Biology laboratory manual; Contributor of articles to professional journals.; news editor: Lake County Audubon Newsletter, 1972.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Sir John Murray

Scots naturalist (1841-1914) and one of the founders of oceanography, whose particular interests were ocean basins, deep-sea deposits, and coral-reef formation. (Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Online)

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=ffdmarine0992&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Claude Mydorge *** Not in Gale

(1585-1647).  French mathematician, optician, astronomer, cartographer, navigation expert.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mydorge.html

Mydorge’s work in geometry was directed to the study of conic sections. His work on the subject, first published in two volumes in 1631 and enlarged to four in 1639, was reprinted several times under the title De sectionibus conicis. His works on conic sections contain hundreds of problems published for the first time, as well as a multitude of ingenious and original methods that later geometers frequently used. According to Baillet, he succeeded Viète as the premier mathematician of his day.

He studied the properties and nature of light and refraction, and he studied vision.  He also carried out extensive astronomical observations.

He determined the latitude of Paris with great precision.

He was a member of the commission appointed to judge Morin’s method of determining longitude.  Intimate friendship with Descartes. Mydorge met Descartes about 1625 and became one of his most faithful friends. In 1627 Mydorge spent more than 100,000 ecus to make various lenses and optical instruments for Descartes, to aid him in his search for an explanation of vision. He also played a role in the reconciliation between Descartes and Fermat after 1638.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. Claude Mydorge https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mydorge.html:

‘In his study of conic sections Mydorge continued the work of Apollonius, whose methods of proof he refined and simplified... Mydorge asserts that if from a given point in the plane of a conic section radii to the points of the curve are drawn and extended in a given relationship, then their extremities will be on a new conic section similar to the first. This statement constitutes the beginnings of an extremely fruitful method of deforming figures; it was successfully used by La Hire and Newton, and later by Poncelet and, especially, by Chasles, who named it déformation homographique.
‘Mydorge posed and solved the following problem in [book] III: “On a given cone place a given conic section” - a problem that Apollonius had solved only for a right cone. Mydorge was also interested in geometric methods used in approximate construction, such as that of the regular heptagon. Another problem that Mydorge solved by approximation - although he did not clearly indicate his method - was that of transforming a square into an equivalent regular polygon possessing an arbitrary number of sides.
‘Mydorge’s work on conic sections contains hundreds of problems published for the first time, as well as a multitude of ingenious and original methods that later geometers frequently used, usually without citing their source’ (DSB).
Mydorge (1585-1447) was a friend of Descartes, Fermat, and Mersenne. He was drawn to the study of optics by Descartes, for whom he designed lenses for Descartes’ researches. ‘Like Fermat, he belonged to that elite group of seventeenth-century scientists who pursued science as amateurs but nevertheless made contributions of the greatest importance to one or more fields of knowledge’ (ibid.).”

Claude Mylon *** Not in Gale

(c. 1618-c. 1660).  French mathematician, scientific communicator.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/mylon.html

Mylon became interested in mathematics as early as 1645.  Mylon’s importance in science derives from the service he provided by facilitating communication among many learned men from 1650-60. After the death of Pailleur, the director of the Académie Parisienne, Mylon had access to the papers of the society. He sent information on Fermat’s and Frenicle’s problems in number theory to Holland. He shared Fermat’s and Pascal’s problems on games of chance with Schooten. He was also in contact with Mersenne, Debeaune and Roberval.

In his correspondence, Mylon did attempt to enter into the mathematical exchange himself, without displaying outstanding qualities as a mathematician.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Claude Mylon,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mylon.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Mylon.html

Samuel Milton Nabrit

(1905-2003).  Embryologist.  Biologist.  Administrator.  Samuel Milton Nabrit is known for his research into animal regeneration, the ability of body parts to regrow or repair themselves after injury, and for his academic career as a promoter of science instruction among young African Americans. The first black Ph.D. from Brown University, Nabrit served as chairman of the biology department and as Dean of the graduate school of arts and sciences at Atlanta University, and as president of Texas Southern University.

Interim Director Atlanta University Center, 1989-91.  Executive Director, Southern Fellows Fund, 1967-1981; commr., U.S. AEC, 1966-1967; President, Texas Southern University, 1955-1966; Professor, Atlanta University, 1932-1955; Professor, Morehouse College, 1928-1931; instructor zoology, Morehouse College, 1925-1927.  Education: BS, Morehouse College, 1925; MS, Brown University, 1928; Ph.D., Brown University, 1932.

Member: Fellow, AAAS; member, Institute Medicine-NAS, Societe d’honneur Francaise, American Society Zoology, National Institute Science (President 1945), National Association Research Science Teaching, Society Development Biology, Sigma Xi, Pi Delta Phi, Phi Beta Kappa.
Honors: Named to Hall of Fame, NSF, Sayles Hall of Fame, Brown University. Distinguished Award Achievement Medal, 1982; science bldgs named in honor, Texas Southern University and Morehouse College.

Joseph Vincent Nabholz

(Born "1945" Day="3" Month="11" November 3, 1945 in Memphis, Tennessee, United States).  Biologist, ecologist.  Senior biologist, EPA, Washington, 1979.  Reviewer NSF and professional journals, 1973, Standards Methods Committee, American Water Works Association, Denver 18th through 21st editions; evaluator Office Experimental Learning University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 1984-86.  Education: BS, Christian Bros.

Member: AAAS, American Institute Biological Sciences (life), Association Southeastern Biologists, International Association Ecology, Ecological Society America (life), Society Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Phi Kappa Phi (life). Board of Directors Comty. Association Rollingwood Village (4th section), Woodbridge, Virginia, 1981-90, v.p. 1981-82, President 1983-90, maintainence Chairman 1990.

Honors: Decorated Army Commendation medal with oak leaf cluster, U.S. Army, Vietnam, 1969, '70.

Author: ECOSAR computer program to predict aquatic toxicity of chemicals, 2002; co-author: Methods of Ecological Toxicology, 1981, Testing for Effects of Chemicals on Ecosystems, 1981; author: Estimating Toxicity of Industrial Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms Using Structure Activity Relationships, 1988, 94; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Jerôme Nadal, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1507-1580).  Jesuit scientist, specialist on perspective art and composition of place.

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/nadalart.htm

http://www.st-bertoni.com/consti/media.pdf

Dr. Luke Naeher / Luke Peter Naeher *** Not in Gale

Environmental Health Scientist. Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Health Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 7/01-present. Area of Specialty: Environmental epidemiology, Human exposure assessment and epidemiological investigations relating to hazardous substances in the environment, Focus on indoor and outdoor air pollution, pesticides and other agriculture-related exposures, Diet-related exposures to persistent organic pollutants and metals. Previous: Environmental Epidemiologist, National Center for Environmental Health, Health Studies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 9/98-6/01; Doctoral Research Fellow, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 1/95-8/98; Project Consultant (under the direction of Dr. Brian Leaderer (Yale) and Dr. Kirk Smith (UC Berkeley)), Division of Diarroeal and Acute Respiratory Disease Control, World Health Organization (WHO) Xela, Guatemala, 9/93-1/96; Industrial Hygiene Intern, Health Services Department, Exxon Company U.S.A., Houston, TX , summer 1993.

Education: B.S., Biology, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Ithaca, NY, January 1989; M.S., Marine Environmental Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Marine Sciences Research Center Stony Brook, NY, December 1998; M.S., Harvard University, School of Public Health Boston, MA, June 1994; Ph.D., Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences New Haven, CT , October, 1998.

Member: International Society for Exposure Analysis, American Thoracic Society, American Industrial Hygiene Association, International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), American Scientific Affiliation (ASA), the University of Georgia, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute (BHSI), Faculty, the University of Georgia, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (ITP), Georgia Environmental Health Association (GEHA). Member, National Children’s Study, Workgroup on Exposure to Chemical Agents (9/01-present), AIHA, Occupation Epidemiology and Exposure Assessment Strategies Committees (9/01-present), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Institutional Review Board “A” (1/00-present), American Thoracic Society, Assembly on Environmental and Occupational Health, Program Committee (5/00-present), Advisory Group for the American Thoracic Society’s World Lung Health Committee (7/00-present).

Honors: Department of Health and Human Services, Secretary’s Award for Distinguished Service: as a member of the Lower Manhattan Community Assessment Team – recognition for rapid assessment of the critical needs and health effects in communities surrounding the World Trade Center after the attacks of September 11, 2001, 2002; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Honor Award: as a member of the Lower Manhattan Community Assessment Team – recognition for rapid assessment of the critical needs and health effects in communities surrounding the World Trade Center after the attacks of September 11, 2001, 2002; American Red Cross, Certificate of Appreciation: for volunteering at American Red Cross Respite Centers setup in lower Manhattan at Ground Zero to help emergency workers stationed at the World Trade Center after the attacks of September 11, 2001, 2002; Nominated for American Thoracic Society, Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly, David Bates Award, 1999; Recipient of American Schools of Public Health/CDC, National Center for Environmental Health Fellowship, 1998, et al.

Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, http://www.biomed.uga.edu/mem_naeher_luke.htm

Publications: http://www.uga.edu/ehs/research/naeherpubs.html

Curriculum Vitae http://www.uga.edu/ehs/dept/people/naeher_cv.pdf

John Napier, 8th Laird of Merchiston

The Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550-1617) invented logarithmic tables in 1614 and effectively introduced the modern notation of decimal fractions.  Calculated abbreviated method of multiplication using numbered rods, “Napier's bones.” With that device one could perform multiplication and division by mechanical means, and thus it was a distant forerunner of slide rules and analog computers. Its details were disclosed in a two-volume work, Rabdologiae; seu Numerationes per Virgulas libri duo (1617), published the year he died. Three hundred years later, in 1914, the 300th anniversary of the publication of the Descriptio was commemorated by the Royal Society of Edinburgh. P. Hume Brown wrote that Napier's most notable achievement “has given him a high and permanent position in the history of European culture.” In his inaugural address, Lord Moulton lauded Napier as one who “stands prominent among that small band of thinkers who by their discoveries have substantially increased the powers of the human mind as a practical agent.” In 1964 Napier University, named for the mathematician, was founded in Edinburgh. Among its campuses is one at Merchiston, which houses courses in science, technology, and design.  Presbyterian.

John Napier.  http://turnbull.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Napier.html

J J O'Connor and E F Robertson https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Napier.html

The Galileo Project.  http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/napier.html or http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/napier.html

http://www.scotlandsource.com/about/napier.htm

http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/john_napier.htm

http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/napier.html

http://5.1911encyclopedia.org/N/NA/NAPIER_JOHN.htm

Ernest G. Neal / Ernest Gordon Neal

(1911-1998).  Biologist.  Educator.  Author.  Neal is remembered for his work with badgers, earning him the nickname “the Badger Man.” His studies of the animal were captured in books as well as in a 1952 movie, which became the first film ever made about badgers in their natural habitat. Rendcomb College, Cirencester, England, senior biologist, 1934-44; Taunton School, Taunton, England, head of science department, 1945-60, second master, 1960-1998. Somerset Trust for Nature Conservation, chair, 1964-1998.  Education: University of London, M.Sc., and Ph.D.

Member: Society of Authors, Ecological Society, Mammal Society of British Isles (council).

Honors: Stamford Raffles Award from the Zoological Society of London. In 1976 he was appointed a Member of the British Empire.

Author: Exploring Nature with a Camera, Elek, 1942; The Badger, Collins, 1948, 2nd edition, 1962; Woodland Ecology, Heinemann, 1956; Topsy & Turvey: My Two Otters, Heinemann, 1961; Uganda Quest: African Wildlife After Dark, Taplinger, 1971; The Natural History of Badgers, Facts on File (New York, NY), 1986.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

http://www.tauntonschool.co.uk/home/ot/obituaries/files/NEAL%20Ernest.html

Michael Neander *** Not in Gale

(1529-1581).  Bohemian mathematician, physician, astronomer, educator.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/neander.html

Education: Wittenberg, M.A.; Jena, M.D.; University of Wittenberg. B.A., 1549; M.A., 1550; University of Jena. M.D., 1558.

From 1551-8, Neander taught in the hohe Schule in Jena.  In 1558, when the school became a new Protestant university, he became a professor in the faculty of arts.  From 1560-81, Neander was Professor of Medicine, University of Jena.

Walter Jim Neidhardt
(1934-1993).  Religion editor, physics educator. Physics Department, Newark College of Engineering.

W. Jim Neidhardt was Associate Professor of Physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology. His professional interests were in quantum physics; systems theory; and the integration of scientific and Judeo-Christian theological perspectives, both being forms of personal knowledge as ably pointed out by the scientist philosopher, Michael Polanyi. He was a member of the American Physical Society, American Association of Physics Teachers, Sigma Xi, and a Fellow of the American Scientific Affiliation. He had published forty-five professional papers. He was also interested in the problems of educationally deprived college-bound students and taught a college level integrated physics-calculus course for Newark high school seniors.

Author: (with other) The Christian Frame of Mind, 1989, (with James E. Loder) The Knight’s Move—The Relational Logic of the Spirit in Theology and Science, 1992; contributor articles to professional journals.

W. Jim Neidhardt. “Biblical Humanism: The Tacit Grounding of James Clerk Maxwell’s Creativity,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1989/PSCF9-89Neidhardt.html. From: PSCF 41 (September 1989): 137-142.

W. Jim Neidhardt. “Pollard Anticipated by Kuyper,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1971/JASA6-71Neidhardt2.html

W. Jim Neidhardt. Theology and Science: At the Frontiers, http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1993/v50-3-criticscorner.htm

Harrison Allen Nelson

(1913-2000).  Chemist.  Construction executive.  President, Wickford Corp., Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1979; Manager technical development, The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1956-77; Senior scientist, The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1950-56; Research scientist, The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1943-50; plant supervisor, Imperial Magnesuim Powder Plant, Glens Falls, N.Y., 1941-43; Research chemist, Imperial Paper and Color Co., Glens Falls, N.Y., 1939-41. Education: postgraduate, Brown University, Providence, 1933; postgraduate, University of R.I., 1938; postgraduate, Rice University, Houston, 1939.

Memberships: American Chemical Society, Kalamazoo Board Realtors.  Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.; inventor numerous patents on steriod and antibiotic fermentation and processing.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Thomas Charles Nelson

(1923-1985).  Forester, mining congress executive.  Biologist, Michigan Conservation Dept., Munising, Michigan, 1949-50; numerous positions U.S. Forest Service, 1950-70, deputy chief, Washington, 1970-80; Assistant to President American Mining Congress, Washington, 1980; advisory board Rene Dubose Institute, N.Y.C., 1985. Education: B.S., University of Wisconsin, 1943; M.S., Michigan State University, 1947, Ph.D., 1950.

Member county committee Republican Party, Fairfax County, Virginia, 1982-84, precinct Chairman, 1982-83. Served to lt. USNR, 1943-46.

Honors: Recipient Certified of Merit USDA, 1956, 1970, Superior Service award, 1970, Conservation award American Motors Corp., 1980. Fellow Society American Foresters; Member Society of Mining Engineers. Presbyterian. Club: Capital Hill ( Washington).

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Paul Nelson / Paul A. Nelson *** Not in Gale

Paul Nelson is a philosopher of biology, specializing in evo-devo and developmental biology.  Dr. Nelson received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Chicago Department of Philosophy (1998).  His  research interests include the relationship between development biology and our knowledge of the history of life, the theory of intelligent design, and the interaction of theology and science.

He has published articles in such journals as Biology & Philosophy, Zygon, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, and Touchstone, and chapters in the anthologies Mere Creation (Intervarsity Press), Signs of Intelligence (Brazos Press), Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics (MIT Press), and Darwin, Design, and Public Education (Michigan State University Press). His monograph, On Common Descent, critically evaluates macroevolutionary theory in light of recent developments in embryology and developmental biology.  He edits the journal Origins & Design.

He is married to Suzanne Nelson, M.D., M.P.H., an Assistant Professor of pediatrics at Northwestern University.

Webpage, Access Research Network, http://www.arn.org/nelson/pnhome.htm

Member: Senior Fellow of the Center for Science and Culture of the Discovery Institute (Seattle, WA). He is also a Fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design.

Profile.  International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, http://www.iscid.org/paul-nelson.php

Thomas Newcomen

(1663-1729). English blacksmith and inventor. In association with John Calley (or Cawley), invented (1705) the first practical steam engine, in which steam admitted to a cylinder was condensed by a jet of cold water and the piston driven by atmospheric pressure; entered partnership with Thomas Savery, whose primitive steam engine for pumping water from mines (patented 1698) he improved and built into a practical working engine in common use in collieries (from 1712). The improvements and experiments begun by Newcomen, while primitive compared to James Watt's engines of the late 1700s, paved the way for steam power to lead the industrial revolutions of Europe and later the United States.

John Alexander Reina Newlands

(1837–1898).  British chemist who preceded Dmitri Mendeleyev in formulating the concept of periodicity in the properties of chemical elements, although his ideas were not accepted at the time. Noted patterns in atomic weights of chemical elements of similar properties and published (1864) a table of elements illustrating his “law of octaves”; contributed to development of true periodic table by Mendeleyev.

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/N/Newlands/1.html

http://chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/Newlands.html

http://58.1911encyclopedia.org/N/NE/NEWLANDS_JOHN_ALEXANDER_REINA.htm

Antonio Neri *** Not in Gale

(1576- c. 1614).  Italian chemist, alchemist, iatrochemist, pharmacologist, Catholic priest (ordained before 1601).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/neri.html

Neri is remembered only for L’arte vetraria (1612), a little book in which many of the closely guarded secrets of glassmaking were printed for the first time.  He was known in the 17th century also as an alchemist, and his patron, Don Antonio Medici, is known to have been deeply involved in alchemy.  Neri also called himself a cultivator of the Spagyrical art.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10752a.htm

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/neri.html (in Italian)

Thomas Newcomen

(1663-1729). English blacksmith and inventor. In association with John Calley (or Cawley), invented (1705) an engine in which steam admitted to a cylinder was condensed bya jet of cold water and the piston driven by atmospheric pressure; entered partnership with Thomas Savery, whose primitive steam engine for pumping water from mines (patented 1698) he improved and built into a practical working engine in common use in collieries (from 1712).  The improvements and experiments begun by Newcomen, while primitive compared to James Watt’s engines of the late 1700s, paved the way for steam power to lead the industrial revolutions of Europe and later the United States.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/newcomen.html

The Newcomen Society for the Study of the History of Engineering and Technology.  http://www.newcomen.com/.  The Newcomen Society is the world’s oldest learned society devoted to the study of the history of engineering and technology. The Society is based in London and is concerned with all branches of engineering: civil, mechanical, electrical, structural, aeronautical, marine, chemical and manufacturing.

The Newcomen Society of the United States.  http://www.newcomen.org/thomasnewcomen.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newcomen.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/n/newcomen/1.html

Britannica: British engineer and inventor of the atmospheric steam engine, a precursor of James Watt’s engine.

http://www.edu365.com/aulanet/comsoc/persones_tecniques/Newcomen%20Thomas.htm

http://11.1911encyclopedia.org/N/NE/NEWCOMEN_THOMAS.htm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newcomen_thomas.shtml

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas%20Newcomen

Dr. Robert C. Newman *** Not in Gale

Astrophysicist and theologian.  Dr. Newman received his under-graduate degree in physics from Duke University and his doctorate in theoretical astrophysics from Cornell University. He has done scientific research for the U.S. Weather Bureau and the Franklin Institute. Robert C. Newman is Professor of New Testament at the Biblical Theological Seminary of Hatfield, Pennsylvania (a suburb of Philadelphia) and Director of the Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute there. As a theologian he has earned the degrees of Master of Divinity and Master of Sacred Theology. Dr. Newman is co-author of four books and has published numerous articles in magazines and scientific and theological journals.

Access Research Network, “Dr. Robert C. Newman,” webpage, http://www.arn.org/newman/rnhome.htm

Robert C. Newman, Ph.D. “A Designed Universe,” http://www.angelfire.com/pa2/truthandthings/creation.design.html

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.  “My scientific background helps me to understand God’s power and wisdom, and it enlarges my ability to present a scientifically credible apologetic for His existence.  I’m convinced that the God who made the stars uses His mighty wisdom and power to guide each one of us into the career that is the most satisfying and the most constructive way of life.”

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was an English scientist and mathematician. He made major contributions in mathematics and theoretical and experimental physics and achieved a remarkable synthesis of the work of his predecessors on the laws of motion, especially the law of universal gravitation.  Lunar Crater Newton named in his honor.

Isaac Newton, from Query 31 of Opticks (London, 1704): “All these things being consider’d, it seems probable to me, that God in the Beginning form’d Matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable Particles, of such Sizes and Figures, and with such other Properties, and in such Proportion to Space, as most conduced to the End for which he form’d them; and that these primitive Particles being Solids, are incomparably harder than any porous Bodies compounded of them; even so very hard, as never to wear or break in pieces; no ordinary Power being able to divide what God himself made one in the first Creation.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/newton.html

J J O'Connor and E F Robertson.  “Sir Isaac Newton,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Newton.html or https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0264.html

Professor R. W. Picard. “Newton—Rationalizing Christianity, or Not?” http://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/Newton.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/newton.html

Ann Lamont.  “Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), A Scientific Genius,” for Creation 12(3):48-51, June-August, 1990.  http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/358.asp

Pfizenmaier, T.C., “Was Isaac Newton an Arian?“ http://www.nd.edu/%7Edharley/HistIdeas/texts/Pfizenmaier-NewtonArian.pdf, Journal of the History of Ideas 68(1):57–80, 1997) http://www.nd.edu/~dharley/HistIdeas/texts/Pfizenmaier-NewtonArian.pdf

“Isaac Newton,”http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Isaac%20Newton

http://www.newtonproject.ic.ac.uk/

http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95dec/newton.html

Disclaimer: Claimed by Universalists but from doubtful sources which will not be accepted as authoritative.

Jean-François Niceron *** Not in Gale

(1613-1646).  French optician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/niceron.html

In 1632 he entered the Order of the Minims.

In his short life Niceron occupied himself with the study of optics. In 1638 he published his first work on optics, La Perspective curieuse. The latin version was published in 1646 under the title of Thaumaturgus opticus. Though Niceron was aware of the latest theoretical developments, he concentrated primarily on the practical applications of perspective, catoptrics, dioptrics and the illusory effects of optics mostly associated with natural magic.

On the two occasions that he was sent to Rome, Niceron conducted experiments with other scientists in Rome suggested by the works of Galileo. He shared the latest developments of French scientists with their counterparts in Italy and returned to France with the scientific news from Italy.

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2430.html:

Niceron (1613-1646) studied under Mersenne in Paris and then entered the Order of Minims; he was appointed professor of mathematics at their convent in Rome. He was also an artist of some note and executed a large anamorphic wall painting (now lost) in the convent of Sta. Trinita de’ Monti. He, and his Minim colleague Maignan were interested in the uses of anamorphosis in religious art. He was a member of the circle of Mersenne and acquainted with Fermat, Descartes, and Roberval in France and Cavalieri, Kircher, Maignan, and others in Rome. ‘He collaborated with a group of scientists in Rome (including Magiotti, Baliani, Kircher, Ricci, and Maignan) in conducting experiments suggested by the work of Galileo’ (ibid.).

Nicholas of Cusa / Nikolaus Kryffs / Krebs

(1401-1464).  German geometer, theologian, philosopher, and prelate.  He advocated that the earth revolved on axis around sun, before Newton and Copernicus. While Nicholas led a life of service to the Roman Catholic Church, rising to the position of cardinal (1448-64), he wrote several important philosophical works, including mathematical treatises, that profoundly influenced Western thought. Nicholas studied law and mathematics at the University of Padua, receiving his doctorate in Canon Law. Although better known as a philosopher than a mathematician, his interest in mathematics, far from being purely academic, reflected his passionate desire to understand the universe and situate it in the context of his mystical conception of God.

J. J. O’Connor and E F Robertson. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cusa.html, or http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Cusa.html.  Excerpt:

“He was ordained in 1440 and became a cardinal in 1448 and then became the bishop of Brixon (now Bressanone) in 1450. (The ‘cardinal’ was a title, while the ‘bishop’ was an office.)

He was interested in geometry and logic. He contributed to the study of infinity, studying the infinitely large and the infinitely small. He looked at the circle as the limit of regular polygons and used it in his religious teaching to show how one can approach truth but never reach it completely.

In 1444 he became interested in astronomy and purchased sixteen books on astronomy, a wooden celestial globe, a copper celestial globe and various astronomical instruments including an astrolabe.

His interest in astronomy certainly led him to … claim that the Earth moved round the Sun … that the stars were other suns and that space was infinite. He also believed that the stars had other worlds orbiting them which were inhabited. He got so much right that perhaps this will also be found to be true one day!”

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11060b.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Nicholas of Oresme / Nicole d’ Oresme

The French Clergyman scientist, economist, and translator Nicholas of Oresme (ca.1320-1382) is best known for his treatise on money, De moneta, and for his services to King Charles V of France. Catholic.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Oresme.html

http://5.1911encyclopedia.org/O/OR/ORESME_NICOLAS.htm

http://classes.bnf.fr/dossitsm/b-oresme.htm

http://www.math.utah.edu/history/oresme.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Niels Christian Nielsen

(Born

Member: American Society Plant Physiologists (editorial Board), American Society Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, American Society Agronomy, International Society Plant Molecular Biology, Japanese Society Plant Physiology, American Oil Chemical Society (Archer Daniels Midland award 1986, 88), American Soybean Association (Meritorious Service award 1992), Delta Theta Sigma (faculty advisor 1982-84).  Lutheran.  Leader Boy Scouts of America, W. Lafayette, 1978-84. With USAR, 1960-68.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Bernard Nieuwentijt *** Not in Gale

(1654-1718).  Dutch mathematician, natural philosopher, chemist.  Calvinist, elder in the church at Purmerend.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/nieuntit.html

As a student Nieuwentijt was converted to Cartesianism; his medical thesis was a Cartesian, mechanistic exposition of the functioning of the body, with eclectic borrowings from other traditions such as iatrochemistry. Not too much later Nieuwentijt became disenchanted with Cartesianism, partly because he saw it as an avenue to atheism, and partly because he rebelled against its rationalism in favor of a strictly empirical, experimental approach to science.

Nieuwentijt was one of the early supporters of Newtonian science on the continent. He won early recognition for his microscopic observations.

In 1694-1700 he engaged in a dispute with Leibniz on the foundations of the calculus. His views are now beginning to be examined by philosophers with interest. His Analysis infinitorum was the first comprehensive exposition of the calculus.

One of his major works, Het recht gebruik, 1714, (in its English translation The Religious Philosopher, or the Right Use of Contemplating the Works of the Creator) was an enormous (1000 pages) demonstration of the existence of God and the correctness of Christianity by teleological arguments.

His other major work, The Foundations of Certainty, published posthumously, 1720, was an assault on Spinoza which insisted on the primacy of empiricism over rationalism. This work is now receiving serious attention.

In Het recht gebruik Nieuwentijt made it clear that he had a chemical laboratory and that he made frequent use of it.

In Purmerend, in the mid 90’s, he organized a “college” (i.e., a society of some sort, evidently informal) of experimentation.

Bernard Nieuwentijt College.  http://www.bn-college.nl/bnc/index.php

Biography.  http://www.bn-college.nl/bnc/index.php?id=bern (in Dutch)

Florence Nightingale

The English nurse Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was the founder of modern nursing and made outstanding contributions to knowledge of public health.  She invented the pie chart.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Nightingale.html

The Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. http://www.sociology.uoguelph.ca/fnightingale/

Florence Nightingale Foundation. http://www.florence-nightingale-foundation.org.uk/

Florence Nightingale Museum.  http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/

“Florence Nightingale,” http://athena.english.vt.edu/~jmooney/3044biosh-o/nightingale.html

Tribute to Florence Nightingale.  http://www.dnai.com/~borneo/nightingale/

Links: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/nightingale/

By 16, the tall girl with the gray eyes and long chestnut hair had heard her first calling: “God spoke to me,” she wrote, “and called me to His service.” “Florence Nightingale.” Historic World Leaders. Gale Research, 1994.

Etienne Noel *** Not in Gale

(1581-1659).  French natural philosopher, physicist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/noel.html

Noel entered the Society of Jesus in 1599 and completed his novitiate in Verdun.  His published works include Aphorismi physici (1646), Sol flamma (1646), Le plein du vide (1648) and Gravitas comparata (1649). The double perspective that characterizes all of his work is an adherence to Aristotelian physics and receptiveness to new ideas.

In 1646 he sent to Descartes his first published works.  He had several disputes with Pascal on the existence of a vacuum, but later in his Gravitas he honored Pascal for his role in developing an experiment to produce a vacuum within a vacuum.

Patricia Noller *** Not in Gale

(Born 1938).  Psychologist.  Educator. Emeritus Professor, School of Psychology, University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, on staff since 1980, beginning as tutor, and received tenurable lectureship in 1983. Visiting positions at University of Wisconsin; University of California, Los Angeles; Graduate School of Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA; University of Georgia, Athens, GA; University of Texas, Austin, TX.  Former Director of the University of Queensland Family Centre (1996 – 2003) and Past President of the International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships (1998-2000). Research Interests: Marital communication, family communication, parent-adolescent relationships, family conflict, adult attachment, attachment and religion, sibling relationships.  BA (Hons), Ph.D. (Queensland), 1994.

Member of Australian Psychological Society (recipient Early Career Award); Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia; President of the International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships 1999-2000; Fellow of the National Council on Family Relationships (USA); Foreign affiliate, American Psychological Association

Author: Nonverbal Communication and Marital Interaction, 1984; co-author: Adolescents in the Family, 1991, Communication in Family Relationships, 1993; editor: Perspectives on Marital Interaction, 1988, Adult Attachment, 1996, Becoming Parents, 2001, Personal Relationships Across the Lifespan, 2001, Understanding Marriage, 2002. Contributor articles to professional journals.  She is Founding Editor of
Personal Relationships: Journal of the Internal Society for the Study of Personal Relationships, 1994-98.
Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, Directory of Fellows, http://www.assa.edu.au/Directory/listall.asp?id=232

Fathom: The Source for Online Learning, http://www.fathom.com/contributors/4569.html

Faculty webpage, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Australia, http://www.psy.uq.edu.au/people/personal.html?id=27

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Robert Norman *** Not in Gale

(fl. Late 1500s).  English scientist specializing in navigation and magnetism.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/norman.html

Norman is best known for his book, The Newe Attractive, 1581, a treatise on the loadstone which derives from his observations of the dipping phenomenon in the compasses he made.  The Safegarde of Saylers, 1590, was a book of sailing directions translated from the Dutch.

He made navigational instruments, including magnetic compasses with a wax counterbalance to counteract the dip.

http://www.thebakken.org/library/books/early_n.htm

fl. 1590. Robert Norman, hydrographer.

http://www.geophys.tu-bs.de/geschichte/norman.html (in German)

Richard Norwood *** Not in Gale

(1590-1676).  English specialist in navigation, mathematician, cartographer, engineering, instrument-maker, agriculturalist.  Anglican, Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/norwood.html

At the very beginning of his career, Norwood devised and used a primitive diving bell to retrieve a piece of ordnance that had fallen overboard. This led to his employment by the Bermuda company as an expert diver.

Norwood significantly forwarded the art of navigation, especially in his application of logs to navigational problems.  In addition to his surveys of Bermuda, he measured (in 1635) the length of the meridian from London to York in order to determine the length of a degree. Although his method was extremely crude, the care with which he applied it led to a good approach to the modern value. Using this value, he reknotted the log line with a knot at every 50 feet, corresponding to 60 nautical miles per degree.

His work, Trigonometrie, or, the Doctrine of Triangles, 1631, based on the logs of Napier and Briggs, was intended as a navigational aid. It explained the application of logs to navigational problems. Norwood emphasized great circle navigation.  Seaman’s Practice, 1637, remained for a long time one of the basic works on navigation. His work forwarded the practice of mathematical navigation. Seaman’s Practice continued to be republished into the 18th century. It also contained a section on surveying and mapping.

After the early years in Bermuda, Norwood was known in the Virginia Company as one expert in fortification, and he published Fortification in 1639.

In Bermuda he made olive oil and shipped a sample to London, leading the company to promote the planting of olive trees on the islands.

http://www.polybiblio.com/finch/89018.html:

Trigonometrie, Or, The Doctrine of Triangles. Richard Norwood, described in the title as ‘Reader of the Mathematicks in London’ gives the first accurate guide to sailing in the middle latitudes, employing the England-Bermuda route to illustrate his methods (Norwood made the first survey of the Bermudas in voyages of 1616-1622 and eventually retired there.) The Trigonometrie is a comprehensive account of how to apply logarithms to plane and spherical trigonometry and problems of navigation, with the latter including original and successful solutions to difficulties using plane and Mercator charts.

Pedro Nuñez / Pedro Nuñez Salaciense *** Not in Gale

(1502-1578).  Portugese mathematician, instrument-maker, navigation expert, mechanic, astronomer.  Catholic, from a family of converted Jews.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/nunez.html

Nuñez is considered the greatest Portuguese mathematician.  He invented the first form of what came to be called the vernier--called the nonius (from the Latinized Nuñez).  He was the first to distinguish, in navigation, between the rhumb line of a flat map and a great circle on a globe.

Nuñez’s appointment as professor of mathematics at Coimbra effectively established a new discipline in the university. He was not in any of the four established faculties. This provides some indication of the technological demands of navigation (which seem clearly to have stood behind the appointment) at the time.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11163a.htm

http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/ciencia/p1.html (in Portugese) or http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/filosofia/ren2.html (in Portugese)

Thomas Coughlin O’Brien

(Born 1943).  Microbiologist.  Biotechnologist.  Strategist DuPont Co., Wilmington, Delaware, 1983.  Previously Dep. Associate Director, chief Science programs br. National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 1977-79; staff scientist U.S. House of Reps. Science and Tech. Co., Washington, 1979-80; Technical analyst National Bureau. Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1980-83; biotechnical consultant State of N.J., 1983, Delaware, 1987; Senior Assistant scientist, div. biologics standards NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 1969-71, head immunoserology unit, 1971-72, health scientist administrator, National Eye Institute, 1972-73, Medical technology consultant.  Chief caries grant program br. National Institute Dental Research, 1973-77.  AB in Biology, Catholic University of America, 1965, MS, 1967, Ph.D. in Microbiology, 1969.

Author: books in field; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Member: Advisory group National Academy of Science, 1978, AAASEPA, 1982, OSTP, 1983, AAAS, Sigma Xi. Roman Catholic.

Frederick Louis Odenbach, S.J.

(1857-1933).  Clergyman Roman Catholic, Meteorologist, Astronomer, Seismologist. In the autumn of 1892 he joined the faculty of , which in 1923 became John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio. For the first ten years he was professor of physics and chemistry, and thereafter professor of astronomy and meteorology. Together with George E. Rueppel, S.J., who followed him to Cleveland in 1894 from Canisius College, he laid plans for a meteorological observatory. The first observations were made in 1896. In 1899 he designed and built the first ceraunograph. It was an adaptation of the Branly coherer to the detection and continuous recording of the static disturbances that are commonly associated with thunderstorms. A year later he began a seismological observatory. For this purpose he designed and built a horizontal pendulum with a Hengler-Zöllner type of suspension. He also built an accelerograph consisting of a suspended mass resting at its sides against two pairs of carbon microphones in the cardinal points of the compass. In 1909 he conceived and proposed a plan for a cooperative seismological program in which all the Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States and Canada were invited to participate. As a result of his enthusiastic sponsorship the Jesuit Seismological Service was formed and eighteen Wiechert seismographs of the smaller type were purchased and put into operation under his general direction. He thus became the founder of Jesuit seismological activity in the United States.

Excerpted from James B. Macelwane. “Frederick Louis Odenbach.”Dictionary of American Biography, Supplements 1-2: To 1940. American Council of Learned Societies, 1944-1958.

Gioanbatista [Giovan or Giovanni Battista] Odierna [Hodierna] *** Not in Gale

(1597-1660).  Italian optician, astronomer, astrologer, natural historian, meteorologist, microscopist, physicist, botanist, anatomist, entomologist, natural philosopher, cartographer, navigatrion specialist.  Catholic priest, ordained in 1622.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/odierna.html

Odierna observed the three comets of 1618-1619, which spurred the famous polemic that culminated in Galileo’s Saggiatore. Many years later Odierna published De systemate orbis cometici, 1654. His studies on the satellites of Jupiter were published in Medicaeorum ephemerides (1656), and he wrote a pamphlet on Saturn. His astronomy seems always to have verged toward astology, and titles on astrology bulk large in his corpus of work.

After studying the passage of light through prisms he offered a vague explanation of the rainbow and of the spectrum. His Thaumantia junonis nuntia praeconium pulchritudinis (1647), was followed by Traumantiae miraculum (1652).

In natural history his explanation of the structure and function of the retractile poison fangs of vipers anticipated the work of Redi.  Odierna developed an early microscope and studied the eyes of flies and other insects with it.  He pursued meteorological studies--cyclones, thunder, and springs.

His first published work Physiotheorica, 1629, was on natural philosophy in general. He also published Empedocles redivivus, 1655, and he seems to have dabbled a bit in corpuscular philosophy.  He devised some sort of microscope--called a camera obscura in one source--that magnified 2000 times (it says), and with it Odierna studied the structure of the eyes of insects and the poisonous glands of vipers.  He composed a manuscript on the longitudes and latitudes of a number of places in Italy.

His work on the satellites of Jupiter were directed toward the use of them to determine longitude at sea.

He wrote an enthusiastic appraisal of Galileo’s Sidereus nuncius. Apparently through Castelli Odierna got a manuscript copy of Galileo’s Bilancetta, which Odierna published for the first time in his Archimede redivivo, 1644.  In Palermo he was acquainted with Carlo Varia Ventimiglia, and perhaps he participated in the Accademia dei Riaccesi in Palermo. He knew Schott who taught then in the Jesuit college in Palermo.

He corresponded with Huygens about 1656.  Corresponded also with Caramuel, when he was in Italy at the end of his life, and with Severino in Naples.

Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie

(Born 1936).  Science writer, educator.  Phoenix Union High School, Phoenix, AZ, teacher, 1959-61; St. Andrew's College, Tanzania, teacher, 1961-62; Portland State University, Portland, OR, Assistant Professor of the history of science, 1971-75; Oscar Rose Jr. College, Midwest City, OK, adjunct instructor in American history, 1975-76; University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, visiting Assistant Professor of the history of science, 1977-83; Oklahoma Baptist University, Shawnee, OK, adjunct Assistant Professor of the history of science, 1979-80, Assistant Professor of natural science, 1980-85, Associate Professor of natural science, 1985-91, also chair of the division of natural sciences and mathematics; University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, Associate Professor of bibliography, 1991-1994, adjunct Associate Professor of science, 1991-94, curator of the history of science collections, 1991-present, professor of the history of science and of bibliography, 1994-present.

Member: History of Science Society, American Association of University Professors (secretary, treasurer, and local chapter vice president, 1981-present), British Society for the History of Science, American Library Association, Association of College and Research Libraries, Phi Sigma, Beta Phi Mu, Sigma Xi, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Beta Kappa.  Methodist.

Author: Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century, A Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography, 1986; (with K.L. Meek) Women and Science: An Annotated Bibliography, 1996; (with C.J. Choquette) A Dame Full of Vim and Vigor: A Biography of Alice Middleton Boring, Biologist in China, 1999; (ed., with J. Harvey) The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-twentieth Century, 2000. Contributor to anthologies and periodicals.

“Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie.” Writers Directory, 20th ed. St. James Press, 2004.

University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies, http://www.ou.edu/cls/Faculty/profiles/Ogilvie,%20Marilyn%20L.htm

Jude Nnaemeka Okoyeh

(Born September 30, 1962 in Uromi, Edo, Nigeria).  Pharmacologist, educator. Certified pharmacologist, molecular biologist.  Senior Lecturer, University of Zaria, 1996; from Assistant Lecturer to Lecturer II to Lecturer I, University of Zaria, 1988-96; sales rep., Mobell Pharmacy, Benin, Nigeria, 1983-84; Research fellow, International Center. for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnical, New Delhi, 1996-98. Visiting fellow Biotechnical Institute, New Delhi, 1996-99; acting Principal investigator WHO Malaria Research Project, Zaria, 1993-96; acting head pharmacology dept. University of Zaria, 1994, Consultant malariologist, 1994; Senior scientist Malaria Research Program, Zaria, 1988-96.  Education: BS, University Ibadan, Nigeria, 1983; MS, University Ibadan, Nigeria, 1987; Ph.D., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 1993.

Member: AAAS, International Society for Study of Xenobiotics, West African Society Pharmacology, N.Y. Academy Sciences.  Religious leader Charismatic Renewal Ministries, Zaria, 1995-96; Director for membership Full Gospel Businessmen's Fellowship, Zaria, 1989-94; spiritual advisor Fellowship of Christian Pharmacy Students of Nigeria, 1994-96; Member Organization African UnityScience, Technology and Research Commission.

Honors: Fellow UN Indsl. Development Organization, 1996; grantee Roche, 1994, Organization African UnityScience, Technical and Research Commission, 1996, others.

Contributor of articles to professional publications.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Marvin Olasky

(Born 1950). Professor, Journalism Dept., University of Texas at Austin (1993 – present). Lecturer, San Diego State University, 1976-77; Assistant Professor, The University of Texas at Austin, 1983-88; Associate Professor, The University of Texas at Austin, 1988-93.  Marvin Olasky teaches journalism history, sports writing and journalism and religion. Marvin Olasky received his B.A. (cume laude) from Yale University (1971). He then earned M.A. (1974) and Ph.D. (1976) degrees in American Culture from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Before joining The University of Texas at Austin faculty in 1983, Olasky worked as a reporter for the Bend, Oregon Bulletin (1971 – 1972) and for the Boston Globe (1970 – 1971, 1973), and as an executive speech writer and public affairs coordinator at the DuPont Company in Wilmington, Delaware (1978 – 1983).

Olasky is editor-in-chief of World magazine, the fourth most-read newsweekly in the United States, for which he writes a weekly column. He also writes a bi-weekly column for the Austin American-Statesman (1996 – present) and a weekly syndicated column for Creators Syndicate.

He is a senior Fellow of the Wilberforce Forum and of the Action Institute, an elder at Redeemer Presbyterian Church, a board member of City School, and faculty adviser for Reformed University Fellowship.
Olasky is the author of 13 books, including Compassionate Conservatism, 2000; The American Leadership Tradition, 1999, 2000; The Tragedy of American Compassion, 1992, 1995; and Central Ideas in the Development of American Journalism, 1990; along with 14 other monographs or co-authored books including More Than Kindness, 1990. He has published more than 800 articles on journalism, history, poverty-fighting, religion, sports, and other matters.

Faculty webpage, Journalism Dept., University of Texas at Austin, http://journalism.utexas.edu/faculty/olasky.html

http://www.utexas.edu/coc/journalism/SOURCE/faculty/facul/olaskymain.htm

http://www.mediatransparency.org/people/marvin_olasky.htm

Website: http://www.olasky.com/

Biography.  http://www.olasky.com/biography.html

Professional vita: http://www.olasky.com/Biography/vita.html

Marvin Olasky.  “ABCs of Political Action,” 

http://www.creators.com/opinion_show.cfm?columnsName=mol

Worldmag.com.  http://www.worldmag.com/world/home.asp

Marvin Olasky.  “Marxism and Me,” http://www.olasky.com/Biography/marxism.html The American Enterprise, 1995

Marvin Olasky.  “God and Sinner Reconciled,” http://www.olasky.com/Biography/reconcile.html.  Testimony. “My communism was based on atheism, and when I was no longer an atheist I quickly resigned from the Party, although I thought I was leaving the eventually winning side. Not until 1976 did I become a Christian, however. The steps down that path were hesitant, and included activities such as watching classic westerns (with their strong sense of right and wrong) and reading Christian existentialists.

Two activities that I did not choose helped to put me on solid ground. To satisfy a Ph.D. language requirement I had to improve my Russian, and one evening, just for reading practice, I plucked from my bookcase a copy of the New Testament in Russian given to me two years before as a novelty item and never even opened. To my surprise, the words had the ring of truth. (It helped that I had to read very slowly.)

An assignment to teach a course in early American literature also helped, since my preparation involved reading... Puritan sermons. Those dead white males spoke truth. Later, the writings of C.S. Lewis and Francis Schaeffer showed me that Christian hearts and brains could coexist in the twentieth century as well.”

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Heinrich Wilhelm Matthaus Olbers

(1758-1840). German physician and astronomer. Devised method of determining the orbit of a comet (1779); discovered 5 comets (the one of 1815 with a period of 72 years being named after him), rediscovered the asteroid Ceres, and discovered the asteroids Pallas (1802) and Vesta (1807); advanced Olbers’s hypothesis accounting for origin of asteroids by explosion of a primordial planet.

http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/O/Olbers-H.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/15418/cgi-bin/pageserv/srv.cgi?Section=astronomers&SubSection=astrmr9&Page=7

Henry Oldenburg *** Not in Gale

(c. 1618-1677).  German-born scientific organizer and communicator.  Lutheran, then Calvinism, Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/oldnburg.html

Oldenburg made a profession of scientific administration. He founded a system of records in the Royal Society that is still followed, created an international correspondence of scientists, and founded the first scientific journal in 1665, Philosophical Transactions.

Member: Royal Society, 1661; Secretary, 1662-77. Oldenburg was not at the meeting in Nov. 1660 at which it was decided to organize a society. His name was mentioned there, however, as one likely to be interested. He became a member in Jan. 1661.  Informal Connections: Connection with John Dury, Samuel Hartlib, John Milton, and Thomas Hobbes, beginning in 1653.  Friendship with Boyle, John Wilkins, and Oxford philosophical club, beginning in 1656.  Correspondence with Huygens, Spinoza and many others.

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/O/Oldenburg/1.html

http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryOther/HistoryofScience/?ci=0198510535&view=usa

Henry Oldenburg, born in 1619 in Bremen, Germany, first came to England as a diplomat on a mission to see Oliver Cromwell. He stayed on in England and in 1662 became the Secretary of the Royal Society, and its best known member to the entire learned world of his time. Through his extensive correspondence, now published, he disseminated the Society’s ideals and methods at home and abroad. He fostered and encouraged the talents of many scientists later to be far more famous than he, including Newton, Flamsteed, Malpighi, and Leeuwenhoek with whom, as with many others, he developed real friendship. He founded and edited the Philosophical Transactions, the world’s oldest scientific journal.
His career sheds new light on the intellectual world of his time, especially its scientific aspects, and on the development of the Royal Society; his private life expands our knowledge of social mobility, the urban society, and the religious views of his time.

http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/genscheda.asp?appl=SIM&xsl=biografia&lingua=ENG&chiave=300615

John W. Oller / John William Oller, Jr.

(Born 1943).  Linguist.  Hawthorne/Regents Endowed Professor (2004), Professor of Communicative Disorders, Head of Department of Communicative Disorders, and Director, Doris B. Hawthorne Center for Special Education and Communicative Disorders, at the University of Louisiana (1997 – present).  Oller is the principal author of the Applied Language and Speech Sciences Ph.D. Program at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette featuring theoretical semiotics as its cornerstone. Previously taught at University of California, Los Angeles, Assistant Professor, 1969-72, Associate Professor of English, 1972-73; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, Associate Professor, 1973-80, Professor of linguistics 1980 - 1997, chairman of department, 1973-76.

Education: B. A., California State University; Fresno, California; majors in Spanish and French, minor in education, 1965 (Magna Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa); G. S. C., General Secondary Teaching Credential, California State University; Fresno, California, 1966; M.A., University of Rochester; Rochester, New York; General Linguistics, 1968; Ph. D., University of Rochester; General Linguistics, 1969 (NDEA Fellowship).

He joined the faculty at UCLA where he became the youngest tenured Associate Professor at that university system in 1971. A year later, he founded and became Chair of the Linguistics Department at the University of New Mexico. He was a member of the Examiner’s Committee for the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) from 1971-1976 and six of his 13 books and about a third of his 215 published articles are on the subject of language testing and related measurement issues. Since joining the faculty at UL Lafayette, he keynoted the 20^th Annual Language Testing Research Colloquium, Monterey, California, "1998" Day="12" Month="3" March 12, 1998 and published 11 papers on measurement and testing. Having won the Modern Language Association Mildenberger Medal in 1984, an award also granted to two of his Ph.D. students (Krashen and Richard-Amato), Oller has continued to break new ground in second language acquisition and applied linguistics. In December 1999, Oller gave the opening keynote address on second language acquisition and teaching at the Chulalongkorn University International Conference in Bangkok, Thailand . At the invitation of domestic and foreign agencies and governments Oller has lectured in England, Denmark, Spain, Germany, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Mexico, Quebec, Cyprus, Canada, and throughout the United States.

Member: Linguistics Association of Canada and the United States, Linguistics Society of America, Modern Language Association of America, American Association of Applied Linguistics, Organization of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.

Author: Coding Information in Natural Languages, Mouton & Co., 1971; Focus on the Learner: Pragmatic Perspectives for the Language Teacher, Newbury House, 1973; Language in Education: Testing the Tests, Newbury House, 1978; Language Tests at School: A Pragmatic Approach, Longman, 1979; Research in Language Testing, Newbury House, 1980; (Co-author) Measuring Affective Factors in Language Learning, SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, 1982; (Editor) Issues in Language Testing Research, Newbury House, 1983; (Co-editor) Methods that Work: A Smorgasbord of Ideas for Language Teachers, Newbury House, 1983; (Editor) Language and Experience: Classic Pragmatism, University Press of America, 1989; (Co-author) Language and Bilingualism: More Tests of Tests, Bucknell University Press, 1991;(Co-author) Teaching all the Children to Read: Concentrated Language Encounter Techniques, Open University Press, 1992; (Co-author and Editor) Cloze and Coherence, Associated University Presses, 1994; (Co-author) Images that Work: Creating Successful Messages in Marketing and High Stakes Communication, Quorum, 1999; The Language Factors: More Tests of Tests, Newbury House, in press. Upon a Scarlet Beast (upcoming). Consulting editor for Modern Language Journal.

Faculty webpage, Professor, Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, http://speechandlanguage.louisiana.edu/facultystaff/oller.shtml

John W. Oller, Jr., Ph.D., Hawthorne Regents Professor, personal webpage, http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~jxo1721/index.html/

Curriculum vita, University of Louisiana: http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/%7Ejxo1721/Research/CV.htm

Curriculum vitae, ICR: http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/oller.html

John W. Oller, Jr., Hawthorne/Regents Endowed Professor, Department of Communicative Disorders

(CODI) The University of Louisiana at Lafayette, http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/LiberalArts/CODI/faculty.html

John W. Oller, Jr., Ph.D. “A THEORY IN CRISIS,” http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-180.htm.  Impact, No. 180, June 1988.

John W. Oller, Jr. told Contemporary Authors: “I believe in Jesus rather than in ‘religion’ because I find myself in need of a personal savior. My own attempts at self-reformation fall far short of what even I regard as ‘right,’ much less am I able to measure up to God’s requirements. I accept the testimony of the ancient Hebrew prophets concerning the Messiah. Jesus fulfills these prophecies to the last detail—except those which are still future—see Hal Lindsey’s writings, and also those of Josh McDowell. In particular, he was born, died on a cross, and rose from the dead as foretold by the prophets.” Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God,, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Kenneth H. Olsen / Kenneth Harry Olsen

(Born February 20, 1926 in Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States).  Entrepreneur, computer manufacturing executive.  Founder, president, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1957-92.  Olsen and his Digital Equipment Corporation developed the first successful minicomputer. Digital also developed the MicroVAX which placed a minicomputer structure on a single microchip. (1990) 

National Inventors Hall of Fame, inducted 1990 .http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/114.html:

“Kenneth H. Olsen, described by Fortune magazine in 1986 as the ‘most successful entrepreneur in the history of American business,’ invented vital computer components and cofounded Digital Equipment Corporation, developer of the minicomputer.

Born in Stratford, Connecticut, Olsen began his career working summers in a machine shop. Fixing radios in his basement gave him the reputation of a neighborhood ‘Edison.’

After serving in the Navy between 1944 and 1946, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a B.S. (1950) and an M.A. (1952) in electrical engineering. During his studies at MIT, the Office of Naval Research of the Air Force recruited Olsen to help build a computerized flight simulator. Also while at MIT he directed the building of the first transistorized research computer.
In 1957, Olsen, along with Harlan Anderson, an MIT colleague, formed the Digital Equipment Corporation with a $70,000 investment from General Georges F. Doriot at the American Research and Development Corporation. Digital began producing printed circuit logic modules used by engineers to test electronic equipment. The company also started developing the world’s first small interactive computer.
In 1960 Digital produced the Programmed Data Processor or PDP-1, a computer that used a cathode ray tube monitor. In 1965, after two more generations of PDP computers, Digital brought out the PDP-8, the world’s first mass-produced minicomputer. Later, using integrated circuits, the PDP-8/1 proved cheaper and faster than transistor-driven machines. In 1970 Digital produced the PDP-11, which became the most popular minicomputer line in history.
In the 1960s Olsen received patents for a saturable switch, a diode transformer gate circuit, magnetic core memory, and the line printer buffer.”

http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/legacies/olsen.html

Honors:  Mr. Olsen is a Fellow of the IEEE and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including: Eta Kappa Nu’s Young Electrical Engineer of the Year Award (1960); Bay State Business World’s Businessman of the Year (1970); Executive of the Year, of the Society for the Advancement of Management, Boston Chapter (1970); the first President’s Award of the New England Chapter of the Electronic Representatives Association (1970); the New Englander of the Year Award of the New England Council (1977); elected to the Entrepreneurial Hall of Fame of Babson College, and received the Business/Statesman Award of Columbia Business School Club of Boston (1978); received the Vermilye Medal of the Franklin Institute (1980); Founders Award, National academy of Engineering, (1982); the New England Award of the Engineering Societies of New England (1986); a recipient of the first IEEE Engineering Leadership Award (1986); the first IEEE Computer Society Entrepreneur Award, and the Yale School of Management Award for Entrepreneurial Excellence (1986); the John Ericsson Award of the American Society of Swedish Engineers, and the American Manager of the Year Award of the National Management Association (1988); inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (1990); received the MCI Communications Information Technology Leadership Award for Innovation by the Computerworld, Smithsonian Awards (1992).

Mr. Olsen was awarded the 1993 IEEE Founders Medal ‘For technical and management innovation, and leadership in the computer industry.’”

From “Kenneth H. Olsen.” Contemporary Newsmakers 1986, Issue Cumulation. Gale Research, 1987:

“Although DEC remains in the shadow of giant IBM as the second largest computer company in the world, Olsen has nevertheless astounded critics who wrote off both the company and his entrepreneurial management style when DEC floundered during the industry-wide slump of the early 1980s. Renowned in the 1970s for his informal, anti-hierarchical management technique, Olsen in the 1980s was able to rethink key organizational, manufacturing, and strategic issues and rebound as strong--perhaps stronger--than before.

A former MIT engineer who founded DEC on a shoestring budget in 1957, Olsen today takes his place among the business giants of the century. As Peter Petre wrote in a Forbes cover story, Olsen “is arguably the most successful entrepreneur in the history of American business. In 29 years he has taken Digital Equipment Corp. from nothing to $7.6 billion in annual revenues. DEC today is bigger, even adjusting for inflation, than Ford Motor Co. when death claimed Henry Ford, than U.S. Steel when Andrew Carnegie sold out, than Standard Oil when John D. Rockefeller stepped aside.”

Behind this enormous success is a background in fundamental Christianity. “A rock-ribbed neo-Puritan and churchman, Olsen thinks about morality and religion far more frequently than about microcircuits or finance,” said Petre. “He sometimes invokes hymns to make a point about management.” He participates in regular prayer breakfasts and invokes the Puritans--the “toughest men the world has ever seen”--when applying his accept-responsibility-for-your-actions philosophy.”

Positions: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, electrical engineer at Lincoln Laboratory, 1950-57; Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass., founder, president, 1957-present. Member of board of directors, Polaroid Corp., Cambridge, Mass., Shawmut Corp., Boston, Mass., and Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich. Member of President’s Science Advisory Committee, 1971-73, and Massachusetts Governor’s Task Force, 1979; trustee and member of corporation, Joslin Diabetes Foundation; member of corporation, Boston Museum of Science and Wentworth Corp., Boston; trustee of Gordon College, Wenham, Mass. Deacon, Park Street Church, Boston.

Holds patents on several magnetic devices. Magnetic Core Memory, Patent Number(s) 3,161,861.

Ken Olsen Interview, Conducted at Digital Equipment Corporation, Digital Historical Collection Exhibit;

Transcript of a Oral History Interview with Ken Olsen, Digital Equipment Corporation, Interviewer: David Allison, Division of Information Technology & Society, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, September 28, 29, 1988, http://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/comphist/olsen.html

Roger L. Olsen *** Not in Gale

(Not the electrical company executive born February 24, 1935 in Ashland, Wisconsin, United States).

Geochemist.  Consulting engineer.  Roger Olsen is vice-president and senior geochemist for Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., Denver, Colorado. He is responsible for project management and technical supervision of geochemical and hazardous waste investigations. His experience includes design of sampling and analytical programs; evaluation of risks and impacts; evaluation of treatment and disposal options; implementation of quality control procedures; and design and engineering of hazardous waste disposal and remediation programs. He has expertise in the mobility, degradation, and transport of metals and organic compounds in soil water systems. Dr. Olsen has worked at the Colorado School of Mines as an Instructor in Chemistry/Geochemistry, at Rockwell International as a Research Chemist, and at D’Appolonia Consulting Engineers/International Technology Corporation as a Project Geochemist. He received a B.S. in mineral engineering chemistry in 1972 and a Ph.D. in geochemistry in 1979 from the Colorado School of Mines. Dr. Olsen has made over 40 presentations at conferences and seminars and has published over 30 papers. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, Sigma Xi and the Hazardous Materials Research Institute. Dr. Olsen is a recognized expert in the fields of geochemistry and environmental chemistry and has been an expert witness in 12 cases.

http://books.nap.edu/books/0309063582/html/278.html

http://www.ldolphin.org/mystery/

Juan de Ortega *** Not in Gale

(1480-1568).  Spanish mathematician.  Catholic Dominican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ortega.html

Author of Tractado subtilisimo d’aritmetica y de geometria, (Barcelona, 1516), a work largely of practical mathematics, of interest because it gives values for square roots that seem to indicate some method. The work was translated into French and Italian, and edition in Spanish in 34, 37, and 42.  Ortega also wrote Cursus quattuor mathematicarum artium liberalium, (Paris, 1516).

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Juan de Ortega,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ortega.html

Ortega’s book A Tractado subtilisimo d’arithmetica y de geometria published in 1512 covered commercial arithmetic and the rules of geometry. In the book he gives a method of extracting square roots very accurately using Pell’s equation, which is surprising since a general solution to Pell’s equation does not appear to have been found before Fermat over 100 years later.

Abraham Ortelius / Abraham Ortels

(1527-1598). A cartographer, geographer, and archæologist.  Flemish map maker and map seller Abraham Ortelius is known for his Theatrum orbis terrarum (Epitome of the Theater of the Worlde), the first modern atlas, published in 1570.   He accelerated the movement away from Ptolemaic geographical conceptions.  Ortelius corresponded with many learned men, including the French printer Christophe Plantin and the Flemish humanist Justus Lipsius.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ortelius.html

UBA Ortelius.  http://www.uba.uva.nl/en/collections/maps/ortelius/overview.html#ortelius

http://www.raremaps.de/cartographortelius.html:

Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) may truly be assigned the title of “Father of Modern Cartography”. He developed the idea of assembling a compendium of maps to form an atlas. Ortelius did so with extraordinary skill and success. Imagine the man was a resident of Antwerp, Belgium. Unlike us in our modern time, he had no FAX or telephone, no train, car, or plane. All he had were messengers on horseback to transport information and details of commercial contracts from one place in Europe to another.

Ortelius Atlas.   http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gnrlort.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11328b.htm

http://www.artelino.com/articles/abraham_ortelius.asp

ORTELIUS: The database on higher education in Europe.  http://www.teipat.gr/pages/stud_exchange/leonardo/ortelius.html:  In the same way that the Flemish cartographer Abrahamus Orteliuscompiled the geographical information of his day into a singlebody of work back in the XVIth century, today, for the firsttime, the ORTELIUS Database has collected dispersed informationand given it a truly European perspective. The task of collectingdata at national level has been entrusted to a National Agencyin each Member State of the European Union. This data is thenpassed on to Florence where it is entered into the database.

The Database covers the higher education systems of the MemberStates of the European Union and provides details on specificinstitutions by describing their structure and composition (faculties,university departments, laboratories, libraries, computer centresetc.). The database also offers information which might be ofparticular interest to students (accommodation services, financialaid, student associations etc.).

The Database also includes detailed descriptions of study programmes,the qualifications they lead to, and theirrecognition at national and European level. The database alsoincludes a general description of the various higher educationsystems in each member state so that users can interpret thedata in the light of the national system it pertains to.

http://www.fact-index.com/a/ab/abraham_ortelius.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Abraham%20Ortelius

http://31.1911encyclopedia.org/O/OR/ORTELIUS_ORTELS_WORTELS_ABRAHAM.htm

William Oughtred / William Owtred

(1574-1660). English mathematician, alchemist, and clergyman.

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/O/Oughtred/1.html:

Oughtred is credited as the inventor of the slide rule in 1622 . He also introduced the “x” symbol for multiplication, as well as the abbreviations “sin” for sine and “cos” for cosine in his Clavis Mathematicae (1631), composed for instruction of his pupil, the son of the Earl of Arundel.  Oughtred was born at Eton, and educated there and at King’s College, Cambridge, of which he became fellow.Being admitted to holy orders, he left the university about 1603, and was presented to therectory of Aldbury, near Guildford in Surrey; and about 1628 he was appointed by the earl of Arundel to instruct his sonin mathematics. He corresponded with some of the most eminent scholars of his time on mathematical subjects; and his house wasgenerally full of pupils from all quarters. It is said that he expired in a sudden transport of joy upon hearing the news of the vote at Westminster for the restoration of Charles II .

He published, among other mathematical works, Clavis Mathematicae (The Key to Mathematics), in 1631; a treatise on navigation entitled Circles of Proportion and the Horizontal Instrument, in 1632, which described the first slide rules and also sundials, works on trigonometry and dialling, and his Opuscula Mathematica, published posthumously in 1676 .

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/oughtred.html

Oughtred also authored Easy Way of Delineating Dials by Geometry, composed c. 1598, published only in the English Clavis in 1647.  Trigonometrie, 1657.

Josten is explicit in naming Oughtred an alchemist.

The Oughtred Society, http://www.oughtred.org/

“William Oughtred - The Inventor of the Slide Rule,” http://www.oughtred.org/oughtred.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “William Oughtred,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Oughtred.html

http://www.thocp.net/biographies/oughtred_william.htm

http://sliderules.lovett.com/background.html

http://www.therfcc.org/william-oughtred-85303.html

http://57.1911encyclopedia.org/O/OU/OUGHTRED_WILLIAM.htm

W. J. Ouweneel / Willem Johannes Ouweneel *** Not in Gale

(Born 1944).  Developmental biologist Willem J. Ouweneel is a Dutch creationist and CRSQ contributor. He acquired his doctorate in  three different specialist areas (Dr. rer. National Utrecht, NL, 1970; Dr. phil. Amsterdam, NL, 1986; Dr. theol. Bloemfontein, South Africa, 1993). He works as Lecturer in philosophy and theology to the Evangelist Hogeschool in Amersfoort (NL) and as Professor for philosophy and theology to the European School for Evangelical Theology in Heverlee/Leuven (Belgium).

A prolific author, he has written over 114 books, over 30 in German. Additionally, he participated in 39 other books and has written many hundreds of articles including a classic and widely cited paper on developmental anomalies in fruit flies (“Developmental genetics of homoeosis,” Advances in Genetics, 16 [1976], 179-248).

From “The brothers movement de questionnaire,” filled out by Willem J. Ouweneel on http://www.bruederbewegung.de/personen/fragebogen/ouweneel.html.  (In German)

Dr. W.J. Ouweneel. “CREATIONISM IN THE NETHERLANDS,”
http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-056.htm.  Impact, No. 56 February 1978.

Publications: http://home.tiscali.nl/%7exp107494/startboekenouweneel.htm. Deze boekenlijst bestaat thans uit 115 boeken en daarnaast nog 37 publikaties met anderen.
Boeken bestellen: www.medema.nl of www.fakkel.nl of homepage bol.com

Nikita Ovsyanikov

(Born 1952 in Vienna, Austria).  Biologist.  Nikita Ovsyanikov is a senior research scientist for the Pacific Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on wildlife ecology with special emphasis on the behavior of predatory Arctic animals, wolf management and environmental education. He holds a M.S. (with excellence) at Moscow Stae University, 1974, and a Ph.D. in zoology from the Severtzov's Institute of Animal Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1985.  Orthodox Christian.

Author: (Photographs by Dan Guravich) Arctic Foxes, Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers ( New York, NY), 1995. Polar Bears: Living with the White Bears. Voyageur (Stillwater, MN), 1996; Polar Bears, Voyageur (Stillwater, MN), 1998.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Articles by Nikita Ovsyanikov. “Field Trip Earth,” http://www.fieldtripearth.org/article_search.xml?author_id=40

George Owen *** Not in Gale

(c. 1552-c. 1613).  Welsh geologist, geographer, cartographer, agriculturist, instrument-maker, engineer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/owen.html

Owen was first of all an antiquarian, who collected information on genealogy, heraldry, historic governmental structures, and the like of Wales. With this went an interest in the topography of Pembrokeshire and of Wales, and associated with his study of topography were very insightful observations of geological structures, in effect strata, though he did not use that word, of limestone and coal. These observations have earned him a reputation as the ancestor of British geology, though the observations were not part of a conscious theory of geology.

His manuscript “Description of Pembrokeshire” was ultimately published in 1892. He also composed a “Description of Wales” (as later ages have entitled it) and a “Description of Milford Haven.”

His map of Pembrokeshire is considered a landmark in Welsh cartography. He also produced a map of Milford Haven, based on his own survey, and apparently a map of Wales (which does not survive).  He was an improving landlord, much intent on improving agricultural practice. He wrote a treatise (not published) on marl as a fertilizer.  He invented a new tool for cutting marl that (according to his account) increased efficiency fourfold.

Gwenn Ha Du. http://www.britt-gwenn-ha-du.com/taylor.htm.  “An Edinburgh Reviewer calls [Owen] the father of English geology.”

Richard Owen

The English zoologist Sir Richard Owen (1804-1892) was one of the greatest comparative anatomists of the 19^th century.

http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Owen.html

Jacques Ozanam *** Not in Gale

(1640-c. 1717).  French mathematician, cartographer, military engineer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ozanam.html

Ozanam’s contribution consisted of popular treatises and reference works on useful and practical mathematics, and an extremely popular work on Mathematical recreations, Recreations.

In addition to many purely mathematical works, Ozanam wrote Méthod de lever les plans et les cartes de terre et de mer, Traité de la fortification régulière et irrégulière (1691), Méthod facile pour arpenter et mesurer toutes sortes de superficies (1699), La perspective théorique et practique (1711), La géographie et cosmographie qui traite de la sphere 1711).

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences.  He was admitted as an élève in 1701, élève géometre in 1707, and associé mécanicien in 1711.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Jacques Ozanam,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ozanam.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11378b.htm

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Ozanam.htm (in French)

Antonio Pacchioni

(1665-1726). Italian anatomist. Investigated the structure of dura mater, including the Pacchionian bodies named after him.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pachioni.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/391.html.  Associated eponyms: Pacchioni's bodies,
The arachnoidal granulations; Pacchioni's depressions, Depressions referred to, but not defined.

Don Page / Donald N. Page *** Not in Gale

Cosmologist Don Page is a Professor of Physics at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. His Ph.D. thesis, “Accretion into and Emission from Black Holes”, was supervised by Kip S. Thorne and Stephen Hawking. Dr. Page then moved to the University of Cambridge, England, where he held a NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship in Science, worked as a research Assistant under Professor Hawking, and received an M.A.

Webpage: http://fermi.phys.ualberta.ca/~don/ or

http://fermi.phys.ualberta.ca/~don/welcome.html

http://www.ciar.ca/web/prmem.nsf/0/149086e1747bff73852567350070f5ce?OpenDocument

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.  Schaefer quotes Dr. Page: “I am a conservative Christian in the sense of pretty much taking the Bible seriously for what it says. Of course I know that certain parts are not intended to be read literally, so I am not precisely a literalist. But I try to believe in the meaning I think it is intended to have.

“If the universe basically is very simple, the theological implications of this would need to be worked out. Perhaps the mathematical simplicity of the universe is a reflection of the personal simplicity of the Gospel message, that God sent His Son Jesus Christ to bridge the gap between Himself and each of us, who have rejected God or rejected what He wants for us by rebelling against His will and disobeying Him. This is a message simple enough even to be understood by children.”

Sir James Paget

(1814-1899).  English surgeon and pathologist. At St. Bartholomew’s hospital, London, discovered (1834) Trichinella spiralis, the cause of trichinosis; Professoressor of anatomy at Royal College of Surgeons (1847-52); published Lectures on Surgical Pathology (1853); specialized in pathology of tumors and diseases of bones and joints; first to advocate enucleation of tumors; described (1877) osteitis deformans, later called Paget’s disease; vice chancellor of University of London (1883-95). Successor to John Hunter in surgery and, with Rudolf Virchow, one of founders of modern science of pathology.

http://8.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PAGET_SIR_JAMES.htm

http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/paget.htm~right

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/283.html

http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/6898.htm

http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/8/7202.htm

http://paget.stanford.edu/pages/history.html

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Filip Palda

(Born 1962).  Economist.  Filip Palda is a Professor of Economics l’École Nationale d’Administration Publique (ENAP) (National School of Public Administration), Montréal, Canada. Previously he was at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Professor of economics, 1987-91; followed by a term at Fraser Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, senior economist, 1991-c.94. He received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago where he wrote his dissertation under Nobel laureate, Gary S. Becker. He is the author of three books, including the How Much is Your Vote Worth?, 1994, The Unfairness of Campaign Spending Limits, 1994, published by the ICS Press, and Tax Facts 9, 1994, published by the Fraser Institute. He has edited a number of public policy books covering such topics as state intervention in the economy, internal trade, the social benefits of stock markets, and transportation policy. He has published numerous articles in learned journals on the theory and measurement of political phenomena, writes a syndicated newspaper column, and appears frequently as a commentator in the media.

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=328575

Faculty webpage, http://ideas.repec.org/e/ppa32.html

Filip Palda told Contemporary Authors: “I write about economics. I try to keep my books simple and show my readers that economics is a fascinating and powerful science. I owe my inspiration to the economists of the University of Chicago, who trained me, and to the Fraser Institute, where I went later for polish.”

Dr. Josef Paldus
(Born 1935).  Physicist, quantum chemist, mathematician.  Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Professor of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

From http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume7/countries/czechslovak11.html:

Dr. Paldus took his undergraduate and Master’s degrees in Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, and a Ph.D., Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1961, that led to post-doctoral studies in Chemistry at the Division of Pure Physics (since renamed Herzberg Institute for Astrophysics), National Research Council, Ottawa, 1962-64. As a quantum chemist, he returned to the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, where, 1966, he won further awards in Chemistry while continuing collaboration with the NRC. When Russia invaded Czechoslovakia, 1968, Dr. Paldus decided to remain permanently in Canada, and accepted an offer from the Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, as Visiting Associate Professor, becoming Professor in 1975. As a Visiting Professor he has taught in Canada, France, the Netherlands, Israel, Germany, Spain and, since 1984, has also served as Adjunct Professor, University of Florida, Chemistry Department. Dr. Paldus has written more than 250 papers, primarily for the Journal of Chemical Physics, and chapters in a number of monographs. His honours, which began in his student days, more recently include, Fellow, Royal Society of Canada, 1983; Member, International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, 1984; a Killam Research Fellowship, 1987-89; the J. Heyrovsky Gold Medal, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1994; Honorary Membership in The Learned Society of Czech Republic, 1995; and the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award, 1996.

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Bernard Palissy

(1510-1589). French potter, ceramic artist, painter, glassblower, designer.  Persecuted as a Protestant; known for his lead-glazed rustic ware, decorated with plants, animals, and mythological scenes; published lectures on natural history as Discours admirables (1580); De l’art de la terre (1580) concerned ceramics.

 “Bernard Palissy,” http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a867-1.html:
A man of many interests and talents though with no formal training, Bernard Palissy became a scientist, land-surveyor, religious reformer, garden designer, glassblower, painter, chemist, geologist, philosopher, and writer, as well as a ceramist. A devout and outspoken Huguenot, he was imprisoned for his religious beliefs and for his involvement in the Protestant riots of the first of the Wars of Religion. It was only with the help of his influential Catholic patron, Anne de Montmorency, that he obtained amnesty. Catherine de’Medici, the French queen, later acted as his protector, commissioning Palissy to build a private grotto for her at the garden of the Tuileries palace.

Palissy produced his designs by attaching casts of dead lizards, snakes, and shellfish to traditional ceramic forms such as basins, ewers, and plates. He then painted these wares in blue, green, purple, and brown, and glazed them with runny lead-based glaze to increase their watery realism.

Beginning in 1575, Palissy gave public lectures in Paris on natural history which, when published as Discours admirables (Admirable Discourses), became extremely popular and revealed him as both a writer and experimental pioneer. In 1588, as the struggle against the Protestants grew, Palissy was again imprisoned. He died two years later of “starvation and maltreatment.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/palissy.html

http://35.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PALISSY_BERNARD.htm

http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/PALISSY.htm

Denis Papin / Denys Papin

(1647-c. 1712). French physicist Denis Papin was an early pioneer in the study of steam pressure. In fact, Papin is credited with making the first real developments with steam since the time of Hero of Alexandria 1,500 years earlier.  Pupil and assistant of Huygens; lived (after 1675) mostly in England; assistant of Boyle in physical experiments; experimented with hydraulics and pneumatic transmission of power; made improvements in air pump; invented the condensing pump; invented (1679) a “steam digester” (a pressure cooker), with which he showed that boiling point is raised or lowered as the pressure exceeds or falls below atmospheric pressure; invented the safety valve; credited with being the first (1690) to apply steam to raise a piston; constructed (1709) boat equipped with paddle wheels driven by a waterwheel.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/papin.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Denis Papin,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Papin.html

http://14.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PAPIN_DENIS.htm

http://www.fact-index.com/d/de/denis_papin.html

http://www.sacklunch.net/biography/P/DenisPapin.html

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Denis_Papin.html (in German)

http://www.hann-muenden.net/spontan/papinbio.htm (in German)

http://www.br-online.de/wissen-bildung/kalenderblatt/2002/08/kb20020822.html (in German)

Ignace Pardies, S.J. / Ignace Gaston Pardies *** Not in Gale

(1636-1673).  Mathematician, optician, natural philosopher, astronomer, physicist, instrument-maker, engineer, cartographer, hydraulics expert.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pardies.html

Pardies’ first work, Horologium thaumanticum duplex, 1662, may not in fact have been published. He drew upon it for a description of a machine to trace sundials published about a decade later.  Among his many published works, are Discours du mouvement local (1670) which also contains remarks on the movement of light, La statique ou la science des forces mouvantes, and Éléments de géometrie (1671). The books on local movement and statics were the first two books of a projected six book treatise on physics that he did not complete. Pardies had completed a work on optics when he died, and apparently Ango drew on it for his work on optics published after Pardies’ death. He deserves a place in the history of physics for having intervened in the debate on the ideas of Newton and Huygens at certain decisive moments. His objection to Newton concerning his theory of color and the experimentum crucis enabled Newton to clarify certain difficult points. His unpublished manuscripts contained a theory of waves and vibrations that might well have played an important role in the development of physics.

Pardies was influenced by Descartes, and some of his earliest work raised doubts about him in the Jesuit order. A generation later Pierre Bayle considered him a covert Cartesian. His Discours de la connaissance des bestes, 1672, appeared to many to advocate Cartesianism under a pretense of defending Aristotle. To explain himself to his order Pardies then composed Lettre d’un philosophe à un cartésien de ses amis. In 1673 also La créance des miracles.

At Bordeaux Pardies gave a general course in “physiology” that dealt with problems such as gravity, magnetism, and electricity.

He also published on comets, and he left an Atlas céleste that was published after his death.

It seems clear that for all the doubts about his attachment to Descartes the Jesuit order considered Pardies to be one of their young stars. They moved him to their most important school in France, but then he died young.

His Horologium thaumanticum duplex (1662) contains descriptions of an instrument to trace all kinds of dials, even on irregular surfaces. He discusses optical devices and further describes his tracing instrument in a later work, Deux machines propres a faire les quadrans avec une très grande facilité (1673). The early work also extended ideas of Maignan and Kircher to devise two different dials which I do not fully understand.

He adapted a sextant to a new form to observe the comet of 1664.

He had completed an Art de guerre when he died. Ango’s Practique générale de fortification, 1679, was probably based on this work by Pardies.  He prepared six celestical charts for his Atlas céleste which were the first fully to realize a new projection, called a central projection, in their preparation..

In 1668 his native Pau sought his advice and assistance in making the river Gave navigable to Pau.

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/pardies.htm:

In his La Statique ou la science des forces mouvantes (Paris, 1673) was interested in the tension in a flexible line and was responsible for the Pardies principle found in the solution of the suspension cable. He argued that the form of a flexible line would remain unchanged if the forces at two points A and a were replaced by suitable forces acting along the tangents at A and a. This princlple was used in the later work in analyses of the catenary by Bernouli and Leibniz.
Ignace Pardies, however, made his most important scientific contribution, not in his writings, but in his correspondence. It is there that we find the objections that Pardies expressed to Newton concerning his theory of colors and the “experimentum crucis” - objections that enabled Newton to clarify certain difficult points. Pardies was a temperate and courteous critic of Newton with a vigorous intellect, as is evident from his pedagogical writings and his contacts with the pioneers of geometry.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11477a.htm

http://www.lindahall.org/events_exhib/exhibit/exhibits/stars/par.htm

Ambroise Paré

(1510-1590). French surgeon. Often called father of modern surgery; served as army surgeon and physician to Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III; introduced use of ligature of arteries instead of cauterization in treatment of wounds. Author of works on anatomy, surgery, treatment of wounds, plague,generation, obstetrics, and monsters.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pare.html

http://8.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PARE_AMBROISE.htm

John H. Lienhard .  Engines of Our Ingenuity, No. 327: AMBROISE PARÉ.  Click here for audio of Episode 327. Webpage at: http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi327.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11478a.htm:  A Catholic throughout his life, Tal has given documentary refutation to the legend that Paré was a Huguenot and was spared during the Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day (1572) by direct command of the king. On account of his humanitarian activity he was held in special regard among soldiers. His motto, as inscribed above his chair in the Collège de St-Cosme, read: “Je le pansay et Dieu le guarist” (“I treated him, but God healed him”). A monument was erected to him at Laval.

http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pare.html

““Je le pensay, et Dieu le guarit” (I dressed it, and God healed it).

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Antoine Parent *** Not in Gale

(1666-1716).  French physicist, mathematician, astronomer, cartographer, mechanic, chemist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/parent.html

Parent’s best-known and most comprehensive work is Essais et recherches de mathematiques et de physique (1713), a three-volume work compiled from his short lived periodical launched in 1705. He read many papers to the Académie des sciences but few were published in the Mémoires. His most frequent avenues of publication were the Journal des scavans and the Journal de Trevoux. He wrote on astronomy, cartography, chemistry, biology, sensationalist psychology and epistemology, music, practical and abstract mathematics, strength of materials and the effects of friction on motion.

Parent wrote on cartography, but there is no specific information on the extent of his technical knowledge of mapmaking. Parent’s knowledge of fortifications was based on his practical knowledge of mathematics and not on any specific training in designing fortifications. However, he did accompany the Marquis d’Alegre on compaign.

Memberships: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1699-1716

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Parent.htm (in French)

Dong Hwa Park

(Born 1937 in Seoul, Korea, Naturalized, U.S., 1976).  Neurobiologist, educator.  National Vitamin Foundation postdoctoral Fellow Columbia University-St. Luke’s Hospital Center, N.Y.C., 1970-72; Assistant scientist, NYU, N.Y.C., 1972-75; instructor neurobiology Cornell University Medical College, N.Y.C., 1975-78, Assistant Professor, 1978-84, Associate Research Professor, 1984. Research on neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes, purification, characterization, production of antibodies to above enzymes, immunochemistry and molecular biol. studies.

Education: BS in Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1961; MS in Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, 1968, Ph.D., 1970.

Member AAAS, American Chemical Society, American Society for Neurochemistry, Society for Neuroscience.  Baptist.

Contributor of articles to science journals.

Robert Hallett Parker

(1922-1994).  Marine biologist.  Ecologist.  Ornithologist. Certified Senior ecologist, registered professional geologist. President, Chairman of the board, Coastal Ecosystems Management, Inc., Ft. Worth, 1970-94; Associate Professor biology and geology dept., Texas Christian University, Ft. Worth, 1966-70; resident ecologist, Marine Biological Lab., Woods Hole, Mass., 1963-66; Research ecologist, Scripps Institute Oceanography, University California, LaJolla, 1951-63; marine biologist, Texas Game and Fish Commission, Rockport, 1950-57. Consultant Humble Oil Co., Houston, 1956-58, Standard Oil Co. N.J., N.Y.C., 1958.  Education: student, Duke University, 1941-43, 49-50; BS, University of New Mexico, 1948; MS, University of New Mexico, 1949; Ph.D., University of Copenhagen, 1963.

Honors: National Academy Science fellow, 1959; recipient Best Abstract award Moscow Oceanographic Congress National Academy Science, Moscow, 1966.

Member: Fellow Geological Society American, Explorer's Club N.Y., Texas Academy Science; AAAS, American Association Petroleum Geologists (presidential award 1956), Sigma Xi.

Author: Zoo Geography and Ecology of Macro-Invertebrates, 1964, The Study of Benthic Communities, 1975, Benthic Invertebrates in Tidal Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons, 1969; co-author: Marine and Estuarine Environments, Organisms and Geology of the Cape Cod Region, 1967, Sea Shells of the Texas Coast, 1972; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

James Parkinson

(1755-1824).  Parkinson’s disease is named after James Parkinson, who provided a detailed description of what he termed “shaking palsy” in an essay published in 1817. Parkinson was also the first to recognize a perforated appendix as a cause of death.

http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcne/founders/page0071.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/392.html

Gary Partlow *** Not in Gale

Veterinary Anatomist.  Neuroscientist.  Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.  Specialty: Anatomy of domestic animals, Neuroanatomy of mammals.  Research: Morphology of reproductive centres in the hypothalamus,including neurogenesis.

Anatomy of domestic animals, Neuroanatomy of mammals.  Education: BSc (University of Guelph), MSc (University of Western Ontario), Ph.D. (Ottawa).

Member: Fellow of the American Scientific Affiliation, Member of Society for Neuroscience, Canadian Association of Anatomists, American Association of Veterinary Anatomists.

Gary Partlow.  “CHRISTIAN GUIDELINES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY,” Canadian Scientific and Christian Affiliation, A Statement by the Guelph Chapter, l2th October 1983,  http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1984/JASA3-84CSCA.html From: JASA 36 (March 1984): 39

Blaise Pascal

The French scientist, geometer, physicist, inventor and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) was a precocious and influential mathematical writer, a master of the French language, and a great religious philosopher.  Mathematical prodigy as a child; completed original treatise on conic sections at age of sixteen; studied infinitesimal calculus; solved problem of general quadrature of the cycloid; contributed to development of differential calculus; originated, with Fermat, mathematical theory of probability. Invented a mechanical calculator (1642-45), the syringe, and the hydraulic press; wrote (1651-54) treatises on the equilibrium of liquid solutions (Pascal's Law states fluids transmit equal pressure in all directions), on the weight and density of air, and on the arithmetic triangle.

When he was trying to forget the pain of a toothache, Pascal came up with solutions to problems related to the curve cycloid, also known as roulette. He solved the problems using what became known as Pascal's arithmetic triangle (also known as the triangle of numbers) to calculate probability. His results were published in 1658 as Lettre circulaire relative a la cycloïde. This work played a major role in the development of calculus, both differential and integral. With this framework, areas and volumes could be calculated, and infinitesimal problems could be solved.

Significant literary work began with his entrance into Jansenist community at Port-Royal (1655) and resulted from his exegesis and defense of Jansenism against Jesuitic attacks in which he established the principle of intuitionism; works included Lettres ecrites par Louis de Montalte a un provincial de ses amis, popularly known as Provinciales (1656-57), and Pensees, published (1670) from manuscript notes left by him. Lunar Crater Pascal named in his honor.

Blaise Pascal, Penseés (Thoughts,) (1660) translated by W. F. Trotter. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1660pascal-pensees.html.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pascal_bla.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Blaise Pascal,” http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pascal.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Pascal.html or

http://www.orst.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/pascal/pensees-contents.html

“Quotations by Blaise Pascal,” http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Quotations/Pascal.html

Bill Tsamis.  “Blaise Pascal,” http://www.apologetics.org/articles/pascal.html

“Blaise Pascal (1623-1662),” http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Pascal/RouseBall/RB_Pascal.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Pascal: “Men despise religion. They hate it and are afraid that it may be true. The cure for this is first to show that religion is not contrary to reason, but worthy of reverence and respect. Next make it attractive, make good men wish it were true, and then show that it is.” From Penseés (Thoughts,) (1660).  Noted in Wilhelm Schickard Museum of Computing History at Concordia University, Wisconsin.  http://www.cs.cuw.edu/museum/History.html

Etienne Pascal *** Not in Gale

(1588-1651).  French mathematician, physicist, navigation expert.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pascal_eti.html

Pascal gained a reputation as a talented mathematician and musician. In 1637 he introduced a special curve (limacon of M. Pascal), the conchoid of a circle with respect to one of its points, to be applied to the problem of trisecting an angle.

From 1646-8, Pascal participated in the barometric experiments conducted by his son, P. Petit, and probably his son-in-law. He also participated in the debate that followed with P. Noel concerning the existence of a vacuum.

As early as 1635 Pascal frequented the Mersenne academy. Among his contacts were Roberval, Desargues, and Mydorge. Mersenne dedicated one of his works in his Harmonie universelle to Pascal. Roberval shared his mathematical research with Pascal, as did Desargues.  Pascal frequented the salon of Madame Sainctoti where he rediscovered his friend Jacques Pailleur who directed the Mersenne academy after 1648.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Etienne Pascal,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pascal_Etienne.html

Mihalis Paspatis

(Born

Member: Geotechnical Society Greece.  Christian Orthodox.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.
Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Nola Passmore *** Not in Gale

Psychologist.  Lecturer, University of Southern Queensland, Australia, 1989 – present.  Education: BA (Honors), Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Queensland, Australia.

Faculty of Sciences webpage, http://psych.sci.usq.edu.au/Staff/staffdetails.asp?personid=1160

Member of Christaf: Christian staff at University of Southern Queensland, Australia, http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/passmore/Christaf/

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Louis Pasteur

The French chemist and biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) is famous for his germ theory and for the development of vaccines.  Developed process of food sterilization--pasteurization. Louis Pasteur was one of the most extraordinary scientists in history, leaving a legacy of scientific contributions which include an understanding of how microorganisms carry on the biochemical process of fermentation, the establishment of the causal relationship between microorganisms and disease, and the concept of destroying microorganisms to halt the transmission of communicable disease. These achievements led him to be called the founder of microbiology. Catholic.

http://www.panspermia.org/pasteur.htm

Emily Klein.  “Louis Pasteur,” http://www.physics.ucla.edu/class/85HC_Gruner/bios/pasteur.html

http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95dec/pasteur.html

http://www.foundersofscience.net/interest1.htm

David. V. Cohn, LabExplorer. The Life and Times of Louis Pasteur  http://www.labexplorer.com/louis_pasteur.htm

The Insitut Pasteur. http://www.pasteur.fr/english.html.  To treat cases of rabies, the Pasteur Institute was established in 1888 with monetary donations coming from all over the world. It later became one of the most prestigious biological research institutions in the world.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.html

Alfred W. McCann. “Pasteur and God,” from This Famishing World, http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/Famish/famworld9b.html#124

“Louis Pasteur,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Louis%20Pasteur

Biography of Pasteur at the Pasteur Institute at Lille (in French), http://www.pasteur-lille.fr/fr/accueil/Histoire/louis_pasteur.htm

Biography of Pasteur at the Fondation Mérieux (in French), http://www.fond-merieux.org/presentation/pasteur.html

John Patrick *** Not in Gale

Clinical nutritionist.  Biochemist.  Dr. Patrick retired from the University of Ottawa in June 2002. He had been Associate Professor in Clinical Nutrition in the Department of Biochemistry and Pediatrics for 20 years. Dr. Patrick’s medical training was in London, England. He has done extensive research into the treatment of childhood nutritional deficiency and related diseases holding appointments in Britain, the West Indies and Canada. He has worked in Central Africa assisting in the development of training programs that deal with childhood protein-energy malnutrition.

Dr. Patrick now lectures throughout the world, working for the Christian Medical and Dental Society in Canada and the Christian Medical and Dental Association in the United States. He speaks frequently to Christian and secular groups, discussing moral issues in medicine and culture and the integration of faith and science.

John Patrick.  Home page: http://www.johnpatrick.ca/

Papers: http://www.johnpatrick.ca/papers.htm

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Rayford Powell Patrick

(1939-1993).  Survivability engineer. Registered Professor engineer, Mississippi. Assistant program Manager strategic defense system survivability, U.S. Army Strategic Defense. Command, Teledyne Brown Engineering, Huntsville, Alabama, 1990; Study Manager, survivability engineer strategic def. system, Science Applications International Corp., Huntsville, Alabama, 1989-90; peacekeeper ICBM project engineer, small ICBM engineering Manager, Martin Marietta, Denver, 1981-89; ret., U.S. Air Force, 1981; chief engineering branch, B-2 Bomber project engineer, Aircraft Engineering division Headquarters. SAC, Offutt AFB, Nebr., 1978-81; Research scientist, USAF School Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas, 1975-78; Project engineer nuclear hardness and survivability Air Force Weapons Laboratory, USAF, 1971-75; B-1 Bomber project engineer, Air Force Weapons Laboratory; advanced through grades to Lieutenant colonel, USAF; commd. 2d Lieutenant, USAF, 1961. Education: BS, Mississippi State University, 1961; MS, Air Force Institute Tech., 1965; Ph.D., Purdue University, 1976.

Member: IEEE, AIAA, Air Force Association (life), Tau Beta Pi, Phi Eta Sigma.  Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Francesco Patrizi [Patrizzi, Patricio, Patricius] *** Not in Gale

(1529-1597).  Italian-born mathematician, natural philosopher, hydraulics expert.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/patrizi.html

Patrizi’s importance in the history of science rests primarily on his highly original views concerning the nature of space, which have striking similarities to those later developed by Henry More and Isaac Newton. His position was first set out in De rerum natura libri II priores, alter de spacio physico, alter de spacio mathematico (Ferrara, 1587) and was later revised and incorporated into his Nova de universis philosophia (Ferrara, 1591).  He wrote Della nuova geometria, a sort of philosophy of geometry. For him, mathematics was logically prior to physical science.

For Count Zaffo, Patrizi reclaimed a marsh. Later, while he was in Ferrara, he developed a plan to divert the Reno in order to spare Ferrara flooding.

http://core.ecu.edu/phil/ryane/fphp.htm

http://www.dalmazia.it/dalmazia/personaggi/filosofoen.htm

http://www.filosofico.net/patrizifrancesco.htm

http://www.brynmawr.edu/Library/Mss/GordanMS153.html

http://www.cesr.univ-tours.fr/Epistemon/trivium/couz-ent.asp (in French)

Rosalyn Victoria Mitchell Patterson

(Born March 25, 1939).  Biologist, educator.  Research on mammalian chromosomes in cell culture.  Instructor to Professor biology Spelman College, 1960-70; So. Fellowship Funds postdoctoral fellow Georgia Institute Technology, 1969-70; staff specialist to commr., Consultant Bureau Reclamation, Dept. of Interior, Washington, 1970-71; coordinator National environmental education development program National Park Service, Dept. of Interior, 1971-72; NIH postdoctoral fellow exptl. cytology br. NIH and Bureau Biologics, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, 1972-73; Associate Professor biology Georgia State University, 1974-76; Professor, Chairman department of biology, Atlanta University, 1977-86; Professor biology Spelman College, 1986-87; Director research careers office, Adjunct Professor biology, Morehouse College, Atlanta, 1988; Consultant, Department of Interior, 1970-71. NRC postdoctoral fellow, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 1983-84; NIH fellow Centers for Disease Control and Georgia State University, 1984-85. Education: B.A., Spelman College, 1958; M.S., Atlanta University, 1960; Ph.D. University fellow, Emory University, 1967.

Member: AAAS, American Society Cell Biology, Society Development Biology, Tissue Culture, Association, Sigma Xi, Phi Sigma, Baptist.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Simon Paulli *** Not in Gale

(1603-1680).  Swedish botanist, anatomist, physician, geographer, educator.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/paulli.html:

Paulli made notable contributions to the technical literature of anatomy and botany. His major work is Quadripartitum botanicum de simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus (Rostock, 1640), in which he arranged plants according to the seasons, in the form of a floral almanac.  He also published works on medicine and geography.  He is known more as a medical practioner than as a theorist, in part because of his recommendation of simple medications.

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/1965.html:

Paulli (1603-1680) was physician to the Danish kings Frederik III and Christian V, and was professor of anatomy, surgery, and botany at Copenhagen. ‘Paulli made notable contributions to the technical literature of anatomy and botany. His botanical writings were discussed in detail by Albrecht von Haller, who praised him not only for compiling existing botanical knowledge but also for comparing it with information derived from his own experiments’ (ibid). He was also the author of the first Danish flora, Flora Danica (Copenhagen, 1648).
The Continuatio appendicis, which is missing from most copies, contains a comprehensive index and list of authors cited in the main work.

http://www.udstillinger.dnlb.dk/FloraDanica99/paulli/Start.html (Danish)

http://www.udstillinger.dnlb.dk/FloraDanica99/paulli/PaulliSimon.html (Danish)

Robert Peach *** Not in Gale

From American Society for Quality, http://www.asq.org/qconvs/052102isotrans/bios/peach.html:

Robert Peach served as convenor of the Working Group that developed the original ISO 9004 Quality System Standard, and was the first Chairman of the Registrar Accreditation Board, He is Editor of the ISO 9000 Handbook, published by McGraw Hill, and co-author of Memory Jogger 9000:2000. He established and managed the Quality Assurance activity at Sears Roebuck and Company for over 25 years.

Editor, The ISO 9000 Handbook published by McGraw Hill, Inc., co-author, The Memory Jogger 9000 published by GOAL/QPC, co-author, The ISO 9001 Standard Paraphrased, by GOAL/QPC

Member, ANSI Z-1 Committee on Quality Assurance, US TAG to ISO TC 176 Committee on Quality Management; Principal, Robert Peach and Associates, Inc., 20 years; Immediate past chair, Registrar Accreditation Board.

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories,, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.

Arthur Robert Peacocke

(Born 1924) Ordained priest of Church of England, 1971; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, 1948-59, began as Lecturer, became Senior Lecturer; St. Peter’s College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, Fellow, tutor, and Lecturer in biochemistry, 1959-73; Clare College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, Dean and Fellow, 1973-present. Member of Archbishop’s Commission on Christian Doctrine, 1969-76; Hulsean Preacher, Cambridge University, 1976; Bampton Lecturer, Oxford University, 1978. Theistic evolutionist.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/faith/statement_03.html

Arthur Peacocke wins Templeton Prize. http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article.asp?2678

Jean Pecquet

(1622-1674). French physician and anatomist. Credited with discovery of course of lacteal vessels, of the cistern chyli (or reservoir of Pecquet), and of the termination of the thoracic duct at the opening into the left subclavian vein.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pecquet.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-Selections753.0.html:

In 1651, based on animal dissections, Pecquet described the thoracic duct, its entry into the subclavian veins, and the receptaculum chyli. He attributed the movement of the lymph to respiratory movement, transmitted pulsation from nearby arteries, and compression by contracting muscle outside the ducts.

J. H. John Peet, BSc, MSc, Ph.D., CChem, FRSC*** Not in Gale
English chemist.  Travelling Secretary of the Biblical Creation Society in the U.K. and is a member of the editorial team of Origins.  Former Science Coordinator, Guildford College of Further and Higher Education.  He is an elder at Chertsey Street Baptist Church, Guildford, with special responsibility for missionary activities. He earned a B.S. with honors, an M.S. in chemistry from the University of Nottingham, and a Ph.D. in photochemistry from Wolverhampton Polytechnic.  Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Author: In the Beginning God Created... , 1994; various research papers.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/peet-j.html

J. H. John Peet.  “The BBC Floats with Noah – but not the Biblical one!” http://www.biblicalcreation.org.uk/educational_issues/bcs141.html. Response to BBC documentary on Noah’s Ark, "2004" Day="21" Month="3" March 21, 2004.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Charles Sanders Peirce ***Not in Gale

(1839-1914). Who is the most original and the most versatile intellect that the Americas have so far produced? The answer “Charles S. Peirce” is uncontested, because any second would be so far behind as not to be worth nominating. Mathematician, astronomer, chemist, geodesist, surveyor, cartographer, metrologist, spectroscopist, engineer, inventor; psychologist, philologist, lexicographer, historian of science, mathematical economist, lifelong student of medicine; book reviewer, dramatist, actor, short story writer; phenomenologist, semiotician, logician, rhetorician and metaphysician. He was, for a few examples, the first modern experimental psychologist in the Americas, the first metrologist to use a wave-length of light as a unit of measure, the inventor of the quincuncial projection of the sphere, the first known conceiver of the design and theory of an electric switching-circuit computer, and the founder of “the economy of research.” He is the only system-building philosopher in the Americas who has been both competent and productive in logic, in mathematics, and in a wide range of sciences. If he has had any equals in that respect in the entire history of philosophy, they do not number more than two.”

Max H. Fisch in Sebeok, The Play of Musement

Webpage: http://www.peirce.org/

http://plato.stanford.edu http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Charles%20Sanders%20Pierce /entries/peirce/

The Peirce Edition Project.  http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/

Nicolas Claude Fabri de Peiresc *** Not in Gale

(1580-1637).  French astronomer, scientific communicator, botanist, natural historian, paleontologist, cartographer.  Catholic.

http://www.obspm.fr/messier/xtra/Bios/peiresc.html:

“Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc was born on December 1, 1580 in Belgentier, Var, France and grew up in the wealthy family of a higher magistrate in the Provence. He got education in Aix, Avignon, and the Jesuit college at Tournon. At Toulon, he got first interested in astronomy. He undertook a longer travel in Italy, Switzerland and France in 1599, and finally finished his legal studies in 1604 in Montpellier. After receiving his degree, he returned to Aix and took over his uncle’s position as conseiller in the Parlement of Provence, under the president of the Parlement, Guillaume du Vair. He and du Vair travelled to Paris 1605-6 and in 1607-15, he served at Aix.

In 1610, his patron, du Vair, purchased a telescope which Peiresc and Joseph Gaultier used for observing the skies, including Jupiter’s moons. Peiresc discovered the Orion Nebula in 1610; Gaultier became the second person to see it in the telescope. However, this discovery fell forgotten until 1916 when G. Bigourdan (1916) announced its recovery.

From 1615-22, Peiresc again made a trip to Paris with du Vair. Later, he returned to Provence to serve as senator of sovereign court. He became a patron of science and art, studied fossils, and homed astronomer Gassendi from 1634-37.

He passed away on June 24, 1637 in Aix-en-Provence.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/peiresc.html

Pinelli and Pacius inspired in Peiresc a curiosity about the natural world. In 1610 his patron, du Vair, acquired a telescope with which Peiresc and Joseph Gaultier were the first in France to see the satellites of Jupiter and the Orion nebula described by Huygens in 1658. Peiresc spent most of his time recording the times of planetary events (1610-12). Among his assistants Jean Lombard travelled widely recording the positions of the satellites of Jupiter. Peiresc used these observations to calculate terrestrial longitudes.

Peiresc, with Lombard and Gaultier, saw to it that the lunar eclipse of 28 August 1635 was more widely observed than any previous one by supplying instruments and the know-how to priests, merchants, and secretaries at various embassies. With these observations he was able to correct the considerably over-estimated length of the Mediterranean.

Peiresc was a patron and amateur of the sciences, art, and erudition. During the seven years he was in Paris he sponsored or assisted in the publication of important books. He surrounded himself with able and devoted assistants who carried out many experiments and voyages while Peiresc carried on his correspodence and observation at the Hotel Callas. Gassendi, who lived in Peiresc’s home from 1634-7, carried out several observations for and with Peiresc.  Peiresc collected and studied fossils and recognized the importance of ancient coins for establishing historical sequence.

Peiresc sponsored the dissection of cadavers in his house by local surgeons who found the chyliferous vessels in the human body. His speculations on vision led him to conduct several dissections of various animals with local surgeons and his own assistants.

Peiresc took great pleasure in collecting animals and plants. His garden at Belgentier was the the third largest in France.

In 1616 on his second trip to Paris he was introduced to the “cabinet” of the Dupuy brothers through whom he met many learned men. Like Mersenne, Peiresc developed a large network of correspondents. He contacted people in Paris, Rome, Naples, Padua, Cairo, Aleppo, and Quebec. Sometimes his contact was to urge amateurs to make astronomical observations and other times it was to share information from Paris or Provence, or to pass on results from the investigations of others.

He was granted an abbacy by Louis XIII at Guitres. In 1624, after he took the tonsure, his position as abbé was regularized.

http://www.ac-nice.fr/college-peiresc/sitpeiresc/peirfabri.htm (in French)

http://www.pays-dignois.com/html/peiresc_pays-dgnois.html (in French)

http://www.france-pittoresque.com/perso/42b.htm (in French)

Jacques Peletier / Jacques Peletier du Mans

(1517-1582). French poet and mathematician. Member of French poetical reform group La Pleiade; insisted in Art poetique francaise (1555) that poets must imitate the classics; his chief verse collection, L’Amour des Amours (1555), contained lyrical sonnets and scientific poems.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/peletier.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/finch/89102.html:

“‘Peletier wrote L’Algebre (1554) in French in his own orthographic style. In this work he adopted several original and ingenious ideas from Stifel’s Arithmetica integra (1544) and showed himself to have been strongly influenced by Cardano. Peletier’s work presented the achievements already reached in Germany and Italy, and he was the first mathematician to see relations between coefficients and roots of equations’ (DSB). Adams P583; Smith, History of Mathematics I, pp. 313-314; see (for the 1554 edition) Norman1677.”

John Pell / Pellius

(1611-1685). English mathematician. Professor, Amsterdam (1643-46), Breda (1646-52); diplomat for Cromwell in Switzerland (1654-58). Introduced the sign “÷” into England. Gave solutions to the Diophantine equation x² - Dy² = 1 (known as the Pellian equation where D is a positive integer that is not a perfect square).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pell.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “John Pell,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pell.html

Jacqueline Stedall. “The incommunicable Doctor Pell,” http://www.gresham.ac.uk/hom/Stedalllecture.htm, October 2001. “John Pell devoted most of his life to mathematics. He held no post of long term significance, wrote no great work, made no important discovery. Yet he knew mathematics better than most. He knew its history, and he knew its practitioners, both in England and on the continent. Above all, he had a sense, unparalleled in England at the time, of mathematics as a profoundly logical subject.”

Biographies in John Aubrey’s Brief Lives

http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/Aubrey.html

http://50.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PE/PELL_JOHN.htm

http://www.sciences-en-ligne.com/momo/chronomath/chrono1/Pell.html (in French)

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John%20Pell

S. William Pelletier

(1924-2004).  From 1962 until 1968, Dr. Pelletier was Head of the Chemistry Department at the University of Georgia, and was Provost for the next eight years. From 1976 until 2000, he was Director of The Institute of Natural Products Research, and then Professor Emeritus of the Chemistry Department at the University of Georgia from 2001 until present. He was the former President of American Society of Pharmacognacy and a member of University Church of Athens. He was a veteran of the United States Navy, serving in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. Achievements include research in structure and stereochemistry diterpenoid alkaloids, applications of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance to structure determination, synthesis of terpenes, X-ray crystallographic structures of natural products.

His life is discussed here:

http://www.negia.net/~dorme/SWPelletier.html

“I have been working in the field of natural products for over forty years now. As we unravel the structures of complex natural products and illuminate their fascinating chemistry. I am impressed over and over with the marvelous design and handiwork of the Creator. In a certain real sense, as I explore and discover new truth about the part of the universe in which I work, I believe that I am thinking God’s thoughts after him.” Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Edward T. Peltzer / Edward Thomas Peltzer, III
(Born 1950).  Geochemist.  Oceanographer.  Senior Research Specialist, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA.  Achievements include being the first to measure extra-terrestrial Alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids in meteorites; developed technique for measuring trace levels of phyto-lipids and waxes in atmospheric aerosols; co-developed automated system for measuring sea-surface pCO2 while underway; developed instrument for shipboard measurment of dissolved and total organic carbon in seawater. Research Associate, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, December 1977 to May 1985. Research Specialist, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, June 1985 to June 1997.  Senior Research Technician, Research and Development Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, July 1997 to June 1999. Adjunct Oceanographer, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, August 1998 to July 2001. Senior Research Specialist, Research and Development Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, July 1999 to present.  B.S. Chemistry, Bucknell University, 1972; Ph.D. Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1979.

Member: American Chemical Society, American Geophysical Society, American Scientific Affiliation, Sigma Xi, The Oceanography Society.

Co-author book chapter: Chemical Oceanography, 1989.

Associate Editor, Marine Chemistry, January 1996 to present.

Web page,  http://www.mbari.org/staff/etp3/

Curriculum vitae in ascii text format: http://www.mbari.org/staff/etp3/etpcv.txt

http://www.mbari.org/staff/etp3/whoiam.htm

John Maxwell Pemberton

(Born December 23, 1944).  Australian microbiological geneticist.  Achievements include isolation and charaterisation of first plasmids encoding the degradation of a man-made molecule-2, 4-D, first genetic map of a photosynthetic bactorium; demonstration of conjugal transfer of photosynthesis genes; discovery of genes which directly regulate photosynthesis.  Postdoctoral research molecular biologist dept. molecular biology and virology, University of California-Berkeley, 1971-73; research fellow School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University (South Australia), 1973-74; Lecturer dept. microbiology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 1974-80, Senior Lecturer, 1980-86; Associate Professor, 1986.  Education:  B.Agricultural Science, Melbourne University, 1967; Ph.D., Monash University, 1971; graduate diploma in educational administration Darling Downs Institute for Advanced Education, 1982.

Member: Fellow Australian Society Microbiology, American Society Microbiology. Roman Catholic.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Richard Ronald Pemper

(Born 1952).  Physicist, researcher. Senior scientist, Baker Atlas, Houston, 1986-88, 91; mathematician, Boehringer Mannheim Corp., Indpls., 1989-91; Assistant Professor, Houston Baptist University, 1982-86.BS, Bob Jones University, 1975; MS, University of Texas El Paso, 1977; Ph.D., University Notre Dame, 1983.

Member: Society Petroleum Engineers, Society Professional Well Log Analysts, Okinawa Goju-Ryu Karate Federation (International Kata champion Executive men’s division 1995, Black Belt).

Presenter in field; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Benedictus Pereira / Pererius, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1535-1610).  Spanish-born scholastic philosopher, mechanic.  Catholic.  Jesuit in 1552.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pereira.html

In Rome, at the Collegio Romano (the Jesuit institution), Pereira taught logic, natural philosophy, metaphsics, theology, and became a known exponent on Sacred Scripture.

Sir William Henry Perkin

William Perkin (1838-1907)  is considered to be the father of the synthetic dye and perfume industries.

http://home.clara.net/don.ainley/Perkin.htm

Claude Perrault

Claude Perrault (1613-1688), French scientist, architect, and engineer, designed the east front of the Louvre in Paris, the finest example of the classicistic phase of the French baroque style. Other works by Perrault are the Observatoire (1668-1672) in Paris and the château of Sceaux (1673-1674; destroyed), built for Colbert. Perrault designed the triumphal arch of the Porte Saint-Antoine in Paris, selected in competition over designs of Le Vau and Le Brun (begun in 1669 but never completed). Perrault’s designs for the reconstruction of the church of Ste-Geneviève in Paris, the present Panthéon (ca. 1675), were discovered recently.

Author: Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris, 1671; Les dix livres d’architecture de Vitruve, corrigez et traduits nouvellement en français avec des notes et des figures. Paris, 1673; Abrégé des dix livres d’architecture de Vitruve. Paris, 1674. English edition: An Abridgment of the Architecture of Vitruvius. London, 1692; Essais de physique, ou recueil de plusieurs traitez touchant les choses naturelles. 4 vols. Paris, 1680-88; Ordonnance des cinq espèces de colonnes selon la méthode des anciens. Paris, 1683; Recueil de plusieurs machines de nouvelle invention. Paris, 1700; Oeuvres diverses de physique et de mécanique de MMs C. et P. Perrault. Leyden, 1721; Voyage à Bordeaux. Edited by Paul Bonnefon, Paris, 1909.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/perrault_cla.html or http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Catalog/FilesBAK1/perrault_cla.html

“Claude Perrault,” http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11701d.htm

“Born at Paris, 1613; died there, 1688. He built the main eastern façade of the Louvre, known as the ‘Colonnade’. His extraordinary talent and versatility brought up on him much enmity and detraction, especially in his architectural work. He achieved success as physician and anatomist, as architect and author. As physician and physicist, he received the degree of doctor from the University of Paris, became one of the first members of the Academy of Sciences founded in 1666, and repeatedly won prizes for his thorough knowledge of physics and chemistry. He was the author of a series of treatises on physics and zoology, as well as on certain interesting machines of his own invention.”

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Claude%20Perrault

Pierre Perrault *** Not in Gale

(1611-1680).  French expert on hydraulics.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/perrault_pie.html

Perrault’s experimental work on the rainfall and runoff of the upper Seine, which he reported in his major work, De l’origine des fontaines (Paris, 1674), is a milestone in the history of hydrology. He reviewed earlier hypotheses on the origin of springs and proposed an experimental investigation to prove that rainfall alone was sufficient to sustain the flow of springs and rivers throughout the year. Edme Mariotte later used more sophisticated methods to support Perrault’s findings.

Dr. Matthew Perri, III *** Not in Gale

Pharmacist.  Gerontologist.  R.Ph. Professor and Associate Department Head for Community Practice, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, Faculty of Gerontology, Faculty of Program in Pharmacy Care Administration. B.S. Pharmacy, Temple University, 1981; Ph.D., University of South Carolina, 1985.

Faculty webpage, http://www.rx.uga.edu/main/home/phrm3900/htdocs/perri.html

Matthew Perri III, Ph.D. R.Ph. Professor and Associate Head for Community Practice, Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA.

Pharmacy Care and Medication Compliance, http://www.rx.uga.edu/main/home/phrm3900/htdocs/comp_art.htm

M. Ray Perryman / Marlin Ray Perryman

(Born 1952).  Economist.  Mathematician.  Educator. President, The Perryman Group Institute Distinguished Professor of Economic Theory and Method, International Institute for Advanced Studies. Founder, Director Center for the Advancement of Economic Analysis, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 1979, Director honors program, 1980, member graduate faculty, 1978, Herman Brown Professor economics, 1980, member Publicity Committee Baylor Business Studies, 1977, Director economics div. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1978; Senior Associate Center for Communication Research, 1981, Resource Economics and Management Associations; Director State of Texas Econometric Model Project, 1979; founder, Director Baylor University Forecasting Service; econ. cons. to Comptroller Public Accounts, State Texas, 1979; reviewer numerous academic journals. and research grant orgns., 1978; Guest Lecturer economics various radio and TV programs, 1977. B.S. in Mathematics, Baylor University, 1974; Ph.D. in Economics, Rice University, 1978.

Dr. M. Ray Perryman http://www.aeanet.org/events/txpd_perrymanbio.asp:

Dr. Perryman is Founder and President of The Perryman Group (TPG), an economic and financial analysis firm and headquartered in Waco, Texas. He is widely regarded as one of the world’s most influential and innovative economists. His complex modeling systems form a basis for corporate and governmental planning around the globe. His thousands of academic and trade articles and presentations span a wide variety of topics, gaining him international respect and acclaim. He has also authored several books, including Survive & Conquer, an account of the Texas economy during the turbulent 1980s, and The Measurement of Monetary Policy, a treatise on Federal Reserve activity.

Among Dr. Perryman’s numerous awards are (1) the Nation’s Outstanding Young Economist and Social Scientist, (2) the Outstanding Young Person in the World in the Field of Economics and Business, (3) one of the Ten Outstanding Young Persons in the World, and (4) the Outstanding Texas Leader of 1990.

During his more than 20 years of experience, he has been presented citations for his efforts from both the Congress of the United States and the Texas Legislature. He has been honored by (1) The Democracy Foundation for his role in promoting capitalism in mainland China, (2) the Asia and World Institute for his efforts to encourage international academic exchange, and (3) the Systems Research Foundation for his contributions to the field of economic modeling. He is a Fellow of the International Institute for Advanced Studies and recently received the Institute’s prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award.

Member: American Economic Association, American Statistics Association, Midwest Economics Association, Missouri Valley Economics Association, Post-Keynesian Economics Association, Atlantic Economics Society, American Financial Association, Econometric Society, National Tax Association, Southern Economics Association, Western Economics Association, Southwestern Society for Economists, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, International Association of Mathematical Modeling, International Time Series Association (Executive secretary interaction Committee), Mathematics Association of America, Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, Association for Evolutionary Economics, AAAS, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Royal Economics Society of England, Southwestern Federation Academy of Disciplines, Louisiana Academy of Sciences, History of Economics Society, Southwestern Economics Association, Southwestern Social Science Association, Sherlock Holmes Society London, Alpha Chi, Omicron Delta Epsilon, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Eta Sigma, Beta Gamma Sigma. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

The Entrepeneurship Institute.  http://www.tei.net/presidentsforum/1998/0429/RayPerryman.asp

“Forecaster keeps eye on economic weather,” http://businessjournal.net/perryman197.html.  Web posted January 7, 1997

“Summary of the Perryman Report about the impact of VLTs,” http://www.texasthoroughbred.com/TTA/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=129

“Baylor Business Network Growing,” http://gradbusiness.baylor.edu/news.php?action=story&story=6672

Dr. Chris Peterson / Chris J. Peterson *** Not in Gale

Botanist. Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Georgia.

“My research interests encompass the several areas of population, community, and landscape ecology described below, although I primarily consider myself a community ecologist. I joined the Plant Biology Department at University of Georgia in March of 1994.” Visiting Instructor, Department of Ecology & Evol. Biology, Princeton University,  1993; Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 1992; Consulting Plant Ecologist, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Parks and Forestry,1990-1992; Teaching Assistant, General Ecology, Rutgers University, 1991; Teaching Assistant, General Biology, Rutgers University, 1990-1991.

B.A. 1985, Biology and Environmental Science, Taylor University, Upland, Indiana. Minor: Chemistry; Ph.D. 1992, Graduate Program in Ecology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Title: “The role of history and patch dynamics in the revegetation of a catastrophic windthrow in an old-growth beech-hemlock forest.”

Member: Ecological Society of America (1985-present), Torrey Botanical Club (1986-present), American Institute of Biological Sciences (1984-present), International Association for Vegetation Science (1990-present).

Associate Editor, Journal of Ecology, 1998-present; Book review editor, Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 1998-present.

Faculty webpage, University of Georgia, http://www.plantbio.uga.edu/~chris/chris.html

Curriculum vitae: http://www.plantbio.uga.edu/~chris/CVweb.html

Pierre Petit *** Not in Gale

(1619-1677).  French physician, astronomer, instrument-maker, engineer, cartographer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/petit.html

Petit’s collection of telescopes and instruments was among the best in Paris. It included a filar micrometer, which Petit invented or developed, later used by Cassini I. There is debate as to whether Petit was independent of Auzout in this instrument.

Member: Royal Society.  He was a member of the group of savants meeting at Mersenne’s lodgings, and worked with or knew a large number of the scientists of the period. In 1646 he collaborated with Blaise Pascal repeating Torricelli’s experiments on barometric vacuum [Pierre Humbert, L’oeuvre scientifique de Blaise Pascal (Paris, 1947), pp. 73 ff.]. A member of the Montmor academy, he was a forceful advocate for the establishment of an official scientific organization, but was passed over by Colbert in the initial selection of members of the Academie in 1666. As far as I know, he never was made a member. [see Harcourt Brown, Scientific Organizations in the Seventeenth Century (Baltimore, 1934), passim]

He was a regular correspondent with Henry Oldenburg and played a central role facilitating the exchange of ideas between the two communities. He was elected a foreign fellow of the Royal Society in 1667.

Sir William Petty

Sir William Petty (1623-1687) was a sailor, physician, professor, inventor, surveyor, and member of Parliament, as well as a political economist and statistician.  Professor of anatomy at Oxford and of music at Gresham College, London (1651); physician to army in Ireland (1652); completed (1654) “Down Survey” of Irish lands forfeited in 1641; served ascommissioner of distribution of land grants to soldiers; secretary to Henry Cromwell (lord deputy of Ireland, 1657); made surveyor general of Ireland by Charles II; set up ironworks, opened mines, quarries, and fisheries. A founder of the Royal Society; designed a twin-hulled ship (1662). One of authors of first book on vital statistics (1662); one of first to point out errors in mercantilist position that abundance of precious metals sets standard of prosperity; showed unsoundness of prohibition upon exportation of money; his Treatises of Taxes and Contributions (1662, 1667, 1685) stated doctrine that price depends upon labor necessary for production; his Verbum sapienti (1691) contained first estimate of national incomes and first discussion of the velocity of money.

http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/petty.htm

Links: http://www.cpm.ehime-u.ac.jp/AkamacHomePage/Akamac_E-text_Links/Petty.html

http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/petty.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/petty_william.shtml

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Petty

John Aubrey.  “A Brief Life of William Petty, 1623-87,” http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/petty/pettyl

http://www.thoemmes.com/dictionaries/petty.htm

John Bell Pettigrew *** Not in Gale

(1834–1908). Anatomist; Physiologist, president of the Royal Medical Society.

Johann Conrad Peyer

(1653-1712). Swiss physician and anatomist. Professor in Schaffhausen; first to describe lymphatic nodules in walls of small intestine, now known as Peyer’s patches (1682).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/peyer.html

http://www.books.md/P/dic/PeyerJohannConrad.php

Peyer’s Patches.  http://www.ndif.org/Terms/Peyer’s_patches.html

William Lyon Phelps

(1865-1943) Lampson Professor of English literature at Yale University, distinguished lecturer, author, critic and ordained minister.

William Lyon Phelps Foundation Website: http://www.wlpf.org/

William Lyon Phelps.  Human Nature in the Bible (HTML at sacred-texts.com)

http://family.phelpsinc.com/bios/william_lyon_phelps.htm

William D. Phillips William Daniel Phillips

(Born 1948). William D. Phillips has spent his entire professional career at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards, of the U.S. Department of Commerce. He has focused much of his research on the development of techniques for cooling atoms to very low temperatures and then studying the properties of these atoms. In 1988 he discovered that atoms could be cooled to a temperature of only 40K, or 40 millionths of a degree Kelvin. This temperature was about six times lower than the temperature that had been predicted as the lowest possible temperature to which matter can be cooled. As a result of this discovery, he was able to study the interaction of sodium atoms in a form that had never been observed before. For his work with the cooling of matter, Phillips was awarded a share of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Steven Chu and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji.

Webpage: http://nobelprizes.com/nobel/physics/1997c.html

Autobiography: http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1997/phillips-autobio.html

“Nobelist William Phillips Addresses ASA99; William Phillips of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly NBS) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, won the prize in 1997 for his contribution to low-temperature physics, http://users.stargate.net/~dfeucht/SEPOCT99.htm

Links: http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1997c.html

Linda Phillips-Jones

(Born 1943).  Psychologist.  International Training Consultants, Saigon, Vietnam, trainer and curriculum specialist, 1966-71; private career and personal development consultant, 1972-present. Research scientist for American Institutes for Research, 1979-83. Counselor/psychologist at Coalition of Counseling Centers (Christian organization), 1981-present.

Webpage: http://www.mentoringgroup.com/audio.html

http://www.faithmentoringandmore.com/html/about.html

John Philoponus ***Not in Gale

John Philoponus (c.490-570), a Christian philosopher, scientist, and theologian is also known as John the Grammarian or John of Alexandria. The epithet ‘Philoponus’ means literally ‘Lover of toil’. Philoponus’ life and work are closely connected to the city of Alexandria and the Alexandrian Neoplatonic school. Although the Aristotelian-Neoplatonic tradition was the source of his intellectual roots and concerns, he was an original thinker who eventually broke with that tradition in many important respects, both substantive and methodological, and cleared part of the way which led to more critical and empirical approaches in the natural sciences. Which intellectual, religious, or other cultural circumstances of his life and times may have put Philoponus into the position to initiate and foreshadow the eventual demise of Aristotelianism is one of the most fascinating questions anyone who tries to arrive at a fuller appreciation of the work of this important late Greek philosopher faces.

Website: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Giuseppi Piazzi

(1746-1826). Italian Theatine monk and astronomer. Professor, Palermo (from 1780), where he was founder and director of the observatory; director of government observatory in Naples (from 1817). Discovered and named Ceres, first known asteroid (1801); published catalogues of fixed stars, the second(1813) listing 7646 stars.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=eworldsci0280&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.astropa.unipa.it/Asteroids2001/

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12072d.htm

Jean Picard

(1620-1682). French astronomer. First to apply telescope to measurement of angles; known esp. for accurate measurement of a degree of a meridian, from which he computed size of the Earth (1668-70); credited with first use of telescopic sights and of pendulum clocks in astronomical observations; made first recorded observation of barometric light (1675); determined latitude and longitude of Tycho Brahe’s observatory Uraniborg.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/picard.html

http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/picard.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Jean Picard,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Picard_Jean.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Picard_Jean.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073b.htm

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/picard.html

The Picard Page, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/sr-major-figures/07-PICARD-PAGE.html

Rosalind (Roz) W. Picard *** Not in Gale

Director of Affective Computing Research, Associate Professor of Media Arts and Sciences.

From home page http://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/:

“Rosalind W. Picard is founder and director of the Affective Computing Research Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Laboratory and is co-director of the Things That Think Consortium , the largest industrial sponsorship organization at the lab. She holds a Bachelors in Electrical Engineering with highest honors from the Georgia Institute of Technology, and Masters and Doctorate degrees, both in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She has been a member of the faculty at the MIT Media Laboratory since 1991, with tenure since 1998. Prior to completing her doctorate at MIT, she was a Member of the Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Laboratories where she designed VLSI chips for digital signal processing and developed new methods of image compression and analysis. She was also an NSF Graduate Fellow.

The author of over a hundred peer-reviewed scientific articles in multidimensional signal modeling, computer vision, pattern recognition, machine learning, and human-computer interaction, Picard is known internationally for pioneering research in digital libraries and content-based video retrieval, and for pioneering research in Affective Computing. Her award-winning book, Affective Computing, (MIT Press, 1997) lays the groundwork for giving machines the skills of emotional intelligence. She is co-recipient with Tom Minka of a best paper prize from the Pattern Recognition Society for their work on interactive machine learning with multiple models (1998) and co-recipient of a best theory paper prize with Barry Kort and Rob Reilly for their work on affect in human learning (2001).”

Personal webpage: http://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/index1.html

Professor R. W. Picard. http://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/faith-test.html.  Comments about her former atheism and how scientists often make assumptions that are unscientific.

Professor R. W. Picard. A 15 minute invited talk on the subject “Intellectual Assurance Christianity is Sound,” http://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/ccc-talk.html

Professor R. W. Picard.  “Newton—Rationalizing Christianity, or Not?” http://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/Newton.html

http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap13/author.html

Alessandro Piccolomini

(1508-1578).  Italian littérateur, philosopher, astronomer, and prelate, coadjutor to archbishop of Siena (1574), author of La Raffaella (1540), Cento sonetti (1549), and two comedies, Alessandro (1545) and Amor costante (1549), translations of works by Ovid and Virgil, commentaries on Aristotle, and De le stelle fisse (1540), first book of printed star charts. From the illustrious Italian family of Siena, including Enea Silvio, who became Pope Pius II.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073c.htm

http://www.bo.astro.it/~biblio/atlas/picco-in.htm

http://www.rarebooks.nd.edu/exhibits/durand/italian/piccolomini_nobile.html

Arcangelo Piccolomini

(c. 1525-1586).  Italian anatomist, physiologist, physician, embryologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/piclomni.html

His works include In librum Galeni de humoribus commentarii (1556), which contained his translation of Galen's De humoribus, and Anatomicae praelectiones (Rome, 1586), his course of anatomical lectures. To his anatomical descriptions he added pathological observations. Anatomical description was less important in his work than physiological theory was, theory drawn from Galen, Aristotle, and neoplatonims.

His Praelectiones contain a long dissertation on generation.

A member of the Medical College of Rome. Protofisico of the College in 1580.

http://www.astralpulse.com/articles/others/articles_42.htm:

In the sixteenth century, the Italian philosopher and physician, Arcangelo Piccolomini, was the first to make the distinction between white matter and the cortex.

Susan La Flesche Picotte

(1865-1915). Susan LaFlesche Picotte was the first Native American women physician in the United States. She practiced preventive medicine, and urged adoption of modern hygienic practices and public sanitation. She lobbied to have a hospital established on the Omaha reservation and won, serving as its attending physician for the last two years of her life. The hospital was renamed in her honor after her death.

http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/susan_la_flesche_picotte.htm

Just the Facts about Susan LaFlesche Picotte, M.D., http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/RMEPost/just_the_facts_susan_picotte.htm

http://www.nde.state.ne.us/SS/notables/picotte.html

Edward Francis Pigot, SJ   *** Not in Gale

(1858-1929).  Pigot was a physics teacher at the Riverview College, Sydney 1887 -92 and was the founder and Director of the Riverview College Observatory 1907-29.

‘Pigot, Edward Francis’, in Physics in Australia to 1945, R.W. Home, with the assistance of Paula J. Needham, Australian Science Archives Project, June 1995, http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/physics/P000712p.htm

Dr. Andrew D. J. Pinder, Ph.D. MSc EurErg MErgS
Health and safety specialist.  Ergonomics Section, Health and Safety Laboratory, Sheffield, UK.

Member: Cemetery Road Baptist Church.

Health and Safety Laboratory, Sheffield, England. Health, Safety and Ergonomics http://www.cis.org.uk/conference/Sheffield_2003/pinder.html

HSL home page: http://www.hsl.gov.uk

HSE home page: http://www.hse.gov.uk/hsehome.htm

http://www.hsl.gov.uk.  The Health and Safety Laboratory is Britain’s leading industrial health and safety research facility. Operating as an Agency of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), they play a pivotal role in support of HSE’s mission to ensure that risks to people’s health and safety from work activities are properly controlled.

Health & Safety Executive home page: http://www.hse.gov.uk/hsehome.htm

Philippe Pinel

(1745-1826). French physician. A founder of psychiatry. Chief physician of Bicetre (1793-95) and director of Saltpetriere (1795-1826), both Parisian asylums; pioneered humane treatment of the insane; consideredinsanity result of psychological and physiological causes, rather than demonic possession; distinguished various psychoses and described hallucinations, withdrawal, and other symptoms. His Nosographie philosophique (1798) and Traite medico-philosophique sur l’alienation mentale ou la manie (1801) laid much of foundation for establishment of psychiatry as a field of medicine.

Philippe Pinel Links: http://elvers.stjoe.udayton.edu/history/people/Pinel.html

Philippe Pinel, http://www.medicineworldwide.de/persoenlichkeiten/pinel.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1027.html

Institut Philippe Pinel de Montréal. http://www.pinel.qc.ca/

http://71.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PI/PINEL_PHILIPPE.htm

Alexandre Gui Pingré

(1711-1796). French astronomer. Made observations of lunar eclipses and transits of Venus across the sun; author of Cometographie (1783-84).

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12102b.htm

Tomé Pires *** Not in Gale

(c. 1468-c. 1540).  Portuguese pharmacologist, geographer, apothecary, merchant.  Catholic, from a converted Jewish family.

http://search.com.bd/banglapedia/Content/HT/T_0190.HTM

The apothecary of Prince Afonso (1475-1491 AD) and author of Suma Oriental (Eastern Account), the earliest extensive account of the East written by a Portuguese.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pires.html

Pires’s letter to the King of Portugal on drugs of the orient was almost the beginning of European knowledge of them.  His manuscript Suma Oriental, on the geography, ethnography and commerce of the orient, unknown in his own time, portrays European knowledge of the East at the beginning of the 16th century.

Willem Piso *** Not in Gale

(1611-1678).  Dutch physician, pharmacologist, natural historian, botanist.

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2180.html:

Willem Piso accompanied Governor Johann Moritz von Nassau to Brazil, and was physician to the Dutch settlement there from 1633 to 1644. He made an extensive study of the native materia medica, while his colleague Markgraf compiled an eight-volume manuscript on the natural history of the region. Markgraf, however, died in 1643, and part of his work was published, along with Piso’s, by de Laet in 1648, an edition hastily put together and full of errors. Piso was unhappy with the 1648 edition, and took this opportunity to correct its many errors, remove the interpolations, add or replace woodcuts, expand his commentary, as well as adding additional tracts. He also incorporated Markgraf’s writings into his own text.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/piso.html

From Piso’s period in Brasil came the Historia naturalis Brasiliae (of which four of twelve books were by Piso and eight by Markgraf), a compendium of tropical medicine, pharmacology (including the introduction of a Brasilian root into European use), and natural history.

Member: Medical College; Amsterdam Collegium Medicum, of which Piso was decanus in 1656-60 and 1670.

Bartholomeo Pitiscus

(1561-1613).  German trigonometricist, mathematician and theologian.  A theologist by trade and a strong influence in the Calvinist government of his time, Bartholomeo Pitiscus also essentially coined the term “trigonometry.” The term comes from the title of his book Trigonometria, which consists of three parts, including five chapters devoted to plane and spherical geometry, now known as plane and spherical trigonometry. In addition to its contribution to mathematical nomenclature, the text is highly regarded and is especially noteworthy because in it Pitiscus used all six of the trigonometric functions. He also published Thesaurus mathematicus. Lunar Crater Pitiscus named in his honor.

Notable Mathematicians. Gale Research, 1998.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pitiscus.html:

Pitiscus was court chaplin at Breslau.  c. 1584, he taught and then became court chaplain and court preacher to Elector Frederick IV of the Palatinate.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Bartholomeo Pitiscus,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pitiscus.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Pitiscus.html

University of Heidelberg (In German). http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/fachinfo/www/math/homo-heid/pitiscus.htm

“Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics,” http://members.aol.com/jeff570/t.html

and http://www.larkfarm.com/weblog_item.asp?LogID=388

“The term TRIGONOMETRY is due to Bartholomeo Pitiscus (1561-1613) and was first printed in his Trigonometria: sive de solutione triangulorum tractatus brevis et perspicuus, which was published as the final part of Abraham Scultetus’ Sphaericorum libri tres methodicé conscripti et utilibus scholiis expositi (Heidelberg, 1595) (DSB). The word first appears in English in 1614 in the English translation of the same work: Trigonometry: or The Doctrine of Triangles. First written in Latine, by B. Pitiscus..., and now Translated into English, by Ra. Handson.”

Alvin Plantinga
(Born 1932).  Philosophy educator, author.  Alvin Plantinga is John. A. O’Brien Professor of Philosophy at Notre Dame University and a Fellow with the International Society for Complexity Information and Design.

Plantinga came to the University of Notre Dame from Calvin College in1982, where he had been teaching philosophy since 1963. Before his teaching position at Calvin, he taught at both Yale University (instructor in philosophy, 1957 – 1958) and Wayne State University (1958 – 1960). Professor Plantinga has also served as a visiting Professor at the University of Illinois (visiting Lecturer, 1960), Harvard University (1964 – 1965), the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan (visiting Professor, 1967), Boston University, Indiana University, the University of California at Los Angeles (1972), Syracuse University, Oxford University and the University of Arizona (1979 – 1980). Dr. Plantinga received his M.A. degree in 1955 from the University of Michigan and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1958.

Member: American Philosophical Association (president of Western Division, 1981-82), American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Society for Christian Philosophers.

A world-renowned philosopher and a specialist in the philosophy of epistemology, Alvin Plantinga has published more than 12 books and more than 100 articles in professional publications, many of which have been translated into other languages, including Dutch, French, Spanish, Polish, Italian, Russian, Romanian, Chinese and Japanese. He has given more than 200 guest lectures at conferences and on campuses in North America, Europe, and Australia.

Author: God and Other Minds, 1967, The Nature of Necessity, 1974, God, Freedom and Evil, 1974, Does God Have A Nature?, 1980, Faith and Rationality, 1983, Warrant: The Current Debate, 1993, Warrant and Proper Function, 1993.

Awards: Woodrow Wilson Fellow, 1954-55; E. Harris Harbison Award for distinguished teaching, 1968; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences Fellow, 1968-69; Guggenheim Fellow, 1971-72; visiting Fellow at Balliol College, Oxford University, 1975-76; National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow, 1975-76; D.D., Glasgow University, 1982.

http://www.iscid.org/alvin-plantinga.php

Alvin Plantinga, Department of Philosophy, The University of Notre Dame, http://id-www.ucsb.edu/fscf/library/plantinga/home.html

Contact page, http://www.nd.edu/~ndphilo/faculty/apl.htm

Alvin Plantinga: The Analytic Theist.  A Website Devoted to the Philosophy of Alvin Plantinga,

http://www.homestead.com/philofreligion/Plantingapage.html

CURRICULUM VITAE OF ALVIN PLANTINGA, http://id-www.ucsb.edu/fscf/library/plantinga/cv.html

Alvin Plantinga, University of Notre Dame.  “When Faith and Reason Clash: Evolution and the Bible,”

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/dialogues/Faith-reason/CRS9-91Plantinga1.html.  From Christian Scholar’s Review XXI:1 (September 1991): 8-33. Used by permission.

Roy Varghese, Executive Editor, Truth, on “Theism as a Properly Basic Belief” Truth Journal: An Interview with Professor Alvin Plantinga,” http://www.leaderu.com/truth/3truth06.html

Félix Platter *** Not in Gale

(1536-1614).  Swiss physician, botanist, pathologist, psychiatrist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/platter.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/phillips/169.html

Platter was one of the foremost pathologists at the end of the sixteenth century. The Observationes is a collection of vivid descriptions of a wide variety of diseases, including all the then known psychiatric disorders. Platter was one of the first to study mental illness scientifically, seeking its origin in physiological rather than supernatural causes. He gives substantial accounts of gynaecological disorders, of the plague, and of certain dermatological conditions. Among the specific contributions to medical history in this book are the first known report of a case of death from hypertrophy of the thymus, in an infant; the first description of the condition later termed “Dupuytren’s contracture”; and an account of a meningioma.

John Playfair *** Not in Gale

(1748-1819).  Scottish geologist, physicist, mathematician.  Playfair was among the first in Britain to teach modern analysis. Despite his success as a mathematician, Playfair exchanged the Chair of Mathematics for the Chair of Natural Philosophy in 1805. Two years later he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. Playfair was the first president of The Astronomical Institution of Edinburgh, founded in 1811, preceding the Royal Astronomical Society in England by nine years. The New Observatory on Calton Hill was built largely through Playfair’s efforts in support of the project. Proponent of Huttonian (James Hutton) theory of the earth; first to propose that a river cuts its own valley; first to attribute transport oferratics to glaciation.

Honors: Fellow of the Royal Society, Elected 1807, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , Lunar features: Crater Playfair; Planetary features, Crater Playfair on Mars.

From http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Playfair.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Playfair.html.  Written by J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson, based on an honours project written by Mark Anderson at the University of St Andrews in 1999.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=eworldsci0283&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst211.html

http://79.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PL/PLAYFAIR_JOHN.htm

Dr. Janis Plostnieks
(Born 1933).  Pharmaceutical company executive. Retired Director, Science and Technology, Johnson
& Johnson, New Brunswick, New Jersey.  Senior scientist McNeil Labs. Philadelphia, 1959-63, group leader chemistry, Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania, 1963-71, Director biochemistry, 1971-78, Executive Director research, 1978-82, Executive Director development research McNeil Pharmaceutical Co., Spring House, Pennsylvania, 1982. B.A., Western Reserve University, 1955; M.S., Yale University, 1957, Ph.D., 1960.

Member President’s council Spring Garden College, Philadelphia, 1981. Member American Chemical Society, AAAS, N.Y. Academy of Science, Sigma Xi. Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals; patentee in field.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Robert Plot *** Not in Gale

(1640-1696).  English natural historian, paleontologist, iatrochemist, alchemist, cartographer.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/plot.html

Planning a general natural history of England and Wales, Plot began with the Natural History of Oxfordshire, 1677, which led to his election to the Royal Society that year. Natural History of Staffordshire, 1686. He started to work on the natural histories of Kent and of Middlesex, which he did not finish, and he never came close to achieving the general work on all of England. Plot was more concerned with curiosities and antiquities than with what we might call natural history. Some papers on curiosities appeared in the Philosophical Transactions.

As part of natural history, he collected fossils and entered into the debate about their origin, being convinced that they were not organic but rather mineral crystallizations.

As a chemist he was an iatrochemist who pursued a universal solvent. Taylor cites manuscripts that establish Plot’s deep involvement in alchemy.

Member: Royal Society, 1677; Secretary, 1682-4 and editor of the Philosophical Transactions; Secretary again in 1692.  Plot helped to organize the Oxford Philosophical Society about 1680 and became its director of experiments.  Informal Connections: Correspondence with Dr.Fell, Aston, Edward Tyson, Gould, Molyneux, Evelyn, Aubrey, Wood, Lister, Cole, Weymouth, W.Graven and others. He was an intimate of Pepys.

http://17.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PL/PLOT_ROBERT.htm

Charles Plumier *** Not in Gale

(1646-1704).  French natural historian, botanist, pharmacologist.  Catholic.  Order of Minims in 1662.

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-159W78.0.html

Plumier (1646-1704), a member of the Minims, studied physics, mathematics, and drawing. He traveled to America three times to form natural history collections and wrote several important books on the botany of the Antilles. “The first machine available to engineers, as regards both date and importance, was the lathe. This machine, which goes back to some unknown period, did not achieve popularity until the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; it became really useful in the second half of the latter century.”Singer et al., eds., A History of Technology, Vol. IV, p. 382.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/plumier.html

After his return from his second voyage Plumier published Description des plantes de l’Amerique which contained 107 plates engraved at royal expense. Nova plantarum americanarum genera (1703), which contains 40 plates and description of 106 new genera. Traité des fougères de l’amerique (1705), with 172 plates was published upon his return from his third voyage.

Plumier’s duty on his first voyage was to collect plants to form a natural history collection of plants. Surian gathered plants with the intent for medical application and chemical analyses. After Surian and Plumier quarreled, Plumier traveled alone on the following two voyages as the royal botanist. He died while waiting for the ship that would take him to Peru in search of the cinchona tree.

Although it is unclear that medicinal plants were Plumier’s goal on the first voyages, the final one was aimed at the cinchona tree: quinine.

Charles Plumier http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12169a.htm

http://www.famousamericans.net/charlesplumier/

http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pierre.courcier/Charles%20Plumier/Charles%20Plumier.htm

Martin Poenie *** Not in Gale
Biologist.  Associate Professor, Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology University of Texas, Austin (1992).  Ph.D.at Stanford, 1986.

Personal webpage, University of Texas at Austin, http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/MCDB/poenie.html

Faculty webpage, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/directory/details.asp?id=95

http://www.xenbase.org/xmmr/utcdb/mp/Poenie.html

Letter to SBOE from David Hillis and Martin Poenie http://www.txscience.org/files/ut-austin-profs2.htm.  A letter to the Texas State Board of Education (SBOE) telling its members that they “believe that all of the books conform to the TEKS standards and should be approved and placed on the conforming list of textbooks.”  November 4, 2003.

Pierre Polinière *** Not in Gale

(1671-1734).  French physicist, natural philosopher, specialist in electricity.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/polinier.html

Polinière was a staunch believer that conclusions about causes must be based on experimentation. He was one of the first in France to present public lectures on experimental natural philosophy.  He made independent discoveries in electroluminescence and was one of the earliest on the continent to advocate Newton’s theory of color.  He made his most significant contribution as a popularizer of experimental natural philosophy. He began to demonstrate experiments in courses of philosophy in Paris in 1696. He started to compile these experiments in 1701. The results of his efforts was the work, Experiences de physique (Paris, 1709), containing 100 carefully detailed experiments. The work was very popular and went through 5 editions. Half of the experiments dealt with the elasticity of air. The remaining experiments were concerned with chemistry, hydrostatics, acoustics, magnetism, light and colors, and selected aspects of physiology.

In 1706 he discovered the “new phosphor” by rubbing an evacuated glass globe with the hand.

He was the member the Société des Arts of Louis de Bourbon-Condé, Count of Clermont.

John Charlton Polkinghorne, KBE, FRS

(Born 1930).  Theoretical physicist and Anglican priest. California Institute of Technology, Commonwealth Fund Fellow, 1955-56; University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Lecturer in mathematical physics, 1956-58; Cambridge University, Cambridge, England, Lecturer in applied mathematics, 1958-65, reader in theoretical physics, 1965-68, Professoressor of mathematical physics, 1968-79; Trinity College, Cambridge, England, Fellow, 1954-86; Trinity Hall, Dean and chaplain, 1986-89; Queens’ College, Cambridge, England, president, 1989-96, Fellow, 1996–present.

A Fellow of Queens’ College, Cambridge, and Canon Theologian of Liverpool Cathedral, Sir John Polkinghorne has published widely on theoretical elementary particle physics and he is a leading participant in the debate about the compatibility of science and theology. The only ordained member of the Royal Society, he is an Anglican priest, and member of the Church’s General Synod. His books include: Science and Creation (1988); Science and Providence (1989); Reason and Reality (1991); The Faith of a Physicist (1994); Quarks, Chaos and Christianity (1994); Beyond Science (1994); Scientists as Theologians (1996); and Belief in God in an Age of Science (1998).

His essay, “God in Relation to Nature: The 1998 Witherspoon Lecture: Can science’s account of the regularity of nature be reconciled with Christianity’s talk of the God who acts in history?” can be found here:

http://www.ctinquiry.org/publications/reflections_volume_2/polkinghorne.htm

Website: http://www.polkinghorne.org/

Jennifer Lee Atkin.  “Revelation & Reason,” http://www.science-spirit.org/articles/printerfriendly.cfm?article_id=299

Jules H. Poirier *** Not in Gale Electronics engineer.

From “Creationist Scientist Jules H. Poirer,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/457.asp:

Senior electronic design specialist engineer for the U.S. Navy, Ryan Aeronautics and the Electronics Division of Convair, for defense and space projects.  He has designed circuitry for the Saturn Radar Pulse Altimeter, as well as other navigational circuitry. He studied electrical engineering, physics and mathematics at the University of California at Berkeley.

Author: From Darkness to Light to Flight: Monarch, the Miracle Butterfly; The Life and Adventures of Monica Monarch, 1997.

Jules H. Poirer.  ‘The Magnificent Migrating Monarch’, Creation 20(1):28–31, 1997. http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/521.asp

Jules Poirier and Kenneth B. Cumming.  “DESIGN FEATURES OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY LIFE CYCLE,” Impact, No. 237 March 1993, http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-237.htm

William Grosvenor Pollard

(1911-1989). Nuclear scientist, quantum physicist, Episcopal priest, founder, Oak Ridge Associated Universities.

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Assistant Professor, 1936-41, Associate Professor, 1941-43, Professor of physics, 1943-46; Oak Ridge Associated Universities (formerly Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies), Oak Ridge, TN, incorporator, 1946, and executive director, 1947-present. Protestant Episcopal Church, ordained deacon, 1952, priest, 1954; priest Associate of St. Stephen’s Church, Oak Ridge, TN, 1954-present; priest in charge of St. Alban’s Chapel, Clinton, TN, 1959-65. Columbia University, research scientist on The Manhattan Project, 1944-45; University of the South, member of faculty, Graduate School of Theology, 1956, 1960, 1961, trustee, 1955-70.

Author: Physicist and Christian, A Dialogue Between the Communities, 1961; Transcendence and Providence: Reflections of a Physicist and Priest, 1987.

Biography.  Oak Ridge Associated Universites.  http://www.orau.org/visitor/history/pollard.htm

Pam Bonee, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.  Biography, Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.  http://160.36.208.47/FMPro?-db=tnencyc&-format=tdetail.htm&-lay=web&entryid=P040&-find=

Richard K. Toner, Princeton University. Review, “Physicist and Christian, A Dialogue Between the Communities, By William Grosvenor Pollard,178 pp. Greenwich, Connecticut, The Seabury Press, 1961. $4.25,” http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1963/v19-4-bookreview6.htm. From Theology Today, v. 19, n. 4.  January 1963.  Pollard: “Purely by way of personal witness out of my experience in both communities, I can simply assert that the knowledge I believe I have of the truth of Christianity and my sense of conviction as to its essential validity and reality rests on just as good and just as firm and convincing grounds as the knowledge I have of the truth of physics and my sense of conviction as to the essential validity of the view of reality which the community of physics has presently achieved.”

Margaret Mary Poloma

(Born 1943). Sociologist. (Sociology of Religion, Spirituality and Health, Sociological Theory, Qualitative Methods). “The focus of my research, writing, visiting professorships and guest lecturing is in the general area of the sociology of religion. More specific and current research involves the1990s revivals in the Pentecostal/Charismatic movements, the Assemblies of God, spirituality/religion and health, and an inner healing prayer technique (Theophostic Ministry).”

Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, instructor in sociology, 1969-70; University of Akron, Akron, OH, Assistant Professor, 1970-77, Associate Professor, 1977-81, Professor of sociology, 1981-present. Ph.D. (1970) from Case Western Reserve University.

Faculty webpage, University of Akron: “MARGARET M. POLOMA, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus,” http://www3.uakron.edu/sociology/poloma.htm

Curriculum vita: http://www3.uakron.edu/sociology/poloma.pdf

Margaret Mary Poloma told Contemporary Authors: “Undoubtedly the experience that has most colored my recent professional involvements and writings is my 1975 conversion, during which I accepted Jesus Christ as my Savior and Lord. Not unlike the scientists of seventeenth-century England, whose writings were analyzed by sociologist Robert Merton, I desire that my career as a social scientist primarily gives glory to God. It is through prayer that I seek to determine the research and writing path of God’s design and prayer that strengthens me to carry out my work.

“My own religious experiences have led me to work with other sociologists who are seeking to develop a Christian perspective in sociology. Much like the humanist, feminist, or black perspectives that are already part of the sociological enterprise, the Christian perspective attempts to alert the discipline to biases in it. Sociology’s atheistic roots, although often blanketed with ‘value-free’ assertions, have prevented it from understanding certain aspects of human behavior that have failed to align with its values.”

Mark Popovsky

(Born 1922). Mark Popovsky, a former Soviet journalist and author of books on Russian scientists and their achievements left his native Russia in 1977, after his articles exposing the government’s treatment of Soviet botanist Nikolai Vavilov alienated the Soviet government authorities. Popovsky wrote Contemporary Authors: “I left medicine because I had a special interest in literature. For the last twenty-five years my major interest has fallen in the area of ethics of the Russian intelligentsia, particularly Russian scientists. I write nonfiction about those scientists. Unfortunately, I write only Russian.”  Free-lance writer and journalist in Moscow, Russia, 1946-77; free-lance writer in New York, NY, 1978-present. Founder of news agency, Mark Popovsky Press, 1977. Fellow of Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1980. Deputy to the editor in chief of Russian language quarterly Grany (title means “Facets”), 1984-86. Lecturer on scientific subjects.  Education: Moscow State University, B.A., 1950, M.A., 1952.

Member: International PEN, Writers-in-Exile.  Soviet Union Army, Medical Science, 1941-45; became lieutenant.

Author of books written in Russian, June News: Notes of a Nonaccredited Correspondent, Posev-Verlag, 1978, and The Blessed Life of Professor Voino-Yasenetzki, Archbishop and Surgeon, Young Men’s Christian Association Press, 1979. The Manipulated Science, translated from Russian by Paul Falla, Doubleday, 1979.

The Vavilov Affair, translated by David Floyd, Doubleday, 1981, reprinted with a foreword by Andrei Sakharov, 1984.

Contributor of about five hundred articles to scientific journals in Russia and to Samizdat. Editor of Russian language, Our Country and the World, 1986-90.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Giambattista della Porta

The Renaissance scientist, natural philosopher, military engineere, instrument-maker, pharmacologist, physicist and dramatist Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615) is noted for his biological index of personality tendencies. He wrote 17 plays, mostly comedies.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/porta.html:

Porta was a polymath who dabbled in nearly everything. His first book, published in 1585 as Magiae naturalis, constituted the basis of a twenty-book edition of the Magia naturalis published in 1589, which is his best-known work and the basis of his reputation.  His other published works include De furtivis literarum notis (1563), De humana physiognomonia (1586), Physionomonica (1588), De refractione optices (1589) and De distillatione (1610). He perfected the camera obscura.  He wrote also on squaring the circle and on curved lines, as well as on hydraulic machines.  Porta formed a personal museum of natural history which helped to spur the concept of public museums. He experimented and published on agriculture.  He published a book in 1606 on raising water by the force of the air.  In 1608 he published on military engineering.

Member: Accademia dei Lincei, 1610-1615.  He established the Accademia dei Segreti (or Academia secretorum naturae) some time prior to 1580. It met in his house in Naples, was certainly founded on the model of the earlier literary academies, and was devoted to discussion and study of the secrets of nature. It seems to have closed by order of the Inquisition.  In 1604 Cesi traveled to Naples and often visited Porta. In the same year Porta wrote a compendium of the history of the Cesi family. The documented meeting of Cesi and Porta in 1604 was followed by a respectful correspondence which culminated in the enrollment of Porta among the Lincei on 6 July 1610.  In 1611 he helped to establish the Accademia degli Oziosi, a leading literary academy in Naples.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Giambattista Della Porta,” http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Porta.html or http://history.math.csusb.edu/Mathematicians/Porta.html:  Della Porta's major work, Magia naturalis (1558), examines the natural world claiming it can be manipulated by the natural philosopher through theoretical and practical experiment. The work discusses many subjects including demonology, magnetism and the camera obscura.

Della Porta also published Villae (1583-92), an agricultural encyclopaedia and De distillatione (1609), describing his work in chemistry.

“Natural Magick: “The Works and Life of John Baptist Porta “

http://homepages.tscnet.com/omard1/jportat5.html

http://homepages.tscnet.com/omard1/jportat3.html

http://homepages.tscnet.com/omard1/jportat4.html

Brother Potamian (O’Reilly)

(1847-1917) Educator, scientist.  Potamian was not merely an administrator, an instructor, and a laboratory investigator; he was also a writer who, in addition to semi-popular articles in Engineering (London), Electrical World (New York), Manhattan Quarterly, Catholic World, and the Catholic Encyclopedia, published a number of volumes. These included The Theory of Electrical Measurements (1885); The Makers of Electricity (1909), with James J. Walsh; and an annotated Bibliography of the Latimer Clark Collection of Books and Pamphlets Relating to Electricity and Magnetism (1909). The preparation of this last work was assigned to him by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at the suggestion of Sylvanus P. Thompson, the English scientist, who declared that in America only Potamian and Park Benjamin were capable of such an undertaking.

From https://www.manhattan.edu/news/news_releases/022503_1.html:

Br. Potamian also completed the monumental and critically acclaimed task of an annotated catalogue of The Wheeler Collection, a valuable collection of books, journals and pamphlets for the study of the history of electrical technology for the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. The main part of the collections is nearly three thousand books published in Latin, French, German, Italian and English from the late nineteenth centuries. The earliest works, numbering about two hundred, recount the powers of the lodestone, the vagaries of the mariner’s compass and theories of electricity and magnetism from Pliny to Descartes. Eighteenth-century electricians are also represented by about four hundred books.

Percivall Pott

(1714-1788).  English surgeon. Introduced improvements making surgery more humane, took steps toward abolishing extensive use of escharotics and cautery; suffered (1756) a particular kind of fracture of ankle, still called Pott’s fracture; gave (1779) clinical description of a spinal affliction known as Pott’s disease.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1103.html

http://99.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PO/POTT_PERCIVALL.htm

http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm?surgeons/pott.htm~right

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Percivall%20Pott

François Pourfour du Petit *** Not in Gale

(1664-1741).  French physiologist, anatomist, surgeon, pharmacologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pourfour.html

Pourfour is known for his surgical skill and for a number of important discoveries, including that of the canal between the anterior and posterior suspensory ligaments of the lens of the eye.  He is especially associated with the physiological experiments carried out at Namur between 1710 and 1712, and at Paris during the mid-1720’s. In 1712 at Namur he showed that the origin of the sympathetic nerve was not the cranium. He carried out this experiment for members of the Académie in 1725. Although his results were definitive, they were largely ignored until the 19th century.

He described his original research in several treatises published between 1710 and 1728. Among their titles are Trois lettres d’un médecin...sur un nouveau systeme du cerveau (1710); Sur l’operation de la cataracte (1724); and Mémoires sur plusieurs découvertes faites dans les yeux de l’homme... (1723).

He designed ophthalmic instruments.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1722-1741.

Bernard-Horner Syndrome.  http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1056.html

John Wesley Powell

(1834-1902). John Wesley Powell was a nineteenth-century American explorer, ethnologist, geologist, anthropologist, governmental administrator, and early conservationist. He rose to national recognition when he led a series of risky surveying expeditions to the Green and Colorado rivers from 1869 to 1875. He directed the United States Geological Survey (1875-1894), which he helped found.  He succeeded Clarence King as director(1881); inaugurated (1883) publication of bulletins and (1890) monographs, and series of folio atlases (from 1894) presenting geologic and topographic charts.  He was also the first director and head of the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology (1879-1902).

Powell sought to change the corrupt and obsolete post-Civil War administration of U.S. public lands. An ardent conservationist, he also knew Native American tribes extensively. He argued that western farmers' techniques were eroding the earth, and spoke against the water and lumber industries exploiting the land. He wrote several books, including the first classification of American Indian languages in Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages (1877) and Truth and Error; or, The Science of Intellection (1898). He founded Contributions to North American Ethnology (1877); also wrote Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries (1875) and Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States (1878).

An Encyclopedia of World Biography critic wrote, “Perhaps Powell's greatest contribution was as an administrator who recognized that government and science should work in partnership.” James M. Aton added in the Dictionary of Literary Biography, “His divergent interests resembled one of the braided strembeds in his beloved canyon country, branching out in many directions but ultimately beginning and ending in the same stream.”

Member: Illinois State Natural History Society (secretary, 1854-61).

John Wesley Powell Museum. http://www.powellmuseum.org/

“John Wesley Powell,” http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/jwpowell.htm

Elizabeth Henry Power

(Born 1953).  Consultant.  Director instructional design, Call Center University, 1997-98; owner, MPDDD Resource & Education Center, Nashville, 1991-93; owner, EPower & Assocs., Granite Falls, North Carolina, 1980; corp. secretary, consultant, Quantum Leap Cons., Inc., Nashville, 1984-86; behavioral consultant, Nutri-System Weight Loss Center, Nashville, North Carolina, 1982-84; with adoption and foster home recruitment, Davidson County Dept. Human Services, Nashville, 1980-81.  Consultant GMSaturn, 1988-98; dir. instrnl. design Call Center University, 1998; senior consultant J.D. Power and Assocs., 1998-2000, 02; senior consultant cars.com, 2000; training mgr. Exult, 2001-02.  Education: Cert., North Carolina School of Arts, 1971; BA, University North Carolina, Greensboro, 1977; MEd, Vanderbilt University, 1997.

Member: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, American Society of Training and Development, Orgn. Development Network.

Honors: Recipient numerous awards North Carolina Dept. Mental Health Mental Retardation, 1979, State of North Carolina, 1979, Central Nashville Optimist Club, 1982, Waco YWCA, Waco, Texas, 1985.

Author: If Change Is All There Is, Choice Is All You've Got, 1990, Managing Our Selves: Building a Community of Caring, 1992;  Managing Our Selves: God in Our Midst, 1992; contbg. author: Nonprofit Policies and Procedures, 1992, 98, 2000, 01, More than Survivors: Conversations with Multiple Personality Clients, 1992, 1998, also articles.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Multiple Treasures Christian Support, http://members.shaw.ca/multipletreasures/articles1.html

Henry Power *** Not in Gale

(c.1623-1668).  English physician, microscopist, natural philosopher, chemist, astronomer, physiologist.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/power.html

Power did not become involved in the religious divisions of his day; he had close friends in all camps.

In his microscopical observations Power was much concerned to illustrate the workmanship of God.

Power was interested in all aspect of the new natural philosophy, including natural history. As a medical student he became interested in Harvey’s discoveries. With Towneley, he carried out meteorological measurements. He produced some embriology and was one of the early preformationists.

However, he is best known for Experimental Philosophy, in Three Books, 1664, which included the first microscopical observations published in England, and also explored atmospheric pressure, and presented some (though not much) work on magnetism. It appears that he independently discovered Boyle’s Law. Experimental Philosophy was explicitly directed to demonstrating the “atomic” (i.e, mechanical) philosophy.  Power left a number of manuscripts on chemistry, especially in relation to physiology.

He was also a student of astronomy. He equipped himself with a telescope for observing. He was an ardent Copernican.

In his final years he produced a manuscript, intended for publication, on anatomy and physiology, a work which returned to his early interest in Harvey and made circulation central.

Medical practice at Halifax and New Hall (Wakefield), 1655-1668.

Membership: Royal Society.  Informal connections: Close friendship and extensive correspondence with Sir Thomas Browne (published in Browne’s Works). Friendship with Dr. Robinson (I think this is Reuben Robinson.) Corresponded with Boyle, by whom he was deeply influenced.

Andrea Pozzo, S.J.

Andrea Pozzo (1642-1709), the most famous of the Jesuit artists active in Europe in the 17^th century, is a curious individual. Facile in both painting and architecture, Pozzo is famous for his perspectival frescoes. Although his major works were carried out in Rome during the last quarter of the century, they depend primarily on northern Italian traditions. In fact, Pozzo remained aloof from developments in Roman painting at the end of the 17^th century, but his work, unlike that of his Roman colleagues, contributes substantially to later developments in European painting, and especially to the evolution of rococo ceiling painting in Austria and Germany.

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/pozzo.htm

http://www.kfki.hu/~arthp/bio/p/pozzo/biograph.html or

http://keptar.demasz.hu/arthp/bio/p/pozzo/biograph.htm

Cheryl E. Praeger / Cheryl Elisabeth Praeger

(Born 1948).  Mathematician. Professor of Mathematics in the Pure Mathematics Section in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, 1983-present. Dean, Postgradute Research Studies, 1996-98, 1973-1975; Research Fellow, Department of Mathematics, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, 1976-1981; Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of Western Australia, 1982-1983; Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of Western Australia, 1992-1994; Head, Department of Mathematics, University of Western Australia.  Member of a number of committees both within the University and outside. See complete list, including Visiting Professorships, at http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~praeger/CV/node1.html#SECTION00010000000000000000

Education: A, Australian Music Examinations Board, 1970; BS, University Queensland, 1970; MS, University Queensland, 1972; MS, University Oxford, England, 1972; DPhil, University Oxford, England, 1974; DSc, University Western Australia, 1989; DSc, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, 1993.

Member of the Australian Mathematical Society, President (1992-1994), Vice-President (1990-92, 1994-95), Council Member (1977-79, 98--2000); a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (1996-present) Council Member (2000-2003); a member of the Board of the Australian Mathematics Trust, and Deputy Chair of the Australian Mathematical Olympiad Committee; a Foundation Fellow of the Institute for Combinatorics and its Applications, Council Member (1991-present); a member of the Combinatorial Mathematics Society of Australasia (Director 1984, 92), the American Mathematical Society, and the London Mathematical Society. Order of Australia. Director of Data Analysis Australia.

Recipient certificate of merit Royal Humane Society of New South Wales, Australia, 1976.

Cheryl E. Praeger, AM, FAA. University of Western Australia home page: http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~praeger/

Curriculum vitae: http://www.maths.uwa.edu.au/~praeger/CV/cv-latex-mim-v4.html

http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/praeger.htm

http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~sanders/graphtheory/people/Praeger.CE.html

http://www.austms.org.au/People/Conf/ANZ03/praeger.html

List of publications, http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/p/Praeger:Cheryl_E=.html

Currently joint Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics, and an Associate Editor of Aequationes Mathematicae, Ars Combinatoria, Australasian Journal of Combinatorics, Designs Codes and Cryptography, Journal of Combinatorial Designs, Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, Australian Mathematical Society Lecture Series. Contributor of more than 190 articles to professional journals.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Sir Ghillean Prance, FRS, VMH

(Born 1937).  Botanist.  Theistic evolutionist.  Scientific Director of the Eden Project in Cornwall, U.K.
Visiting Professor at Reading University and McBryde Professor at the US National Tropical Botanical Garden in Hawaii; Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1988 to 1999.

Honors: Distinguished Service Award, New York Botanical Garden, 1986; Henry Shaw Medal, Missouri Botanical Garden, 1988; Linnean Medal, 1990; International Cosmos Prize, 1993; Patrons Medal, Royal Geographical Society, 1994; Fil.Dr., University of Goteborg, 1983; D.Sc., University of Kent at Canterbury, Kingston University, and University of Portsmouth, 1994, University of St. Andrews, 1995, University of Bergen, 1996, Florida International University and University of Sheffield, 1997, Herbert H. Lehman College of the City University of New York and University of Liverpool, 1998, University of Glasgow and University of Plymouth, 1999, and University of Keele and University of Exeter, 2000; Victoria Medal of Honor, Royal Horticultural Society, 1999. The David Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration, 2000.

Author: Arvores De Manaus (1975), Extinction Is Forever (1977), Biological Diversification in the Tropics (1981), Leaves (1986), Amazonia (1985), Wild Flowers for all Seasons (1988), White Gold (1989), Out of the Amazon (1992), Bark (1993), The Earth Under Threat (1996), Rainforests of the World (1998). Contributor of over four hundred articles to scientific journals and popular magazines.

http://www.prancefamily.co.uk/Sir%20Ghillean%20Prance

http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/cis/prance/

http://www.defyingnaturesend.org/dne/about/bios/prance.html

Tony Watkins interviews Professor Sir Ghillean Prance, then-Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew:  http://www.tonywatkins.co.uk/writing/articles/plant.htm. First published in Space-Time Gazette in 1996.

Faculty page at Au Sable Institute: http://www.ausable.org/au.boardnstaff.gprance.cfm

http://www.globaldiversity.org.uk/profpartners/prance.html

Science Watch interview, July/August 1998.  http://www.sciencewatch.com/july-aug98/science-watch_july-aug98_page3-4.htm

http://en.arocha.org/ukwho/index6.html

Prance: “All my studies in science … have confirmed my faith. I regard the Bible as my principal source of authority.”

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

John Henry Pratt

(1809-1871). British clergyman and geophysicist. Missionary in India (1838 ff.); archdeacon of Calcutta (1850-71). Discovered (1855) there is a constant value for gravity at sea level at any given latitude and calculated the average depth of density compensation to be 100 kilometers; postulated (1856) a theory of isostasy.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pratt.html

http://tigger.uic.edu/~rdemar/geol107/pratt.htm

http://www.geomatics.ucalgary.ca/~sneeuw/hall_of_fame/seiten_e/pratt.html

Dr. T. Dean Pringle*** Not in Gale

Animal and dairy scientist.  Associate Professor, Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens.

Research focus: 1) cellular mechanisms determining beef quality and tenderness, with major focus on the calpain/calpastatin proteinase system, 2) foodservice meat cookery systems and their impact on meat palatability, and 3) prediction of carcass composition in swine and cattle, using live animal ultrasound measures and carcass dissection. B.S., University of Florida; M.S., University of Florida; Ph.D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Faculty webpage, University of Georgia at Athems Animal & Dairy Science, http://www.ads.uga.edu/profiles/f_0098.htm

“Now juicy, tender steaks can be lean, too. Don’t worry about that fat,”

http://georgiafaces.caes.uga.edu/getstory.cfm?storyid=1678.  October 11, 2002

William Prout

(1785 -1850).  English chemist trained as a physician, but very early became interested in the chemistry of living organisms. Most of Prout’s original research and thought involved the chemistry of nutrition. In 1827, he suggested dividing foods into the three large classifications—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—that are still used by nutritionists today.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Prout

http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/prout.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/P/Prout/1.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/william_prout

Dr. Robert Emery Prud’homme

(Born 1948).  Full Professor, Ph.D., University of Montreal.  Chemical engineering.  Achievements include research in areas of polymer fluid mechanics, polymer characterization and transport phenomena.

http://www.afmnet.ca/index.php?fa=Researchers.Profile&person_id=6

Webpage (in French): http://www.chm.ulaval.ca/cersim/membres/rprudhomme.html

Carlos E. Puente *** Not in Gale
Hydrologist.  Professor in Hydrology and Theoretical Dynamics, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis.  Dr. Puente received his B.S., Math and Civil Engineering, University of Los Andes, Bogota, Columbia; M.S. in Operations Research and Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and his Ph.D. in  Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1984.

From http://www.iscid.org/carlos-puente.php:

He has published over 40 journal papers. Some of his most recent works include Chaos and Stochasticity in Deterministically Generated Multifractal Measures for the journal Fractals; DNA, Pi and the Bell for the journal Complexity; and the book The Hypotenuse, an illustrated scientific parable for turbulent times, submitted to Berrett-Koehler. He has also made over 85 presentations at numerous conferences relating to topics in Nonlinear Dynamics and Hydrology. Puente’s research interests include uncertainties and variability of hydrologic processes; rainfall modeling in space and time; fluvial geomorphology; groundwater contamination; rainfall-runoff modeling; complexity; chaos; fractals; turbulence.

In his latest book, Treasures Inside the Bell, 2003, Puente discusses what he views as a new paradigm for the emergence of order of a host of natural patterns including snow crystals and biochemical rosettes (such as DNA).

Faculty webpage, University of California, Davis.  http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/puente/

Publications: http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/puente/p-complete.htm

Dr. Martin Quack

(Born 1948).  Professor of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. 1988 Hinshelwood Lecturer, Oxford University, England. Recipient Nernst-Haber-Bodenstein prize, 1982, Otto Klung prize, Free UNIVERSITY Berlin, 1984, Otto Bayer prize, 1991, Paracelsus prize, 2002. Author: Molekulare Thermodynamik und Kinetik, 1986; editor: Molecular physics, 1984-87; contributor over 250 articles to professional journals.

Webpage: http://www.chab.ethz.ch/personen/prof/quack

http://www.rereth.ethz.ch/chem/physikalische/quack.proj_overview.html

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

C. Edward Quinn / Cosmas Edward Quinn

(1926-1989).  American clergyman, biologist, educator, editor, and author. For thirty years Quinn taught biology at Manhattan College, becoming full professor in 1983. He became a member of the Order of the Brothers of the Christian Schools in 1944 and subsequently taught in secondary schools in Rhode Island and New York. Quinn wrote two books, Signers of the Declaration of Independence and Signers of the Constitution, and was also secretary and journal editor for the Bronx Historical Society.

Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2000.

Victor Rambo

(1894-1987).  Ophthalmologist, missionary to India. President, Rambo Committee, Inc., Sight for Curable Blind, Philadelphia, 1973-87; Professor Emeritus, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India, 1967-87; Professor opthalmology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India, 1957-67; inaugurator mobile eye hospitals, Vellore, 1947; Professor opthalmology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India, 1947-57; surgeon, opthalmologist, Christian Hospital, Mungeli, India, 1923-47; intern, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, 1921-23. Opthalmologist numerous sight-restoring operations for blind; affiliated with research demonstration project for mobile opthal. units, Center NSEW, from 1930; served with United Christian Missionary Society, 1923-73.
Author: (with Arin Chatterjee) The Curable Blind-Guide for Establishing and Maintaining Mobile Eye Hospitals, 1974, also numerous articles in field. Life and work subject of book Apostle of Sight, The Story of Victor Rambo, Surgeon to India’s Blind (Dorothy Clarke Wilson).

Recipient Kaisar I Hind Gold medal for public service in India King George VI, 1947, Ehrenzeller Award Pennsylvania Hospital, 1972, Certified Appreciation World Conv. Chs. Christ, 1974, Pranam Patra Award Punjab Government

“January 12, 1924 • An Elephant-size Problem,” http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/DAILYF/2001/01/daily-01-12-2001.shtml

James Ramsay *** Not in Gale

(1733-1789).  Scottish pastor and surgeon who became a leading slavery abolitionist.  Writer:  An Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies (London: J. Phillips, 1784) and An inquiry into the effects of putting a stop to the African slave trade (London: J. Phillips, 1784).

http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/ramsay.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

William Mitchell Ramsay *** Not in Gale

(1851–1939). Classical scholar and archaeologist and the foremost authority of his day on the topography, antiquities, and history of Asia Minor in ancient times. The value of his New Testament studies is enhanced by the fact that he approached the subject, not as a theologian, but as a Roman historian versed in the working of Roman institutions in the provinces and possessing an intimate knowledge of the country which figured so prominently in the early history of the Church.

http://34.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RA/RAMSAY_SIR_WILLIAM_MITCHELL.htm

Biographies of Sir William M. Ramsay ©

J.G.C. Anderson.  “RAMSAY, Sir WILLIAM MITCHELL,” http://webminister.com/ramsay/rbi001.shtml

W. Ward Gasque. “An Introduction to the Man and His Work,” http://webminister.com/ramsay/rbi002.shtml

The Life and Works of Sir William M. Ramsey.  http://webminister.com/ramsay/home.htm

Sir William M. Ramsay. Luke the Physician, http://webminister.com/ramsay/rlp00t.shtml.

Sir William M. Ramsay. The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testament, http://webminister.com/ramsay/rbr00t.shtml.

Sir William Ramsay

The British chemist and educator Sir William Ramsay (1852-1916) discovered the rare gases and did important work in thermodynamics.

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0220.html

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=azchem0114&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Biography of Sir William Ramsay, http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1904/ramsay-bio.html

Chemical Achievers: William Ramsay, http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/chemach/ppt/wr.html

“Sir William Ramsay,” http://www.chem.ucl.ac.uk/history/people/ramsay_w.html

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0841089.html

The presentation speech by Professor J. E. Cederblom, President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, presenting the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year of 1904 to Sir William Ramsay.
http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1904/press.html

Peter Ramus *** Not in Gale

(1515-1572).  French natural philosopher, mathematician, astronomer.  Catholic, then Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ramus.html

After being attracted to the rhetorical logic and pedagogical ideas of Rudolf Agricola, Ramus undertook a program of critical re-education. In 1543, his program culminated in a broadscale attack on Aristotelian logic and plans for a new arts curriculum. A counterattack by Antoine de Govea led to a royal edict forbidding Ramus to teach or write in philosophical topics. Ramus turned to mathematics and rhetoric.

He published extensively and these works enjoyed widespread popularity both during his lifetime and in the century following his death. His most important works include Dialecticae partitiones sive institutiones (Paris, 1543), Aristotelicae animadversiones, (Paris, 1543), Oratio de studies (Paris, 1547) Arithmeticae libri duo (Paris, 1555), Scholae grammaticae (Paris, 1559) and Proemium reformandae Parisiensis Academiae (Paris, 1562).

Ramus and Ramism became associated with “method.” His opposition to blind belief in authority and his support in the belief that the right thinking would be confirmed by the physical world makes Ramus a unique forerunner of both Bacon’s empiricism and Descartes’ rationalism.

He turned to astronomy late in his career. He urged a return to the observational astronomy of the Babylonians and Egyptians in an attempt to determine the nonhypothetical, directly observable regularity of the heavens. Later, Kepler would claim to have met Ramus’ demands.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12638b.htm

http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/gallery/rhetoric/figures/ramus.html

http://www.virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofhistory/hallofrhetoric/rhetoricaltheory/peterramus.com/

http://www.libarts.ucok.edu/english/faculty/stein/rhetoric/peter_ramus.htm

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Peter Ramus,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ramus.html

Fazale (Fuz) Rana *** Not in Gale

Biochemist.  Dr. Fazale “Fuz” Rana is the vice president of science apologetics at Reasons To Believe. His scientific research in biochemistry provided him with the initial evidence that life must have a Creator; a personal challenge daring him to read the Bible led him to the scriptural evidence that the Creator is the God of the Bible.

Dr. Rana attended West Virginia State College, then Ohio University, where he earned a Ph.D. in Chemistry. His post-doctoral work was conducted at the Universities of Virginia and Georgia. He was a Presidential Scholar, was elected into two honors societies, and won the Donald Clippinger Research Award twice at Ohio University. Dr. Rana worked for seven years on product development for Procter & Gamble before joining Reasons To Believe.

Dr. Rana has published over 15 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and delivered over 20 presentations at international scientific meetings. Dr. Rana co-authored a chapter on anti-microbial peptides for Biological and Synthetic Membranes.

From http://www.reasons.org/about/biographies.shtml?main

“Biochemistry and the Bible: Collaborators in Design: An Interview with Dr. Fuz Rana,” http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2000issue03/index.shtml?main#fuz_interview

John Robert Rankin

(Born 1950).  Computer science educator.  Mathematical physician.  Ph.D. in mathematical physics from the University of Adelaide, Australia; B.S. (hons) with first class honors in applied mathematics from Monash University; Post-graduate diploma of computer science from the University of Adelaide. Over 17 years of teaching in various institutions; senior lecturer in the Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, La Trobe University, Australia.  Author: Computer Graphics Software Construction, 1989.

www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/rankin-j.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Gandikota Venkata Rao

(1934-2004).  Born in India, came to U.S., 1959, became a U.S. citizen in 1977.  Meteorologist, educator.

Chairman of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, St. Louis University, 1980-97; from Assistant to Professor of meteorology, St. Louis University, 1971; postdoctoral, Canadian Atmospheric Environmental Service, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1968-70; scientist, National Hurricane Research Laboratory, Coral Gables, Florida, 1965-68. Education: MSc, Andhra (India) University, 1955; M, Indian Institute of Technology, 1958; Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1965. Dr. Rao’s research interests included tropical meteorology. Hurricanes and monsoons were among his areas of expertise. His teaching areas included convection, tropical meteorology and numerical methods.

Member: Fellow American Meteorological Society; American Geophysical Union, Royal Meteorological Society, Sigma Xi.

http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/GVRao/index.html

Del Ratzsch *** Not in Gale
Philosopher in Logic and science.  Professor, Philosophy of Science, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Del Ratzsch specializes in logic and the philosophy of science. He is also a Fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design. Dr. Ratzsch received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Massachusetts in 1975. Dr. Ratzsch has lectured and taught courses on a wide array of topics including Sherlock Holmes, science-religion, origins debates, intelligent design, and “popular” philosophy.

Author: Nature, Design, and Science (SUNY Press, 2001); Science and Its Limits, 2^nd ed. (InterVarsity, 2000); The Battle of Beginnings (InterVarsity, 1996).  Dr. Ratzsch has written many articles featured in journals such as International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Monist, and Faith and Philosophy.

http://www.iscid.org/del-ratzsch.php

Faculty webpage, Philosophy Dept., Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, http://www.calvin.edu/academic/philosophy/ratzsch/

“The Real Issue: Leader in the Voice for Intelligent Design,” Profile of Dr. Del Ratzch, 1996 Mere Creation conference speaker, http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9602/ratzsch.html

Leonhard Rauwolf *** Not in Gale

(1535-1596).  German botanist, geographer, pharmacologist, physician.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rauwolf.html

Rauwolf’s knowledge of botany was certainly meant to be exploited by the Manlich firm in their search for new pharmaceutical products.

Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson

(1810–1895) Archeologist, English army officer and Orientalist. In East India Company’s military service (1827 ff.), studied Persian and the Indian vernaculars; as political agent at Kandahar (1840-42) and Baghdad (1843), completed transcript of cuneiform inscription of Darius I the Great at Bisitun, which he deciphered and interpreted (1846); received grant from British Museum to continue Assyrian and Babylonian excavations begun by Layard; director of East India Co. (1856); M.P. (1858, 1865-68); British minister in Persia (1859-60); member of India Council (1858, 1868-95), favored forward policy in Afghanistan.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/rawlinson_henry.html

John Ray / John Wray (until 1670)

(1627-1705).  The father of English natural history.  A predecessor of Carl Linnaeus, the English naturalist John Ray was an early botanical and zoological systematist, the first to use the idea of species to distinguish different organisms from each other. Focusing primarily on the classification of plants and basing his system on the work of Aristotle, Ray divided plants into two groups: the moncotyledons and the dicotyledons. Both are still recognized today.

Ray taught at Cambridge (1649-62); lost his fellowship for refusal to take oath of Act of Uniformity. With a pupil, Francis Willughby (q.v.), toured England, Wales, Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France, making collections on which to base complete systematic descriptions of animal and vegetable life (1662-66); published Catalogus Plantarum Angliae (1670); demonstrated nature of buds and made division of flowering plants into dicotyledons and monocotyledons in Methodus Plantarum Nova (1682); first introduced a feasible limitation of term species; made great contributions to taxonomy; published masterwork Historia Generalis Plantarum (1686-1704), a complete classification of plants and one of the first natural systems of classification that was based on physical characteristics rather than origin and perceived use.  Later he devoted himself to study  insects; wrote botanical, zoological and theological works.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ray.html

John Ray.  http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/ray.html

The John Ray Initiative. http://www.jri.org.uk/

About John Ray.  http://www.jri.org.uk/ray/index.htm

John R. Armstrong, Rediscovering John Ray (1627-1705) PSCF 41.2:105-107 (6/1989)

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=M0007923&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/ray.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Robert Recorde

(c.1510-1558). English (Welsh) mathematician, physician, astronomer, metallurgist, cartographer, navigation expert. Founder of the English school of mathematics, Recorde brought algebra to England; he is also credited with introducing the equals (=) sign.  He was the first to write mathematical and astronomical works in English.  He wrote about elementary algebra in The Whetstone of Witte (1557), arithmetic in The Ground of Artes (1552), construction and use of the sphere, elementary Ptolemaic astronomy (including one brief favorable mention of Copernicus) in The Castle of Knowledge (1556), and translated and rearranged the first four books of Euclid in Pathewaie to Knowledge (1551).  The Gate of Knowledge, apparently completed but never published, dealt with measurement and use of the quadrant.  He taught mathematics at Oxford and Cambridge; served as physician to Edward VI and Queen Mary. Most of his works were prevalent until the end of the 16th century, and some until the end of the 17th century. Many of his writings were in poetic form as an aid to students in remembering the rules of operation. Catholic, then Protestant.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/recorde.html

Recorde was the founder of the English school of practical mathematics.  As a physician he also published The Urinal of Physick, 1547, a traditional medical work.

As Surveyor of Mines and Monies in Ireland he was in charge of silver mines at Wexford. He entered vigorously, though apparently not effectively, into their operation. They ultimately proved abortive. Recorde died in prison; though the whole episode in shrouded in obscurity, it may well have stemmed from the management (or perhaps mismanagement) of the mines.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. Robert Recorde https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Recorde.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Recorde.html or http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Recorde.html

http://www.fact-index.com/r/ro/robert_recorde.html

Contributed by Damian Smithhisler. http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/recorde.html

http://www.cs.swan.ac.uk/calco/recorde.php

Biography of Robert Recorde.  Computer Science Gwyddor Cyfrifiadur, University of Wales Swansea, http://www.swan.ac.uk/compsci/dept/recorde/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/halloffame/innovators/robertrecorde.shtml

http://www.ualr.edu/~lasmoller/equals.html

http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/signs.htm

http://28.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RE/RECORDE_ROEBRT.htm

Thomasina Atwater Redd

(1941-1997). Microbiology educator, administrator.  Dr. Redd was the chair of Natural Sciences Division at Alderson-Broaddus College in Phillipi, West Virginia. Professor, Aiderson-Broaddus College, Philippi, West Virginia, 1990; Associate Professor biology, Aiderson-Broaddus College, Philippi, West Virginia, 1985-89; Assistant Professor biology, Aiderson-Broaddus College, Philippi, West Virginia, 1971-82; faculty, West Virginia Govs. Honors Academy, Fairmont, 1989; Research Fellow, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1982-83; lab technician horticulture dept., West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1962-63. Director, Applachian Mental Health, West Virginia, 1991; Advisory Committee West Virginia Institute for School Success, 1989, Chemical Industry Advisory Board, West Virginia, 1990.  Consultant, Cancer Biologics of American, Bridgeport, West Virginia, 1988; workshop presenter Berea (Kentucky) College Minorities Program, 1990; Visiting scientist microbiology mentor program, 1989.  Dr. Redd received a BS degree in biology from West Virginia University in 1963, a Master’s degree in 1969 and a Ph.D. in microbiology from WVU in 1986.

She was twice voted Woman of the Year at Alderson-Broaddus College and was named West Virginia Faculty Merit Foundation Professor of the Year. Among her many other awards, Dr. Redd won the Celebrate Women Award in Science in 1994, earned the Sears-Roebuck Foundation Teaching Excellence Award in 1991 and the City of Philippi Citation Special Professor of the Year. She was a former trustee for the Barbour County Library Committee and won numerous research grants. She published numerous articles and presentations and was two-time Alderson-Broaddus Woman of the Year and a member of Philippi Baptist Church.

Member: American Society for Microbiology (Allegheny br.), Founding member: Association for Women in Science (mentor grant 1991), Delta Kappa Gamma (Educational award 1979).

Author: (with others) Flora of West Virginia, 1967.

http://www.hsc.wvu.edu/consult/awis/newletter/news0298.htm

 “Thomasina Atwater Redd.”  Obituary.  Charleston Gazette Online.  http://www.wvgazette.com/static/Obituaries/1997/OBIT1217.html

Francesco Redi

(1626-1697). Italian physician, naturalist, and poet. Credited with the birth of modern experimentation Redi applied his enquiring, deductive mind and astute powers of observation to designing controlled experiments, the first of their type ever recorded. One magnificently contrived series of investigations led to the disproof of the centuries-old belief in spontaneous generation. Another, in what he called “unmasking of untruth,” he discovered how vipers produce venom and inject it into their prey, and determined the venom’s clotting effect on the the victim’s blood. His ingenuity in designing these experiments has been compared to that of Louis Pasteur two hundred years later. His command of the written word also gained him fame in the literary world, primarily with his long poem published in 1685, Bacco in Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany).

“Francesco Redi.” World of Biology. 2 vols. Gale Group, 1999.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/redi.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12687b.htm

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Redi.html

Italian physician who refuted spontaneous generation by showing that plants and animals only arise from others of the same kind. His experiments, however, were not careful enough to prove the impossibility of spontaneous generation, and final debunking of the theory would have to await Spallanzani and Pasteur.

The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and  Spaceflight, http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/Redi.html.  Italian physician whose experiments, in 1668, on the putrefaction of meat showed that maggots were not produced by the meat but came from small eggs laid by flies. His work was followed by that of Spallanzani (1765), Pasteur (1862), and Tyndall, which finally dispelled the old notion of spontaneous generation. See abiogenesis.

http://www.fact-index.com/f/fr/francesco_redi.html

http://www.phthiraptera.org/phthirapterists/redi/redi.htm

http://www.polybiblio.com/finch/5559.html

http://www.polybiblio.com/finch/88637.html:

“‘In this scientific attack on the doctrine of spontaneous generation, Redi demonstrated, by means of a series of simple experiments involving sealed, open and gauze-covered flasks of meat, that organic matter remained free of larva when protected from insect contamination. He thus proved that “flesh and plants and other things whether putrefied or putrefiable play no other part, nor have any other function in the generation of insects, than to prepare a suitable place or nest into which, at the time of procreation, the worms or eggs or other seed of worms are brought and hatched by the animals.” Having shown that insect contagion was necessary before decaying substances could develop worms, Redi applied the same principle to parasites found in living creatures. However, he was led astray by his observations into claiming that gall insects were spontaneously generated by the plants housing them, a error that Malpighi corrected in 1679’ (Norman).”

Bob Reed / William Robert Reed *** Not in Gale

(Born 1956).  Economist.  Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of Oklahoma (July 1997 – present).  Professor Reed joined the faculty of the University of Oklahoma in 1992. He is currently interested in applying the theoretical framework and statistical tools of economics to issues of interest to state-level policy-makers. Current projects include (i) a study of the relationship between tax cuts and state-level economic growth, and (ii) a study of reform proposals for Oklahoma’s welfare system. Professor Reed tries to bring both a free-market perspective and econometric rigor to the topics he approaches.

His research work has appeared in numerous professional journals, including Economic Inquiry; Economics and Politics; Journal of Human Resources; Journal of Labor Economics; Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization; Journal of Political Economy; Journal of Population Economics; Journal of Urban Economics; Public Choice; Social Science Quarterly; and the Southern Economic Journal.

Previous positions: July 1994 - June 1997, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Oklahoma;

September 1992 - June 1994, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Oklahoma; June 1990 - August 1992, Assistant Professor of Economics, Texas A&M University; September 1989 - May 1990 Visiting Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Texas at Austin; September 1984 - August 1989 Assistant Professor of Economics, Texas A&M University.  B.A., Temple University, June 1979 (Graduated Summa Cum Laude); Ph.D., Northwestern University, June 1985.

Professor Reed is actively involved at Wildwood Community Church, where he has taught a college-aged Sunday School since 1992. He is co-founder of the campus group OU Christian Faculty and Staff. He is an Adjunct Scholar with the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs. In addition, Professor Reed and his wife are licensed foster parents and currently provide foster care for children in the Department of Human Services system.

Faculty webpage, University of Oklahoma: http://www.ou.edu/faculty/R/William.R.Reed-1/index.htm or http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/R/William.R.Reed-1/

Personal webpage, University of Oklahoma: http://www.ou.edu/faculty/R/William.R.Reed-1/personal_page.html or (more recent) http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/R/William.R.Reed-1/personal_page.html

Curriculum vitae: http://www.ou.edu/faculty/R/William.R.Reed-1/vita.pdf or http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/R/William.R.Reed-1/vita.pdf

OU Christian Faculty and Staff.   http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ouchristianfas/

Testimony: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ouchristianfas/reed.htm

“I had met enough hypocrites who called themselves Christians that—if anything—Christianity was relatively discredited in my eyes. It didn’t take long, however, for me to conclude that IF there was a God out there, it had to be the Christian God. In terms of historical evidences, consistency and reliability of the religion’s sacred writings, Christianity was head and shoulders above all other religions.”

John K. Reed

(Born 1915). Geologist.  Principal Engineer, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC.

Ph.D. Geology, University of South Carolina.

http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/abstracts/a0956.html

Walter Reed

(1851-1902).  American army surgeon.  Entered Army Medical Corps (1875); on frontier duty (1875-90); curator, Army Medical Museum, and Professor of bacteriology and microscopy at Army Medical College (1893); promoted major (1893). Head of commission (including James Carroll, Jesse Lazear, Aristides Agramonte) sent to Cuba to investigate cause and mode of transmission of yellow fever (1900); proved that yellow fever is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. With this knowledge, it was possible to eradicate the disease by destroying the carriers. Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C., was named in his honor.

“Dr. Walter Reed,” http://www.co.gloucester.va.us/walter1.htm

“Major Walter Reed, Medical Corps, U.S. Army,”
http://www.wramc.amedd.army.mil/welcome/history/

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Patricia H. Reiff / Patricia Hofer Reiff

Space physicist, astronomer. Professor Patricia H. Reiff is a Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Director of the Rice Space Institute at Rice University. Her research focuses on space plasma physics, mostly in the area of magnetospheric physics. Her research includes study of the aurora borealis, solar wind-magnetosphere coupling (including solar wind control of magnetospheric and ionospheric convection), and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. She is a Co-I on the “IMAGE” magnetospheric imaging mission (launched March, 2000), Jim Burch, SWRI, P.I. She was the first person to propose radio sounding of the magnetosphere, which that spacecraft includes as a key instrument. She is a Co-Investigator on two missions which are part of the ISTP (International Solar-Terrestrial Research Program). She is a Co-I on the Magnetic Fields Experiment , (Chris Russell , P.I.) of the “Polar” spacecraft (successfully launched February 24, 1996!) and a Co-I on the “Peace” plasma instrument (begun by the late Alan Johnstone of Mullard Space Science Lab) on the ESA Cluster 24-spacecraft suite which was launched in July and August 2000. She is instrumental in bringing real-time WIND data and “Space Weather” information to the public.

She is PI for a major project which has developed an off-ramp for the information highway by “Creating the Public Connection” , bringing real-time earth and space science data to museums and schools (originalloy sponsored by NASA’s Digital Library Technology Program), and now sponsored by the IMAGE program and the NASA Office of Earth Science. Nearly a million people have interacted with her exhibits and planetarium shows at the Houston Museum of Natural Science , and another half-million with her web sites. She has also been quite involved in other public education activities, including being director for four years for teacher education projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Eisenhower Foundation, in collaboration with Dr. Carolyn Sumners of the Houston Museum of Natural Science (HMNS). She has guided many scientific tours, including a total solar eclipse trips to Peru, Mexico, the Caribbean, the Black Sea, and an upcoming trip to Madagascar in 2001.

She is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union , where she serves in the SPA Public Education Committee . She is the Rice University representative and Vice Chair of the Council of Institutions of the USRA - the Universities Space Research Association. She is presently serving on advisory committees for NASA, NCAR, and Los Alamos National Laboratory, and has served NAS/NRC and AAU.

From http://space.rice.edu/~reiff/reiff.html.

Faculty webpage, Professor and Director, Rice Space Institute, Rice University, http://faculty.rice.edu/report/FacultyDetail.cfm?DivID=1&DeptID=60&RiceID=629

http://dacnet.rice.edu/faculty/?FDSID=489

Publications – Patricia H. Reiff, as of July 1988. http://space.rice.edu/~reiff/pubs.html

Patricia H. Reiff.  Space weather, http://space.rice.edu/ISTP/dials.html

Patricia H. Reiff (Director, Rice Space Institute, Rice University). “Three Heavens - Our Home,”

http://space.rice.edu/~reiff/astron97.html. (An edited version of this essay appears in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson. InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.)

“So I am comfortable in being both a scientist and a Christian. God called me to understand His world, and gives me the insight to do it. And yes, I ascribe many of my best ideas to divine inspiration - the Aha! insight that Martin Gardner discusses often comes to me in my quiet times or in dreams. I have felt the Lord leading me, both in my choice of career, and in my everyday life - I have rested on the promise of Proverbs 3:5-6: “Trust in the Lord with all thine heart, and lean not unto thine own understanding. In all thy ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct thy paths.” (First presented as a lay sermon to the Macedonia United Methodist Church, Hockley, Texas, October 13, 1996)

Johannes Regiomontanus

The German astronomer and mathematician Regiomontanus (1436-1476) constructed the first European observatory and established trigonometry as a separate area of study in mathematics. Regiomontanus was the pen name of Johann Müller, responsible for what some call the “rebirth of trigonometry” during the century following his death.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Regiomontanus.html

Bessie E. Rehwinkel *** Not in Gale

A woman physician in America during the early 1900’s. She practiced in Wyoming when it was still a new frontier and was confronted with the daily struggles of pioneer life. While there, she treated a young Lutheran student pastor, Alfred Rehwinkel. They were married and served for a while in rural Canada. They were married for over 50 years and served as a faculty family at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis.

Co-author (with Alfred Rehwinkel), Doctor Bessie (Autobiography), 1971, Concordia Publishing House.  Inspired the TV series, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.

Erasmus Reinhold

(1511-1553). German astronomer. After Copernicus, the leading mathematical astronomer of 16th century. Professor at Wittenberg (1536-52); known for Tabulae prutenicae (1551), astronomical tables computed by Copernican methods.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/reinhold.html

http://www.portaljuice.com/erasmus_reinhold.html

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Erasmus_Reinhold.html (in German)

Michael J. Reiss, MA, Ph.D., PGCE, MBA, F.I.Biol.
(Born 1958).  Science educator, academic administrator. Head of School and Professor of Science Education and Head of the School of Mathematics, Science & Technology, Institute of Education, University of London. BA, University Cambridge, England, 1978; MA, UniversityCambridge, 1982; Ph.D., University Cambridge, 1982; MBA, Open University, 1990. Ordained minister East Anglican Church, 1990.

Member: Fellow: Institute Biology; member: Association Study of Animal Behavior, British Ecol. Society

Author: The Allometry of Growth and Reproduction, 1989, Ecology: Principles and Applications, 1992, Science Education for a Pluralist Society, 1993, Improving Nature?, 1996, Understanding Science Lessons, 2001; editor: Sex Education, 2001.

Faculty webpage, School of Mathematics, Science & Technology, http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4381&4381_0=4607

http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=4381&4381_0=4351&Var1=REISSM

Arthur Rendle-Short *** Not in Gale

(1885–1955). Surgeon. From http://rcb.com.au/950%20-%2036%20Creation.htm: 

Arthur Rendle Short, a professor of surgery and member of the Open Brethren. An accepted scholar and author in his profession, Arthur devoted much attention to examining many other fields of science, Bible scholarship and theology. Then he preached, lectured and wrote books intended to assist fellow Christians. Older readers may recall his “The Historic Faith in the Light of Today.” (1922); “The Bible and Modern Research.” (1933); Why Believe. (1938/1951); Modern Discovery and the Bible” (1942); Wonderfully Made. (1951), The Bible and Modern Medicine. (1951); Archaeology gives Evidence. (1951) and The Rock Beneath. (1955) They were moderate sized volumes, each the result of extensive research and, as his son now tells: there was a constant struggle for truth.

Biography in Green Eye of the Storm, by John Rendle-Short. Banner of Truth, 1998. ISBN 0-8515-1727-7. Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith,  by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

John Rendle-Short

(Born 1919).  University of Queensland, Brisbane, Emeritus Professor of Child Health, 1961-present.Writer (with O.P. Gray) Synopsis of Children’s Diseases, 6^th ed., 1985; (co-author) The Father of Child Care: Life of William Cadogan 1711-1797; The Child: A Guide for the Paediatric Team, rev. ed. 1977; Reasonable Christianity, 1990, 2^nd ed., 1991; Green Eye of the Storm (biography).

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/1144.asp

From http://rcb.com.au/950%20-%2036%20Creation.htm:

Autobiography in Green Eye of the Storm, by John Rendle-Short. Banner of Truth, 1998. ISBN 0-8515-1727-7.

The author’s objective in this book was to explore evolutionary thought, and demonstrate how men were challenged in their Christian faith. Rather than attempt a history he studies four scientists whose combined lives span almost 200 years. His subjects are Philip Henry Gosse (1810-1888), George John Romanes (1848-1894), Arthur Rendle Short (1880-1953) and concludes with his autobiography. All were professing Christians deeply concerned by the theory of evolution.

John Rendle-Short (born 1919) followed his father into the medical profession; to serve for over 24 years as Foundation Professor of Child Health in the University of Queensland, Australia. His story revolves about that same struggle for truth as had occupied his father. An encounter with the late Professor Arthur Wilder-Smith, holder of 3 earned science doctorates, caused Rendle-Short astonishment that the scholar “was a convinced believer in the literal truth of Genesis.”

Jean Rey

(c. 1582-c. 1645).  French chemist, physician, mechanic.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rey.html

Rey’s fame rests solely on his Essays de Jean Rey docteur en médecine, (Bazas, 1630), a reply to apothecary Pierre Brun’s request for an explanation of why tin and lead increase in weight when heated. The essays, appealing to reason, observation and experiments, anticipated Lavoisier’s recognition in 1722 that calcination involves combination with air.  Rey claimed to have received royal privileges for an air compressor. He claimed to have invented an air-gun some years before Rivault published his work in 1608.

His friends were Jean Brun, an apothecary, Deschamps, a physician, and Pierre Trichet. He corresponded with Mersenne and Descartes.

http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/REY.htm (in French)

Alan Kim Reyburn

(1940-1999). Chemical engineer. General Manager, Advanced Control and Optimization Division, Aspen Technologies in Tulsa, OK. Manager combustion services, Callidus Techs. Inc., Tulsa, 1993; chief project Manager, Nova Engineering Inc., Tulsa, 1991-93; Manager Industrial services, Enercon Services Inc., Tulsa, 1990-91; Manager project engineering, McGill Inc., Tulsa, 1987-90; Manager incineration division, Econotherm, Tulsa, 1985-86; v.p. incineration, John Zink Co., Tulsa, 1982-84; Manager process and environmental engineering, Crest Engineering Inc., Tulsa, 1974-82; Industry Manager incineration, Williams Bros. Waste Control, Tulsa, 1972-73; design engineer incineration, John Zink Co., Tulsa, 1969-71; Research scientist, Sinclair Oil & Gas Co., Tulsa, 1966-69.  Education: SB, MIT, 1962; MS, Oklahoma State University, 1964; Ph.D., Oklahoma State University, 1968.  Member: AIChE.  Southern Baptist.

Patentee in field.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

“MIT Class of 1962,”http://alumweb.mit.edu/classes/1962/techrev/0001.html.  Obituary. Funeral services were held at the First Baptist Church in Tulsa on

Francisco de la Reyna / Reina *** Not in Gale

(fl. 16^th century).  Spanish physiologist, agriculturalist, veterinarian.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/reyna.html

Veterinary practice. Although the histories of Spanish medicine are a major source about him, and articles about him appear in journals of medical history, agriculture seems a better category than medicine.

His book, Libro de albeyteria, 1547, went through eleven more editions between 1552 and 1647.

Daniel W. Reynolds, Ph.D.

Organic Chemist, working in the field of pharmaceutical stability.  Research Investigator II (7/00 - present; GlaxoSmithKline, RTP, NC). Drug degradation studies, methods development, synthesis/isolation of impurities, troubleshooting, kinetics. Research Investigator I (1/96 - 7/00; GlaxoWellcome, RTP, NC). Drug degradation studies, methods development, synthesis/isolation of impurities, troubleshooting, kinetics. Received RAVE Awards on

Ph.D., Physical Organic Chemistry, 1989 (University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas; Advisor: Nathan L. Bauld): Dissertation : Mechanistic Aspects of Cation Radical Pericyclic Reactions.

M.A., Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 1983 (University of Texas, Austin, Texas; Advisor: James K. Whitesell); B.S., Chemistry, 1978 (University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas): GPA: 2.8/4.0.

Webpage: http://members.aol.com/dwr51055/resume.htm

“I am a born-again Christian and Biblical young earth Creationist and believe in a literal interpretation of Genesis.”

Dr. A. Estes Reynolds *** Not in Gale

Food Science and Technology.  A. Estes Reynolds, Ph.D., is Outreach Coordinator for the Department of Food Science and Technology and the Food Process Research and Development Laboratory at the University of Georgia, Athens (UGA), a Professor on the UGA faculty, and meat and poultry specialist with more than 30 years experience working with the meat industry. He has an international reputation for his expertise in processing and curing meats, for developing new and value-added food products and for food safety auditing and training.

From “UGA Extension Food Science Outreach Program,”  http://www.efsonline.uga.edu/EFS_NFB/Who%20we%20are.htm.

Reynolds received his B.S.A. in animal science and his Ph.D. in food science from the University of Georgia.

“Reynolds receives UGA alumni award,”

http://www.ift.org/publications/docshop/ft_shop/01-00/01_00_pdfs/01-00-ed-news.pdf .  “The University of Georgia’s (UGA) Agricultural Alumni Association recently presented its Outstanding Faculty Award to Dr. A.Estes Reynolds Jr. Reynolds coordinates the outreach program for the university’s Department of Food Science and Technology and the Food Process Research and Development Laboratory. He has developed curricula for the food industry, working with processors to produce specialty foods and supply technical knowledge.”

Temple Allison Reynolds, Jr.

(Born November 3, 1932).  State official, wildlife biologist.  With Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Logan, Salt Lake City, 1955-65; with U.S. Bureau Outdoor Recreation, Denver, San Francisco, Washington, 1965-70; Assistant supt. Lake Mead National Recreation Area, U.S. National Park Service, Boulder City, Nev., 1970-74, supt. Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Page, Ariz., 1974-78, Associate regional Director, Seattle, 1978-80; Executive Director, Utah Department of Natural Resources, Salt Lake City, 1980.  Education: B.S., Pennsylvania State University, 1954; M.S., Utah State University, 1956.

Member: Utah State Universities, Colleges Natural Resources Advisory Board, Logan, 1980; Member University Utah Advisory committee on Public Adminstration Education, Salt Lake City, 1983; various other coms., The Wildlife Society (certified), Society American Foresters, Sigma Xi. Presbyterian. Lodges: Lions, Rotary.  Served with USNG, 1960-64.

Honor: Recipient Meritorious Service award U.S. Department of Interior, 1973.

Author: (bull.) The Mule Deer, its History, Life History and Management in Utah, 1960. Contributor of articles to professional journals and magazines.

Charles René Reyneau *** Not in Gale

(1656-1728).  French mathematician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/reyneau.html

Reyneau is important historically as the author of a textbook, Analyse demontrée (Paris, 1708), which was designed to provide instruction in the new mathematics developed at the beginning of the 18th century. Reyneau’s textbook was one of the first to clearly elaborate the new mathematical theories of Descartes, Newton, Leibniz, and the Bernoullis.  The book was written upon the request of Malebranche. Reyneau began working on the book in 1698 with two other Oratorians, Louis Byzance and Claude Jaquemet. Reyneau was very interested in the debates on the differential and infinitesimal calculus provoked by Rolle’s work, but Reyneau had difficulty assimilating the new material.

Reyneau’s lesser known works are La science du calcul, 2 vols., (1714-35) and a treatise on the art of navigating, Traité de la marine ou l’art de naviguer.  In 1705, he came into possession of Byzance’s papers and aside from those lost by Montmort he was able to preserve the manuscripts of the group surrounding Malebranche.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1716-28.  He was named associé libre of the Académie in 1716.

He taught with such success at the Angers that the newly formed academy of this town asked Reyneau to join (1694). There is no mention as to whether Reyneau officially joined this group.

He entered the Maison d’Institution in Paris in 1676, and was ordained a priest at the Collège de Toulon in 1681.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Charles René Reyneau,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Reyneau.html

“His Most Notable Contribution toMathematical Education,”

http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-Selections800.0.html

Anton Maria Schyrlaeus Rheita *** Not in Gale

(1597-1660).  Bohemian astronomer, instrument-maker, inventor.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rheita.html

Rheita was Catholic, a Capuchin (Franciscan). He was a priest and a member of the community of Capuchins at Rheita, Bohemia, until the Thirty Years War.

Rheita describes his own invention, an eyepiece for a Keplerian telescope, which left the image reverted, in Oculus Enoch et Eliae (1645).

Jacopo Francesco Riccati

(1676-1754). Italian mathematician. Concerned chiefly with integration of differential equations, proposing (1724) the equation which bears his name.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/riccati.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Jacopo Francesco Riccati,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Riccati.html:

“He is chiefly known for the Riccati differential equation of which he made elaborate study and gave solutions for certain special cases. The equation had already been studied by Jacob Bernoulli, and was discussed by Riccati in a paper of 1724. He corresponded with a large number of mathematicians throughout Europe and had a wide influence on Daniel Bernoulli, Euler. He also worked on cycloidal pendulums, the laws of resistance in a fluid and differential geometry.”

Vincenzo Riccati / Vincent Riccati, S.J.

(1707-1775). Born into a family of mathematicians and a member of the Jesuit order, Vincenzo Riccati studied integration and differential equations as his father had before him. Among Riccati’s contributions to mathematics were some of the earliest and most extensive studies of hyperbolic functions and infinitesimal calculus. Riccati also was a talented hydraulic engineer who did vital work in flood prevention in northern Italy.

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/riccati.htm

Matteo Ricci, S.J.

Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) was an Italian Jesuit missionary who opened China to evangelization. He was the best-known Jesuit and European in China prior to the 20^th century. Matteo Ricci brought trigonometry to China, and Ricci’s successors, Verbiest and Schall von Bell, then used the geometric and trigonometric concepts to bring about a revolution in the sciences of astronomy, the design of astronomical instruments, mapmaking, and the intricate art of making accurate calendars. The Jesuits were inveterate mapmakers and were continually traveling around the empire, even though travel conditions were quite primitive. The TRS recounts 52 journeys by Ricci and Verbiest alone. The standard biography of Ricci in English is Vincent Cronin, The Wise Man from the West (1955). For a scholarly estimation of Ricci’s scientific contribution see Henri Bernard, Matteo Ricci’s Scientific Contribution to China (translated 1935).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ricci_mat.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Matteo Ricci,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Ricci_Matteo.html

Matteo Ricci.  http://www.usfca.edu/ricci/mricci.htm

“Matteo Ricci, S.J.(1552 to 1610) and his contributions to science in China”

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/ricci.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13034a.htm

Michelangelo Ricci  *** Not in Gale

(1619-1682).  Italian mathematician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ricci_mic.html

Ricci’s only extant mathematical work is a 19-page printed booklet entitled Geometrica exercitatio (Rome, 1666). His other mathematical contributions, contained in his numerous letters, include his study of spirals (1644), and his investigation of curves (1674). Nevertheless, he was known across Europe as an excellent mathematician, held by some to be the best mathematician in Italy in his generation.

He was a member of the school of Galileo, although not a direct disciple. His teacher was Benedetto Castelli. Torricelli was a close friend of his and exerted a marked influence on his geometrical researches.  His extensive correspondence with both Italian and foreign scholars brought him considerable contemporary fame. Through such correspondence ha participated in the activities of the Accademia del Cimento, particularly in the final editing of its Saggi (1667). He also served as an editor of the Giornale dei letterati, which was founded in Rome in 1668.  His correspondence is published in the Bulletino di bibliografia e storia delle scienze matematiche e fisiche, 18 and in Caverni, 5, and in other places.

Ricci belonged to the group that gathered around Queen Christina in Rome.

Although he was never ordained, he served the papacy and was made a çardinal by the pope in 1681.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Michelangelo Ricci,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ricci.html

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/ericci.html

Ostilio Ricci *** Not in Gale

(1540-1603).  Italian mathematician, engineer, instrument-maker, hydraulics specialist, cartographer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ricci_ost.html

Ricci wrote on both mathematics and military engineering, but he did not publish. He left a manuscript on what he called the archimetro, a simple instrument for the measurement of inaccessible distances, heights, etc., via similar triangles. About 1590 Ricci did a report on the rivers around Bologna and Ferrara.  In 1597 he constructed fortifications at Marseille, in the conflict between Tuscany and France, and in 1597-8 he worked as a military engineer in Ferrara in the controversy between the Pope and Cesare d’Este.

http://www.r-3.com/ancestor.htm

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Ostilio_Ricci.html

Giambattista Riccioli, S.J.

(1598-1671). Italian Jesuit astronomer. Rejected Copernican theory; made (with P. Grimaldi) a detailed telescopic study of the moon, introducing nomenclature for lunar features still used. Author of Almagestum novum (1651).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/riccioli.html

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/riccioli.html (in Italian)

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~curd/riccioli.html

John Baptist Riccioli, S.J./ Giambattista Riccioli

(1598-1671). Italian Jesuit astronomer. Rejected Copernican theory; made (with P. Grimaldi) a detailed telescopic study of the moon, introducing nomenclature for lunar features still used. Author of Almagestum novum (1651).

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/riccioli.htm

Dr. Ramona G. Rice / Ramona Gail Rice

(Born 1950).  Physiologist, psychologist, educator, consultant . Chair, Division of National Sciences and Mathematics, Georgia Military College, Milledgeville, Georgia, 1995-present. Previous positions:  Undergraduate Assistant Ouachita University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, 1970-72; Graduate Teaching Assistant University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 1972, 77-78, Graduate Research Assistant, 1973-77; Research Assistant Professor, scientist, Florida International University, Miami, 1980-85, research  centered on drinking water quality and the Everglades ecosystem, primarily as related to algae.  Research coordinator in biology, Pratt Community College, Kansas, 1985-87, faculty, 1985; Adjunct instructor Miami Dade Community College, 1984-85, Wichita (Kansas) State University, 1986-88. Started as an Adjunct and in the fall of 1996 became a full-time Associate Professor (Lt. Colonel), promoted to Division Chair (1997) and in 1998 to full professor (Colonel) at Georgia Military College.

Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics from Ouachita Baptist University in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, 1972; Master’s (1975) and Ph.D. (1978) are from the Department of Botany and Bacteriology at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville.  She held a post-Doctoral Fellowship in Biochemistry at Utah State University, 1978-1980, investigating the uptake of iron by microbes.

Member: AAAS, AMA (Ninescah Valley Medical Society Aux.), Pratt Higher Education Association (secretary 1987-88), Florida Academy of Sciences, Phycological Society American, Society Limnology and Oceanography, Epsilon Sigma Alpha (Epsilon Pi chapter President 1991-92, counselor 1992-93, historian, 1993-, rec. secretary 1989-90, publicity Committee 1988-89, philanthropic Committee 1988-90, zone publicity co-Chairman 1989-90, chapter v.p. 1990-91, zone 12 auditor 1990-91, zone co-chair 1993-, Kansas state council 1990-present, zone 12 awards Committee chair 1991-93.), Kansas Roadrunner Director 1992-93, Education Committee Chairman 1993-present, zone 12 outstanding sister 1990-91, Kansas State outstanding vol. roadrunner 1990-91, outstanding sister zone 12 1990-91), Delta Kappa Gamma, Sigma Xi.  Baptist.

Honor: Recipient, American Biog. Institute Distinguished Leadership award, 1987.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Faculty webpage, http://launchpad.gmc.cc.ga.us/science/ramona/rrice.htm

Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards / Ellen H. Richards / Ellen Swallow Richards / Ellen Richards / Ellen Henrietta Richards

(1842-1911).  American chemist.  Sanitarian.  The founder of home economics, Ellen Henrietta Swallow was the first woman admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. For twenty-seven years she was employed by MIT, where she taught chemistry and developed methods for the analysis of air, water, and consumer products. She introduced biology to MIT’s curriculum and founded the oceanographic institute, known as Woods Hole. In addition, she tested home furnishings and foods for toxic contaminants, investigated water pollution and designed safe sewage systems. Her work as a scientist and educator led to improvements in the home and opened the door to scientific professions for women.

In 1868, she was accepted to Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York and graduated with a B.S. degree in 1870. She was then accepted at the MIT as a special student in chemistry (i.e. she was not charged tuition, but MIT was not obligated to her either) and graduated in 1873 with her second B.S. degree. That same year, she received an M.S. degree in chemistry from Vassar. She continued her studies at MIT for two more years, but was not awarded the Ph.D. degree, as was later claimed by her husband, because her professors did not want the first Ph.D. degree in chemistry from MIT to be awarded to a woman.

In 1875 she married Professor Robert H. Richards, head of the department of mining engineering at MIT. She started working with her husband on the chemistry of ore analysis and this work led to her being elected in 1879 the first woman member of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. In 1876 she successfully petitioned the Woman’s Education Association of Boston to contribute funds to open the Woman’s Laboratory at MIT. Beginning in 1876, she was head of the science section of the Society to Encourage Studies at Home. In 1882, she co-founded the Association of Collegiate Alumnae (later known as the American Association of University Women).

Author: The Chemistry of Cooking (1882), Home Sanitation: A Manual for Housekeepers (1887),  The Cost of Living (1899); The Cost of Food (1901); The Cost of Shelter (1905); Sanitation in Daily Life (1907); The Cost of Cleanness (1908); Laboratory Notes on Industrial Water Analysis (1908); Euthenics: The Science of Controllable Environment (1910); and Conservation by Sanitation (1911).

 “Distiguished Women of Past and Present: Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards, (1842-1911),”

http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/richards-es.html

http://www.physics.unl.edu/~fulcrum/women/ERichards.htm

http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Richards_Ellen_Henrietta_Swallow.html

Sir John Richardson

(1787-1865).  Scottish naturalist and explorer. In service of Royal Navy (1807-55); surgeon and naturalist to Sir John Franklin’s polar expeditions (1819-22, 1825-27); separatingfrom Franklin, explored coast to the Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake (1826); conducted search expedition for Franklin (1848-49), exploring region between estuary of Mackenzie River and Cape Kendall. Author of Fauna Boreali-Americana (1829-37) and works on ichthyology and polar exploration.

http://60.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RI/RICHARDSON_SIR_JOHN.htm

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst1616.html

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/r/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0797/

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Jean Richer

(1630-1696). French astronomer, physicist, zoologist, military engineer, cartographer, navigation expert. His observations at Cayenne, French Guiana (1672-73), were bases for determining the distance of Earth from the sun and the shape of the Earth. His observations of the planet Mars from Cayenne, French Guyana, in 1671–1673 contributed to both astronomy and geodesy. His measurements of the orbit of Mars contributed to the first accurate calculations of the size and orbits of the planets of the solar system.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/richer.html

The Académie chose Richer to make astronomical observations far from Paris for the purpose of comparing corresponding and simultaneous observations. In 1670 he travelled to La Rochelle to measure the height of the tides in the harbor at the vernal and autumnal equinox. In the same year he made a voyage to French Canada to make observations for the Académie. During this trip Richer was in charge of testing the reliability of the new marine clocks made by Huygens. Both clocks stopped during a severe storm, and Richer reported their unsuitable performance to the Académie as well as to Huygens. Huygens responded that Richer was incompetent and the failure of the clocks was due to the carelessness of their caretaker rather than to the device itself. The Académie did not share Huygens’ estimation of Richer’s ability. While off the coast of French Canada he had determined the latitude of the fort on Penobscot Bay using a quadrant with a telescopic sight. This was the most precise observation made up until that time in the Western Hemisphere.

The following year Richer was selected to travel to Cayenne to make observations useful for navigation. Two years later illness forced Richer to return to Paris. For unknown reasons he was transferred from active service with the Académie des Sciences to fortifications and military construction with the title of royal engineer.

Richer’s only written work is his “Observations astronomiques et physiques faites en l’isle de Caienne” published in the Mémoires of the Académie.

Richer’s astronomical observations of a lunar eclipse and the satellites of Jupiter led to the determination of the longitude of Cayenne which was three minutes too big. His observations of Mars at perigee with corresponding observations made elsewhere led to the calculation of a fairly close approximation to the fundamental astronomical unit as well as the parallax of Mars and the Sun. In geodesy Richer’s observation of the length of the seconds pendulum improved the understanding of the shape of the earth as a spheroid flattened at the poles.

Although Richer did not seem to have taken a great interest in describing the natural environment, he did make a few comments on the animal life. He noted that unlike the turtle the porpoise is a warm blooded animal. The crocodile can rest without food for several months even when in the presence of nourishment. Richer tried to bring a small crocodile back to France but it died on the return voyage. He also described the eels in the rivers of Cayenne. Lastly, he investigated the claims that the small opening on the back of the Pecari from which escaped a nauseating foam was related to its respiration and found this claim to be false.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1666-1696.  Richer was admitted to the Académie in 1666 as an élève astronome. As early as 1670 he was referred to as a mathématicien. By 1679 he was a full-fledged member of the Académie.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Jean Richer,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Richer.html

http://www.phfawcettsweb.org/richer.htm

John Lambert Richmond

(1785-1855).  Baptist clergyman and physician. It was during such a service, on

Terry Rickard / John T. Rickard *** Not in Gale
Electrical Engineer, Orincon Corporation.  Former President and Chief Scientific Officer of OptiMark Technologies, Inc.  Co-inventor of the OptiMark system.  Senior Vice President of Corporate Development, ORINCON Corporation International.  ORINCON was founded in 1973 by three University of California engineering professors with a plan to develop leading-edge technology by bringing together highly qualified engineers and scientists in a stimulating research and development environment. The focus of ORINCON’s work was to use new mathematical and statistical concepts, coupled with increasingly more powerful computers, to sift through increasing quantities of available data, extract useful information, and present the results in an understandable fashion.

OptiMark. http://www.optimark.com/

“An Overview of the OptiMark System,” http://aux.zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu/sfsc/bweber/OptiMark_case.pdf

The NASDAQ/OptiMark application, developed by OptiMark Technologies, Inc., of New Jersey, was integrated into the NASDAQ system by NASDAQ. It is an electronic matching system for trading equities, which provides an anonymous and confidential trading environment with the potential for reduced costs. With optimal matching capabilities, the OptiMark Trading System offers the opportunity for price improvement through enhanced execution to institutions, market makers and traders alike. To do this OptiMark creates a call market where trades are matched in cycles, which occur in 5-minute intervals. This is different from the continuous market where trades are matched continuously throughout the day. OPTIMARK Technologies holds a US patent, #5,689,652 (11/18/97), for the electronic market microstructure it has created.

http://www.optimark.com/pr6.html

Sally Ride / Sally Kristen Ride / Sally K. Ride / Mrs. Steven A. Hawley

(Born 1951).  Physics educator, scientist, former astronaut. First US woman in space, aboard space shuttle Challenger, 1983.  President, CEO, Imaginary Lines, Inc.; Professor Physics, University California San Diego, La Jolla, 1989; President space Committee, California Space Institute of University California San Diego, La Jolla, 1999-2000; Director, California Space Institute of University California San Diego, La Jolla, 1989-96; Science Fellow, Stanford (California) University, 1987-89; mission specialist STS-41G, NASA, 1984; mission specialist STS-7, NASA, 1983; on-orbit capsule communicator STS-3 mission, NASA; on-orbit capsule communicator STS-2 mission Johnson Space Center, NASA, Houston; astronaut, NASA, 1979-87; astronaut candidate, trainee, NASA, 1978-79; researcher dept. physics, Stanford University; teaching Assistant, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.

Bachelor of science in Physics and a bachelor of arts in English, 1973, and master of science and doctorate degrees in Physics in 1975 and 1978, respectively, from Stanford University, California.

Author: (with Susan Okie) To Space and Back, 1986, (with T.O’Shaughnessy) Voyager: An Adventure to the Edge of the Solar System, 1992, The Third Planet: Exploring the Earth From Space, 1994, The Mystery of Mars, 1999, Exploring our Solar System, 2003.

Honors: Jefferson Award for Public Service, American Institute for Public Service, 1984, for educating children about space travel and exploration; National Spaceflight Medals, 1983 and 1984, in recognition of achievement during space shuttle missions; chosen by President Bill Clinton as a member of his transition team following his election in 1992.

“Sally Ride,” http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=125

“Sally Ride,” http://www.who2.com/sallyride.html

http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/96may/ride.html

http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/ride.html

“Sally K. Ride (Ph.D.) NASA Astronaut (former),” biography,  http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/ride-sk.html or http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/ride.htm

http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/people/bios/women/sr.html

Mark Carreau.  “Sally Ride is leaving NASA after making major contributions,”

http://www.chron.com/content/interactive/space/archives/87/870921.html

http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_ride_sally.htm

Georg Friedrich Bernard Riemann

The German mathematician Georg Friedrich Bernard Riemann (1826-1866) was one of the founders of algebraic geometry. His concept of geometric space cleared the way for the general theory of relativity.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Riemann.html

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=ffdatom1586&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Adam Ries / Risz / Riesz / Ris / Riese

(1492-1559). German mathematician, cartographer. Pioneered use of Indian numerals; his books did much to spread knowledge of arithmetic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ries.html

The city of Annaberg commissioned a book, Ein Gerechnet Büchlein auff den Schöffel, Eimer vnd Pfundgewicht... (1533), which contains tables of measures and prices from which one could immediately determine the cost of more than one item when a unit cost was given, and a Brotordnung (1536?), from which one could directly determine the correct weight for loaves of bread when grain prices varied and the cost of a loaf was held constant.

Adam Ries Museum.  http://www.adam-ries-bund.de/ (in German)

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Adam Ries,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ries.html

http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/ries.html (in German)

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Adam%20Ries

Edward Rigby *** Not in Gale

(1804-1860).  Obstetrician.  First President of the Obstetrical Society of London.

“Biography of Edward Rigby (1804-1860),” http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/dnb.rigby.html:

Educated at the grammar school, Norwich, under Valpy, Rigby was a schoolfellow of Sir James Brooke (afterwards rajah of Sarawak) and Sir Archdale Wilson. In 1821 he attended Norfork and Norwich Hospital, and next year matriculated at Edinburgh University. He graduated M.D. 1 Aug. 1825, on his twenty-first birthday (the earliest age then possible). After graduation he spent some time in Dublin, and in 1826 went to Berlin University to study midwifery. From Berlin he passed to Heidelberg, and was kindly received by Naegele. In 1830 he translated Naegele's work On the Mechanism of Parturition, which greatly advanced the science of midwifery in England. In 1830 he became a house pupil at the Lying-in Hospital in York Road, Lambeth, where he subsequently held the appointments of junior and senior physician successively. In 1831 he was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians, and in 1843 became a fellow. In 1831 he began to lecture on midwifery at St. Thomas's, and from 1838 to 1848 he lectured on the same subject at St. Bartholomew's. He was examiner in midwifery in London University from 1841 to 1860. He was regarded as the first obstetric physician in London after Sir Charles Locock retired from practice. When the Obstetrical Society was founded in 1859 he was elected its first president.  (It met for the last time in July 1907, in which year it was absorbed into the Royal Society of Medicine.) He was a fellow of the Linnean Society, and a member of many foreign medical societies.

Edward J. Tilt. “The Late Edward Rigby,” British Medical Journal (January 5, 1861): 17

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/1861_BMJ.rigby.html

Peter M Dunn, Department of Child Health, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Southmead, Bristol BS10 5NB.  “Dr Edward Rigby, junior, of London (1804-1860) and his system of midwifery,”

http://fn.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/84/3/F216, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;84:F216-F217 ( May ).

Sue Rigby *** Not in Gale

(fl. Late 20^th century).  Paleontologist, Specialist in Geology, Geophysics, Environmental Geoscience, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh.  Sue Rigby is working on the functional morphology of graptolites and their living relatives, the little known pterobranchs. She is also interested in the origin and evolution of plankton and is keen to compare evolution between different ecosystems. Sue writes periodically for The Scotsman and her third book, Fossils: the story of life was published in May 1997. She was previously a contract biostratigrapher for the British Geological Survey.

Faculty webpage, Science and Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/peoplexe/sindividual?506

William Francis Rigge, SJ

(1857-1927).  Astronomer, Clergyman Roman Catholic. On Popular Astronomy the eclipse maps, of planets and bright stars. These maps materially assist amateur astronomers in observing these phenomena while they eliminate the drudgery of long and, at times, intricate computations. He was also a frequent contributor to the American Mathematical Monthly, School Science and Mathematics, the Scientific American, the Astronomische Nachrichten, and the Astrophysical Journal. A sensational achievement to his credit was in connection with a notable criminal case at Omaha, during which, by a study of the sun's shadows in a snapshot, he established an alibi for a defendant, arraigned on a charge of placing dynamite with malicious intent, by fixing the time at which the snapshot, produced as evidence at the trial, was taken. Rigge constructed a compound harmonic machine, which was a decided improvement on all preceding machines of its kind. Its functionings prompted him to publish a volume, enentitled Harmonic Curves (1926), a pioneer work with the avowed purpose of encouraging study of this type of mathematical tracings. Another publication of his, The Graphic Construction of Eclipses and Occultations (1924), was of special interest to the professional astronomer. Rigge held a fellowship in the Royal Astronomical Society of England, and membership in the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Astronomical Society, the Société Astronomique de France, and the Nebraska Academy of Science.

Excerpted from Francis A. Tondorf.  “William Francis Rigge.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.

FATHER William Rigge, S.J. Memoirs http://guide.creighton.edu/past/rigge/

http://www.creightonmagazine.org/CurrentIssue/Jesuits2.asp

Carl Daniel Riggs

(1920-2002).  Academic administrator, biologist.  Professor of Biology, 1971-2002, and Vice President of Academic Affairs, University of South Florida, 1971-1980.  Previous posts: Teaching fellow department of zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1946-47; instructor to Professor department of zoology University Oklahoma, Norman, 1948-65, Dean Graduate College, 1965-71, v.p. Graduate studies, 1966-71, acting provost, 1970-71; acting President, 1977-78, Dean Graduate School and coordinator University research, 1980-86, interim dean College Public Health, 1983-84; Director Center for Excellence in Mathematics, Science, Computers and Technology, 1983-2002; President Conf. So. Graduate Schools, 1986-87.  Education: BS in Zoology, University of Michigan, 1944, MS in Zoology, 1946, Ph.D. in Zoology, 1953.

Consultant NSF, NIH, CGS. Mayor pro tem, Norman, 1963-64; Board of Directors and long range planning committee United Way of Greater Tampa; Board of Directors Tampa Museum of Art, 1979-84, President, 1980-81; Board of Directors Children's Home, Inc., 1974, President, 1984-86.

Honors: Recipient Conservation Education award Sears Roebuck Foundation, 1966; grantee NSF, 1957-66, NASA, 1966-70, John S. Zink Foundation, 1976, 70; fellow NDEA, 1966-70. Fellow Oklahoma Academy Science (President 1966-67).

Member: AAAS, American Institute Biological Sciences, American Fisheries Society, American Society Ichthyologist and Herpetologists, Florida Academy Science, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Beta Gamma Sigma, Omicron Delta Kappa. Presbyterian. Executive committee; Chairman Scouting for the Handicapped, Gulf Ridge council Boy Scouts America, 1974-86. Served with USAF.

He has published 39 research papers and presented 93 papers at meetings.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

http://www.lib.usf.edu/development/advance/riggs.html

Jean Riolan, Jr. *** Not in Gale

(1580-1657).  French anatomist, physician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/riolan.html

Riolan was a trained anatomist and dissector and emphasized the superiority of active anatomical observation over long reading and profound meditations. Like his father he was a stern defender of traditional medicine and declared himself an enemy to chemical healers.

He established his reputation through a series of textbooks, the most important being the second edition of Anthropographia (1626). These works reveal a mastery of original observation and of the classical and modern literature. In his later Encheiridium (1648) he included a systematic presentation of both morbid and normal anatomy.

Though in his later years he tried to accept new discoveries, he continually tried to uphold Galenic medicine and opposed the anatomical interpretations of Pecquet, Bartholin, and Harvey.  He became the principal physician of the Queen Mother, Maie de Madicis. He accompanied her on her foreign travels, and attended her final illness at Cologne in 1642.  He was also physician to Henry IV and Louis XIII.

Friedrich Risner / Reisner / Risnerus *** Not in Gale

(birthdate unknown-c. 1580).  German optician, mathematician.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/risner.html

Risner published the works of Alhazen and Witelo in an edition that exerted great influence. His manuscript Opticae libri quattuor (of which much was probably due to Ramus) was published in 1606, long after his death.

He never published any work in mathematics, but Ramus called him his “assistant in mathematical studies.”

Dr. Thomas Ralph Rizzo

(Born 1956).  Professor of Chemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Director, Institute of Molecular and Biological Chemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 2002-  During his time at the EPFL, Professor Rizzo has held a number of administrative positions, including Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry (1995-96), Head of the Chemistry Department (1997-99, 2001).  Recipient Coblentz Society award, 1992, Camille and Henry Dreyfus Distinguished New Faculty award Dreyfus Foundation, 1986; Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow, 1991-93.

Webpage: http://isic.epfl.ch/rizzo_cv.htm

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Benjamin Borja Roa, Ph.D., F.A.C.M.G.

(Born "1963" Day="11" Month="9" September 11, 1963 in San Fernando, Philippines, came to the U.S., 1985).  Molecular geneticist.  Achievements include research in gene responsible for Charcot-Marie tooth disease type 1A and Dejerine-Sottas syndrome. Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Director, Baylor DNA Diagnostic Laboratory.  Postdoctoral fellow, Muscular Dystrophy Association, 1992-94. Education: BS, University Philippines, 1985; Ph.D., Northwestern University, 1991; Postdoctorate, Baylor College of Medicine, 1996.

Member: Member AAAS, American Society for Human Genetics.

Contributor of articles to professional journals. and chapters to books.  Roman Catholic.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Faculty webpage, http://imgen.bcm.tmc.edu/molgen/facultyaz/roa.html

“The research interests in my laboratory lie in the area of translational genetics. I am specifically interested in applying novel and innovative technologies in molecular biology towards the diagnosis of inherited disease. My research interests include genotype-phenotype studies and population genetics, with the overall goal of developing clinical applications derived from the human genome project.”

Lanny Arnold Robbins

(Born 1940).  Chemical engineer. Research Fellow at Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan, 1997-2003 now retired.  Consultant, Larco Techs., LLC, Midland, Michigan, 2003; Senior Research scientist, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1988-97; Research scientist, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1983-88; Associate scientist, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1976-83; Research specialist, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1973-76; Research engineer, project leader, Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1966-73. From American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Mid-Michigan Section Newsletter, v. 9, n. 1,  August 29, 2003, http://www.egr.msu.edu/aichemm/AIChENl2003V9No1.pdf

Dr. Robbins received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Iowa State University  in 1961, 1963, and 1965 respectively.  He has significantly advanced the practice of chemical engineering by emphasizing chemical engineering fundamentals and commercial implementation.  He has built a reputation among separations experts around the world as one of the leading chemical engineers working in industry.

Examples of Dr. Robbins’ commercial process development contributions are numerous.  In his career at The Dow Chemical Company, Robbins has researched, developed, and implemented a wide range of separation and purification unit operations including numberous liquid-liquid extraction processes, a melt crystallization process that is widely practiced in Dow, and the AquaDetox® aqueous purification tec hnology for strippingimpurities from water to the parts-per-billion range.  Recent advancements has have advanced this wastewater purification technology to unprecedented low levels of parts-per-quadrillion.  Dr. Robbins has led the research and development of Dow’s pressure swing adsorption technology for recovery of hydrocarbons, solvents, and monomers from vent streams and co-invented, with George Killat of The Dow Chemical Company, a low-cost, high-efficiency liquid distributor for packed distillation, absorption, and stripping towers.  Recently, Dr. Robbins served as the principal developer of the Cargill-Dow process for isolating and purifying lactic acid at Cargill-Dow’s new polylactide facility in Blair, Nebraska.  In addition to the examples mentioned here, Dr. Robbins has led the development of many proprietary separation technologies now in operation at Dow facilities around the world.

In recognition of his many accomplishments, Dr. Robbins has received numerous awards throughout his career.  He was awarded the Engineer of the Year Award from AIChE’s Mid-Michigan Section in 1977 and in 1991.  He has also received the Saginaw Valley Inventor of the Year Award, the Iowa State University Alumni Professional Achievement Citation in Engineering, and two National AIChE awards: The Chemical Engineering Practice Award (1992), and the inaugural Process Development Practice Award given just this past April [2003]at the Spring National Meeting in New Orleans as part of the formation of the new Process Development Division. [The award recognizes “individuals with outstanding contributions in the practice or application of chemical engineering to process development … based on their contributions to the discovery and application of innovative solutions to technological problems, and/or commercialization of new products and processes.”]  In 1993, Dr. Roibbins received the Herbert H. Dow Medal from the Dow Board of Directors in recognition of his leadership in the development and commercialization of separation and purification processes. In 2003, the Mid-Michigan Section gave special recognition to Dr. Lanny Robbins, in honor of his selection for the inaugural National AIChE Process Development Practive Award. 

Dr. Robbins is the author or co-author of more than 150 Dow technical reports, 18 patents, and 20 outside publications including chapters in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook and Schweitaer’s Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical Engineers.  His most recent contribution to Chemical Engineering Progress (appearing in the January 2002 issue) describes the Robbins method for tuning control loops for reducing variability in distillation and other operations.

Iowa State University College of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Active Site, http://www.iastate.edu/~ch_e/chenews03.pdf  Issue No. 12, Winter 2003. ChE University Professor Emeritus Tom Wheelock notes that Lanny “is regarded as the technical leader of all research and development conducted by Dow in the field of chemical separation methods.”

Gilles Personne de Roberval

(1602-1675).  French mathematician, mechanic, physicist, natural philosopher, cartographer. Gilles Personne de Roberval is generally considered to be the founder of kinematic geometry (a branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion) because of his discoveries about plane curves and the method he developed for drawing the tangent to a curve. He was also important historically because of his close contact and correspondence with many of the other important mathematicians of his day. Roberval was a leading expert in the geometry of infinitesimals.  Professor at College de France, Paris (1632-75); originated methods for constructing tangents and for determining the area of a cycloid; invented the balance which bears his name (1669).  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/roberval.html

Roberval was a leading proponent of the geometry of infinitesimals which he claimed originated with Archimedes. (He was unfamiliar with the work of Cavalieri.) He wrote on finding areas, a book titled Traité des indivisibles, which appeared in a collection of Académie works. In addition to his work on areas he wrote treatises on algebra and analytic geometry. His method of the “composition of movements” makes him the founder of kinematic geometry of which the most famous application was the construction of tangents.

Many of Roberval’s writings were published in collections of other works by members of the Académie (1693). Since few of his works appeared in the period that followed, Roberval was eclipsed by Fermat, Pascal, and his adversary Descartes. Only two works were published separately, Traité de méchanique (1636) and Aristarchi Samii de mundi systemate (1644).

From 1644-8 he played an important role in the relations with Italy involving the barometric experiments.

At the same time (1647) he entered into another polemic with Descartes on the center of oscillation of the compound pendulum.  He advocated the joining of experiment to reason and wrote a philosophical work that showed evidence of his positivism.

In 1699, he presented to the Académie plans for a particular type of balance that bears his name.  He suggested the application of telescopic sights to the quadrant and sextant.  On the problem of the vacuum he wrote two Narrationes. In the second one he described a very ingenious apparatus that he had invented to support his theory. This device served as a prototype for the one in Pascal’s experiment on “the vacuum in the vacuum.”

In the Académie he participated with Picard in the work on cartography. He composed a mémoire on the method of mapping France.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1666-75, charter member.  When he arrived in Paris in 1628 he immediately became acquainted with the members of the Mersenne circle. Mersenne especially held him in high esteem.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Gilles Personne de Roberval,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Roberval.html

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/roberval.htm

http://71.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RO/ROBERVAL_GILLES_PERSONNE_or_PERSONIER_DE.htm

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/erober.html

http://neohumanism.org/g/gi/gilles_de_roberval.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gilles%20de%20Roberval

Bernetta Denise Robinson / Bernetta Robinson Doane

(Born 1953).  Librarian, biologist.  Reference Librarian and the Coordinator of Library Instruction at the Connelly Library La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA.  Previous posts: Science Teacher Philadelphia School District, 1974-75; manpower planner City of Philadelphia, 1975-78; Graduate Research Assistant Atlanta University, 1979-80; forestry technician, U.S. Dept. Agriculture Forest Service, Delaware, Ohio, 1979; technical info. specialist Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (California), 1981; reference librarian, Atlanta University Center, 1981.  Education: B.A., Cheyney State College, 1974; Masters of Library Science from Atlanta University, 1981; Master of Arts degree in Education from La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA.

Member Urban League, Philadelphia, 1976-78, NAACP, Philadelphia, 1977-78. Recipient Women in Non-Traditional Occupations award U.S. Department of Labor, 1978, Co-op award U.S. Dept. Agriculture Forest Service, 1979-80. Member ALA, Atlanta Online Users Association, Met. Atlanta Library Association, Georgia Library Association, Delta Sigma Theta. Baptist.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Nigel Robinson, BSc, Ph.D.

(Born 1960).  English molecular genetics educator, researcher.
Post-doctoral research, University of Leicester (Chemistry); Professor molecular genetics, University Newcastle (England) Medical School, 1995; Royal Society University Research Fellow, 1987 - 1995, Universities of Durham and Newcastle; Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Genetics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, 1984-1987.

Member: American Society for Plant Physiology, Society for Experimental Biology (cell biology Committee 1994, President’s medal for work on metallo-proteins and metal-interactions with plant and microbial cells 1993), Biochemical Society

Contributor 26 articles to professional journals., 10 chapters to books.

Faculty webpage, Cell & Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.  http://www.ncl.ac.uk/camb/staff/profile/n.j.robinson or http://spade96.ncl.ac.uk/camb/staff/profile/n.j.robinson

Spiros Tzelepis.  “Can genetics give a solution to those who suffer from hunger and malnutrition?” http://users.otenet.gr/~tzelepisk/yc/gen.htm.

Christie Joy Robnett

(Born "1951" Day="21" Month="12" December 21, 1951 in Peoria, Illinois, United States).  Microbiologist.  Laboratory technician, microbiologist, North Regional Research Center. USDA, Peoria, Illinois, 1982; laboratory technician, microbiologist, National Animal Disease Center. USDA, Ames, Iowa, 1981-82; aquatic biologist, Cen. Regional Lab. division U.S. EPA, Chicago, 1979-81; sec., Central Regional Lab. division U.S. EPA, Chicago, 1975-79; microbiologist, Good Humor Corp., Chicago, 1974-75.  Education: BA, University of Illinois, 1973; MS, Illinois Institute Technology, 1981.

Member: Christian Business and Professional Women's Club.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Contact: http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=4780

http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=4780&pf=1

John Roche*** Not in Gale
History of Science, University of Oxford, England. Dr John Roche teaches courses in the history of science and history of physics at Linacre College, Oxford and courses in applied physics and applied mathematics at Oxford Brookes University. He also serves as Senior Consultant and Administrator to the John Templeton Oxford Seminars on Science and Christianity and is the Associate Director for the Oxford Summer Programme. His main research interest lies in using the history of physics to clarify difficult concepts in today’s physics.  He became Secretary of the Oxford Branch of the Linacre Society from January 2002. John was at Linacre in the mid 1970s where he took a History DPhil and now teaches History of Science at Oxford University. He is an Associate Fellow at Harris Manchester College.

Has earned the degrees of M.Sc., M.A., D.Phil.
His recent publications include The Mathematics of Measurement: a Critical History (London: Athlone Press, 1998), and “What is potential energy?”, European Journal of Physics 24 (March, 2003) 185-196. 

Contact page, http://www.marco-learningsystems.com/pages/roche/roche.htm

Ole Christensen Roemer

(1644-1710).  Danish astronomer, physicist, optician, engineer, hydraulics specialist, cartographer who made the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.  Lutheran.

From http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/17thCentury/RouseBall/RB_Math17C.html#Roemer:

Ole Roemer, born at Aarhuus, Denmark on September 25, 1644, and died at Copenhagen on September 19, 1710, was the first to measure the velocity of light; this was done in 1675 by means of the eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites. He brought the transit and mural circle into common use, the altazimuth having been previously generally employed, and it was on his recommendation that astronomical observations of stars were subsequently made in general on the meridian. He was also the first to introduce micrometers and reading microscopes into an observatory. He also deduced from the properties of epicycloids the form of the teeth in toothed-wheels best fitted to secure a uniform motion.

“Olaus Roemer.” World of Scientific Discovery, 2nd ed. Gale Group, 1999: Today the speed of light is a fundamental yardstick. When it was announced in 1676 it was scarcely noticed. Indeed, it was not until James Bradley’s work nearly fifty years later that the speed of light returned from oblivion. After Roemer returned to Copenhagen, he worked on reforming the Danish system of weights and measures, helped get the controversial Gregorian calendar into use, and worked with Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) to establish his new system of temperature. Roemer was also known as a talented inventor of clocks and mechanical devices, including a micrometer, astronomical instruments, and a new thermometer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/roemer.html:

In Paris, part of his duties involved making instruments. He built clocks and other devices, including a micrometer for differential measurement of position. In Copenhagen, as director of the observatory he continued his innovation in instrumentation. He was perhaps the first to attach a telescopic sight to a meridian transit.  He also invented a new thermometer and was active in the science of thermometry, passing some ideas to Fahrenheit, whom he met in 1708.

Roemer reordered Denmark’s system of measuring and registration and introduced a new, rational system for numbers and weights. The number and weight reforms were especially important because the confusion that existed before hampered trade. Roemer combined weight and length, a system which only occured in other lands more than a century later (with the metric system).

While Copenhagen was growing rapidly in these years, Roemer was in charge of laying out streets, lighting, water supply and drainage, fire standards, and lesser affairs.  In 1699, he revised the calendar, so that Easter was scheduled according to the moon.

Member: Berlin Academy (honorary).  He corresponded with Leibniz, Fahrenheit, and others.  Hoefer indicates he became a member of the Académie sometime around 1672, but the verbal records of the Académie for this period are missing and this piece of information is not generally mentioned in secondary sources.

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Roemer.html

http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/17thCentury/RouseBall/RB_Math17C.html#Roemer

http://www.portaljuice.com/ole_romer.html

http://www.kroppedal.dk/

Henry Darwin Rogers

(1809-1866). American geologist.  Foremost structural geologist of his time. Director, Geological Survey of New Jersey (1835-38) and Pennsylvania (1836-42); published findings of latter survey in Report on Pennsylvania (1858), an important contribution to theory of mountain building; Professor at Glasgow, Scotland (1857-66).

Available through NetLibrary: Henry Darwin Rogers, 1808-1866 American geologist, by Patsy Gerstner:  http://isbndb.com/d/book/henry_darwin_rogers_1808_1866.html

Peter Mark Roget

(1779-1869). English physician and scholar. Member of Royal Society (from 1815); instrumental in establishing University of London; author of Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases (1852),which reached 28^th edition during his lifetime.

http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/books/features/story.jsp?story=309642

http://www.rain.org/~karpeles/rogtxt.html

Dave Rogstad / David H. Rogstad, Ph.D *** Not in Gale

Physicist.  Consultant to Jet Propulsion Laboratory.  Dr. David (Dave) H. Rogstad serves as executive vice president of Reasons To Believe with the goal of developing effective teamwork. Dave earned his Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He conducted research there on galaxies for over ten years, interrupted by a two-year stint in Holland doing related research in radio astronomy. From Caltech, Dave went to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to supervise teams working on such projects as the Galileo mission and on Hypercube concurrent computation. Before retiring from JPL, he published over twenty scientific papers on various aspects of aperture synthesis and interferometric techniques, as well as reports on experiments in radio astronomy and related fields. Dave is cowriting a book on an antenna array technique developed by his JPL team for the Galileo program.

Amy C. Jung. “A Stellar Array: An Interview with Dr. David Rogstad,”

http://www.reasons.org/resources/fff/2001issue07/index.shtml?main#stellar_array .  From Facts for Faith, Issue 7, 2001. Dave speaks of his background, his involvement with Hugh Ross, and his zeal for living a successful Christian life.  Rogstad: “Of course, the scientific evidences and proofs that we have for our faith intrigue me. But I think the real challenge that I personally feel in sharing that scientific material is how to communicate it in a way that is understood by the interested noneducated person.”

Jacques Rohault *** Not in Gale

(c. 1618-1672).  French natural philosopher, military engineer.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rohault.html

As the leading advocate and teacher of Descartes’s natural philosophy of the time, Rohault’s contemporary fame rested on the very popular weekly lectures, ‘les mercredis de Rohault’, which he held at his house in Paris. His masterwork the Traité de physique (1671) became the era’s leading textbook on natural philosophy. The Latin translation of 1674 was used as a university textbook.

The Traité reflects Rohault’s explicit view that the explanations of natural philosophy were only probable and were subject to falsification by one counterinstance. Among his most famous experiments were those on the weight of air, and magnetism.

Rohault intended his natural philosophy to introduce Cartesian views as a more complete elaboration of the Aristotelian traditions. He sought to join the Cartesian principles to experimental practice. Despite his call for a more quantitative approach to natural philosophy, he made little use of mathematical arguments to establish his position.

In his last years Rohault was troubled by the political reaction to Cartesianism in France. In his work, Entretiens sur la philosophie (1671), Rohault tried to establish the importance of Cartesian interpretations to theology. Yet, at the time of his death he was considered heretical by some.

During the 1660’s he emerged as the arbiter of Cartesian scientific affairs in Paris. He became an active participant in the Montmor Academy and other circles of leading natural philosophers. In 1665 he recruited Pierre-Sylvain Regis to the Cartesian movement. After several months of instruction in Cartesian science and the arts of conferencier, Regis was sent by him to spread the doctrine in Toulouse. He also organized the ceremonies marking the return of Descartes’s remains to Paris from Stockholm in 1667.

http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Rohault+Jacques

Guerner Rolfinck / Werner Rolfinck *** Not in Gale

(1599-1673).  German physician, botanist, chemist, anatomist, pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rolfinck.html

From1625 - c.28, Rolfinck practiced medicine and taught anatomy in Venice. After graduating from Padua, he was in such demand as an anatomist that he received the license to teach simultaneously with his degree. In 1628 he received the call to become ordinary professor of medicine at Padua, but he had already returned to Germany.  From 1628-9, Rolfinck was professor of anatomy, University of Wittenberg.  From 1629-73, he was professor of anatomy, surgery, and botany, University of Jena.  He established the first anatomical theater (1629), the botanical garden (1631, named director), and chemical laboratory (1630) at Jena.  In 1639, he was appointed director exercitii chymia, which became a professorship of chemistry in 1641.  He was rector of Jena six times.  He also maintained a personal practice.  http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/Web_Genealogy/Info/rolfinckw.pdf

http://www.med.uni-jena.de/klinikmagazin/archiv/km398/km398/kultge1.htm (in German)

Michel Rolle

(1652-1719). French mathematician, algebraist.  Michel Rolle was a largely self-educated mathematician who taught himself both algebra and Diophantine analysis, a method for solving equations with no unique solution. He won early repute when he solved a problem set by the mathematician Jacques Ozanam, but his real passion lay in the field of the algebra of equations. His most famous work was the Traite d’algebre, ou principes generaux pour resoudre les questions de mathematique, of 1690, in which he not only invented the modern notation for the nth root of x, but also expounded on his “cascade” method to separate the roots of an algebraic equation. He is best remembered for the theorem which bears his name, Rolle’s Theorem, which determines the position of roots in an equation.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rolle.html

Académie Royal des Sciences, 1685-1719; He became élève astronome in 1685. When the Académie reorganized Rolle became a pensionnaire géometre (1699), which assured him a regular salary.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Michel Rolle,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Rolle.html

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/rolle.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Michel%20Rolle

Bernard E. Rollin

Bioethicist, scholar.  University Distinguished Professor Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Professor of Philosophy, Agriculture and Biomedical Sciences and Director of Bioethical Planning.  Professor, Ph.D., Columbia University, 1972.

Author: Natural and Conventional Meaning, 1976; Animal Rights and Human Morality, 1981; The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain and Scientific Change, 1988; Farm Animal Welfare, 1995; The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issues in the Genetic Engineering of Animals, 1995; ed, The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, 1995.

He has published over 200 papers, and lectured more than 700 times in more than a dozen countries. Rollin taught the world’s first course in veterinary medical ethics, and is a principal architect of the United States federal laws for the protection of animals used in research.

http://www.zoocheck.com/events/rollin.shtml

http://pewagbiotech.org/buzz/display.php3?StoryID=108

Guillaume Rondelet

(1507-1566). French naturalist and physician. Professor (from 1545) and chancellor (from 1556), University of Montpellier; author of Libri de piscibus marinis (1554-55), descriptions of marine animals.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rondelet.html

Lawrence Rooke *** Not in Gale

(1622-1662).  English astronomer, navigation expert, physicist, cartographer.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rooke.html

Rooke observed the comet of 1652. There were other astronomical activities, especially in connection with navigation--systematic observations of the satellites of Jupiter as a means to determine longitude, and arguments for similar telescopic observations of lunar eclipses for that purpose. For the Royal Society he drew up a list of systematic observations for seamen to make in order to improve navigation.  With Wren he experimented on the impact of elastic bodies and with Goddard on the effect of radiant heat on a crude thermometer.

In his discussion of the satellites of Jupiter and how to observe them, Rooke is explicit in saying that this method will not work at sea because of the difficulty of observing. However, for establishing the longitude of cities and harbors, i.e., for cartography, where different people can be observing at different places, the satellites of Jupiter would be ideal. Rooke added that a good lunar theory might provide an astronomical means to determine longitude at sea.

Member: Royal Society.  Informal Connections: Connection with John Wilkins, Seth Ward and the Oxford group, beginning in 1650.  He occasionally assisted Boyle in his experiments, 1650-52.  He collaborated with Jonathan Goddard.  It was in Rooke’s chambers at Gresham College that the group of interested men would gather in the late 50s, and there the Royal Society (though it was not yet so named while he was alive) was organized in 1660.

Adriaan van Roomen / often known by his Latin name Adrianus Romanus *** Not in Gale

(1561-1615).  Belgian mathematician, natural philosopher, astronomer, physician, educator.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/roomen.html:

In Würzburg, where he was a professor of medicine and where he really created the medical faculty in a new university, he published a continuing series of medical theses defended by his students. They are all wholly traditional, and there is no indication at all that Roomen contributed to medical science. A prolific author, Roomen wrote also on astronomy and natural philosophy. As with medicine, his opinions in these fields were wholly traditional.  As a mathematician he was especially concerned with trigonometry. He calculated the sides of the regular polygons, and from the polygon with 216 (?) sides calculated the value of pi to sixteen places. He also wrote a commentary on algebra.  Roomen’s work in mathematics was heavily, almost exclusively, in the direction of practical calculation.

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Adriaan van Roomen,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Roomen.html or http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Roomen.html:

After studying at the Jesuit College in Cologne, Roomen studied medicine at Louvain. He then spent some time in Italy, particularly with Clavius in Rome in 1585.

Roomen was Professor of mathematics and medicine at Louvain from 1586 to 1592, he then went to Würzburg where again he was Professor of medicine. He was also “Mathematician to the Chapter” in Würzburg. From 1603 to 1610 he lived frequently in both Louvain and Würzburg. He was ordained a priest in 1604. After 1610 he tutored mathematics in Poland.

George Romanes / George John Romanes

(1848-1894). British biologist. Theistic evolutionist.  George John Romanes was born in Canada, but brought up in London. He attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating in the second class in 1870. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - a personal friend of his - had substantial influence on the studies of Romanes. At University College, London, Romanes researched nervous and locomotor systems of medusae and echinoderms; showed parallelism indevelopment of mental faculties of animals and man in Animal Intelligence (1881) and Mental Evolution in Animals (1883). He further applied Darwin’s theory of evolution to development of mind in Mental Evolution in Man (1888); argued for role of isolation in evolution in Darwin and after Darwin (1892-97).  Despite early strong religious beliefs, Romanes was converted to Darwinism, and wrote a critical treatise on theism, under the pseudonym Physicus. At the end of his life, he wrote a second religious treatise, this time orthodox in belief, under the pseudonym of Metaphysicus.

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0694.html

Biography in Green Eye of the Storm, by John Rendle-Short. Banner of Truth, 1998. ISBN 0-8515-1727-7.

Mary Rose / Mary Davies Swartz Rose

(1874-1941).  American nutritionist. Mary Swartz Rose was a noted authority on nutrition who made important contributions in both academia and government. At the time of her death, she was professor of nutrition at Columbia University’s Teachers College. She attended Denison University in Granville, Ohio. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1901 and studied for a year at Mechanics Institute in Rochester, New York. From there she went on to Teachers College, where she received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1906. She then went on to Yale University, where she was awarded a Ph.D. in physiological chemistry in 1909. She returned to Teachers College, this time as an instructor in nutrition. She became an Assistant Professor in 1910 and authored several books on nutrition: Everyday Foods in War Time, 1918; Teaching Nutrition to Boys and Girls, 1932, Laboratory Handbook for Dietetics, 1939; and Feeding the Family, 1940, considered by many to be a classic in its field, in which she recalculated tables of food composition to fit ordinary recipes and foods as eaten, putting the chemical aspects of nutrition in terms a homemaker could understand and use. Long active on the editorial board of the Journal of Nutrition, she contributed frequently to it, as well as to the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Home Economics, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, and others.  During the First World War, Rose took an active role in government programs. She served as director of both the Bureau of Conservation of the Federal Food Board and the New York State Food Commission. Her husband, Anton Richard Rose, was also a scientist; he served as a chemist with the Prudential Insurance Company.

David Rosevear, Ph.D., CChem, FRSC *** Not in Gale

Chemist,  Ph.D. in Organometallic Chemistry from the University of Bristol, United Kingdom.

Lectured for two decades at the University of Portsmouth.  Has worked directly with two Fellows of the Royal Society. Member of Council of the Creation Science Movement, the world’s senior creationist organization, for a quarter of a century, the last seventeen years as its Chairman (as of 2003).

Author: Creation Science - Confirming that the Bible is Right (in English, Czech and Russian). Author of a score of papers in scientific journals. 

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/rosevear-d.html

David Rosevear.  “The Myth of Chemical Evolution,” IMPACT No. 313 July 1999 © Copyright 2004 Institute for Creation Research. http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-313.htm

Sunnyside Primary in Reynard Way, Northampton http://www.northamptontoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=320&ArticleID=712287

Hugh (Norman) Ross

(Born 1945).  Astronomer.  President and Director of Research, Reasons to Believe. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, research Fellow in radio astronomy, 1973-78; Sierra Madre Congregational Church, Pasadena, CA, minister of evangelism, 1975-86, minister of apologetics, 1986- present; Reasons To Believe, Inc. (Progressive Creationist ministry), Pasadena, CA, president, 1986 - present. B.Sc. (1967) in Physics, University of British Columbia, M.Sc. (1968) in Astronomy, University of Toronto,  Ph.D. (1973) in Astronomy, University of Toronto.  Memberships: American Institute of Physics, American Science Affiliation, American Astronomical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Author: The Fingerprint of God: Recent Scientific Discoveries Reveal the Unmistakable Identity of the Creator, 1989, 2d edition, 1991 (More than 100,000 copies sold.), The Creator and the Cosmos, 1993, ed edition, 1995; Creation and Time, 1994; Beyond the Cosmos, 1996; Lights In the Sky & Little Green Men: A Rational Christian Look at UFOs and Extraterrestrials, 2002, Origins of Life. (Co-authored with Fazale Rana), 2004, A Matter of Days, 2004; also articles, videos, audiotapes and tape albums.

Webpage: http://www.reasons.org/about/staff/ross.shtml?main

Biography and curriculum vitae: http://www.reasons.org/about/staff/ross.shtml?main#biography

“Reasons to Believe,” http://www.reasons.org/index.shtml

Ross: “What is needed in life is a healthy skepticism, the kind that is promoted in the Bible: ‘Test everything.’ In other words, belief is to be based on established facts.” –”Hugh Norman Ross.” Marquis Who’s Who ^TM. Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Sir Ronald Ross

(1857-1932).  British physician, born in India.  Discovered causes of malaria, 1897; won Nobel Prize for medicine, 1902. Professor, University of Liverpool and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (1902-12); physician, King’s College Hospital, London (from 1912); director in chief, Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London. Author of The Prevention of Malaria (1910).

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html

http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1902/

The Nobel Prize Internet Archive (Links): http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/1902a.html

http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/ronaldross.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ronald%20Ross

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Ariel A. Roth *** Not in Gale

From http://www.grisda.org/resources/bk_roth.htm:

Besides teaching biology, Ariel Roth has spent 30 years researching areas in which science and religion touch each other and sometimes offer conflicting perspectives. Holding a doctorate in zoology from the University of Michigan, he taught at Andrews and Loma Linda universities and from 1980 to 1994 was director of the Geoscience Research Institute. Roth has also been in the evolution-creation controversy in the United States, testifying before many educational and legal groups, and has conducted numerous geological and paleontological field trips around the world.

http://origins.swau.edu/who/roth/default.html

Qualifications and experience: http://origins.swau.edu/who/roth/croth98.html

Ariel A. Roth.  Origins: Linking Science And Scripture: “I cannot accept the idea that God does not exist. Nature is too complex and existence too meaningful for me to think that all the intricacies and delicate balances I see about me are just accidental. There has to be a Designer. If there is a Designer, I would expect some meaningful communication from Him. It would be an odd kind of Creator who would design our thinking, conscious minds and not communicate at all with us. I expect communication, and I look for that communication. Scripture is the best candidate. Written by more than two dozen authors claiming special reveation, it has unusual internal coherence and unusual external correspondence with history, archeology, and nature.”

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Christoph Rothmann *** Not in Gale

(fl. Late 16^th century).  German astronomer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rothmann.html

He received a stipend from Joachim Ernst von Anhalt (1536- 1586) to write the manuscript “Christophori Rothmanni... astronomia,” and is presumed to have been in his service when he visited Kassel to inspect the Landgrave’s instruments in 1577.  Wilhelm IV, Landgrave of Hesse, was his major patron for most of his career.

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Rothmann.htm (in French)

Miguel A. Granada, Barcelona.  “Christoph Rothmann und die Auflösung der himmlischen Sphären [Christoph Rothmann and the dispersal of the celestial spheres. The letters to the Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel of 1585. - In German]” http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/aa/acta/vol05/granada.html

Olof Rudbeck

(1630-1702). Swedish scientist. Professor, Uppsala (1655-91); discovered the lymphatic system (1650); attempted to prove that the cradle of human culture and Plato’s Atlantis were in Sweden. The botanical genus Rudbeckia is named for him.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rudbeck.html

http://info.uu.se/fakta.nsf/sidor/rudbeck..id45.html (Swedish)

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Olof%20Rudbeck

Irving Warren Ruderman

(Born 1920). Chemist.  Company executive. Chairman, chief Executive officer, Inrad, Inc., Northvale, N.J., 1973; President, Isomet Corp., Oakland, N.J., 1954-73; Research scientist, Columbia University, N.Y.C., 1949-54; Lecturer chemistry, Columbia University, N.Y.C., 1947-49; teaching Fellow, Columbia University, N.Y.C., 1946-47.  Education: Ph.D., Columbia University, 1949.

Member: Fellow N.Y. Academy of Science; member American Physics Society, American Chemical Society, American Optical Society, American Ceramic Society, Sigma Xi, Phi Lambda Upsilon, Tau Beta Pi.  Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2001.

Christoff Rudolff / Christoff Rudolf

(c. 1499? – c. 1545?)  Polish-born algebraist, mathematician.  Rudolff’s impact on the field of algebra is widely known. He is the author of Coss (1525), the first comprehensive German algebra book, which he dedicated to the Bishop of Brixen (now Bressanone, Italy). Algebra was referred to as the cossic art during Rudolff’s lifetime, and algebraists were known as cossists. The word “cosa” means “thing” and it was used to stand for the unknown.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rudolff.html:

His Künstliche Rechnung mit der Ziffer und mit den Zahlpfennigen (1526) contains an "Exempelbüchlein" which contains examples of the use of mathematics in commerce and manufacturing.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Christoff Rudolff,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Rudolff.html

Jean Ruel *** Not in Gale

(1474-1537).  French physician, pharmacologist, botanist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ruel.html

Although Ruel’s works were compilations of the works of earlier authors, they represented a first attempt at popularizing botany. In 1516 he published a translation of Dioscorides’ De materia medica. De medicina veterina (1530) was a Latin compilation of everything written in Greek on veterinary medicine. His botanical work, De natura stirpium presented an alphabetical ordering of plants; provided information on odors and tastes of plants; and separated each topic (i.e. leaves, bark, etc.) into its own chapter. As an etymological source Ruel’s work was unreliable because it relied on ancient authors.

http://www.vet-lyon.fr/bib/fondsancien/autour/ruel1.htm (in French)

George E. Rueppel, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1864-1947).  An experimental physicist at Saint Louis University.  Br. Rueppel set up the university's radio station, WEW, recognized by the government as the first west of the Mississippi.

http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/BJMitchell/TextPages/Rueppel.html

http://www.companysj.com/v181/century.htm

Carlo Ruini *** Not in Gale

(c. 1530-1598).  Italian anatomist, veterinarian.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ruini.html:

Ruini is remembered chiefly for the two-volume Anatomia del cavallo, infermite et suoi remedii (Bologna, 1598), which went through several editions during the 17th century. The first volume deals mainly with anatomy, and the second specifically with equine diseases and their cures.

http://www.vet-lyon.fr/bib/fondsancien/autour/ruini.htm (in French)

Martin Ruland *** Not in Gale

(1569-1611).  German-born physician, iatrochemist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ruland.html

Ruland applied the principles of Paracelsan medicine in his treatment of patients.

http://www.richardwolf.de/latein/ruland2.htm (in German)

Dr. Robert Rumely / Robert S. Rumely

(Born 1952).  Mathematician. Professor, University of Georgia, 1990; Associate Professor, University of Georgia, 1985-90; Assistant Professor, University of Georgia, Athens, 1981-85; postdoctoral Visiting Fellow, Harvard University, Cambridge, 1980-81; Instructor, Massachusetts Institute Technology, Cambridge, 1978-80. Education: BA, Grinnell College, 1974; Ph.D., Princeton University, 1978.

Faculty webpage, University of Georgia, http://www.math.uga.edu/~rr/

“My research interests are in Arithmetic Geometry/Algebraic Number Theory, Logic/Set Theory, Mathematics of Computation, Number Theory.”

Member: American Mathematics Society, Sloan Foundation Fellow, N.Y.C., 1983-87; NSF grantee, 1979-80, 82-83, 84-85, 88-89, 91-93, others.

Author: Capacity Theory on Algebraic Curves, 1989.

Vita and Publications List: http://www.math.uga.edu/~rr/RumelyR.ps

Mrs. Cherilyn Rumely*** Not in Gale

Mathematics Instructor, University of Georgia.

Faculty webpage, University of Georgia, http://www.math.uga.edu/~crumely/

Larry B. Dendy. “Faculty honored for teaching, influence on students,”

http://www.uga.edu/columns/000118/campnews5.html

Craig Rusbult *** Not in Gale

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/rusbult.htm:

Chemist.  Website manager.  “Currently, I'm working part-time teaching in the Chemistry Dept at UW-Madison, but my full-time vocation is developing a science education website for the American Scientific Affiliation, which is an organization of scientists — and engineers, and scholars in fields related to science, such as philosophy of science, history of science, and science education — who are Christians.”  (More about professional realities.)  Education: BA in Chemistry, Univ of California, Irvine; MS in Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle; MA in History of Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Ph.D. in Curriculum & Instruction, University of Wisconsin, Madison.  “My Ph.D. dissertation was a unifying synthesis of ideas (mainly from scientists and philosophers, but also from sociologists, psychologists, historians, and myself) into a model of scientific method, and the application of this model for the integrative analysis of a creative science classroom.”

“In addition to developing the ASA Science Ed website I've written a variety of web-pages, as described in Exploring Education: Learning, Thinking, and Teaching, World Views (about reality,...) and Quantum Mechanics , Origins Questions (about creation/evolution/design,...) , plus the goals and style of a “quick education” website. There is another page (with more personal information about hobbies, professional realities,...) plus pages about Tools for Physics and Musical Improvisation and Juggling.”

http://www.sit.wisc.edu/~crusbult/methods/bio.htm

Craig Rusbult, Ph.D..  “Two Modes of Divine Action in History,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/twomodes.htm.

Craig Rusbult: “Intellectually, I've been productive because God made me intelligent and I work hard.”

Benjamin Rush

(1746-1813). American physician, educator, and patriot.  Practiced in Philadelphia (from 1769). Professor of chemistry, College of Philadelphia (1769-91) and at UNIVERSITY of Pennsylvania (1791). Member, Continental Congress (1776, 1777) and signer of Declaration of Independence. Surgeon general of Continental army (1777-78). Established first free dispensary in U.S. (1786). Member, Pennsylvania constitutional ratification convention (1787). Treasurer, U.S. Mint (1797-1813). Author of Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on Chemistry (1770; first chemistry textbook in U.S.).

Rush also did pioneering work relating dentistry to physiology and was influential in founding veterinary medicine in America. Both fields had been considered beneath the dignity of the professional. His observations on the mentally ill seem to presage modern developments in psychoanalytic theory, especially his Medical Inquiries and Observations on the Diseases of the Mind (1812).

Rush’s insistence on a rational, systematic body of knowledge for the medical profession certainly helped set the stage for the later medical revolution in America.

http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/brush.html.

Benjamin Rush at http://www.benjaminrush.com/

Benjamin Rush Society. http://www.fandm.edu/departments/benrush/default.html

Benjamin Rush Links. http://elvers.stjoe.udayton.edu/history/people/Rush.html

Bruce Russell *** Not in Gale

Registered Professional Engineer, No. 15222, State of Oklahoma. (Also registered engineer in Texas).  Associate Professor, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, January 2002 – present).

Dr. Russell teaches and conducts research in the areas of Highway Bridges, Prestressed Concrete Structures and High Performance Concrete (HPC). Many applications for his research are found in the nation’s highway transportation system. Through the years, Dr. Russell and his research colleagues have worked on numerous bridge and highway pavement projects. Dr. Russell’s research has led to the adoption and use of High Strength Concrete (HSC) and HPC in a variety of applications within Oklahoma and in other states. His research in prestressed concrete has focused improvements toward understanding the mechanisms that contribute to bond between steel prestressing strands and concrete, and developed behavioral models to help understand the interaction between bond, shear, and flexural behavior.

Prior to his academic career, Dr. Russell was employed by General Dynamics/Convair Division, San Diego, CA as a Structural Engineer (1980 – 1981), by Dresser Engineering/Davy McKee Corporation of Tulsa, Oklahoma with experience ranging from civil and structural design (1981) to project management (1987). During that time, he was engaged as Chief Field Engineer (1986) during four major construction projects where he had responsible charge of construction for more than $50 million in facilities. Before joining Oklahoma State University in January 2002, Dr. Russell was an Associate Professor at The University of Oklahoma (1992-2001). Dr. Russell received his BSCE and MCE from Rice University in 1980 and 1985, respectively, and his Ph.D. from The University of Texas at Austin in 1992. He is a 1976 graduate of Broken Arrow High School.

Dr. Russell is a Fellow of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) where he is Chair of the Publications Committee and the Joint ACI/ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete. He is also a member of the Building Code Subcommittee ACI 318-G, for Precast and Prestressed Concrete. He is an active member of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). He serves on the Board of Directors for the North American Strand Producers Association.

Dr. Russell has been honored with the 1993 Martin P. Korn Award from PCI, the 1994 T.Y. Lin Award from ASCE, and the George W. Tauxe Outstanding Professor Awards in 1995 and 1996 from the student chapters of ASCE and Chi Epsilon at The University of Oklahoma (OU).

Faculty webpage, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University,

http://cive.okstate.edu/Academics/Academic%20Areas/Russell.html

Webpage, National Bridge Research Organization, http://www.unl.edu/NaBRO/affiliates/russell.htm

Curriculum vitae: http://www.unl.edu/NaBRO/affiliates/russell.PDF

National Bridge Research Organization, http://www.nabro.unl.edu/

Colin Archibald Russell, DSc, FRSC

(Born 1928).  Science educator.  Emeritus Professor of History of Science at the Open University, Kingston Technical College, Surrey, England, Assistant Lecturer in chemistry, 1950-59; Harris College, Preston, Lancashire, England, Lecturer, 1959-61, Senior Lecturer, 1961-68, principal Lecturer in organic chemistry, 1968-70; Open University, Milton Keynes, England, Senior Lecturer, 1970-72, reader, 1972-81, Professor of history of science and technology, beginning 1981. Memberships: Royal Society of Chemistry (Fellow; past chair of historical group), British Society for History of Science (president, 1986-88), Society for the History of Alchemy and Early Chemistry, Royal Institution of Great Britain. Author of about twenty-five correspondence texts for Open University.  Writer of television and radio programs produced for Open University, ITV, and the BBC. Contributor to professional journals, including Annals of Science, Journal of the Chemical Society, British Journal for the History of Science, Science and Christian Belief, Chemistry in Britain, Ambix, and Nature.

Faculty webpage, The Open University, http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/HST/text/russell.htm

Colin Russell.  “Without a Memory,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Russell.html

[From Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 45 (March 1993): 219-221.]

Colin Russell.  “Europe’s Favorite Chemists?” http://www.hkd.hr/arhiva/100.html

Colin Russell in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole:   “To portray Christian and scientific doctrines as persistently in conflict is not only historically inaccurate, but actually a caricature so grotesque that what needs to be explained is how it could possibly have achieved any degree of respectability.”

Testimony in God and the Scientists, edited by Mike Poole.  CPO, Worthing, 1997.  ISBN 1-901796-02-7.

Henry Norris Russell

(1877-1957).  American astronomer.  Postulated, confirmed correlation between star's brightness/type of spectrum, called Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

From Alexander Leitch, A Princeton Companion, copyright Princeton University Press (1978). http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/russell_henry.html:

For many years the leading theoretical astronomer in America, Russell graduated from Princeton in 1897 at the age of nineteen insigni cum laude with extraordinary honor ( -- a designation by the Faculty never used before or since). His father was a Presbyterian minister; his mother and maternal grandmother had both won prizes in mathematics. He recalled his parents' showing him the transit of Venus in 1882 when he was five years old. His favorite study in college was mathematics (his favorite sport, mountain-climbing); an interest in astronomy was stimulated by Professor Charles A. Young, with whom he continued to study after graduation, earning his Ph.D. summa cum laude in 1900. Following study as an advanced research student at Cambridge University, England, he was appointed instructor in astronomy by Woodrow Wilson in 1905, became a full professor in 1911, and director of the Princeton Observatory in 1912. He took an active part in the affairs of the Class of 1897 and attended reunions frequently. His classmates were very proud of him; at their thirtieth reunion in 1927, they honored him and their old astronomy teacher by endowing the Charles A. Young Research Professorship of Astronomy with Russell as the first incumbent.

Russell pioneered in the use of atomic physics for the analysis of the stars and thus played a principal part in laying the foundations of present-day astrophysics. He analyzed the physical conditions and chemical compositions of stellar atmospheres and evaluated the relative abundance of the elements. His assertion of the overwhelming abundance of hydrogen was accepted, after prolonged controversy, as one of the basic facts of cosmology.

His name is perpetuated by the Hertzsprung-Russell color magnitude diagram (stellar evolution), the “Russell mixture” (composition of solar and stellar atmospheres), Russell-Saunders coupling (spectrum analysis), and the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society, endowed at his retirement by gifts from fellow astronomers and Princeton classmates.

Russell's position as America's leading astronomer was recognized by his presidency of the American Astronomical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Philosophical Society. He was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of England, two medals of the French Academy, five other medals of American scientific societies, and numerous honorary degrees. Mexico conferred on him its Order of the Aztec Eagle, and issued a postage stamp in his honor -- done in orange and black.

Harlow Shapley said that it was generally agreed that the word ``genius” more rightly applied to Russell than to any other American astronomer of his or earlier times. F.J.M. Stratton, leading British astrophysicist, thought Russell “the most eminent and versatile theoretical astrophysicist in the United States if not in the world,” and described him as “a man of overflowing energy, never sparing himself in his own work or in assisting in the researches of others.”

Among Russell's 241 published papers were articles written jointly with Princeton colleagues in both astronomy and physics and a joint paper with Robert K. Root, Professor of English, “A Planetary Date for Chaucer's Troilus”; they also included a paper, “On the Navigation of Airplanes,” for which Russell made observations in airplanes flying at 105 miles per hour, at heights up to 16,000 feet, as a consultant to the federal government in World War I.

Russell spoke frequently on the so called “conflict” between science and religion, seeking to assure those who feared science as “a dangerous foe” to religion that their feeling was “altogether ill-advised.” In his 1925 Terry Lectures at Yale, he fully accepted the mechanistic theory of nature, “not as a demonstrated natural law, but as a working hypothesis” and held that this hypothesis “far from being hostile to religion . . . is capable of rendering religion important services.” He concluded his Terry Lectures with this statement of his personal belief:

“The need for some venture of faith still remains; one must stake one’s life upon something. For myself, if I am to stake all I have and hope to be upon anything, I will venture it upon the abounding fullness of God -- upon the assurance that, as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are His ways higher than our ways, and His thoughts than our thoughts. Just what future the Designer of the universe has provided for the souls of men I do not know, I cannot prove. But I find that the whole order of Nature confirms my confidence that, if it is not like our noblest hopes and dreams, it will transcend them.”

“And, when immortality becomes for us no longer a matter of academic discussion, but the most vital of all questions; . . . we shall find our comfort where so many before us have found it, in the ancient words, ‘In manus tuas, Domine.’”

The Bruce Medalists: Henry Norris Russell, http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Russell/

http://www.physics.gmu.edu/classinfo/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/Bios/russell.htm

http://www.aas.org/grants/awards.html#russell, Henry Norris Russell Lectureship.  The Russell Lecturer, presented by the American Astronomical Society, is normally to be chosen annually on the basis of a lifetime of eminence in astronomical research.

http://astroinfo.port5.com/r/henry_norris_russell.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/R/RussellH/1.html

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/Russell.html

http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/russell

Jeffrey Burton Russell

(Born 1934).  Historian.  Educator.  Jeffrey Burton Russell is Professor of History, Emeritus, at the University of California, Santa Barbara, 1994-present. Previously, he has taught History and Religious Studies at New Mexico (Assistant Professor of History, 1960-1961), Harvard (Junior Fellow, Society of Fellows, 1961-1962), University of California, Riverside (Assistant Professor of History to Professor of History, Associate Dean of the Graduate Division, 1962-1975), and Notre Dame (Director of the Medieval Institute, Grace Professor of Medieval Studies, Professor of History, 1975-1977).  Education: University of California, Berkeley, A.B., 1955, A.M., 1957; University of Liege, Belgium, graduate study, 1959-60; Emory University, Ph.D., 1960.

Academic Honors: Phi Beta Kappa, 1954; Fulbright Fellow (Belgium), 1959-1960; Harvard Junior Fellow,1961-1962; Guggenheim Fellow (England), 1968-1969; National Endowment for the Humanities Senior Fellow, 1972-1973; Elected Fellow of the Medieval Academy,1985; Faculty Research Lecturer, UCSB,1991; Director, NEH Summer Seminar on Religious Dissent in the Middle Ages, 1991; Director, NEH Summer Seminar on the idea of Heaven in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages,1993; Erick Nilson Award,1996.

Member: Mediaeval Academy of America, American Society of Church History, Catholic Historical Association, Medieval Association of the Pacific, Sierra Club, Phi Beta Kappa.

Dr. Russell has published seventeen books and many articles, most of them in his special field, history of theology. He is most noted for his five-volume history of the concept of the Devil, published by Cornell University Press between 1977 and 1988. He would prefer to be most noted for two more recent books, Inventing the Flat Earth (1991), which shows how nineteenth-century anti-Christians invented and spread the falsehood that educated people in the Middle Ages believed that the earth was flat, and A History of Heaven: The Singing Silence, Princeton University Press (1997), a study of the history and meaning of heaven in Christian thought from the beginnings to the time of Dante.

From http://www.id.ucsb.edu:16080/fscf/LIBRARY/RUSSELL/index.html

Jeffrey Burton Russell. The Myth of the Flat Earth, for the American Scientific Affiliation Conference

August 4, 1997 at Westmont College, http://www.id.ucsb.edu:16080/fscf/LIBRARY/RUSSELL/FlatEarth.html

Dr. Scott Russell *** Not in Gale

Poultry Scientist. Associate Professor of Poultry Processing and Products Microbiology, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia. Primary Research Interests: Rapid microbiological methods for predicting the shelflife of broiler chicken carcasses, Rapid microbiological methods for enumerating E. coli from broiler chicken carcasses, Rapid methods for detecting temperature abuse of chicken carcasses

The effect of chemical sanitizers on the ATP bioluminescence reaction. Education: B.S.A. The University of Georgia (Microbiology); M.S. The University of Georgia (Poultry Science); Ph.D. The University of Georgia (Poultry Science).

Patent: Russell, S. M., 1996. A selective additive for enumerating Pseudomonas fluorescens and for predicting the potential shelf-life of fresh poultry, beef, ground beef, fish, and milk using standard and electrical microbiological methods. (Pending)

University of Georgia Department of Poultry Science: Faculty, Dr. Scott M. Russell, Associate Professor of Poultry Processing, and Products Microbiology, http://department.caes.uga.edu/poultry/faculty/russell/russell.htm

Ernest Rutherford, 1^st Baron Rutherford of Nelson

(1871-1937).  British physicist, born in New Zealand.  Founded modern atomic theory, pioneered work in radio-activity, 1904; first to split atom, 1920; Nobelist, 1908.  McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Second MacDonald Professor of Physics, 1898-1907; Manchester University, England, professor of physics, 1907-19; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, England, director, 1919-1937. Served in the British Navy, Board of Invention and Research, during World War I.  In 1896 he was granted the first patent in wireless telemetry.  Ernest Rutherford’s explanation of radioactivity earned him the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but his most renowned achievement was his classic demonstration that the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. He also demonstrated the transmutation of one element into another by splitting the atom. His direction of laboratories in Canada and Great Britain led to such triumphs as the discovery of the neutron and helped to launch high-energy, or particle, physics, which concentrates on the constitution, properties, and interactions of elementary particles of matter.

He received a scholarship to Canterbury College at Christchurch, New Zealand, where he earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1892. He continued studying at Canterbury, earning a master of arts degree with honors in mathematics and mathematical physics in 1893 and a bachelor of science degree in 1894.

He worked with the civilian Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) to obtain grants for his scientific team and served as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science from 1925 to 1930. Beginning in 1933, Rutherford served as president of the Academic Assistance Council, established to assist refugee Jewish scientists fleeing the advance of Nazi Germany.

He died from complications after surgery on a strangulated hernia on "1937" Day="19" Month="10" October 19, 1937, in Cambridge. His cremated remains were buried near the graves of Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin at Westminster Abbey in London.

Honors: Ernest Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances.”  Rumford Medal, 1904; Order of Merit from King George V, 1925; decorated Commander of the British Empire, 1914; decorated peer of the British Empire, 1931.

Author: Radio-Activity, Cambridge University Press, 1904, second edition, 1905; Radioactive Transformations, Scribner, 1906; Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations, Cambridge University Press, 1913; The Electrical Structure of Matter, 1926; (With James Chadwick and C. D. Ellis ) Radiations from Radioactive Substances, G. P. Putnam, 1930; The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements, 1933; The Newer Alchemy, 1937; (With Chadwick, James, editor) Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson, three volumes, 1962-65; (With Badash, Lawrence, editor) Rutherford and Boltwood: Letters on Radioactivity, 1969.

“…you could tell when work was going well in Rutherford’s laboratory: he strode about singing a spirited rendition of  ‘Onward Christian Soldiers.’ His character, full of hearty good humour interspersed with imperious commands, was more that of a boisterous colonial farmer than the world’s leading scholar. Yet by virtue of his forceful personality and an intuition for picking the right experiment, he was a revolutionary.”

Nigel Costley. “’Crocodile’ Launched World Into Atomic Age”, Sunday Star Times,

Lord Rutherford.  http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1908/rutherford-bio.html

http://www.rutherford.org.nz/

http://www.rutherford.org.nz/biography.htm

http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xrutherf.html

http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/rutherford.html:  “Rutherford’s first discovery was that elements are not immutable, but can change their structure naturally, changing from heavy elements to slightly lighter elements. This led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908, at the age of 37, for his work on the transmutation of elements and the chemistry of radioactive material.

“His second discovery, the nuclear model of the atom, became the basis for how we see the atom today: a tiny nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.

“He built on this discovery for his third great achievement, the splitting of the atom, making him, as John Campbell says in his biography of Rutherford in The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, “the world’s first successful alchemist’.”

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bpruth.html

Who was Ernest Rutherford?  http://www.chemistry.co.nz/ernest_rutherford.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Ernest%20Rutherford

Andrew Ruys / Andrew John Ruys

(Born 1964).  Ceramics and biomaterials engineer. Research Fellow, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.  ARC Queen Elizabeth II Research Fellow, University NSW, 2001; U2000 Fellow, University NSW, 1997-2000; Research Fellow, University NSW, 1994-96; Senior Research Associate, University NSW, 1992-93; Research Associate, University NSW, 1991.  Education: B, University NSW, Sydney, Australia, 1987; Ph.D., University NSW, Sydney, Australia, 1992; Dip.BS, Moore College, Sydney, 1993.

Member: Australasian Ceramic Society (secretary NSW chapter 1992, fed. councillor 1994-95, Associate editor Journal 1995), Australian Ceramic Society (Journal referee Composites Science Technology 1997, Ceramics International 1997).

Honors: APD Research Fellow Australian Research Council, Canberra, 1994; Queen Elizabeth II Fellow, Australian Research Council 2001.

Founding editor International Ceramic Monographs, 1994; Contributing editor: Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Vol. 10, 4994; editor: Proceedings of the 2^nd Pacific Rim Ceramics Conference, 1996, Abstracts of the 2^nd International Symposium on Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 1996; Member Editorial Board Interceram; Contributor numerous articles to professional journals and conference proceedings.

Andrew Ruys, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering,

The First Year Interdisciplinary Project. http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/ctl/Synergy/Synergy12/aruys.htm

Dr. Andrew Ruys. Research Fellow in the Centre for Advanced Materials.

 “Intelligent Design Theory Is Not Creationism,” http://www.pastornet.net.au/jmm/articles/1213.htm

“Dr Ruys’s thick skin assists space travel,” http://www.usyd.edu.au/publications/news/2K1116News/1611_ruys.html.The University of Sydney News - 16 November 2000.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Frederik Ruysch *** Not in Gale

(1638-1731).  Dutch anatomist, botanist and physician remembered for his developments in anatomical preservation and the creation of dioramas or scenes incorporating human parts..

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ruysch.html:

Early in his career Ruysch was an eager student of anatomy, who made his name by demonstrating the existence of valves in the lymphatic vessels.  He was named Praelector of Anatomy for the surgeon’s guild of Amsterdam in 1665 and held the position until his death.  Ruysch was always basically an anatomist who was unsurpassed in preparing specimens. He even built and maintained a museum of corpses prepared according to the method he developed; he ultimately sold the collection to Peter the Great, and immediately began assembling another.  As Professor of Botany at the Athenaeum Illustre (in Amsterdam) he gave regular lectures to the surgeons and apothecaries, and he published a description of the rare plants in the garden.

Member: Academia Leopoldina, 1705; Royal Society, 1720; Académie Royal des Sciences (replacing Newton) in 1727.  He was in addition a close friend of Boerhaave.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1142.html.  Associated eponyms: Hirschsprung’s disease, Megacolon due to lack of ganglion cells with failure of development of the myenteric plexus of the rectosigmoid area of the large intestine; Ruysch’s membrane, A thin internal layer behind the retina, composed of a very close capillary network; Ruysch’s muscle, A circular muscle in the fundus uteri; Ruysch’s tube, A minute tubular cavity opening in the nasal septum.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Frederik%20Ruysch.

David A. Sabatini *** Not in Gale
Civil engineer.  Charles L. Blackburn Presidential Professor (2000), School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma.  Sun Oil Company Chair (2001) in Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Associate Director of the Institute for Applied Surfactant Research, and Director of the Environmental and Ground Water Institute at the University of Oklahoma.  Co-Founder and Co-Principal, Surbec Environmental, LLC, Norman, OK (December 1996 – present).

From http://www.clu-in.org/studio/napl_121002/bio.cfm?id=13:
Dr. Sabatini received his B.S. at the University of Illinois-Urbana (1981), his M.S. at Memphis University (1985), and his Ph.D. at Iowa State University (1989). He has been at the University of Oklahoma since 1989 (starting as Associate Professor). Dr. Sabatini’s research has developed microemulsion systems and separation processes for application in the consumer product and environmental fields, and has evaluated chemical transport phenomena in the environment. He is a co-instructor of the popular industrial short course on Applied Surfactant Science and Technology. He has edited three books on surfactant science and technology and has published over 70 peer reviewed articles on related topics. He has been on several editorial boards, most recently including the Annual Surfactants Review series (Sheffield Academic Press) and the Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. In 1997/98 he was a Senior Fulbright Scholar at the Universität Tübingen, Germany.

Honors: The OU Student Association Outstanding Faculty Award for Engineering (1996); MAPCO Distinguished Lectureship Award (OU College of Engineering, 1996, 1997); Regents Award for Superior Teaching (University of Oklahoma - 1995); Outstanding Young Alumnus Award (Iowa State University - 1995).

Faculty webpage, University of Oklahoma.  http://cees.ou.edu/faculty/index.html#sabatini

Homepage: www.soonercity.ou.edu/sabatini/

Surfactant Associates, Inc.  http://www.surfactantassociates.com/ COMPANY PROFILE

Surfactant Associates, Inc. (SA) is a small private corporation formed by University of Oklahoma faculty members with expertise in surfactant science and applications. SA performs contract research for industry and government agencies and has trained thousands of scientists and engineers worldwide with our Short Course in Applied Surfactant Science and Technology, for those in industry requiring surfactant training to expertly optimize product processes and formulation.

David A. Sabatini. “Stress,” http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ouchristianfas/sab_faq.htm

David A. Sabatini.  “The Renewing Power of a Sabbatical: How uprooting my family, leaving behind my job, and spending a year in Europe made me a better educator,” http://www.aahebulletin.com/public/archive/oct99f1.asp.  From the October 1999 AAHE Bulletin (See Sabatical Options for a list of resources)

David A. Sabatini. Testimony: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/OUChristianFAS/sab_test.htm

“I have found my faith in Jesus Christ, as based upon the truths in the Bible, to be consistent with my scientific and intellectual life. I could not respect or accept a God or religion that can not stand up against intellectual scrutiny; at the same time, I can accept the fact that we will never understand everything, in science or religion. These things I know for certain, that God loves us and desires an abundant life for us, that He desires a personal and daily relationship with us, that Jesus Christ is the provision for this personal relationship, and that as we receive Christ as our Lord and Savior we will experience the peace that surpasses all comprehension. I have found these things to be true in my life, and can only hope, and pray, that my experience may encourage others to realize these truths for themselves.”

Girolamo Saccheri, S.J.  / Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri

Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri (1667-1733) was an Italian Jesuit priest and teacher who did pioneering work in the areas of mathematical logic and non-Euclidian geometry.
The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/saccheri.html

Theorems of Saccheri, S.J. - 1733: and his non Euclidean Geometry http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/sacflaw/sacther.htm

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Saccheri.html or http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Saccheri.html

http://www.sciences-en-ligne.com/momo/chronomath/chrono1/Saccheri.html (in French)

Jean Claude Saint-Venant

(1797-1886). Saint-Venant worked mainly on mechanics, elasticity, hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. Perhaps his most remarkable work was that which he published in 1843 in which he gave the correct derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Saint-Venant.html

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Saint-Venant.html

Gregorius Saint Vincent /Gregory of Saint Vincent, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1584-1667).  Belgian mathematician, astronomer and mechanic.  Catholic Jesuit.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/saintvct.html

As an established mathematician Saint Vincent presented a theory of conics from Commandino’s editions of Archimedes (1558), Apollonius (1566), and Pappus (1588). He also developed a useful method of infinitesimals. His Theoramata mathemaica scientiae staticae, (Louvain, 1624), was defended by two of his students, Gualterus van Aebst and Johann Ciermans.

Two other students, Guillaume Boelmans, and Ignaz Derkennis aided him in the preparation of his Problema Austricum on the quadrature of the circle. He requested permission from Mutius Vitelleschi, general of the order, to have his manuscript published in Rome. In 1625 he was called to Rome to modify the work upon Christoph Grienberger’s (Clavius’ successor) request. He returned two years later with no settlement of the issue.

The following year he was called to Prague as the imperial confessor of Emperor Ferdinand II. He suffered a heart attack. Upon recovery he requested an assistant and received Theodor Moret. He continued his research until he fled to Vienna from the advancing Swedes. He left behind many of his papers, which he only received from a colleague ten years later. He published these papers as the Opus geometricum in Antwerp, 1647. When the controversy over the quadrature of the circle in the Opus subsided, he took up another classical problem, the duplication of the cube. He suffered a second heart attack in 1559 and died from a third attack in 1667. His work was completed by A.A. Sarosa. His last pupil, Joachim van Paepenbroek supervised the publication of Gregorius’treatise, Opus ad mesolabum.

Among his earlier works are Theses cometis (1619) and Theses mechanicae (1620).

In 1605 he became a Jesuit novice and was received into the order in 1607. In Louvain, six years later he was ordained a priest.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Gregorius Saint-Vincent,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Saint-Vincent.html

Angelo Sala / Angelus *** Not in Gale

(c. 1576-1637).  Italian-born physician, pharmacologist.  Catholic, then Calvinist.

http://microscopy.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/sala.html:

Angelo Sala was the self-educated son of an Italian spinner whose experiments with silver salts were an important step towards the invention of the photographic process. In 1614, he demonstrated that the sun blackened powdered silver nitrate, as well as paper that was wrapped around it, and published his findings in a pamphlet. Robert Boyle had made a similar observation previously, but mistakenly believed that the darkening resulted from exposure to air, rather than light. It was not until Sala’s discovery was combined with the optics work of many others, however, that photography was finally invented in the 1830s.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sala.html:

Sala began publishing on chemistry and medicines in about 1608-9. He published rather extensively in the genre, including a book of medications in 1624. In 1617 he published a book on the plague and how to cope with it.

Early he was influenced by Paracelsus and published in the Paracelsian tradition. Later Sala became skeptical of some the Paracelsus’ theories, and in his later years he strove to amalgamate Paracelsianism with Galenic medicine.  Sala’s theories on chemical composition were historically important.

The whole family moved to Geneva in the late 16th century, converting to Calvinism.

Denys de Sallo / Denis de Sallo *** Not in Gale

(1626-1669).  French scientific communicator, editor.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sallo.html

Denys de Sallo was the founder of the first scholarly periodical, Journal des scavans. Thirteen weekly issues were published under his editorship in 1665. The Journal responded to several aspects of contemporary life. New facts, theories, and techniques posed issues that changed the basis of the thought of scientists, historians, philosophers, and others. The journal was a record of new books, a readable and critical account of current writings, and a marketable production. In its first three months some eighty publications were discussed. The journal was international from the outset: about half the books reviewed were published in Paris, while the rest came from London, Amsterdam, Rome, and other French and German cities. A quarter of the space was devoted to scientific material. In addition there were reports of current scientific and technological developments: William Petty’s double-hulled vessel and Robert Holme’s use of Huygens’ clocks on the Atlantic voyages. The most important scientific article offered an account of a learned conference on comets held at the college of the Jesuits.

The first three months of the journal’s existence were rather stormy. Sallo managed to make enemies in the Faculty of Medicine, in literary circles, and among the Jesuits. The following nine month interruption has been explained by Sallo’s critical ultramontanism, his mistake in criticizing people unaccustomed to being criticized, and his failure to submit pages for official approval. The Journal was suppressed in 1665, and when publication resumed in 1666 it was under a different editor.

Ippolito Salviani *** Not in Gale

(1514-1572).  Italian physician, zoologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/salviani.html

Salviani published one medical work, De crisibus ad Galeni censuram (1556). He is better known for his monumental work on ichthyology, Aquatilium animalium historiae, published some time between 1554 and 1558. It describes the fish of the Mediterranean.  He was personal physician to Pope Julius III, Pope Paul IV, and Cardinal Cervini, who was Pope Marcellus II for a month before he died.

From 1551 until at least 1568 he was professor of practical medicine at the Sapienza.  In 1565 he was made principal physician of the medical college of Rome.  In 1564 Salviani was named conservatore (registrar) of Rome, an administrative position concerned with the preservation of antiquities.

http://www.salviani.it/ippsal.htm (in Italian)

Ronald G. Samec, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Physicist.  Chair, Science Education, Physics and Astronomy, Bob Jones University Professor of Physics and Engineering, 1996 - present, Department of Physics and Engineering, Astronomy Program, Bob Jones University, Greenville, SC; Chair, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Associate Professor: ‘93 - ‘96, Millikin University, Decatur, IL; Physics and Astronomy, Assistant Professor: ‘87-‘93, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN; Planetarium, Public Observatory Director: ‘87-‘93, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN; A3-P Spitz Planetarium, 0.95-m Cass, J. I. Holcomb Observatory, J.I. Holcomb Observatory, 46208; Graduate Teaching Assistant: ‘82-‘87, Clemson University, Clemson, SC; Taught Astronomy labs (aided in revising manual), College Physics Course, Planetarium instructor, A3-P Spitz Planetarium.

B.A. in Astronomy, University of South Florida; M.S. Science Education, Physics Concentration, The University of South Florida; Ph.D. Physics, Clemson University - 1987

Member: American Physical Society (APS), American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT), American Astronomical Society (AAS), Full Member; Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP); Council on Undergraduate Research (CUR); International Astronomical Union (IAU); IAU Commission 27,42 Member International Amateur-Professional Photoelectric Photometry (IAPPP); Society of Physics Students (SPS); Sigma Pi Sigma (SPS).

http://www.bju.edu/academics/cas/science/faculty/index (scroll down page).

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/samec.html

Ronald G. Samec. “BJU Scientists Speak Out on Creation, Evolution, and the Bible; Proposition 6.”

A student in the Sc 179 course asked this question: “Are the scored moons of the Jovian planets and the tilted axis of Uranus evidences of catastrophic changes within our solar system following the creation?”

http://www.bju.edu/academics/cas/science/creation/panel/response6

Francisco Sanchez / Francisco Sanches *** Not in Gale

(c. 1551-1623).  Portuguese natural philosopher, physician, anatomist, mathematician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sanchez.html:

Sanchez wrote anatomical works and was a careful clinical observer.  His Quod nihil scitur, 1581, was a rigorous skeptical attack on Aristotelian science. Only particulars can be known, but the senses also are imperfect.  He questioned Clavius on mathematics, in print.  Sanchez was of Jewish descent. He adhered to Catholicism.

Allan Rex Sandage

Astronomer Allan Rex Sandage (born 1926) took it as his life’s work to find out how old and how large the universe is. His work led him to conclude the universe is 15 billion to 20 billion years old. Sandage is credited with the discovery of quasars, small blue cosmic objects that may be places where stars are born.  Messianic Jew.

Dr. Allan Sandage.  “A Scientist Reflects on Religious Belief,” http://www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth15.html

“If there is no God, nothing makes sense. The atheist’s case is based on a deception they wish to play upon themselves that follows already from their initial premise. And if there is a God, he must be true both to science and religion. If it seems not so, then one’s hermeneutics (either the pastor’s or the scientist’s) must wrong.”

http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Sandage/index.html

Howard Sanderford

Born on "1935" Day="18" Month="10" October 18, 1935 in Meridian, Mississippi, Howard Sanderford received his Associate of Science degree from Meridian Junior College in 1955 and his Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from Mississippi State University in 1957.  After college, Sanderford served as a Marine Corps Captain from 1957 to 1961. He then worked for the IBM Corporation. Sanderford is currently President of Computer Leasing Company, Inc. Elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1989, he was reelected to a second term in 2002.

Howard Sanderford is a member of the First Baptist Church. He is a past President of the Huntsville Rotary Club, past Chairman of the Madison County Republican Executive Committee, past Co-Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce Free Enterprise Committee, and past Vice President of the Metropolitan YMCA Board. He currently serves as a member of the Alabama Commission on Aerospace Sciences, the Alabama Management Improvement Program, and the Alabama Board of Medical Scholarship Awards.

Official website: http://www.legislature.state.al.us/house/representatives/housebios/hd020.html

Santorio Santorio / Sanctorius

(1561-1636). Italian physician who was the founder of modern quantitative medical research.  Santorio was the first to employ instruments of precision in the practice of medicine, and whose studies of basal metabolism introduced quantitative experimental procedure. In Balkan region (1587-99); professor at Padua (1611-24). Adapted some inventions of his friend Galileo and developed a pulse clock (1602) and a clinical thermometer (1612); investigated insensible perspiration, published results in De statica medicina (1614).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/santorio.html

http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11969/latest/

http://www.saunalahti.fi/arnoldus/santorio.html (Finnish)

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2167.html:

“Written in the form of aphorisms, Santorio presents his research into metabolism, then known as ‘insensible perspiration’. He devised an elaborate weighing chair, and experimented on himself to determine the quantitative changes in the body, only eating and drinking while seated in his chair. Through a long series of experiments and careful record-keeping established that a large part of excretion occurs invisibly through the skin. He employed a pulse-clock, and was the first to use a thermometer in physiological experiments; he was also the ‘inventor’ of the thermometer insofar as he was the first to attach a fixed scale to Galileo’s thermoscope, thus making it a quantitative measuring instrument.
‘Through most of the 17th and 18th centuries Santorio’s name was linked with that of Harvey as the greatest figure in physiology and experimental medicine because of his introduction of precision instruments for quantitative studies. He was also the founder of modern metabolic research’ (Garrison and Morton n. 572.1).”

Jonathan D. Sarfati *** Not in Gale

(Born 1964). Chemist.  Ph.D. in physical chemistry (spectroscopy) from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand;  B.S. (Hons) in chemistry from Victoria University of Wellington.

Author: Refuting Evolution (available in Russian), Refuting Evolution 2 (with Michael Matthews),

Answers Book (edited by Don Batten) with Ken Ham and Carl Wieland (available in Albanian, German, Hungarian, Russian and Spanish), Answers to the 4 Big Questions (edited by Don Batten) with Ken Ham and Carl Wieland (available in Spanish ), Mammoth: Riddle of the Ice Age (available in Spanish), Why is there Death & Suffering? with Ken Ham (Italian translation in article form),

Refuting Compromise

http://www.youngearth.org/Safati.htm

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/j_sarfati.asp

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/sarfati-j.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

James Lewis Sartin, Jr.

(Born February 15, 1952).  Physiologist.

http://www.vetmed.auburn.edu/~sartijl/:

Dr. James Sartin, Professor of Physiology in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and the Department of Animal Health Research, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. He received his BA in Psychology from Auburn University in 1973, MS in Zoology from Auburn University in 1976 and a Ph.D. in Physiology from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater in 1978. He was a Teaching Associate at Oklahoma State from 1978-1979 before beginning postdoctoral training at Temple University, Philadelphia from 1979-1981. Dr. Sartin spent an additional year on the faculty as a staff biologist at Temple University before joining the faculty at Auburn (Alabama) University in 1982. Assistant Professor physiology Auburn University, 1982-87, Associate Professor, 1987-92, Professor, 1992.

Dr. Sartin’s primary research and teaching interests are in the area of endocrinology. The general thrust of research has been in the area of control of appetite in sheep, particularly orexin, neuropeptide Y, melanin concentrating hormone and AGRP.

Member AAAS, International Society Neuroendocrinology, American Physiol. Society, American Society Animal Science, Endocrine Society Democrat. Baptist.

Dr. Sartin is editor of Domestic Animal Endocrinology.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Philip William Sary

(Born 1950).  Science and mathematics educator.  Certified mathematics and science adult education Teacher, life sciences secondary Teacher Youth minister First Baptist Church, Lincoln, California, 1973-78; fisheries biologist, Code Fisheries, Lincoln, 1979; instructo,r Chapman College, Vallejo, California, 1982. B.S. California State University-Hayward, 1973; M.Div., Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary, 1982.

Associate pastor Redwood Baptist Church, Napa, California, 1979-86; lead singer Cornerstone, Lincoln, 1973-76; soloist concerts, 1975. Composer of Christian rock songs, 1972; marine animal illustrator, 1971.

Member: Biblical Archeology Society.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Joseph Saurin *** Not in Gale

(1659-1737).  French-born mathematician, mechanic. Calvinist, then Catholic (after 1690)

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/saurin.html:

Firmly committed to the new infinitesimal calculus, Saurin explored the limits and possibilities of its methods and defended it against criticism based on lack of understanding.  He provided neat algebraic demonstrations of Huygens’s theorem on centrifugal force, and defended Huygens’s theory of the pendulum.

Many of his works appeared in the Mémoires of the Académie from 1707-31.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1707.  By 1702, as a mathematical editor for the Journal des scavans, he was involved in disputes, most notably with Rolle, over infinitesimal calculus. Failing to get a satisfactory response from Rolle, he appealed to the Academy, of which Rolle was a member. The Academy avoided a direct decision in favor of an outsider by naming him an élève géometre in March 1707 and a full pensionnaire géometre in May 1707.

He entered the Calvinist ministry in 1684 as curate of Eure. Outspoken in the pulpit, he soon had to take refuge in Switzerland. No less combative in exile, he refused at first to sign the Consensus of Geneva (1685). The pressure brought on him as a result apparently weakened his Calvinist persuasion. In 1690 he embraced Roman Catholicism.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Joseph Saurin,”

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Saurin.html: Saurin made contributions to the calculus, wrote on Jacob Bernoulli's problem of quickest descent and Huygens' theory of the pendulum.

Joseph Sauveur

(1653-1716). French physicist and acoustician. A deaf-mute, learning to speak in his seventh year, he became a remarkable investigator in the realm of acoustics. He was the first to calculate absolute vibration numbers, and to explain scientifically the phenomenon of overtones.Professor, College de France (1686); engaged at siege of Mons to apply his principles of fortification (1691).  In 1696 he became a member of the Académie.

Author: (all published in the Mémoires of the Académie): Principes d’acoustique et de musique (1700-01); Application des sons harmoniques à la composition des jeux d’orgue (1702); Méthode générale pour former des systèmes tempérés... (1707); Table générale des systèmes tempérés (1711); Rapports des sons des cordes d’instruments de musique aux flèches des cordes (1713).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sauveur.html

Sir Henry Savile

(1549-1622). English scholar. Tutor in Greek to Queen Elizabeth; warden of Merton College, Oxford (1585-1622); translated four books of the Historiae of Tacitus (1591). One of scholars appointed to prepare Authorized Version of the Bible, assigned parts of Gospels, Acts, and Book of Revelation (1604 ff.). Published editions of St.Chrysostom (1610-13) and Xenophon's Cyropaedia (1613). Founded and endowed Savile professorships of geometry and astronomy, Oxford (1619).

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson. “Sir Henry Savile,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Savile.html

Henry Savile entered Brasenose College Oxford in 1561 and he was elected a Fellow of Merton College Oxford in 1565. He graduated with an B.A. in 1566 and an M.A. in 1570.

On 10 October 1570 he began to lecture at Oxford on Ptolemy's Almagest. Savile introduced his students to the new ideas of Regiomontanus and Copernicus. He mentions both classical authors of mathematics, giving their biographies, and the leading mathematicians of the day whose works he had clearly studied. In the introduction to the lectures Savile gives his views on why students should study mathematics. The study of mathematics, argues Savile, turns a student into an educated, civilised human being.

Savile is most famous for founding two chairs at Oxford in 1619. Savile said that he established the Chairs to remedy the fact that:  “... geometry is almost totally unknown and abandoned in England.”

“Savilian Chairs of Geometry and Astronomy,” http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/Savilian.html.  Lists mathematicians and astronomers who have held these chairs.

http://58.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SA/SAVILE_SIR_HENRY.htm

Archibald Henry Sayce

(1845-1933). English philologist. Authority on Near Eastern languages; tutor (1870-90), Professor (1891-1919) at Oxford. Author of Assyrian Grammarfor Comparative Purposes (1872), Introduction to the Science of Language (1879), The Monuments of the Hittites (1881), The Early History of the Hebrews (1897), Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations (1898), The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions (1907), Reminiscences (1923), etc.

http://9.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SA/SAYCE_ARCHIBALD_HENRY.htm

http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=293&letter=S

PITTS THEOLOGY LIBRARY ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS DEPARTMENT  SAYCE, A. H. (ARCHIBALD HENRY), 1845-1933. Letters, 1876-1918. http://www.pitts.emory.edu/Archives/text/mss264.html

Julius Caesar Scaliger / Bordon / Bordonius

(1484-1558). Italian physician, pharmacologist, botanist, natural philosopher and scholar. He claimed descent from della Scala family and changed name to Scaliger. Practiced medicine in Agen, France (from 1524); naturalized (1528). Established fame with orations against Erasmus’s Ciceronianus (1531, 1536). Writings, all in Latin, included verse; a Latin grammar on scientificprinciples De causis linguae latinae (1540); De plantis (1556); and Poetice (1561), a treatise on poetics which helped foster Classicism. Best known for his philosophical and scientific writings, including commentaries on works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, Theophrastus, and esp. his Exercitationes exotericae de subtilitate (1557) on Cardano’s De subtilitate. His son (1540-1609) was one of the most renowned scholars of his time; became a Protestant (1562); professor, Geneva (1572-74), Leiden (from 1593). Helaid down and applied in his editions of Catalecta, of Festus, Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius, rules of criticism and of textual emendation that laid the foundation for modern textual criticism. His edition of Manilius (1579) and his Opus de emendatione temporum (1583) revolutionized accepted ideas on ancient chronology and laid the foundation of the modern study of the subject; in his Thesaurus temporum (1606) he collected, often restoring defective texts, all available extant chronological writings of classic Greek and Latin; established numismatics as a tool of historical research.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/scaliger.html:

He presented editions of three ancient treatises in which he tried to effect a new and more consistent classification of plants. He felt it was necessary to submit everything to examination and not to embrace ancient authorities with 'servile adulation'.

During his tour in the army he studied medicine and collected medicinal herbs in Northern Italy.

He first established his fame by a savage attack on Erasmus (Paris, 1531). He confirmed his fame with a critique of Cardano expressed in his Exotericarum exercitationem (1557), which won him the admiration of Bacon and Leibniz.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13506a.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Julius%20Caesar%20Scaliger

http://www.portaljuice.com/julius_caesar_scaliger.html

http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.php?title=Julius_Caesar_Scaliger

Joseph Justus Scaliger

(1540-1609).  French scholar, founded Julian period of scientific chronology.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Joseph+Justus+Scaliger

JOSEPH JUSTUS SCALIGER (de la Scala) http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/philo/galerie/neuzeit/scaliger.htm (in German)

http://www.onlineencyclopedia.org/j/jo/joseph_justus_scaliger.html

Paula Renee Scarbrough

(Born July 13, 1954).  Geneticist.  Intern in pediatrics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, 1978-79, resident in pediatrics, 1979-80; fellow in Medical genetics University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1980-82, clinical instructor, fellow Medical genetics, 1982-83; staff clinical geneticist, Laboratory Medical Genetics, 1983; member staff University of Alabama Hospitals and Clinics, Birmingham; consultant St. Vincent’s Hospital, Brookwood Medical Center, Baptist Medical Center-Montclair, all Birmingham.  B.S. in Biology, Spring Hill College, 1974; M.D., University of Alabama, 1978.

Honors:  Recipient Toolen award Spring Hill College, 1974; President’s scholar in biology Spring Hill College, 1974.

Member: American Woman’s Medical Association. Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Henry F. “Fritz” Schaefer, III / Henry Frederick Schaefer, III

(Born 1944).  Chemist, educator.  Dr. “Fritz” Schaefer is the Graham Perdue Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry at the University of Georgia, Athens (since 1987). He has been nominated for the Nobel Prize and was recently named the third-most cited chemist in the world.  Previous posts: from Assistant Professor to Professor chemistry, University of Californiat at Berkeley, 1969-87. Appointed Professeur d'Echange University Paris, 1977, Gastprofessor Eidgenossische Technische Hochshule, Zurich, 1994, 95, 97, 2000, 02, 04; Wilfred T. Doherty Professor, dir. Inst. Theoretical Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, 1979-80; Lecturer in field.  Education: BS, MIT, 1966; Ph.D., Stanford University, 1969; Doctorate, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 1998; Doctorate, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, 1999; Doctorate, Beijing Inst. Tech., 1999; Doctorate, Huntington College, Indiana, 2002.

Member: Fellow AAAS, American Physics Society, American Science Affiliation; International Academy Quantum Molecular Science, American Chemistry Society (Chairman division of  phys. chemistry 1992, award in theoretical chemistry 2003, Ira M. Remsen award 2003), World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (president, 1996). The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia at http://www.uga.edu/cff/

Honors: Recipient Pure Chemistry award American Chem. Society, 1979, Leo Hendrik Baekeland award, 1983, Schrödinger Medal, 1990, Centenary medal Royal Society Chemistry, London, 1992, Gold medal Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2000; Sloan fellow, 1972, Guggenheim fellow, 1976-77; named one of 100 Outstanding Young Scientists in American, Science Digest, 1984, named 3rd Most Highly cited chemist in world Science Watch, 1992.

Author: Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? 2003. http://apollostrust.com/

Contributor of more than 1000 articles to professional journals including The Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules: A Survey of Rigorous Quantum Mechanical Results, 1972, Modern Theoretical Chemistry, 1977, Quantum Chemistry, 1983, A New Dimension to Quantum Chemistry, 1994; editor Molecular Physics, 1991-94, editor in chief, 1995.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Home page: http://www.leaderu.com/offices/schaefer/index.html

Biography: http://www.leaderu.com/offices/schaefer/docs/biosketch.html

His testimony: http://www.leaderu.com/offices/schaefer/docs/wayofdiscovery.html

His apologetic can be found here:

http://www.leaderu.com/offices/schaefer/docs/questions.html

“Scientists and Their Gods (also known as Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence?)” – which discusses scientists who are Christians—can be found here:

http://leaderu.com/offices/schaefer/docs/scientists.html and here:

http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/passmore/Christaf/notes/hfs.txt

See also http://www.westminsterhall.us/hfs3/fs_scientists_gods.html and http://www.westminsterhall.us/hfs3/index.html

Faculty webpage, University of Georgia: http://zopyros.ccqc.uga.edu/group/Dr.Schaefer.html

“The significance and joy in my science comes in the occasional moments of discovering something new and saying to myself, ‘So that’s how God did it!’ My goal is to understand a little corner of God’s plan.”
From Sheler, J. L. and J.M. Schrof, “The Creation”, U.S. News and World Report,

Richard H. Schaefer

(Born 1935).  Marine biologist.  1962-72, fishery research biologist (Marine), New York Dept. of Environmental Conservation; 1972-81, Chief, State/Federal Relationships Division, 1981-84, Senior Constituent Affairs Officer, 1984-87, Acting Director, Northeast Region, 1987-96, Director, Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, and 1996-present, current position, Dept. of Commerce.  Education: B.S., Rutgers University, NJ, 1953-57; M.S.,Forestry and Wildlife, Rutgers University, NJ, 1957-59.  Presbyterian.

“Richard H. Schaefer.” Carroll's Federal Directory. Carroll Publishing, 2004.

TESTIMONY OF RICHARD H. SCHAEFER, NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON FISHERIES CONSERVATION, WILDLIFE AND OCEANS, U. S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, http://www.ogc.doc.gov/ogc/legreg/testimon/106s/schaefer0428.htm.

Arthur L. Schawlow

Arthur L. Schawlow (1921-1999), a co-inventor of the laser, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for work in laser spectroscopy, and recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1991, made fundamental contributions to the fields of laser and maser spectroscopy. In this field of spectroscopy, spectra that have been amplified by either a laser or a maser are examined in order to discover properties of a targeted material. Schawlow is also remembered as an important professor, Lecturer, and highly visible member of the scientific community.

Autobiography: http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1981/schawlow-autobio.html

http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1981b.html

http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/people/faculty/schawlow_arthur.html

Professor Steven Chu.  “A Tribute to Arthur L. Schawlow,” http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/newsletter/1999/04tribute.html

http://www.bell-labs.com/about/history/laser/invention/schawlow-bio.html

Arthur L. Schawlow. Arthur L. Schawlow. Regional Oral History Office, University of California, Berkeley1998.   Available from the Online Archive of California, http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt5b69n7k2/

Ben Clausen.  Men of Science and of Faith in God, http://www.grisda.org/bclausen/papers/co40.htm

Jakob Schegk / Jacobus Schegkius / Scheggius / Degen *** Not in Gale

(1511-1587).  German scholastic philosopher, physician.  Catholic, then Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/schegk.html

Schegk’s first publication was a general compendium of Aristotelian physics. This set the tone of his life’s work as a devoted Aristotelian, who became known as the leading Aristotelian in Germany. Strictly speaking, he does not appear to have been a Scholastic, but that seems the only suitable category.  He also published some on medicine.

From 1531-77, he taught philosophy, logic, and medicine at the University of Tübingen, at some point becoming professor of medicine and aristotelian philosophy. He was rector of the university six times. Schegk became blind in 1577, and in that year resigned his position, though he did not cease to publish.

Reared as a Catholic, Schegk accepted without protest the conversion of Tübingen to Lutheranism.

Christoph Scheiner / Christopher Scheiner, S.J.

(1573-1650). German astronomer. Member of Jesuit order; discovered existence of sunspots independently of Galileo (1611); adhered to theory of a stable earth with a moving sun; invented a pantograph.

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Scheiner/1.html

German astronomer who carried out one of the earliest studies of sunspots and made significant improvements to the helioscope and the telescope. In about 1605 he invented the pantograph, an instrument used for copying plans and drawings to any scale.

“Christopher Scheiner, S.J. (1575-1650) sunspots and his equatorial mount,” http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/scheiner.htm:

He discovered sunspots independently of Galileo and explained the elliptical form of the sun near the horizon as the effect of refraction. In his Oculus (1619) he showed that the retina is the seat of vision. He discussed the theory behind sundials (gnomonics) and their construction. In his major work, Rosa ursina sive sol (1630), he confirmed his findings and method and gave his measurement of the inclination of the axis of rotation of the sunspots to the plane of the ecliptic which is only off a few minutes from the true value.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/scheiner.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13526a.htm

http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m12126/latest/

http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/scheiner.html

http://www.bingo-ev.de/~ks451/ingolsta/cs-01.htm (in German)

Curriculum vitae.  http://www.bingo-ev.de/~ks451/ingolsta/cs-06.htm (in German)

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Scheiner.htm (in French)

Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer *** Not in Gale

(Born 1955).  Paleoanthropologist.  Ph.D. in physical anthropology.  Since 1999 independent activity as accredited Christian Beraterin of the Ignis-Akademie für Christliche Psychologie /Ignis academy for Christian psychology.  Hartwig-Scherer earned the Ph.D. in physical anthropology at the University of Zurich, studying under R. D. Martin (1986-1993). Her doctoral work was in the field of skeletal ontogeny and hominoid phylogeny. She was research Fellow at the Institute for Anthropology and Human Genetics at Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich (1993-2001). Her articles have been published in such journals as the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and the Journal of Human Evolution, and she is the author of Ramapithecus—Vorfahr des Menschen? [Ramapithecus—Progenitor of Humans?] (Pascal Verlag). As a member of American and German anthropological and primatological societies she lectures widely. Her current research deals with comparative pre- and postnatal skeletal developments in primates.

http://www.gospelcom.net/cgi-ivpress/author.pl/author_id=1108

Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer.  “Apes or Ancestors? Interpretations of the Hominid Fossil Record within Evolutionary and Basic Type Biology,” abstract, http://www.origins.org/mc/menus/abstracts.html

at the Mere Creation conference. Dr Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer regards australopithecines, modern apes and humans as separate basic types.

Contact page: http://www.ctl-beratung.de/kontakt.htm

Translated from http://www.ctl-beratung.de/beraterin.htm: “Theologically I am close to the clergyman municipality renewal of the Evangelist church and belong to the Agape community Munich (www.agape.de) .  I know myself connected with Glaeubigen of all Christian denominations by Jesus. Since 1979 I am married with Siegfried Scherer. Our marriage is inadvertently childless. We live in Freising in a Christian partnership.”

Siegfried Scherer

(Born 1955).  Microbiologist.  Dr. Siegfried Scherer is Professor of Microbial Ecology and Director of the Unit of Microbiology at the Technische Universität München, located in Freising-Weihenstephan.  The Unit of Microbiology is one of six units forming the Zentalinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL).  Study of biology, chemistry and physics, Universität of Konstanz, 1974; Staatsexamen in chemistry and physics (similar to B.Sc.), 1977; Diplom in biology (equivalent to M.Sc.), 1979; 1983 Ph.D. in biology, Universität Konstanz, (Professor Dr. P. Böger): “Interaction of photosynthesis and respiration in cyanobacteria”, 1983; Post doctorate at Universität Konstanz,
Physiology, bioenergetics and biochemistry of cyanobacteria, transport; processes at the cytoplasmic membrane; ecophysiology of terrestrial cyanobacteria; molecular taxonomy and evolution, 1983-1988; BYK-Research Award, 1984; Visit of the Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing (Professor Dr. Chen, Ting-Wei): Ecological field studies of terrestrial cyanobacteria, 1986; Department of Biochemistry, VirginiaTech, Blacksburg, USA (Professor Dr. M. Potts): Molecular biology of terrestrial cyanobacteria, 1988-1989; Research Fellow of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft at Universität Konstanz; Research in molecular ecology of cyanobacteria and protein evolution, 1989-1990; Habilitation at the Fakultät für Biologie der Universität Konstanz: “Plant physiology” and “Microbial ecology”, February 1991; Professor of Microbial Ecology, Technische Universität München and Director of the Institute of Microbiology at FML, April 1991 to present.

Faculty webpage, http://www.wzw.tum.de/micbio/institute.htm

Curriculum vitae, http://www.wzw.tum.de/micbio/institute.htm

Helmut Klaes “Creation!  Professor Dr. Siegfried Scherer leads Institut for Microbiology at the Technical University of Munich in Weihenstephan,”

http://alt-fgbmfi.christen-im-beruf.de/voice/voice201/scherer.htm, translated from German:

Scherer:  “God is not only the creator but also the Erhalter of the universe. The whole universe exists, because it will be carried through God wisdom and strength and finally completed. That applies however not only to the world, but also to me personally. He is my creator, my Erhalter and Vollender, me up-arouses becomes from the dead ones at the end of the time. The person Jesus is for me the key to the life. As humans and God at the same time, I owe eternal life, my release and sin assigning to Him.

“I do not see a contrast between occupation and faith. There is only the one reality created by God. God is with me in my work in the laboratory and exactly the same on Sunday in the church. Between science and faith I do not see a contrast. The Bible says: In Jesus all treasures of the wisdom and the knowledge are hidden. [Colossians 2:2-3]  In addition belongs also the knowledge, which we acquire as scientists. I research as a Christian.

“Do not let from the ‘ white smocks ‘ in the media impress itself too much. Behind each laboratory coat humans with its errors, fears and hopes hide themselves. Scientists are also only humans, like that as we all.”

Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli

(1835-1910). Italian astronomer. Observer (1860), director (1862-1900), Milan observatory; discovered asteroid Hesperia (1861); showed that meteor swarms travel in cometary orbits (1865); observed numerous double stars; observed markings on Mars which he called canali (1877); believed that Mercury and Venus rotate on their axes in the same time as they revolve around the sun.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=eworldsci0300&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Schiaparelli/

http://www.bpccs.com/lcas/Articles/schiaparelli.htm

Wilhelm Schickard

(1592-1635).  German astronomer, mathematician, cartographer, instrument-maker.  Lutheran.
http://www.fact-index.com/w/wi/wilhelm_schickard.html:  “Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) built the first automatic calculator in 1623. This makes him the father of the computing era, and one of the most remarkable figures in recorded history.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/schickrd.html

Schickard was a skilled mechanic, cartographer, and engraver in wood and copperplate. He is famous as the inventor of the first calculating machine (1623). And he proposed to Kepler the development of a mechanical means of calculating ephemerides.

He is more significant for his work in cartography. He recognized that certain contemporary developments in cartographer made more accurate maps possible, and he advocated their use in Kurze Anweisung, wie künstliche Landtafeln auss rechtem Grund zu machen (1629). He also appears to have undertaken a survey of Württemberg.  He also invented a “hand planetarum” (it is actually more like an orrery).

In 1613-19, he acted as deacon or pastor in several towns around Tübingen (e.g., in 1614 he was deacon at Nürtingen).  In1619, he was Professor of Hebrew, University of Tübingen.  In 1631, he became Professor of astronomy, University of Tübingen.

Connections: He was a student, colleague, and eventual successor of Mästlin. He was a friend and correspondent of Kepler from 1617, and was among the first to mention and advocate Keplerian astronomy. He also corresponded with Boulliau, Gassendi, and Brengger.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Wilhelm Schickard,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Schickard.html

Author: Benjamin Nill Tutors: Bernd Eberhard, Frank Hanisch.  Java 3D-Simulation of the Schickard Calculator from 1623.  http://www.gris.uni-tuebingen.de/projects/schickard/index.html. “The Schickard Calculator is the first known mechanical calculator to add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was invented by the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623, but remained unknown for 300 years. In 1960 it was reconstructed by Baron Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff. In this study work a simulation of the reconstructed calculator was done using a Java 3D-applet. This makes it possible to perform calculations like Schickard did, watch the calculator from any view point you like and even gain an insight view of case.”

About Schickard and his calculator. http://www.gris.uni-tuebingen.de/projects/schickard/studw_1.pdf

http://www.thocp.net/biographies/schickard_wilhelm.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Wilhelm%20Schickard:

Contemporaries called his machine the Calculating Clock. It precedes the less versatile Pascaline of Blaise Pascal and the calculator of Gottfried Leibniz by several decades. Schickard’s letters to Johannes Kepler show how to use the machine for calculating astronomical tables. Schickard’s machine, however, was not programmable. The first design of a programmable computer came roughly 200 years later (Charles Babbage). And the first working program-controlled machine was completed more than 300 years later (Konrad Zuse ‘s Z3, 1941).

Wilhelm Schickard Museum of Computing History at Concordia University Wisconsin.  http://www.cs.cuw.edu/museum/Index.html

http://www.cs.cuw.edu/museum/Schickard.html

Robert E. Schlegel *** Not in Gale

Industrial engineer.  Professor of Industrial Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Oklahoma.  Associate Director for Research, Center for the Study of Wireless Electromagnetic Compatibility, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK. (August 1996 - December 1999). At the NASA Ames Research Center, he conducted bedrest study at Human Research Facility to examine effects of 17 days of continuous bedrest on cognitive processing skills. (Summer 1995).  At the NASA Johnson Space Center, he provided support from the JSC Science Monitoring Area for the PAWS experiment on International Microgravity Laboratory 2 (IML-2;1994) and Life and Microgravity Space Lab (LMS; 1996) aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia. Research involved determining the effects of microgravity and fatigue on the cognitive skills of space shuttle astronauts. At General Motors Corporation, Detroit, MI, he was Instructor for Human Information Processing section of intensive ergonomics course. (September 1994). He received his B.S. (Industrial Engineering With Distinction), University of Oklahoma, 1973 and his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from the University of Oklahoma, Norman in 1980.

Member: U.S. Air Force Summer Faculty Research Fellow, Brooks AFB, Texas. (Summer 1992; Summer 1982); U.S. Air Force Summer Faculty Research Fellow, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. (Summer 1984); Professional Societies Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; Institute of Industrial Engineers (President, Oklahoma City Chapter, 1984); Alpha Pi Mu, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Tau, Phi Eta Sigma.

Awards and Honors: Regents Award for Superior Research and Creative Activity, University of Oklahoma (2000); AAMI Annual Meeting Management and Technology Outstanding Manuscript Award for paper “Impact of CDMA Wireless Phone Power Output and Puncture Rate on Hearing Aid Interference Levels”, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation - co-authored with T. Fry and H. Grant (1999); OSPE Outstanding Engineer of the year (1999); Outstanding Engineer, OSPE Canadian Valley (1998); Professional Engineer Achievement Award (1998), Canadian Valley, Norman Chapter of Profesional Engineers; CoE Distinguished Lecturer Award (1998); Young Engineering Educators, Society of Automotive Engineers (1984, 1991); Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award for Outstanding Young Engineering Educators, Society of Automotive Engineers (1991, 1984);
OTT Foundation Honorable Mention Award for paper “Spectral Analysis in Quality Control: A Control Chart Based on the Periodgram”, Technometrics, 30(1), 63-70, 1988. (1989); Regents Award for Superior Teaching, University of Oklahoma (1988); Outstanding Professor of Industrial Engineering (1984, 1986); and others.

Faculty webpage, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Oklahoma.

http://www.coe.ou.edu/ie/people/fac/schlegel.htm

F. Hank Grant and Robert E. Schlegel.  “Planar Separation Effects: Pacemakers and Wireless Phones,”

http://www.devicelink.com/mddi/archive/98/09/008.html. This article presents the results of experimental work undertaken to determine the minimum separation distance required to eliminate electromagnetic interference (EMI) between wireless phones and cardiac pacemakers.

Jeffrey P. Schloss, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Ecologist, Evolutionary Biologist.  Professor of Biology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA: Biology Department: Chair (1989-1996); Professor - (1993- ); Associate Professor (1987- 93); Assistant Professor (1981-87). Wheaton College Science Station: Visiting Instructor (Summers 1989-present).

He also serves as Director of Biological Programs for the Christian Environmental Association (1993-present) and science consultant for the Christian College Coalition Faculty Development Program in Faith & Learning.

Jeffrey P. Schloss received his undergraduate training in philosophy at University of the Pacific and in biology at Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois, 1975. He pursued post baccalaureate training in ecology and evolutionary biology at University of Virginia, University of Michigan, and Washington University, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences at St. Louis, Missouri, where he received a Ph.D. in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology in 1983. He has taught at the University of Michigan, Wheaton College, Jaguar Creek Rainforest Research Station. He has been a Danforth Fellow, a AAAS Fellow in Science Communication and a Fellow of the Discovery Institute. His dual research interests include ecophysiological adaptions of poikilohydric plants to forest microclimate, and sociobiological theories of human altruism and religious faith.

From Jeffrey P. Schloss.  Professor of Biology, Westmont College, http://www.id.ucsb.edu/Veritas/2000/schloss.html

Charter Member, International Society for Science & Religion; Fellow, Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture with the Discovery Institute.

Awards: Templeton Award for Science/Religion College Coursework, 1995; Monroe Award for Outstanding Teaching, Westmont College, 1987, 1993; Elected Member, Society for Values in Higher Education, 1982; Danforth Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1979; Fellow in Science Communication, University of Virginia Mountain Lake Fellow, 1976.

Curriculum vitae: http://www.templeton.org/biochem-finetuning/papers/schloss_cv.doc

Jeffrey P. Schloss, Professor of Biology, Westmont College.  “Evolutionary Theories of Human Nature:
Maginot Line or Armistice Site for Theism/Naturalism Conflict?”

http://www.leaderu.com/offices/koons/docs/Schloss.html

Dr. Jeffrey P. Schloss, Professor of Biology, Faculty webpage, Wheaton College,  http://www.wheaton.edu/BlackHills/faculty/schloss.html.  “My professional involvements were forged as an undergraduate at a Christian liberal arts college and include longstanding, bifurcated interests in field biology (ecophysiology of water balance) and integrative issues (theological and biological perspectives on human nature).”

Gaspar Schott, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1608-1666).  German physicist, mathematician, natural philosopher, instrument-maker.  Catholic, joined Jesuit order in 1627.

From http://www.prbm.com/interest/math.shtml:

Gaspar (or Kaspar) Schott (1608–1666), Jesuit, mathematician, and physicist, taught at Palermo, Mainz, and Würzburg. His chief work is the Magia universalis. He also was the author of Mechanica hydraulica-pneumatica (1657) among other works, and is credited with reviving the study of physics in Germany.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/schott.html:

Schott is most widely known for his works on hydraulic and mechanical instruments. A treatise on “chronometric marvels” contains the first description of a universal joint and the classification of gear teeth.

He developed a leveling instrument for use in surveying.  As a result of his compendium, Mechanica hydraulico- pneumatica, he became the center of a network of correspondence from other Jesuits as well as lay experimenters.  He received letters from Guericke and Huygens, and was the first to make Boyle’s work on the air pump widely known in Germany.

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/schott.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13589a.htm

Johann Jakob Scheuchzer *** Not in Gale

(1672-1733).  Swiss paleontologist, geographer, botanist, natural historian, mathematician, mineralogist.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/schuchzr.html

While still a student in Zürich, he was active in the circle around Dr. Wagner which was interestedin natural history.  In1694, he was invited to join the “Collegium der Wohlgesinnten,” a Zürich science society.  In 1697, he became actuary of the Wohlgesinnten and remained such for 10 years until the decay of the society.

He was also selected as the “Dog Days Lecturer,” which was apparently a municipal institution to provide edification for students during the summer vacation.  In 1697, he became (on the recommendation of Johann Wagenseil) a member of the Academia naturae curiosum (the Leopoldina), under the name Akarnan.

1708, He became a fellow of the Royal Society. He carried on an extensive scientific correspondence--see Steiger.

http://5.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SC/SCHEUCHZER_JOHANN_JAKOB.htm

http://www.fact-index.com/j/jo/johann_jakob_scheuchzer.html

http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/exhibit/sonne/biogrScheuchzer03.html (in German)

http://www.lexhist.ch/externe/protect/textes/d/D14622.html (in German)

http://www.knowlex.org/lexikon/Johann_Jacob_Scheuchzer.html (in German)

Agostino Scilla

(1629-1700).  Italian painter, paleontologist, geologist.  Agostino Scilla inaugurated the modern scientific study of fossils.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/scilla.html:

He is particularly remembered as the author of La vana speculazione disingannata dal senso (1670), one of the classics of geology and paleontology.  Scilla was primarily a painter. After he left Messina, his paintings were largely pastoral, so that he had an obvious interest in natural history. He accompanied Boccone on his botanical expeditions to Sicily and was cited by Boccone quite favorably.  In the field of learning his primary interst was not science but numismatics.

In Messina Scilla was a member of the Accademia della Fucina, an academy of literature and science.

In Rome Scilla became a member of the academy of painting (I think this is the Accademia di S. Luca) and eventually its president.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/scilla.html (in Italian)

Dr. Linda S. Schwab *** Not in Gale

Chemist.  Professor.  Dr. Schwab has been a member of the faculty of Wells College, Aurora, NY since 1983, following employment as an Associate in the Center for Brain Research at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, and a Teaching Fellow at Northeastern Seminary since 2001. B.A. in Chemistry, Summa cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa, Wells College, 1973; M.S. (1975), Ph.D. in Chemistry, University of Rochester, 1978; M. Div., Northeastern Seminary, 2003.

She is a Conference Ministerial Candidate in the Free Methodist Church of North America, and is serving at First Church of Christ in Pittsfield (MA).

Linda S. Schwab, Professor of Chemistry.  “INTEGRATING FAITH AND SCIENCE,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Youth%20Page/teachers5-2000.html. Introductory Remarks as Panelists for the Campus Ministry Luncheon Series. Topic: “Faith and Science”. Cayuga Community College, Auburn, NY,

“Wells Continues Partnership with Walter Reed Research Institute,”  http://www.wells.edu/whatsnew/wnnwar20.htm.  May 1988.  “A visit by two professors to Washington D.C. has helped strengthen a bond between Wells College and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research which is contributing to the study of tropical diseases and science education for women.

For several years, Professor of Biology Margaret G. Flowers and Professor of Chemistry Linda S. Schwab have included research components in their college science classes that allow students to test various medicinal plants for their ability to fight tropical diseases. Their current work involves dogwood and the roadside plant, Joe Pye Weed.”

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Theodor Ambrose Hubert Schwann

The German biologist and physiologist Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) is regarded as father of cytology; co-founded cell theory; coined term “metabolism.”  He also discovered pepsin, the first digestive enzyme prepared from animal tissue, and experimented to disprove spontaneous generation.

http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data/per136.html

http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schwann.htm

Theodor Schwann.  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13592b.htm

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Schwann.html

http://39.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SC/SCHWANN_THEODOR.htm

Anton Maria Schyrle of Rhetia *** Not in Gale

From http://www.europa.com/~telscope/bintlhst.txt

Anton Maria Schyrle (c.1604-1660), originally from Rheita, Bohemia, lived as a priest in Bohemia, Belgium and Italy from 1597 to 1660.  He developed several inverting and erecting eyepieces, and is credited with bringing into use the terms ‘ocular’ and ‘objective’.   Rheita published a very influential book on optics in 1645, his Oculus Enoch.

Biography in German: www.kultur.ausserfern.at/mus3d.htm

Dr. Ida Scudder *** Not in Gale

(1870-1960). Missionary, surgeon and founder of India’s first nursing school for women.  In 1899, Ida Scudder was one of the first women graduates of the Cornell Medical College. Shortly thereafter, she returned to India and opened a one-bed clinic in Vellore in 1900. Two years later, in 1902, she built a 40-bed hospital, the forerunner of today’s 1700-bed medical center. In 1909, she started the School of Nursing, and in 1918, her fondest dream came true with the opening of a medical school for women. (Men were admitted in 1947).

Glimpses, Issue #113: Ida Scudder: A Woman Who Changed Her Mind, http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps113.shtml

http://cmch-vellore.edu/htm/scudder.htm

Dr. Scudder’s audio testimony (235 kb): http://cmch-vellore.edu/pages/ida2.mp3

Christian Medical College, Vellore, website: http://cmch-vellore.edu/index.asp

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Dr. Marlan O. Scully
(Born 1939)  Physics educator.  Burgess Distinguished Professor, Director of the Institute for Quantum Studies, Texas A&M University. Recipient Elliott Cresson medal The Franklin Institute, 1990; John S. Guggenheim Fellow, 1970, Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1972.
Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

From http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/a&salumni/people/m-scully.html:

After receiving his MS and Ph.D. in Physics from Yale University, he was a physicist with General Electric Company before beginning his teaching career at Yale. Subsequently, he was an Assistant and Associate Professor of physics at MIT, then a Professor of Physics and Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona. In 1980, he joined the faculty of the University of New Mexico, where he was a Distinguished Professor of Physics and Astronomy. Now at Texas A&M University, Scully is considered a leading national authority on laser and quantum mechanics.

“Marlan O. Scully Honored With Reception Celebrating His Election To The National Academy Of Sciences,” http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/01/052301-5.html

More credentials listed here: http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/archive/073096-4.html

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Gordon Stifler Seagrave

Gordon Stifler Seagrave (1897 - 1965), surgeon, writer, medical missionary, founded hospitals in Burma, practiced there for 40 years.

Angelo Secchi, S.J.

(1818-1878). Italian astronomer. Joined Jesuit order (1833); Professor and director of observatory, Collegio Romano, Rome (1849 ff.). Made researches in solar and stellar spectroscopy, terrestrial magnetism, and meteorology; made first survey of the spectra of stars and suggested that stars be classified according to their spectral type; proved that prominences seen during solar eclipses are features of the Sun itself.

Angelo Secchi, S.J. http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/secchi.htm.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13669a.htm.

Adam Sedgwick

The English geologist Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873) was the founder of the Cambrian system, the first period of the Paleozoic geologic era.

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0143.html

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=ffdmarine1339&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

(1818-1865).  Hungarian obstetrician. Assistant in obstetric clinic in Vienna (1844-49); professor at Pest (1855-65). Along with American physician Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894), Ignaz Semmelweis was one of the first two doctors worldwide to recognize the contagious nature of puerperal fever (also known as childbed fever) and promote steps to eliminate it, thereby dramatically reducing maternal deaths (1847-49); became pioneer of antisepsis in obstetrics. Published Die Atiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbetfiebers (1861).

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/354.html. Associated eponyms:  Semmelweis' method: Disinfection of the hands of the obstetrician or midwife with chloride or lime, as well as clean bedsheaths for the patient, in order to prevent puerperal fever; The Semmelweis' reflex: Mob behavior found among primates and larval hominids on undeveloped planets, in which a discovery of important scientific fact is punished rather than rewarded.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13712a.htm

L'Encyclopédie de L'Agora: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi622.htm

John H. Lienhard Engines of our Ingenuity.  No. 622: IGNAZ PHILIPP SEMMELWEIS.  Click here for audio of Episode 622.

http://agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Ignaz_Philipp_Semmelweis (in French)

Alexander Semyonov

(Born 1963).  Immunologist, researcher.  Positions Held: Laboratory physician, Moscow Research Institute Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, 1995; Senior research worker, Consultant Laboratory Immunology, Moscow Research Institute Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, 1991; Junior research worker, Moscow Research Institute Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, 1987-91; children’s physician, Central District Hospital, Balashikha, USSR, 1986-87.  Baptist.
Contributor articles and abstracts to medical journals, including Immunology Letters, International Journal of Immunorehab., European Journal Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.

“I believe the created world bore witness to me of its Maker.  The beauty of nature, its multiformity and complexity, unceasingly proclaim the wisdom of its Creator.”

Daniel Sennert *** Not in Gale

(1572-1637).  German physician, chemist, natural philosopher.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sennert.html

Sennert’s first book was Institutiones medicinae, 1611, and later there were other medical works.

Epitome scientiae naturalis, 1618, and Hypomnemata physicae, 1636, both dealt with general issues in natural philosophy. He contributed to the revival of atomism.  Sennert was influenced by Paracelsus without being truly a Paracelsan; he wrote influentially on chemistry.

Sennert’s collected works alone went through nine editions within the space of forty years, and individual works were also republished. Claude Bonnet, a professor at Avignon, produced an expurgated edition of his works suitable for use by Roman Catholics in 1655.

From 1602-47, Sennert was Professor of medicine, University of Wittenberg. He was Dean of the medical faculty six times during that period.  It is recorded that Sennert remained at his post in Wittenberg through seven plagues and died in the eighth.

http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/philo/galerie/neuzeit/senner.htm (in German)

http://www.physikerboard.de/lexikon/index.php/Daniel_Sennert (in German)

Olivier de Serres *** Not in Gale

(1539-1619).  French botanist, entomologist.  Serres introduced sericulture to France. He also proposed a method manufacturing coarse cloth from the bark of the mulberry tree.  Catholic, then Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/serres.html

Serres spent time at the end of the century in Paris presenting plans to Henry IV for expansion of sericulture and the diffusion of the mulberry tree. He is largely responsible for the mulberry craze and inspired the King to make extensive plantings in France. He is sometimes given the title of father of French agriculture.

Serres’ Théatre d’agriculture (1600) was a very popular work appearing in several editions throughout the century. The work aimed to present a complete survey of all aspects of agriculture starting with advice on running a household. He discussed domestication and cultivation of all the plants and animals he knew. He was an enthusiastic advocate of the use of irrigation to improve meadows, of careful drainage, and of conservation of water. He was among the first agriculturist north of the Alps to argue for innovation and experimentation. He supported the sowing of artificial grasses. He introduced hops to France and was the first agricultural writer to desrcibe and encourage the cultivation of maize and potatoes. I have categorized this under botany; it is the only similar case I have met.

Serres acquired a national reputation as an authority on the silkworm and sericulture. Two sections of his book were published separately. La cuillette de la soye, which appeared as a preprint in 1599, gave the first detailed accounts of the life cycle of silkworms. La seconde richesse du meurier-blanc promoted a method of manufacturing course cloth from the bark of the mulberry trees.

As a young man he was converted to Protestantism. As early as 1561 he seems to have been regarded as a leader of the local Huguenots. He was a deacon of the church of Berg. He was sent by his congregation to find a minister. During the civil war the parish church vessels were entrusted to Serres for sale. In 1562 he was appointed by the ‘Etats particuleurs’ of Vivarais to a position under Count Crussol. He commanded forces from 1560-70 in local campaigns. He was driven from his family estate, Pradel, more than once during these years. He also participated in the conferences to arrange local peace.

http://perso.club-internet.fr/jgourdol/Ardeche/07celebr/07celTex/serresol.html (in French)

http://www.medarus.org/Ardeche/07celebr/07celTex/serresol.html (in French)

http://www.gastronomie-en-perigord.info/histoires/serres.htm (in French)

Benedict Sestini, S.J.

(1816-1890). Italian astronomer, Clergyman Roman Catholic, Mathematician. He received his earlier education at the Scuola Pia, near his native town, and so early evinced a mastery of mathematical computation that at the age of eighteen he was appointed assistant to Fr. Inghirami, then the director of the Osservatorio Ximeniano, at Florence. On "1836" Day="30" Month="10" Oct. 30, 1836, he entered the Society of Jesus at Rome. Three years later he began his philosophical and theological studies at the Roman College and here was privileged to have as professor Fr. Andrea Caraffa, one of the leading mathematicians of his time, who materially encouraged him in the prosecution of the researches of his choice. On the advice of Caraffa he was assigned as assistant astronomer of the Roman Observatory, then under the directorship of Fr. M. DeVico, whose name is identified with one of the periodic comets. During his incumbency at this observatory, which lasted till 1848, Sestini made a special study of star colors and his results were published under the titles Memoria Sopra i Colori delle Stelle del Catalogo di Baily Osservati (1845) and Memoria Seconda Intorno ai Colori delle Stelle . . . (1847). He was ordained to the priesthood in 1844.

Following the outbreak of the Revolution in Rome in 1848, he emigrated to the United States and became connected with Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., where, at the observatory of the University, he resumed his researches. During the year 1850 he made studies of the sun's surface. Availing himself of a cloudless sky, persisting from Sept. 20 to Nov. 6 of that year, he was able to follow the sun spots, then very pronounced, noting the rate of travel over the surface and the changes in their appearances and, being a skilled draftsman, to commit them to paper. Engravings of the sketches were published in an appendix to Astronomical Observations Made During the Year 1847 at the National Observatory, Washington, vol. III (1853). These are rated as among the best studies of the sun's maculae antedating the application of photography to investigations of the skies. In addition to his researches in astronomy, Sestini taught mathematics and natural sciences to the Jesuit seminarians then resident at Georgetown College. In 1852 he published A Treatise of Analytical Geometry. This was followed by A Treatise on Algebra (1855, 1857). In 1856 there appeared his Elements of Geometry and Trigonometry and in 1871, Manual of Geometrical and Infinitesimal Analysis. He also wrote Theoretical Mechanics (1873), Principles of Cosmography (1878), and Animal Physics (1874), all of which were privately printed for the use of his scholars. In 1878 he organized an expedition to Denver, Colo., for the observation of the total eclipse of the sun, an account of which was published in the American Catholic Quarterly Review (October 1878).

Excerpted from Francis A. Tondorf.   “Benedict Sestini.” Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13738a.htm

Christian Severin / Christian Soerensen / Longomontanus

(1562-1647). Danish astronomer. Assistant to Tycho Brahe (1588-97); systematized Brahe’s program for the restoration of astronomy and published it as Astronomia Danica (1622). Professor (1607-47) at Copenhagen, where he initiated (1632) construction of its observatory.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/severin.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Christian%20Severin%20Longberg

LONGOMONTANUS (or LONGBERG), CHRISTIAN SEVERIN.  http://49.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LO/LONGOMONTANUS.htm

Marco Aurelio Severino *** Not in Gale

(1580-1656).  Italian surgeon, anatomist, physician, physiologist, natural philosopher, microscopist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/severino.html

Severino became famous throughout Europe as a surgeon; he published extensively on surgery and pathology, making himself famous across Europe.  Zootomia democritaea has been called the first work of comparative anatomy, but it is also the exposition of Severino’s view of natural philosophy.

Severino had distinct ideas on the reform of physiology and published (posthumously) two works on it: Antiperipatias and Phoca illustratus. After initial opposition to Harvey he became an enthusiastic supporter.

Antiperipatias shows Severino’s critical attitude toward Aristotle and his inclination toward the philosophy of Democritus, mixed eclectically with the influence of Campanella and Telesio. His works frequently broached broad issues of natural philosophy.

He was one of the early life scientists to use the microcope--in the dissection of plants, preparing the way for Malpighi.

Severino was well known north of the alps, apparently better known there than in Italy. He corresponded with Harvey, Thomas Bartholin, Worm, Vesling, Campanella, et al.  A partial inventory of his correspondence is found in V. Ducceschi, “L’epistolario de M.A. Severino,” Revista di storia delle scienze mediche e naturali, 14 (1923), 213-23.

http://fun.supereva.it/carmelo111/sev.htm?p (in Italian)

http://www.fondazionecarical.it/pagine/istruzione/severino.html (in Italian)

Petrus Severinus / Peder Sorensen *** Not in Gale

(1542-1602).  Danish iatrochemist, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/severins.html

He was Denmark’s leading adherent to Paracelsianism. Only two of his writings, which he tended not to finish, were published, Idea medicinae philosophicae (1571), the first major synthesis of Paracelsianism, and Epistola scripta Theophrasto Paracelso (1572), which reached a large audience.  He corresponded with a number of leading Paracelsians, such as Zwinger, Gohory, and Moffet.

Jeremy Shakerley *** Not in Gale

(1626-c. 1655).  English-born astronomer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/shakerly.html

Author: Anatomy of “Urania Practica”, 1649, a criticism of a publication by Wing; Synopsis compendiana, 1651; Tabulae britannicae, 1653.  He was the first mathematician to recognize the significance of the work of Horrocks, which he found in manuscript in the Towneley household.  In India he observed a transit of Mercury, 1651, the second transit of Mercury ever observed, and a comet in 1652. He also studied the astronomical knowledge of the Brahmins.  His correspondence with Lilly indicates that Shakerley, like most astronomers of his age, accepted astrology as well, though he became increasingly skeptical as the correspondence continued.

Robert Sharrock *** Not in Gale

(c. 1630-1684).  English botanist.  Calvinist, Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sharrock.html

Author of History of the Propagation and Improvement of Vegetables, 1660. The book indicates an experimental approach to botany and shows extensive knowledge of the cultivation of plants.  Note the word “Improvement” in the title of the book, a word which the extended continuing title emphasized. The final edition of it, after Sharrock’s death, bore the title An Improvement to the Art of Gardening. Arber calls it a practical handbook for husbandmen and gardiners.

Sharrock was not primarily a scientist. He wrote as well on religion, law, and political philosophy.

The Puritan authorities made him perpetual fellow of New College. He was an ordained minister in the Anglican Church after the Restoration.

George Cheyne Shattuck

(1783-1854).  Philanthropist, Physician. George Cheyne Shattuck graduated at Dartmouth in 1803 and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1807, and became a successful physician in Boston. He was at one time president of the Massachusetts medical society. Dr. Shattuck, by his will, devised more than $60,000 to charities. He contributed largely to Dartmouth college, and built its observatory, which he furnished with valuable instruments. “Shattuck school,” at Faribault, Minnesota, a collegiate boarding-school under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal church, of which Dr. Shattuck was a liberal patron, was named for him. He received the degree of LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1853. Dr. Shattuck published two Boylston prize dissertations, entitled “Structure and Physiology of the Skin” (Boston, 1808) and “Causes of Biliary Secretions” (1808), and “Yellow Fever of Gibraltar in 1828,” from the French (1839).

From http://www.famousamericans.net/georgecheyneshattuck/

“A Dissertation on the Uncertainty of the Healing Art,” published in Medical Dissertations read at the Annual Meetings of the Massachusetts Medical Society (vol. IV, 1829), was a stirring plea for hygienic measures “to prolong and render more comfortable human existence” (see p. 163), and a lengthy correspondence with Nathan Smith. Several honorary degrees were bestowed upon him, including one of M.D. by Dartmouth College in 1812.

Lewis Ross Shelton, III

(Born 1942).  Biology educator, consultant.  Certified wildlife biologist.  Graduate research Assistant department of fishery and wildlife biology Colo. State University, 1969-71; extension wildlife specialist Mississippi State University, State College, 1971-83, now Associate Professor wildlife biology and Director W.E. Walker Wildlife Conservation Foundation; President Wildlife Management and Sporting Properties, Inc.  Education: B.S. in Business, Mississippi State University, 1964, M.B.A., 1966, M.S. in Wildlife Biology, 1969; Ph.D. in Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, 1978.

Honors: Recipient Merit award Mississippi Wildlife Federation, 1981; NDEA fellow, 1966-69.

Member: Delta Wildlife Council, Mississippi Forestry Association, National Wildlife Refuge Association, Mississippi Wildlife Federation (President 1986-87), Wildlife Society (section President 1982-83), AAAS, Outdoor Writers Association American, Society American Foresters, Epsilon Sigma Phi, Sigma Xi. Baptist. Club: OKTOC Community (Starkville, Mississippi).

Contributor of articles to technical publications.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

William Sherard *** Not in Gale

(1659-1728).  English botanist, natural historian.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sherard.html

Sherard collected plants in the Alps, in Italy, Greece, and Anatolia, and in Cornwall and Jersey; from his expeditions he furnished lists that John Ray utilized in his works.  He published Schola botanica, a list of plants in the Jardin du Roi in Paris, 1689, and Paul Hermann’s Paradisus batavus, 1698.  About 1695 he began a revision of Bauhin’s Pinax on which he worked for the rest of his life, though he never finished or published it.

Positions: Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford, 1683-1703; Tutor to Sir Arthur Rawdon, 1690-4, in Ireland; Tutor to Charles, Viscount Townsend, 1694; Tutor to the eldest son of Lord Russell, 1697-9; Tutor to Henry, Duke of Beaufort, 1700-02.

Member: Royal Society, 1718. Council, 1719, 1720.  Informal Connections: Close friendship with Jacob Bobart. Friendship with Ray.  He was a pupil of Tournefort, and Hermann.  Quarreled with Sloane for some years.  Assisted Boerhaave in editing the life work of the ailing Sebastien Vailant.  Edited Paul Hermann’s manuscript of Paradisus Batavus in 1695 (published in 1698).  Assisted Pier Antonio Micheli and Paolo Boccone with subscriptions for publication.  Bequeathed £3000 to endow the chair for botany at Oxford, nominating Dillenius as the first professor (under the endowment). He had brought Dillenius to England in 1621 to assist him on the Pinax.  Sherard is another demonstration of the existence of a true scientific community (in this case concerned with botany). He was the friend and correspondent of nearly every major botanist of his age. A considerable number of letters to and from him survive among the Sloane Manuscripts in the British Library, in the Royal Society, and at Oxford.

Clifford J. Sherry

(Born 1943).  University of Illinois Medical School, Urbana-Champaign, IL, pharmacology research Associate, 1969-75; Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, Assistant Professor of biology, 1975-82; Bio Feedback and Stress Management Consultants, Bryan, TX, therapist, 1983-89; Words Plus, Bryan and San Antonio, TX, writer, 1985-present; Systems Research Laboratory, San Antonio, senior scientist, 1989-present.

Clifford J. Sherry.  “Birth Defects: Are We Doing Enough?” http://www.religion-online.org/cgi-bin/relsearchd.dll/showarticle?item_id=1443

Elfreda Jane Shinehouse

(Born April 13, 1931).  Biologist, educator.  Physical therapist Montgomery County Hospital, Norristown, Pennsylvania, part time 1953, Phoenixville (Pennsylvania) Hospital, part time 1958-60; instructor biology Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, part time 1960-77, Assistant Professor, 1977-83, Associate Professor, 1984-present, Associate premedical adviser, 1981.  Education: B.S., Ursinus College, 1952; postgraduate University Pennsylvania, 1953;

Honors: Recipient Lindback award for disting. teaching Ursinus College, 1981; March of Dimes Foundation grantee, 1952.

Member: Registry American Physical Therapists, Pennsylvania Academy Science, National Association Biology Teachers, Sigma Xi (Associate), Beta Beta Beta, Pi Nu Epsilon.  Sec., Home and School Association, 1961-62; Teacher aide Oaks Elementary School, 1977-78; Sunday School Teacher St. James Episcopal Church, 1978-79, Chairman Christian Women in Society, 1979-80.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Carlos de Sigüenza y Gongora *** Not in Gale

(1645-1700).  Spanish colonial (Mexico) astronomer, cartographer, mathematician, hydraulics specialist, military engineer.  Catholic. Though not a Jesuit, he remained a secular priest his whole life.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/siguenza.html

Though a professor of astrology, he was strongly opposed to it.

In 1681, wrote on comets to calm fears aroused by the great one of 1680-1. This work led to an exchange with a Jesuit, and ultimately to Sigüenza’s Libra astronomica (1690), a book which showed his strong mathematical background.  As royal cosmographer, he drew charts, including the first map of all New Spain, a map of the valley of Mexico, and later one of Pensacola Bay.  His map of the valley of Mexico was drawn in connection with work on the drainage problems of Mexico City.  He also was appointed Examiner of Gunners, and he helped with the fortification of the coast.  As royal cosmographer, he published almanacs which included astronomical observations. He observed the solar eclipse of 1691, and he attempted to determine the longitude of Mexico City.  Sigüenza corresponded fairly widely with European men of science.  He spoke of an “insatiable desire” to communicate with other men learned in the sciences (Leonard, p. 56)

Benjamin Silliman

The most prominent and influential man of science in America during the early 19^th century, Benjamin Silliman (1779-1864) was a chemist, naturalist, and editor.

http://www.peabody.yale.edu/people/whoswho/SillimanB.html

http://www.umsl.edu/~virtualstl/phase2/1850/people/silliman.html

http://members.aol.com/jacob59/more/baldwin2/bkus_fmus8.html#bennie

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0845241.html

Benjaman Silliman (Jr.)

Benjamin Silliman, (1816-1885), chemist, was born and died in New Haven, Conn. His father was Benjamin Silliman [q.v.], for more than fifty years professor of chemistry and geology at Yale; his mother was Harriet (Trumbull), daughter of Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, 1798-1809, and grand-daughter of Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut during the Revolution.

Silliman discovered the chief uses which were to be made of petroleum products for the next fifty years and outlined the principal methods of preparing and purifying those products. Adequate uses for the low-boiling (gasoline) fraction were not discovered by Silliman, or by anyone else, until the development of the internal combustion engine, but the rapid growth of the industry along the lines laid down by Silliman is ample testimony to the usefulness of his discoveries.

Sir James Young Simpson

(1811-1870). Scottish physician, one of the founders of modern gynecology. First to use ether as anesthetic in obstetric practice (1847); discovered anesthetic property of chloroform (1847), published Account of a New Anaesthetic Agent, and was first to use it in obstetric practice; appointed one of queen's physicians for Scotland (1847); introduced iron wire sutures and acupressure; developed the Simpson forceps; wrote on medical history, fetal pathology, hermaphroditism. Sir James Young Simpson was one of the most prominent obstetricians of modern times. He introduced the terms ovariotomy and occydynia.

“Significant Scots: Sir James Young Simpson,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/simpson_james.htm

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst60.html

James Young Simpson Papers, http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/content/faciliti/Library/archive/JameYounS/default.aspx

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/simpson_james_young.shtml

Biography of Sir James Young Simpson (1811-1870).  http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/dnb.simpson.html

Instruments of Simpson. http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/in.simpson.html

Links, http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/simpson.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2532.html.  Associated eponyms: Barnes-Neville-Simpson forceps (Sir James Young Simpson), An obstetrical forceps; Simpson's forceps (Sir James Young Simpson), An obstetrical forceps; Simpson's syndrome (Sir James Young Simpson), A syndrome of abdominal swelling, pseudocyesis, depression of diaphragm and lordosis of spine; Simpson's uterine sound (Sir James Young Simpson); A slender, flexible metal rod used for diagnosing retro-positions of the uterus.

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Brian Sindel *** Not in Gale

Agricultural scientist.  Associate Professor in Weed Science, Agronomy & Soil Science, School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. Research topics:  Weed biology, ecology, and spread; weed management planning in National Parks. B.Sc.Agriculture(Hons), Sydney University (1981); DipEd(Dist), Sydney Institute of Education (1982); Ph.D., Sydney University (1989).

Sindel: “Since joining UNE I have originated research programs in weed ecology and weed management in the grains, pastoral and cotton industries, for which UNE is strategically located, and have taken on key research leadership roles, obtaining competitive research grants totalling $1,550,022, of which $633,458 has been obtained since 1998. The University was invited into the Commonwealth-funded Cooperative Research Centre for Weed Management Systems in 1995 based almost entirely on my research and scholarly standing within the Australian Weed Science community, and again in 2001 in the renewed CRC for Australian Weed Management (worth $20.9 million over 7 years). I have recently edited the first book on Australian Weed Management Systems and co-authored another on Pasture Weed Management. International recognition has led to an invitation to contribute to the upcoming Handbook of Sustainable Weed Management (Haworth Press, USA).”

Webpage, http://www.une.edu.au/agronomy/weeds/brian.htm

Faculty webpage, University of New England, Australia. http://research.une.edu.au/amore.cfm?AcademicId=97

University of New England Staff Details, http://sciences.une.edu.au/c-sfs/page.asp?PgName=staff_details&StID=23

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Maxine Singer / Maxine Frank Singer

(Born February 15, 1931 in New York City, New York, United States).  Biochemist and geneticist for United States Public Health Service, National Institute for Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases (NIAMD), and the National Institute of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD.  Maxine Singer, a leading scientist in the field of human genetics, is also a staunch advocate of responsible use of biochemical genetics research. During the height of the controversy over the use of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) techniques to alter genetic characteristics, she advocated a cautious approach. She helped develop guidelines to balance calls for unfettered genetics research as a means of making medically valuable discoveries with demands for restrictions on research to protect the public from possible harm. After the DNA controversy waned, Singer continued to contribute to the field of genetics, researching cures for cancer, hemophilia, and other diseases related to genetics.  Previous posts:  Research fellow, 1956-58; research chemist, 1958-72, chief of Nucleic Acid Enzymology Division of Cancer Biology and Diagnosis, 1974-80, Chief of Division of Cancer Biology and Diagnosis’s Laboratory, 1980-88, scientist emeritus 1988-present; Carnegie Institution, Washington DC, president, 1988-present; Weizman Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Department of Genetics, visiting scientist, c. 1970; University of California, Berkeley, CA, instructor, 1981.

 In addition to her writing and lecturing, Singer has served on numerous advisory boards in the United States and abroad, including science institutes in Naples, Italy, Bangkok, Thailand, and Rehovot, Israel. She also has served on an advisory board to the Pope and as a consultant to the Committee on Human Values of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. She worked on a Yale committee that investigated the university’s South African investments, and serves on Johnson and Johnson’s Board of Directors. Concerned about the quality of science education in the United States, she started First Light, a science program for inner-city children.  Singer is the recipient of more than forty honors and awards, including some ten honorary doctor of science degrees and numerous commendations from NIH.

Member: National Association of Scientists (1982-91), American Association of Applied Sciences, American Society of Biological Chemists, American Society of Microbiologists, American Chemical Society, American Philosophic Society, Institute of Medicine of the National Association of Science, Pontifical Academy of Science, Human Genome Organization, New York Academy of Science.

Awards: USPHS postdoctoral fellow National Institute of Health, 1956-58. Award for Achievement in Biological Science, Washington Academy of Science, 1969; Research in Biological Sciences Award, Yale Science and Engineering Association, 1974; Superior Service Honor Award, Department of Health Education and Welfare, 1975; Director’s Award, National Institute of Health, 1977; Science, Freedom and Responsibility Award, American Association of Applied Sciences, 1982; Distinguished Service Medal, Department of Health and Human Services, 1983; Presidential Distinguished Executive Rank Award, 1987; United States Distinguished Executive Rank Award, 1987; Mory’s Cup, Board of Governors, Mory’s Association, 1991; National Medal of Science, National Science Foundation, 1992; Public Service Award, National Institute of Health, Alumni Association, 1995; fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Received Honorary Doctorate of Science (DSc.) from Wesleyan College, 1977; Swarthmore College, 1978; University of Maryland, Baltimore, 1985; Cedar College, 1986; City University of New York, 1988; Brandeis University, 1988; Radcliffe College, 1990; Williams College, 1990; Franklin and Marshall College, 1991; George Washington University, 1991; New York University, 1992; Lehigh University, 1992; Dartmouth College, 1993; Yale University, 1994; and Harvard University, 1994. Received Ph.D. honires causa, Weizman Institute of Science, Israel, 1995.

Author: Genes and Genomes: A Changing Perspective, University Science Books, 1990; Dealing with Genes: The Language of Heredity, University Science Books, 1992. Contributor to numerous scientific journals and periodicals, including Science, Asbury Park Press.

http://clinton4.nara.gov/Initiatives/Millennium/capsule/singer.html

“NIHAA 1995 Public Service Award presented to Dr. Maxine F. Singer,” http://www.fnih.org/nihaa/NIHAAsinger.html

http://rex.nci.nih.gov/RESEARCH/basic/biochem/singer.htm “Maxine Singer received her Ph.D. from Yale in 1957 and received her postdoctoral training with Leon Heppel at the NIH. In 1975 she joined the Laboratory of Biochemistry and was Chief, LB, from 1979 until 1988, when she became Scientist Emerita at the NIH and President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Her laboratory closed in September 1997.”

Dr. Philip S. Skell *** Not in Gale

(Born 1918).  Chemist.  Evan Pugh Emeritus Professor, Penn State University Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences.  Philip S. Skell, sometimes called “the father of carbene chemistry,” is widely known for the “Skell Rule,” which was first applied to carbenes, the “fleeting species” of carbon. The rule, which predicts the most probable pathway through which certain chemical compounds will be formed, found use throughout the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

http://www.research.psu.edu/history/history4.shtml

Philip S. Skell (Ph.D., Emeritus Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry, Penn State University, and a Member of the National Academy of Sciences). Evan Pugh Professor, 1974: http://www.research.psu.edu/history/profs.shtml and http://www.research.psu.edu/history/pugh.shtml. Each Evan Pugh Professor is chosen for the honor because he or she “has displayed the courage to pioneer in his or her field, the discipline to remain at the forefront of research, and the generosity of spirit to share these accomplishments with students.” In addition, the Professor’s “research publications must be of the highest quality and must have contributed significantly to the education of students who later achieve recognition for excellence in the candidate’s discipline or interdisciplinary area.”

See his letter to the editor, About science curriculum from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Alexander Skene / Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene

(1837-1900).  Scottish pioneer gynecologist, physician, medical researcher, college and hospital administrator whose lifetime of achievement had a broad impact on the medical profession.  He founded the American Gynecological Society (president, 1886-1887) and the International Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics (honorary president, Geneva, 1896), and acted as president of the Medical Society of Kings County, 1874-75, the New York Obstetrical Society, 1877-79, and the Brooklyn Gynecological Society, 1891-92. He also performed the first successful operations of gastroelytrotomy and that of craniotomy.

At nineteen years of age Skene left his Aberdeen, Scotland home and came to America. He studied medicine in Toronto in 1860 and attended the University of Michigan in 1861 and 1862. The following year he received the M.D. degree from the Long Island College Hospital Medical School. His practice, begun in Brooklyn in 1864, was interrupted by active duty in the Federal army as assistant surgeon in the volunteer corps. He taught gynecology at the New York Post-Graduate Hospital from 1883 to 1886, and was consultant to a number of dispensaries and hospitals. He was for many years attached to the Long Island College Hospital, where he served as teacher, operator, dean, and president.

His discovery in 1880 of what are now called Skene's urethral glands gave him an international reputation and an assured place in the history of gynecology. He also is known to have devised thirty-one surgical instruments. He opened a private sanitarium in 1884 in Brooklyn with Dr. W. M. Thalon, and, in 1899, Skene's Hospital for Self-supporting Women.

He was associate editor of the Archives of Medicine, 1883-84, the American Medical Digest, 1884-89, and the New York Gynaecological and Obstetrical Journal, 1891-1900. He has to his credit more than one hundred medical papers (see Browning and Schroeder, post), and he was the author of Diseases of the Bladder and Urethra in Women (1878); Education and Culture as Related to the Health and Diseases of Women (1889); Electro-haemostasis in Operative Surgery (1889); Medical Gynecology (1895); and Treatise on the Diseases of Women (1888). One mediocre novel, True to Themselves, published in 1897, came from his pen.

Gertrude L. Annan.  “Alexander Johnston Chalmers Skene.” Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1832.html.  Associated eponyms: Skene's ducts, Paraurethral ducts; Skene's glands, Numerous mucous glands in the wall of the female urethra, localised so that their openings are just inside the urinary meatus; Skene's tubules, Embryonic urethral glands; Skeneitis, Inflamed condition of Skene’s glands.

New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. “Andrew Skene Statue,” http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=11633

New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. “RESTORING SHEEN TO A PHYSICIAN NAMED SKENE,” http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=17865.  From The Daily Plant, Volume XVIII, Number 3923, Monday, August 11th, 2003.

Frederick N. Skiff / Frederick Norman Skiff

(Born 1957).  Physicist.  Educator, researcher.  Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (2000 – present). Focus on laser spectroscopy; plasma physics. Associate Professor, University of Iowa, Physics and Astronomy, 1998-2000; Associate Professor, University of Maryland, Physics, 1994-1998; Assist. Professor, University of Maryland, Physics, 1989-1994; Resident Scientist, Swiss Federal Technical Institute, Physics,1985-1989. Princeton University 1979-1985, Physics M.A. 1981, Ph.D. 1985; Cornell University 1975-1979 Engineering Physics B.S. 1979. Dr. Skiff received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1985. His past research has been on plasma waves; interactions between particle orbits and mean-field waves (wave-particle interaction) in ionized gasses as well as nonlinear dynamics and chaos in experimental systems and laser spectroscopy and measurement techniques for ionized gasses. His current research is on studies of wave degrees of freedom of weakly collisional plasmas and measurements of plasma fluctuations and wave-wave interactions resolved in phase-space.

Honors: Obermann Scholar, Summer 2002 Research Seminar; Fellow, International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design 2001; Elected to fellowship in the American Physical Society, 1999; Invited Professor, Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne, Spring 1996. CIES Visiting Scientist Bourse, University of Provence Aix-Marseille, Fall 1996. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow 1990-92. National Science Foundation, Presidential Young Investigator Award 1990-95.

Member: Fellow of the International Society for Complexity Information and Design, Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Fellow 1979-84. Elected to Tau Beta Pi, engineering honor society, 1979. Graduated with distinction (GPA 4.0) Cornell University, 1979.

Contributor articles to science journals.

http://www.iscid.org/fred-skiff.php

Faculty webpage, http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/faculty/FSkiff.html

Home page, http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/~fskiff/

Curriculum vitae: http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/~fskiff/cv_Web.pdf

Recent publications: http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/~fskiff/recent_publications.htm

Thomas P. Slavens / Thomas Paul Slavens

(Born 1928).  Information scientist.  Author. Ordained minister of Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), 1953; pastor of First Christian churches in Sac City, IA, 1953-56, and Sioux Falls, SD, 1956-60; Drake University, Divinity School, Des Moines, IA, librarian, 1960-64; University of Michigan, School of Information and Library Studies, Ann Arbor, teaching fellow, 1964-65, instructor, 1965-66, assistant professor, 1966-69, associate professor, 1969-77, professor, 1977-present, faculty associate of Center for Research on Learning and Teaching. Visiting professor at University of Minnesota, 1967, and International Graduate Summer School, College of Librarianship, University of Wales, summers, 1978, 1980, 1993; visiting scholar, Oxford University, 1980. Member of advisory board and editor, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York City, 1980-present; consultant to Library of Michigan, 1967, Northeast Louisiana State University, 1971, Nutrition Planning Abstracts, United Nations, 1972-75, Wright State University, 1975, and Genesee County Library, Flint, MI, 1979- 83.  Education: Phillips University, B.A., 1951; Union Theological Seminary, New York, NY, M.Div., 1954; University of Minnesota, M.A., 1962; University of Michigan, Ph.D., 1965; additional study at Texas Christian University, Drake University, and Loyola College.

Member: Association for Library and Information Science Education (president, 1972), American Association of University Professors, American Library Association (member of teachers section of Library Education Division, 1965-72; chairperson of media research committee, 1966-72; member of executive board of Reference and Adult Services Division, 1969-72; chairperson of Dartmouth Medal committee, 1976-77), Beta Phi Mu.  Military/Wartime Service: U.S. Army, 1946-48; became staff sergeant.

Honors: H. W. Wilson fellowship, 1960-62; Lilly Endowment fellowship, 1963; first recipient of Warner G. Rice Faculty Award from University of Michigan, 1975, for Sources of Information in the Humanities: A Guide to the Literature.

Author: The Bethany Bible Teacher, Christian Board of Publication (St. Louis), 1965; The Bethany Bible Student, Christian Board of Publication, 1965; (Compiler) Library Case Studies in the Social Sciences, Campus Publishers (Ann Arbor, MI), 1967; (Compiler) General Sources of Information, Campus Publishers, 1967; (Compiler) Information Sources in the Humanities, Campus Publishers, 1968; (Compiler) Information Sources in the Social Sciences, Campus Publishers, 1968; Reference Interviews and Questions, Campus Publishers, 1970; The Development and Testing of Materials for Computer-Assisted Instruction in the Education of Reference Librarians, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1970; (Editor with Carl M. White) Sources of Information in the Humanities: A Guide to the Literature, six volumes, American Library Association (Chicago), 1973; Informational Interviews and Questions, Scarecrow (Metuchen, NJ), 1978; (With Carl F. Orgren) Computer-Assisted Instruction in the Education of Reference Librarians, Science Associates/International (New York City), 1979; (Editor) Library Problems in the Humanities, K. G. Saur (New York City), 1981; The Retrieval of Information in the Humanities and the Social Sciences: Problems As Aids to Learning, Dekker (New York City), 1981; (With John F. Wilson) Research Guide to Religious Studies, American Library Association, 1982; (With W. Eugene Kleinbauer) Research Guide to the History of Western Art, American Library Association, 1982; (With Terrence N. Tice) Research Guide to Philosophy, American Library Association, 1983; Theological Libraries at Oxford, K. G. Saur, 1984; (With James W. Pruett) Research Guide to Musicology, American Library Association, 1985; Doors to God, C.S.S. Pub. Co., 1990; Reference Interviews, Questions, and Materials, Scarecrow, 1985, 3rd edition, 1994; The Literary Adviser: Selected Reference Sources in Literature, Speech, Language, Theater, and Film, Oryx ( Phoenix, AZ), 1985; A Great Library through Gifts, K. G. Saur, 1986; Number One in the U.S.A.: Records and Wins in Sports, Entertainment, Business, and Science with Sources Cited, Scarecrow, 1988; Introduction to Systematic Theology, University Press of America (Lanham, MD), 1992; Sources of Information for Historical Research, Neal-Schumann (New York City), 1994.

Contributor to numerous books, including, Library Space Planning, edited by Karl Nyren, Bowker, 1976;   Dictionary of American Literary Biography, Libraries Unlimited, 1978; The Publishing and Review of Reference Sources, edited by Bill Katz and Robin Kinder, Haworth, 1987; Information Brokers and Reference Services, edited by Katz and Kinder, Haworth, 1988; and In Reference Service Expertise, edited by Katz, Haworth, 1993.

Contributor of articles and reviews to several journals, newspapers and magazines, including Library History Review, Library Quarterly, Journal of Library History, Special Libraries, Bethany Guide, Disciple, Reference Librarian, Special Libraries, Journal of the Association for Library and Information Science Education, RQ, Christian Century, International Journal of Religious Education.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Sir Hans Sloane

(1660-1753). British scientist, physician and naturalist. Physician to Governor of Jamaica (1687-89), collected over 800 new species of plants; succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as president of the Royal Society (1727-41); first physician to George II (1727-41); founded Botanic Garden (1721). Bequeathed to nation library of 50,000 volumes, several thousand manuscripts, pictures, coins, and curiosities, which formed nucleus of The British Museum and later The Natural History Museum.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sloane.html

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/botany/databases/sloane/hanssloane.htm

http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/visit/sloane.html

http://70.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SL/SLOANE_SIR_HANS.htm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/down/A762798.shtml

http://www.famousamericans.net/sirhanssloane/

René-Francois de Sluse *** Not in Gale

(1622-1685).  Belgian mathematician, astronomer, physicist, natural historian.  Catholic.

“Sluse, René-François de (1622--1685),” http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/sluse.htm

Sluse was born in Belgium to a wealthy family. He obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Rome in 1643. After his graduation, he studied astronomy and mathematics, especially the new results of Cavalieri involving geometry. Sluse became the canon of the cathedral of Liège and was so busy with his administrative duties there was little time for scientific work. Somehow he maintained extensive correspondence about mathematics with Pascal and Huygens. Sluse developed new results in solving equations and conics and published his results in Mesolabum (1659). Sluse’s development of general methods for finding tangents to curves, perfecting the results of Descartes, marks him as a pioneer in the development of calculus. Leibniz learned many results in analytic geometry from reading Sluse. He also applied his new mathematical methods to astronomy and physics. Major publication: Mesolabum (1659)

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sluse.html:

Although Sluse’s work was primarily in mathematics, he wrote on astronomy, physics, natural history, history, and of course on theological issues in his adminstrative work.

Education: He attended the University of Louvain from 1638 to 1642. He travelled to Rome in 1642 and the following year he received his doctorate in law from the University of Sapienza. He remained in Rome for several more years becoming proficient in Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac, and studying astronomy and mathematics.

His well-to-do family had destined him to an ecclesiastical career. Sluse took the tonsure in 1631. In 1650 he received a canonry in the collegial chapter of Vise. He renounced this benefice which then was given to his brother Pierre. Sluse accepted a prebend in the chapter of St. Lambert in Liège. His understanding in law and his great knowledge brought him many high positions within the Church: 1655-director of the chapter; 1659-member of the privy council of the Bishop of Liege; 1666-abbé of Amay; 1676-vice provost of the Cathedral.

Sluse’s administrative success in Liège separated him from the intellectual life he had known in Rome. He had made a thorough study of Cavalieri and Torricelli on the geometry of the indivisible. At Liège his only means of communication was his extensive correspondence. Early in his career he published Mesolabium, a work on geometrical construction in which he discussed the cubature of various solids and the solutions to third and fourth degree equations. He perfected the methods of Descartes and Fermat for drawing tangents and determining the maximum and minimum values. He generalized the method for solutions of equations through the construction of roots by means of curves.

His correspondence introduced him to the problem of the cycloid and the theories of games of chance. With Huygens he published Descartes’ last work.

Memberships: Royal Society, 1674-85.  In order to keep his scientific interests alive he conducted extensive correspondence with several members of the scientific community, Pascal, Huygens, Oldenburg, Wallis, Ricci, Dati, Lambecius, and Prince Leopold of Tuscany.

William Smellie

(1697-1753).  Scottish obstetrician, anatomist. Lectured on obstetrics in London (from 1739); first to teach obstetrics and midwifery on scientific basis; discovered and described how the infant's head adapts to pelvic canal changes during birth. Author of Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery (1752-64) and A Sett of Anatomical Tables (1754).  Dr. Smellie also researched the putrefaction of corpses, but he is known to medical history as the inventor of the “long obstetric forceps” used on Queen Charlotte.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1815.html:

William Smellie was the greatest figure in English obstetrics. He was first to teach obstetrics and midwifery on a scientific basis; first to lay down safe rules for the use of forceps, and to separate obstetrics from surgery.

He delivered poor women free of charge if his students were allowed to attend the delivery, thus establishing a trend towards the attendance of medically trained persons at childbirth. Associated eponyms: Mauriceau-Levret manipulation. The classical method of assisted breech delivery. The after-coming head is delivered with the child resting on the physician's forearm.

 “Biography of William Smellie (1697-1763),” http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/dnb.smellie.html

“Instruments of Smellie,” http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/in.smellie.html

William Smellie, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, ed. with notes by Alfred McClintock, 3 vols. (London: New Sydenham Society, 1876) http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/gyn_Smellie.html

Buffon's Natural History: General and Particular, Translated by William Smellie (8 volumes, 1781), http://faculty.njcu.edu/fmoran/buffonhome.htm.  This site contains William Smellie's 1781 English translation of Buffon's Histoire naturelle . Click here for table of contents. Click here for list of articles currently up and running.

“Significant Scots: William Smellie,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/smellie_william.htm

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst295.html

Dr. Darwin Smith / Darwin W. Smith *** Not in Gale

Chemist.  Emeritus Professor, Chemistry ,University of Georgia. Ph.D., California Institute of Technology, 1959; Postdoctoral Fellow, Oxford University, UK, 1959-60.  Darwin moved to UGA in 1968, first as a Visiting Associate Professor, then as Associate Professor. He has provided an essential link between the Department and the Science Education effort on campus as well as the Honors Program. Darwin retired as of

University of Georgia Faculty webpage, http://www.chem.uga.edu/phonebook/cgi/expand.cfm?ln=Smith&fn=Darwin

Chemistry Faculty, Darwin W. Smith, Ph.D., http://www.chem.uga.edu/DoC/ResFacDWS.html

Dr. Smith as Operation Physics coordinator for the State of Georgia conducts numerous workshops in physical science for elementary and middle school teachers. He is also in heavy demand to demonstrate physical and chemical phenomena in classrooms around the state.

Dr. Jim Smith / James W. Smith *** Not in Gale

Animal and dairy scientist.  Edgar L. Rhodes Professor, Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia. Research focus: Provide educational programs on utilizing DHIA information. Develop methods of transferring information to producers using internet and computer technology. B.S., Pennsylvania State University; M.S., Pennsylvania State University; Ph.D., University of Maryland.

University of Georgia at Athens, Animal & Dairy Science Faculty, http://www.ads.uga.edu/profiles/f_0110.htm

Lila Smith

American scientist, various fields.  Assistant Professor of physics, Florida A&M University, 1959-62; Assistant Professor of Math, LeMoyne College, 1962-63; scientific analyst, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1963-76; Technical Information Center, U.S. Dept. of Energy, chief conservation & solar branch 1976-83, chief nuclear engineering & physics Branch OSTI/USDOE. Education: Lemoyne College, BS Math (high honor), 1957; Howard University, MS Physics, 1959.

Member: President and charter member, Blacks in Government, Oak Ridge Chapter, 1984; 1^st vice President Region IV, Blacks in Government, Inc., 1984-present; Vice-President Xi Iota Omega Chapter, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, 1985; member, American Solar Energy Society, Inc.; member, National Forum of Black Public Administrators; member, Altrusa, Inc. Oak Ridge Chapter; member, NAACP; member, Federation of Employed Women, Inc.; member, Negro Business & Professional Women’s Clubs; member, Tennessee Council on Human Relations; Oak Valley Baptist Church; Toastmasters International.

Honors: Sigma Pi Sigma Physics Soc; Equal Empl Opportunity (EEO); advisor Board US Atomic Energy Commission Oak Ridge 1968-77; Personnel Security Board US Dept of Energy 1974-81; Achievement Award for Outstanding Accomplishments in Science & Civic Affairs Jack & Jill of America 1976; Special Achievement Award for EEO US Energy Rsch & Develop Administration, 1978.

Publications include Geothermal Resources Bibliography 1975, 1976; Solar Energy Update Abstract Journal 1975.

“Lila Smith, Ms.” Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17^th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

Nathan Smith

(1762-1829).  American physician.  Introduced teaching of anatomy, surgery, and medicine at Dartmouth (1797-1813); Professor, Yale (1813-29); a founder of Yale Medical School.  His four sons, including Nathan Ryno Smith (1797-1877), became physicians.

Author: Practical Essay on Typhous Fever (1824).

http://www.famousamericans.net/nathansmith/

http://www.upne.com/0-87451-860-1.html

http://www.med.uvm.edu/surgery/TB1+BL.asp?SiteAreaID=520

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Nathan Ryno Smith

(1797–1877).  Surgeon.  Son of Nathan Smith.  Studied medicine under his father at Yale, graduated in 1817, received his M.D. degree in 1820. In 1824 he began the practice of surgery in Burlington, Vermont, and in 1825 he was appointed Professor of Surgery and Anatomy in the University of Vermont.  Became first Professor and Chair of Anatomy at Jefferson Medical School, Philadelphia (1826-27).  In 1827 he was called to the chair of surgery in the medical department of the University of Maryland, but he resigned in 1828 and became Professor of the practice of medicine in Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. In 1840 he resumed his chair in the University of Maryland, which he held until 1870. Nathan Ryno Smith, whose commanding presence and gentlemanly manner earned him the nickname “The Emperor,” guided the medical school’s Department of Surgery for the next fifty years. During that time, he devoted thirty years to the development and perfection of what he considered to be his greatest surgical accomplishment, the invention of his anterior splint for treatment of fractures of the thigh. He also invented an instrument for the easy and safe performance of the operation of lithotomy.

http://www.famousamericans.net/nathansmith/ Edited Appletons Encyclopedia, Copyright © 2001 Virtualology^TM

http://www.hshsl.umaryland.edu/resources/historical/cordell/collection.html

Author: Physiological Essay on Digestion (New York, 1825), “Address to Medical Graduates of the University of Maryland” (Baltimore, 1828), Diseases of the Internal Ear, from the French of Jean Antoine Saissy, with supplement (1829), Surgical Anatomy of the Arteries (1832-35), Treatment of Fractures of the Lower Extremities by the Use of the Anterior Suspensory Apparatus (1867).  Articles published in the American Journal of Medicine.

Two sons, Alan Penniman Smith and Berwick B. Smith, practiced in medicine.

Nathan Smith

Information engineer.  Fallside Laboratory, Information Engineering Division, Engineering Department,
, Cambridge, England.

Nathan Smith, Ph.D. student, webpage: http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~nds1002/

“I am a third year student studying in the Speech Vision and Robotics (SVR) Group in the Engineering Department, and am supervised by Dr Mark Gales . In a nutshell, our research topic is the application of Support Vector Machines to speech pattern classification and speech recognition. I’m very grateful for the funding provided by EPSRC under the CASE for New Academics Scheme; co-sponsorship under this scheme is also kindly provided by the Speech Group at IBM U.K. Laboratories.”

Received BA (1^st Class Hons) in Electrical and Information Sciences from Cambridge University, 1996; Received MEng Distinction in Electrical and Information Sciences from Cambridge University, 1997, concentrating on signal processing and pattern recognition. The project looked at the use of Linear Discriminant Analysis for large vocabulary speech recognition; MPhil in Computer Speech and Language Processing at Cambridge University, 1998, project concerned using Support Vector Machines in Speech Pattern Classification, with particular emphasis on kernels from generative models; Research Assistant, Hong Kong University, 1998-1999; worked under Dr Q.Huo at the Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong. Research concentrated on testing and increasing understanding of a sequential Quasi-Bayesian learning algorithm which is used to train HMMs as an alternative to the standard Baum-Welch algorithm. Experiments were conducted on toy-problems and large vocabulary speech tasks; Summer intern, IBM TJ Watson Research Center, New York, June 2001 to September 2001; worked under Dr Ramesh Gopinath at the Yorktown Heights site of the TJ Watson Research Center. Research investigated using Support Vector Machines in a non-linear front-end transformation scheme for continuous speech recognition. The scheme was implemented and issues investigated.

Publications: http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~nds1002/publications.html

Nathan Smith.  “Other Interests” webpage, http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~nds1002/otherInterests.html.  “I’m a Christian and would be really happy to tell you a bit about this - please feel free to have a look at some simple and quick explanations of the Christian message, and for some links to other pages.”

Nathan Smith.  “A Bit About Christianity,” http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~nds1002/christian.html.

William Henry Smyth

(1788-1865). English naval officer and hydrographer. Surveyed coasts of Sicily and adjacent shores of Adriatic and Sardinia; published his results (1828); a founder of Royal Geographical Society (1830); admiral (1863). Author of The Mediterranean (1854) and TheSailor’s Word-book (1867). His son (1819-1900) was astronomer royal for Scotland (1845-88). Author of Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1864) and On the Antiquity of Intellectual Man (1868).

From http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Henry%20Smyth:

William Henry Smyth was born in Westminster, England. He was … a descendant of Captain John Smith, the principal founder of the Jamestown, Virginia colony. His parents were colonial Americans who lived in East Jersey. They were English loyalists, however, and after the American Revolution they emigrated to England where their son was born. During a hydrographic survey he met astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi in Palermo, Sicily and visited his observatory; this sparked his interest in astronomy and in 1825 he retired from the Navy to establish a private observatory in Bedford, England, equipped with a 5.9-inch refractor telescope. He used this instrument to observe a variety of deep sky objects, including double stars, star clusters and nebulae. He published his observations in 1844 in the Cycle of Celestial Objects, which earned him the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society and also the presidency of the society. The first volume of this work was on general astronomy, but the second volume became known as the Bedford Catalogue and contained Smyth’s observations of 1604 double stars and nebulae. It served as a standard reference work for many years afterward; no astronomer had previously made as extensive a catalogue of dim objects such as this.

http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/smyth.html

http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-admiral.htm

Charles Piazzi Smyth *** Not in Gale

(1819–1900). Astronomer Royal for Scotland, pioneered infra-red astronomy.

From http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Charles%20Piazzi%20Smyth:

Born in Naples, he was the son of astronomer Admiral William Henry Smyth.  He researched wet collodion process photography and infrared astronomy and was notable for advancing the theory (in his book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid) that the Great Pyramid of Giza was a repository of prophesies which could be revealed by detailed measurements of the structure.

http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-piazzi-smyth.htm

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst298.html

http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/03021206.html

Willebrord Snel / Snel van Royen / Willebrordus Snellius van Royen

1580-1626. Dutch astronomer and mathematician, often credited with founding the modern science of mapmaking. Willebrord Snell is best known for his discovery regarding the refraction of light rays. This discovery, known as Snell’s law, demonstrates that when a ray of light passes from a thinner element such as air, into a denser element, such as water or glass, the angle of the ray bends to the vertical. Snell’s law--a key revelation in the science of optics--was formulated after much experimentation in 1621. This is expressed as sin i = sin r (i=angle of incidence, r=angle of refraction and = a constant). However, he did not publish his findings, and the law did not appear in print until René Descartes discussed it (without giving Snell credit) in his Dioptrique in 1637. Snell also determined a formula to measure distances using trigonometric triangulation. His method, developed in 1615, used his home and the spires of Leiden churches as reference points. (In 1960, a plaque recognizing his work was placed on his home.) In an age of world exploration, this was very important work, because it contributed to improved accuracy in the art of mapmaking. Using the triangulation method, Snell measured the Earth’s meridian for the first time, and also attempted to measure the size of the Earth using this method. He set down the principles of spherical trigonometry that determine the length of a meridian arc when measuring any base line. Snell’s writings on his triangulation method for measuring the Earth were presented in Eratosthenes batavus (1617). His observations of comets sighted in 1585 and 1618 are described in his Cyclometricus de circuli dimensione (1621). His last works, Canon triangulorum (1626) and Doctrina triangulorum, published after his death in 1627, also addressed the measuring of distances through plane and spherical trigonometry.

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/snel.htm:

Snel was born in Leiden, Holland. His father was the professor of mathematics at the University of Leiden, and Snel studied there from his father. When his father died, Snel succeeded him as professor. Snel traveled around Europe meeting with scientists like Brahe and Kepler. Much of his work applied mathematics to the determination of the size and shape of the earth and to mapmaking and surveying. In 1624 he published Tiphys batavus, a work on navigation. In applying mathematics to astronomy, Snel published his findings in two books: Cyclometricus de circuli dimensione and Concerning the Comet. Snel developed an important result involving the measure of light refraction as it travels into different media. While he never published the result, Descartes did so ten years after Snel’s death, and today it is known as Snel’s law.

Professor at Leiden (from 1613).  Lunar Crater Snellius named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/snel.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Willebrord van Roijen Snell,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Snell.html

http://step.iapg.verm.tu-muenchen.de/iapg/halloffame/seiten/snellius.htm (in German)

http://www.leidenuniv.nl/mare/2004/22/englishpages.html

http://www.snellius.tudelft.nl/snelvanroyen.html (in Dutch)

Andrew Snelling

(Born 1952).  Ph.D., Geology.  Research geologist, Creation Science Foundation Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 1983; project geologist, Denison Australia Pty Ltd., Darwin, Australia, 1981-83; field geologist, CRA Exploration Ltd., Darwin, Australia, 1979-81; student geologist, Geopeko Ltd., various locations, Australia, 1971-75. Adjunct Professor Institute Creation Research, San Diego, 1990; Board of directors, Creation Science Foundation Ltd., Brisbane, Creation Science Resources Ltd., Brisbane, 1987-96; Consultant geologist Denison Australia Pty Ltd., Cogema Australia Pty Ltd., Sydney, 1983, Australian Nuclear Science and Tech. Organization, Sydney, 1983.

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/snelling.html

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/snelling-a.html

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/a_snelling.asp

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.  “I am convinced, as are many other scientists, that the evidence overwhelmingly supports these claims that the Bible makes about the origin of life and the history of the earth.”

Ronald Eugene Sorrells

(Born 1954).  Computer scientist. Assistant analyst,  Georgia Power Co., Atlanta, 1978-80; analyst Southwire Co., Carrolton, Georgia, 1980-81; scientist U.S. Defense Dept., Warner Robins, Georgia, 1981-82; computer scientist WM Labs, Macon, Georgia, 1982. Education: B.S. with honors, Georgia Institute Tech.

Member: Beta Gamma Sigma, Eta Kappa Nu. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Lazzaro Spallanzani

The Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) was one of the founders of modern experimental biology.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14209a.htm

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2234.html

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~jlynch/Frank/People/spallanz.html

http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/rlynch/sci_class/chap01/spallanzani.html

Dr. Richard R. Spencer *** Not in Gale

(Born 1947).  Dr. Richard R. Spencer is currently Child Family Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of California at Davis.  He earned a  Ph.D. at Stanford University, 1987, MSc at Stanford University, 1982 , and BSc at San Jose State University, 1978.

Webpage: http://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/~spencer/

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Brian M. Spicer / Brian Milton Spicer, BSc, MSc Hon (Melbourne)

(Born 1928).  Nuclear physicist.  Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Spicer was professor at the university from 1965 - 1988, having graduated there BSc in 1950 and MSc 1952 with first class honours, sharing both the Dixson and Professor Kernot Research Scholarships. He was awarded the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy in 1956 and Doctor of Science in 1965. In 1960 Dr Spicer shared the David Syme Research Prize. Except for two years at the University of Illinois (1953-1955), Spicer was on the staff of the Physics School at University of Melbourne. He was a Reader in Physics from May 1961, and Associate Director of Nuclear Research from May 1962. Spicer was responsible for the installation of the Betatron, a machine which enabled study of the breakup of atomic nuclei under bombardment by either X-ray beams or beams of electrons. His principle research work was in the phot-nuclear field.

Member: Fellow Institute Physics (London)(Chairman Victorian division 1962), Australian Institute Physics (Honorary, Chairman Victorian br. 1962-63, Chairman Nuclear and particle physics group 1973-74), American Phys. Society, Australian Institute Nuclear Science and Engineering (Honorary). Brian Spicer was a deacon of the North Balwyn Baptist Church, 1967-90, 95-98.

Author: (with D.E. Caro & J.A. McDonell) Modern Physics, 1961; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Faculty of Science at the University of Melbourne, Biographical entry, http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/umfs/biogs/UMFS157b.htm

‘Spicer, Brian Milton (1928 - ), Biographical Entry’, in Bright Sparcs, 2001 edn, 2001, http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P002607b.htm

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Adriaan van den Spiegel / Spieghel / Spigelius / Spiegelius *** Not in Gale

(1578-1625).  Belgian-born botanist, physician, anatomist, embryologist, physiologist.  Calvinist, then Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/spiegel.html

Spiegel’s first book was Isagoge in rem herbariam (1606).  He later published works on the tapeworm and on malaria.  He composed a great work on anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica, published posthumously in 1627.  He left behind a manuscript (also published posthumously) on embryology, De formatu foetu.  His works on anatomy are filled with passages on physiology.  In 1623, Spiegel was elevated to the rank of Knight of San Marco.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2280.html.  Associated eponyms:  Spiegel’s hernia, An uncommon abdominal wall hernia through the semilunar line, above the epigastric artery; Spiegel’s line, A slight groove which is the line of abdomen lying parallel to the median line and marking the lateral margin of the rectus abdominis muscle; Spiegel’s lobe, The caudate lobe of the liver; Spigelia, A plant of the family of Loganiacae.

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2056.html:

“Spiegel is eponymously remembered by Spieghel’s lobe of the liver, and by Spieghel’s line of the muscles of the abdominal wall. His long and detailed text did much to bring order to anatomical nomenclature, and to describe accurately certain muscle groups. In De formatu foetu ‘Spigelius made the first observation of the occurence of milk in female breasts at birth, gave the first denial of the presence of a nerve in the umbilical cord, and abolished the notion that the meconium in the foetal intestines argued for eating in utero on the part of the embryo’ (Needham, History of embryology, pp. 99-100).”

Jerry Ronald Sprague

(Born "1948" Day="20" Month="1" January 20, 1948 in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina).  Forest geneticist.  Liaison geneticist, College of Forest Resources North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1970.  Education: BS, North Carolina State University, 1970; MS, North Carolina State University, 1990.

Member: U.S. Lighthouse Society.  Committee member Parent Tng. in Workplace, Raleigh, 1990-91; ch. counselor Church of Christ, Raleigh, 1975; counselor, social worker Agape North Carolina, Inc., 1992; member Christian Counselor’s Fellowship, 1987-93.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Samuel Frederick Stack, Jr.

(Born 1954).  Clinical laboratory scientist. Medical technologist T.R. Wilson Laboratory, Greenville Hospital System, South Carolina, 1978-80, Allen Bennett Hospital, Greer, South Carolina, 1981. B.A., Furman University, 1977; M.Ed., University of South Carolina, 1984, postgraduate, 1985.

Member American Sociol. Association, South Carolina Sociol. Society, American Ednl. Research Association, American Ednl. Studies Association, Southwestern Philosophy Education Society, Association for Process of Philosophy in Education, S. Atlantic Philosophy Education Society, Southern History Education Society, Arabian Horse Registry, U.S. Soccer Federation, SCV, (state officer 1984), Phi Delta Kappa. Baptist.

Georg Ernst Stahl / George Ernst Stahl

(1660-1734).  German physician and chemist.  Founder of the phlogiston theory of combustion, he also developed a theory of medicine based upon vitalistic ideas.  Professor at Halle (1694-1715); physician in Berlin to King Frederick William (1715-34); using Johann Becher’s theories of combustion, originated phlogiston theory to explain combustion; enunciated in Theoria medica vera (1707) doctrine of vitalism.

Stahl retired from academic life in 1716 to take up appointment as physician to King Frederick I of Prussia. He held this post until his death on

Don B. DeYoung, Ph.D. “Creation and Early Medicine,” Creation Matters, May/June 2001:

“George Ernst Stahl greatly influenced eighteenth-century medicine. He correctly taught that many ailments were being attributed to wrong causes. Stahl stated that normal blood circulation was essential to maintaining good health. Today it is difficult to realize how revolutionary this idea was. The son of a minister, Stahl was a devout Pietist who lived in Europe. He taught that no one could fully explain such details as the extent of the heavens, or why so many different animal species exist. In his view these answers existed only in the mind and will of God.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stahl.html

http://92.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STAHL_GEORG_ERNST.htm

STAHL, GEORG (1659 - 1734). Opusculum Chymico-Physico-Medicum. Nuremberg, 1715. http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/exhibit/stahl.htm.  “From Alchemy to Chemistry:Five Hundred Years of Rare and Interesting Books,” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Rare Book Room Exhibit.

“Extract from Zymotechnia fundamentalis ...” http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/stahl.html

Harold Lenn Stalford *** Not in Gale

(Born 1942).  Mechanical engineer.  Professor/Director, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma.  Stalford joined the Oklahoma faculty in 1989 and previously was a Professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg. He currently (April 2002) is on sabbatical leave at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque.  Stafford earned master’s (1966) and Ph.D. degrees (1970) in mechanical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, and a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater (1965).

Faculty webpage, University of Oklahoma, http://www.coe.ou.edu/ame/Faculty/Stalford.htm

Member: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen *** Not in Gale

(1610-c. 1689).  Dutch mathematician, cartographer, navigation expert.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stampion.html

In 1632, Stampioen published on spherical trigonometry.  In 1639, a work on algebra.  A challenge problem involving cubics that he issued anonymously generated a bitter dispute with Waessenaer, in which Descartes was covertly involved.  Stampioen issued a topographical map in 1650.  In 1698 (the last thing known about him) he served as a technical expert in a test of a method to determine longitude.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stampioen.html

Timothy G. Standish *** Not in Gale

Biologist.  Dr. Standish works as a research scientist at the Geoscience Research Institute (GRI). His interests include the interface between science, public policy and faith. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which he studied while working on his Ph. D. at George Mason University (University of Virginia), is his primary research organism. M.S. in biology from Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan, U.S.A.  B.S. in zoology from Andrews University.  Associate Professor of biology at Andrews University Current research in Dr. Standish’s laboratory involves use of the C. elegans genome as a test bed for determining the meaning of data generated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD).

Webpage: http://www.grisda.org/tstandish/

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Patricia Ann Stanford

(Born 1937).  Medical technologist. Certified medical tech., Mississippi Baptist Hospital School Medical Tech., 1959; Medical technologist Pearl River County Hospital, Poplarville, Mississippi, 1959, chief lab. and x-ray technologist, 1959.  Education: A.A., Pearl River Jr. College, 1957; B.A., University Southern Mississippi, 1959.

Volunteer local school science dept. Active PTA; member Pearl River County Hospital and Extended Care Facility Aux. Member American Society Clinical Pathologists (Associate member, Certified medical technologist), National Certification Agency for Medical Laboratory Personnel (Clinical lab. scientist), Mississippi State Society for Medical Technicians, American Society Medical Technicians, University Southern Mississippi Alumni Association, Beta Beta Beta, Alpha Epsilon Delta. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Professor Russell Stannard, OBE

(Born 1931).  Physicist, scholar.  Emeritus Professor of Physics, The Open University.
Positions Held: Professor Emeritus, 1999; pro vice chancellor, Open University, Milton Keynes, England, 1975-77; Professor physics, Open University, Milton Keynes, England, 1971-97; reader, Open University, Milton Keynes, England, 1969-71; physicist, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 1959-60; honorary research Fellow, University College, London, 1969-82; Lecturer, University College, London, 1960-69; research Assistant, University College, London, 1956-59. Career-Related: Visiting Fellow Center Theological Inquiry, Princeton, N.J., 1987-88; Vice President Institute Physics, England, 1987-91.

Honors: U.K. project award Templeton Trust, 1986, OBE, 1997; University College London Fellow, 2000.
Author: Science and the Renewal of Belief, 1982, Grounds for Reasonable Belief, 1989, The Time and Space of Uncle Albert, 1989, Black Holes and Uncle Albert, 1991, Here I Am!, 1992, World of 1001 Mysteries, 1993, Doing Away with God?, 1993, Uncle Albert and the Quantum Quest, 1994, Science and Wonders, 1996, The God Experiment, 1999, The New World of Mr. Tompkins, 1999; contributor over 60 articles to professional journals.

Website: http://www.meta-library.net/bio/stann-body.html

http://www.faber.co.uk/xview_author.cgi?author_id=5994&genre=2&subgenre=6

Russell Stannard.  “God and the Big Bang,” http://www.thetablet.co.uk/cgi-bin/archive_db.cgi?tablet-00397

Nigel Bovey.  “Rocket Science it is,” http://www.christianevidence.org.uk/interview3_text.html.  Interview with Professor Stannard.

“’Science is not an obstacle to religious belief. Much of science is as irrelevant to religious belief as it is irrelevant to the likes of music or poetry.
’Science cannot, for example, account for the Resurrection. Science supports religion but not in the sense that you look to science for proof of God. There are interpretations of the Bible which are completely consistent with modern science.
’Once you embrace the findings of science - as scientists reveal more about God’s world, the same God that you encounter in your prayer life - then you start to see an enormous amount of enrichment coming into your understanding.
’Nobody ever gets argued into a loving relationship with God. Science neither proves nor disproves his existence. The strongest evidence for God comes from your own experience, what you get out of your relationship with him. That is something a person has to try for themselves. Unless you have honestly tried to pray, to enter into that relationship and sense the presence of God then arguing is a waste of time.’
Proof in the pudding bowl as well as the coffee cup, then?
Stannard describes himself as an orthodox scientist (big bang subscriber, quantum disciple). Is he an orthodox Christian?
’I think so. I believe in the resurrection of Christ. I believe in life beyond death. I see great value in the doctrine of the Trinity. I believe Jesus was fully man and fully God. Perhaps as a scientist it’s easier to believe how these two states can coexist. After all, Einstein once showed how under certain conditions a particle can be both confined to a point and at the same time be a spread-out wave.’”

James Holt Starling

(1912-1987).  Biologist, educator.  Chairman department of biology, Washington and Lee University, 1976-78; coordinator premedical studies, Washington and Lee University, 1964-83; faculty marshall, Washington and Lee University, 1960-74; Professor emeritus, Washington and Lee University, from 1983; Professor biology, Washington and Lee University, 1951-83; Member faculty, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, 1942-83; Graduate Assistant zoology, Duke University, 1939-42; Science Teacher, Troy High School, 1934-39. Visiting Professor, Consultant NSF Insts., summers 1955-65.  Education: B.A., University of Alabama, 1933; M.A., University of Alabama, 1937; Ph.D., Duke, 1942; student summers, British Museum of Natural History, 1953; student summers, Oak Ridge Institute Nuclear Studies, 1961.

Member: Virginia Academy Science, AAAS, Southeastern Biologists Association, Sigma Xi, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Sigma Alpha Epsilon.  Presbyterian (deacon, elder).  President Rockbridge Tb Association, 1948-50; Board of Directors Virginia Tb Association, 1948-50. Served to capt. AUS, 1943-46.

Contributor of research to professional publications.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Starling: “One of the greatest blessings of my life has been the privilege of working with fine young men as they prepare themselves for their life professions. What better calling could I have received? The reward was far more beneficial to me than anything money could buy.”

Christos Stathopoulos

(Born "1967" Day="29" Month="4" April 29, 1967 in Olympia, Greece).  Molecular biologist, researcher.  Assistant Professor, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX, 2001-present.  Previous posts:  Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Biology, Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University, MO, 1996-2000. Lecturer, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 1997; Research Associate, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 1996-2000; Graduate Research Assistant, University of  Texas, Austin, 1991-95; Visiting scientist, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 1990-91; Teaching Assistant, University of Athens, Greece, 1989-90. Scientific advisor Megan Health, Inc., St. Louis, 1998-1999. Education: BS, University of Athens, 1990; Ph.D., University of Texas, 1996.

Member: Hellenic Society for Biotechnology, American Society Microbiology, American Association for the Advancement of Science.  Member Christian Orthodox Church.

Contributor of articles; Ad-hoc reviewer for professional journals: Molecular Microbiology, Protein Science, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Biochemica et Biophysica Acta.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.
Dr. Stathopoulos’s Homepage, http://www.uh.edu/sibs/faculty/cstath/

Resume, http://www.uh.edu/sibs/faculty/cstath/CV-Stathopoulos_12_02.doc

G. Gordon Steel *** Not in Gale

(Born 1935). Radiobiologist, Institute of Cancer Research in Surrey. Working with Len Lamerton, he made his name in the field of cell population kinetics and developed methods for measuring the growth rate of tumours. His book Growth Kinetics of Tumours is considered to be a classic. He held a Personal Chair as Professor of Radiation Biology as Applied to Radiotherapy and has served as Editor In Chief of the International Journal of Radiation Biology, until he retired recently.  Quaker.

From http://members.lycos.co.uk/JennySteel/science.html

Gordon Charles Steele

(1892-1981). Naval officer, educator, and author. Steele received his early nautical training as a cadet on the H.M.S. Worcester, of the Nautical Training College, and after obtaining his master mariner’s certificate was assigned a commission in the Royal Naval Reserve. His distinguished service in World War I was highlighted by several acts of skill and bravery. His highest honor was earned during the raid on the Soviet Union’s Kronstadt Harbor on Worcester.

Author: Electrical Knowledge for the Merchant Navy Officer, Brown, Son & Ferguson, 1950, 2^nd edition published as Electrical Knowledge for Ship’s Officers, 1954; The Story of the Worcester, Harrap, 1962;

To Me God Is Real, Stockwell, 1974; About My Father’s Business, Stockwell, 1975; In My Father’s House, Stockwell, 1976; Where God Steps In, privately printed, 1976; One in All and All in One, Stockwell, 1977.

From Contemporary Authors Online.

http://www.victoriacross.net/award.asp?vc=1181

Johann Georg Andreas Stein

Johann Georg Andreas Stein (1728-1792), German keyboard instrument maker.  He worked under Johann David Stein in Strasbourg (1748-49), then was associated with F.J. Späth in Regensburg (1749-50). In 1750 he settled in Augsburg, where he built the organ of the Barfüsserkirche; was appointed organist there in 1757. He spent a few months in Paris in 1758 before returning to Augsburg. He experimented with various types of keyboard instruments, and invented a “polytoni-clavichordium” (1769), a “melodika” (1772), a “vis-à-vis Flügel” (1777), and a “Saitenharmonika” (1789).  The action (key mechanism) of his pianos was widely copied in Germany and became the model of the Viennese action; also constructed organs and harpsichords.

http://www.museum.cornell.edu/HFJ/currex/keyboard/Image3B.html

Susan Steinmetz *** Not in Gale

Research meteorologist, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Washington, DC. Her current research program is aimed at a better understanding of data from vertical profiling instruments on the NOAA series of meteorological satellites.  Education: BS in meteorology, mathematics, and physics from Pennsylvania State University.  Her church is the New Covenant Christian Community in College Park, Maryland.

Emerson Thomas McMullan. “GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER AND OTHER CHRISTIANS WHO WERE SCIENTISTS,” Based on A Talk Given at GSU during Religious Diversity Week, April 1999,  http://www.geocities.com/etmcmullen/CARVER.htm or

http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/~etmcmull/CARVER.htm. Testimony from Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.

“Meteorology is a special thing in my relationship with the Lord, it’s a product of my faith - and a means God uses to teach me more about Himself.”. . . “I’m especially fascinated by the symbolism of the rainbow. Physically, the rainbow results from the prismatic effect of light from the sun. And, in the days of Noah, God first used it as a spiritual symbol - that He would never again threaten universal judgment by water because of sin. His enlightenment shines through believers: we are all witnesses to His grace and goodness. But it is sobering to remember that, in Noah’s time, only a few people were saved. How were they saved? By doing what God said they should!”

Francesco Stelluti *** Not in Gale

(1577-1652).  Italian microscopist, mineralogist, cartographer, scientific organizer.  Procurator of the Accademia dei Lincei.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stelluti.html

In 1625 Stelluti published the first microscopical observations to appear in print--made with the microscope that Galileo presented to Cesi.  In 1637 he published Trattato del legno fossile, which argued that fossilized wood is a peculiar form of mineral. Stelluti is repeatedly said to have had mathematical capacity. He did a map of the region of Todi and Aquasparta (published in the Trattato del legno fossile (1637) and one of the region of Rosaro. He also furnished Magini with information of the border of the Marches and Umbria for Magini’s map of Italy.

Member: Accademia dei Lincei.  Stelluti was one of the four original Linceans. Cesi named him procurator of the Accademia in 1612.

Nicolaus Steno / Niels Steenson / Niels Stenson

(1638-1686). Danish naturalist, geologist and anatomist. Steno (1638-1686) established the law of superposition and the law of constancy of interfacial angles.  He made discoveries in functions of the heart, brain, procreative and glandular systems; discovered (1660) the parotid salivary duct (also called Stensen’s duct). In De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus (1669) he laid foundations of crystallography and proposed revolutionary idea that fossils are remains of ancient living organisms and many rocks are result of sedimentation, thus also laying foundations of geology and paleontology.  Royal anatomist at Copenhagen (1672-74); to Florence (1674); ordained Roman Catholic priest (1675); made apostolic vicar of northern Germany and Scandinavia and bishop of Titiopolis (1677).

Ann Lamont.  “Great Creation Scientists: Nicolas Steno, Founder of modern geology and young-Earth creationist,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v23/i4/steno.asp. First published:  Creation 23(4):47–49,September 2001.   It is important to realize that Steno was not forced reluctantly into a 6,000-year timeframe by church dogma, as some evolutionary-minded historians claim. There was no recorded friction between Steno and any church authorities on the issue. Rather than church pressure, it was Steno’s belief in a young Earth as described in the Bible that prompted his independent thinking on geology and fossils.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stensen.html

http://www.denmarkemb.org/steno.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14286a.htm

http://81.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STENO_NICOLAUS.htm

http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/z_41_02.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2052.html.  Associated eponyms:  Fallot's tetralogy, A congenital condition characterized by stenosis of the pulmonal artery, defect in the interventricular septum, dextroposition of the aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle; Steno's law, A law in crystallography: The angle between the sides of the crystals in a given mineral is always the same; Stensen's duct; Stensen's experiment, An experiment on an animal in which the blood supply is cut off from the lumbar region of the spine; Stensen's foramina, Incisive foramina of the hard palate, transmitting anterior branches of the descending palatine vessels; 
Stensen's veins, Vortex veins.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/steno.html

http://www.tekster.dnlb.dk/Steno_haj/Index.html

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/chamber/stensius.html

http://www.iaag.geo.uni-muenchen.de/sammlung/Steno.html (in German)

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/milleanni/cronologia/biografie/stensen.html (in Italian)

http://www.stensenhaus.de/niels.html  (in German)

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Karl D. Stephan / Karl David Stephan
(Born 1953).  Electrical engineering educator.  Associate Professor, Department of Technology, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas. Achievements include patents for quasi-optical polarization-duplexed balanced mixer, quasi-optical transmission reflection switch and millimeter-wave imaging system using the same.

From http://uweb.txstate.edu/~ks22/:

Professor Stephan received the B. S. in Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1976. Following a year of graduate study at Cornell, he received the Master of Engineering degree in 1977 and was employed by Motorola, Inc. and Scientific-Atlanta as an RF development engineer. He then entered the University of Texas at Austin’s graduate program and received the Ph. D. in electrical engineering in 1983. He taught at the University of Massachusetts Amherst from 1983 to 1999, when he received an NSF Science and Technology Studies Fellowship in the history of technology. He spent the 1999-2000 academic year at the University of Texas at Austin, and in 2000 accepted a position as Associate Professor in the Department of Technology at Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas.

Professor Stephan has published 20 articles in refereed journals, over 30 conference papers, and six articles in books and encyclopedias. He has consulted for MIT’s Lincoln Laboratories and industries in the microwave and millimeter-wave fields. He is currently collaborating with Professor John R. Pearce of the University of Texas on a research project to investigate the applications of microwave radiometry for temperature sensing in industrial heating.

Besides his technical research, Professor Stephan has published articles on the history of radioastronomy, microwaves, and refrigeration. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and a member of the Society for the History of Technology.

Faculty webpage, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/stephan/kds.html

Karl D. Stephan.  “Is Engineering Ethics Optional?” http://www.njcc.com/~techsoc/stephan.html

Karl D. Stephan.   Tegmark’s Parallel Universes: A Challenge to Intelligent Design? / http://www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/1-2/stephan_tegmark.php

January-June 2003 / Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design, v.2.1 and 2.2

Joseph Stepling, S.J.  *** Not in Gale

(1716– 1778).  Astronomy, physics and mathematics.  He transposed Aristotelian logic into formulas, thus becoming an early precursor of modern logic, already adopted the atomistic conception of matter he radically refused to accept Aristotelian metaphysics and natural philosophy. In 1748, at the request of the Berlin Academy, he carried out an exact observation of a solar and lunar eclipse in order to determine the precise location of Prague. During Stepling’s long tenure at Prague, he set up a laboratory for experimental physics and in 1751 built an observatory, the instruments and fittings of which he brought up to the latest scientific standard.

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/stepling.htm.

Simon Stevin / Stevinus

(1548-1620). Dutch mathematician. Commissioner of public works and quartermaster general of the army under Maurice of Nassau; invented system of sluicesas means of defense; in De Beghinselen der Weeghconst (1586) enunciated theorem of the triangle of forces; discovered that downward pressure of a liquid is independent of shape of its container; in La Thiende (1585) introduced decimal fractions into common use; showed that two lead spheres of differing weights fall at same rate of speed (1586); one of first to champion Copernican system, in De Hemellop (1608); also wrote on geography, navigation, engineering, etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stevin.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Simon Stevin,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stevin.html

http://home.wxs.nl/~hopfam/StevinEngels.html

An English translation of La Theinde: http://home.wxs.nl/~hopfam/Dime.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14293b.htm

http://www.fact-index.com/s/si/simon_stevin.html

http://www.famousbelgians.net/stevin.htm: Simon Stevin (1548-1620), the Flemish mathematician and engineer, was born in Bruges and initiated the science of hydrostatics by demonstrating that the pressure exerted by a liquid upon a given surface depends on the height of the liquid and the area of the surface.

While quartermaster in the army, Stevin invented a way of flooding the lowlands in the path of invading forces by opening selected sluices in dikes. The author of 11 books, he contributed significantly to the sciences of trigonometry, geography, fortification, and navigation and devised and urged the universal use of decimal fractions and decimal systems of coins, weights, and measures.

http://www.cs.vu.nl/~jandv/personal_pages/Simon_Stevin.html

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/stevin.htm

http://42.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STEVINUS_SIMON.htm

Balfour Stewart

(1828-1887). Professor of natural philosophy at Owens College, Manchester, England, who received the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society for his discovery of the law of equality between the absorptive and radiative powers of bodies. He occupied the presidential chair of the Society for Psychical Research, London, from 1885 to 1887.

http://45.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STEWART_BALFOUR.htm

http://www.fife.50megs.com/balfour-stewart.htm

Michael Stifel / Michael Styfel

(c.1487-1567). German mathematician. Augustinian monk converted to Protestantism (1523) through Luther’s influence; professor, Jena (from 1559); regarded as first German authority on the theory of numbers. His most famous work, Arithmetica integra, was published in 1544. The book contains all that was known at the time about arithmetic and algebra, supplemented by original contributions. His work contains binomial coefficients and the notation +,-,+yw. He invented logarithms using a different approach than John Napier, known for his inventions of logarithms. In 1545, Stifel published his second work, Deutsche arithmetica as a way to make algebra more accessible to German readers by not using foreign words.  Other works: Die schonen Exempeln der Coss. Durch Michale Stifel gebessert und sehr gemehrt, 1552-1553; Ein Rechen Buchlin vom End Christ, Apocalypsis in Apocalypsin, 1532.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stifel.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Michael Stifel,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stifel.html

http://www.sciences-en-ligne.com/momo/chronomath/chrono1/Stifel.html

http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/~froetsch/manosem/Helle/Stifel.html (in German)

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Michael_Stifel.html (in German)

Charles Milton Altland Stine

(1882-1954).  Industrial Chemist.  At the University of Delaware he initiated experiments in soil conservation and cattle diseases, operating one of the most scientifically controlled dairy farms in the United States. Stine became one of the best-known industrial research directors. In 1945, after thirty-eight years with du Pont, he retired because of poor health.

“Who is Charles M. A. Stine?” http://www.chem-biol-eng.northwestern.edu/news_events/stine_award.php

http://heritage.dupont.com/floater/fl_stine/floater.shtml

Sir George Gabriel Stokes

Sir George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903) made important advances in the fields of hydrodynamics and optics. He also did significant work in wave theory, as well as the elasticity and light diffraction of solids.With his work on viscous fluids, he helped develop the theoretical foundation for the science of hydrodynamics. These equations, known as the Navier-Stokes equations (he shared credit with Claude Navier) describe the motion of viscous fluids. The word “fluorescence” entered the English language when Stokes first used it to explain his conclusions about the blue light emitting from the surface of colorless, transparent solutions. He then applied the phenomena of fluorescence to study light spectra. An important practical use for fluorescence was in the pharmacy, where British chemists used it—instead of relying on the availability of sunlight—to tell the difference among chemicals. Stokes is also considered a pioneer in scientific geodesy (publishing a major work on the variation of gravity at Earth’s surface in 1849), and spectrum analysis. In 1849, he assumed the Lucasian chair at Cambridge University, which he held until his death. Stokes was also very active in various scientific and academic societies. He served as president of the Cambridge Philosophical Society from 1859 to 1861, and was president of the Royal Society of London from 1885 to 1890. In 1887, he became a member of Parliament, representing the University of Cambridge, serving until 1891. The Royal Society awarded Stokes the Rumford Medal in 1852 for his work with fluorescence; he was also awarded the Copley Medal in 1893. His scientific contributions were recognized by a knighthood in 1889.

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stokes.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/George%20Stokes

http://www.irishchristian.com/History/Boyle/index.html#Stokes

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Claude Germain Stoll

(Born December 22, 1937).  Geneticist, educator.  Intern, University Strasbourg, 1963-68, resident, 1968-75, genetic counsellor, 1970-present, Chairman Regional Center of Human Genetics, 1977-present, Director human biology, 1981-, Professor human genetics, 1976.  Adminstructor, Association des Personnes de Petite Taille, 1976-, Union Nationale des Amis et Parents d’Enfants Inadaptés. Served with Medical Service, 1964. Education: Student College Fabert Metz, France, 1950-56; M.D., Medical School, Strasbourg, France, 1968.

Member: American Society Human Genetics, Society Craniofacial Genetics, Society for Clinical Trials, Societe Francaise de Pediatrie. Roman Catholic.

Honors:  Johns Hopkins University fellow, Balt., 1975; Eli Lilly grantee, 1974-75; Zerig grantee, 1978-80

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

David H. Stone *** Not in Gale

Electrical Engineer.  Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University (1997).

1974-1994 -- Air Force officer (2Lt -- 1Lt—Captain—Major—Lt Colonel); 1974-1977 -- Communications Electronics engineer, Air Force Airborne Command Post fleet; 1980-1983: R&D in high power chemical lasers and charged particle beams, Air Force Weapons Laboratory; 1983-1987: R&D in High Power Microwave technology, part of the Strategic Defense Initiative; 1987-1991: Faculty, Air Force Institute of Technology, Dept. of Engineering Physics, research in laser device modeling; 1991-1994: R&D, Lasers and Imaging, Air Force Phillips Laboratory; 1994-1997: Commercial remote sensing with Lockheed Martin at NASA’s John C. Stennis Space Center, MS.  Education: BS, Physics, Michigan State University, MS, Engineering (EE) Physics, University of Oklahoma, MS, Physics, Michigan State University, Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, MBA, University of Phoenix, 1995

Faculty webpage, Michigan Tech, Electrical and Computer Engineering, http://www.ece.mtu.edu/pages/faculty/Stone.html

Career Highlights, http://www.ece.mtu.edu/ee/faculty/dstone/index.htm

The MTU Enterprise: Boldly Going Where No University Has Gone Before http://www.admin.mtu.edu/urel/news/media_relations/30/

Barbara Mathias-Riegel   “Blazing an Entrepeneurial Trail,” http://www.prism-magazine.org/april03/trail.cfm.  Prism Magazine, April 2003.

Dr. David Stone.  “Sex Puzzle,” Letter, Daily Mining Gazette, http://www.mininggazette.com/Archives/alettersfeb02.html.  “You’d think they’d be embarrassed by now. The Associated Press’s recent article ‘Inquiring scientists: Why is sex so popular?’ admits that from an evolutionary point of view, the existence of sex is a complete mystery. After all, they say, ‘sex is a pretty inefficient way to reproduce.’ One of the annoying puzzles within this mystery is how a species of rotifer could have persisted through asexual cloning through tens of millions of years — what they call ‘a no-sex scandal.’ But there is no puzzle if the rotifer were part of the wildlife created 6,000 years ago on a young earth! Considering the supporting wealth of geological evidence for a young earth, the rotifer is not surprised to be alive.
“What the authors avoid admitting is the larger mystery of how sex could evolve from no-sex in the first place. The physical and biochemical complexities of sexual reproduction are enormous. Male and female sex organs, sperm (or pollen), eggs, neurological and behavioral systems, the programming for embryological development — these are interwoven systems requiring the precise programming of millions of ‘lines of code’ in the DNA. Sex is an irreducibly complex system — it only works if all the machinery is there from the start. Ergo design and a designer — the Lord Jesus Christ.”

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God,, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Timothy R. Stout

Design engineer.  Chairman of the board and chief scientist for T & G Technologies, Inc., a company founded to manufacture desalination equipment. Also pastor the Gold Hill Bible Church, a small rural church near Placerville, CA.

“I graduated from UCLA with a B.S. in physics in 1966, where I attended under a California State Scholarship and was on the Dean’s List. I also have graduate studies in business administration from the University of Santa Clara and graduate studies in theology from the San Francisco Baptist Theological Seminary. I spent a dozen years in the computer industry as a design engineer and business executive. While in the industry I had two articles published for my advances to the state-of-the-art. Endnote1 Endnote2 . I have received three patents for improvements to the field of desalination. Endnote3 Endnote4 Endnote5 .”

“Tim Stout’s Home Page,” http://www.el-dorado.ca.us/~tstout/ or http://spider.innercite.com/~tstout/

“Tim Stout’s Personal and Biographical Data,” http://spider.innercite.com/~tstout/articles/personal.shtml or http://www.el-dorado.ca.us/~tstout/articles/personal.shtml

Timothy R. Stout.  “Scientific Proofs of God and Creation Science Material,”

http://spider.innercite.com/~tstout/cs/welcome.shtml

Timothy R. Stout. Chapter 9. Proof of God: Miscellaneous Evidences,

http://spider.innercite.com/~tstout/cs/pog_9.shtml or http://www.el-dorado.ca.us/~tstout/cs/pog_9.shtml. Non-biological evidences of a Creator are presented: the big bang, the simplicity of basic physical laws, and the exactness of various physical constants.

Maya Petrova Stoyneva

(Born "1962" Day="12" Month="5" May 12, 1962 in Sofia, Bulgaria).  Biologist.  External Teacher, National Science Gymnasium, Sofia, 1988-91; Senior Assistant in biology, Sofia University, 1991; Assistant, Sofia University, 1988-91. Expert Consultant Ministry of Environment, Sofia, 1988, Water Agy. Ltd., Sofia, 1992-93, YEC Office and Sofia Great Municipality, 1993, Bulgarian-Swiss Biodiversity Conservation Programme, 1995; science Consultant Higher Pedagogical School Shoumen, Bulgaria, 1991-93.  Education: Magister, Sofia University, 1985; Ph.D., Sofia University, 1991.

Member: N.Y. Academy Science, International Phycological Society.  Orthodox Christian. 

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

John Strachey

(1671-1743). English geologist. In Observations on the Different Strata of Earths and Minerals (1727), was first to suggest the theory of stratified rock formations.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/strachey.html

John St. Loe Strachey.  The Adventure of Living: A Subjective Autobiography (1860-1922),  

Project Gutenberg Release #6567 (September 2004).  http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=6567

http://92.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STRACHEY_SIR_JOHN.htm

Michael G. Strauss, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

(Born 1958).  Physicist.  Associate Professor of Physics, University of Oklahoma at Norman. Experimental High Energy Physics.  He is listed as a Reasons to believe Science Scholar.

Brief biography of Michael G. Strauss.  http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~strauss/about_me.html:

“I had an interest in science and theology, so in 1977 I chose to go to Biola University where I could study both subjects in detail. After graduating summa cum laude from Biola, I decided to pursue a graduate degree in physics at UCLA.

“During my first few years of graduate school, my interest in quantum mechanics and subatomic physics increased and so I joined a High Energy Physics experimental group doing research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). I moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to actively participate in research at SLAC and graduated in 1988 with my Ph.D in High Energy Physics (a.k.a. Elementary Particle Physics). If you would like to know more about High Energy Physics, the Particle Data Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has a very nice interactive adventure that teaches you all about the subject. My research advisor was Professor Charles Buchanan and my disertation was titled ‘A Study of Lambda Polarization and Phi Spin Alignment in Electron-Positron Annihilation at 29 GeV as a Probe of Color Field Behavior.’

“After graduation, I accepted a post-doctoral research position with the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. I continued to do research at SLAC where I joined the SLD experiment. My research interests centered on the SLD silicon pixel vertex detector. I wrote most of the offline software for this device, and did physics analysis which used the vertex detector, including tagging B quark events for flavor specific QCD analysis. In the seven years I was employed by UMASS, I only spent 3 days on the Amherst campus. The rest of the time was spent in California.

“In August 1995, I accepted a job as an Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Oklahoma in Norman, Oklahoma. The University of Oklahoma has a vibrant high energy physics research group involved in experiments at the Fermi National Accelerator Center (Fermilab), Cornell, and CERN. I joined the DØ experiment at Fermilab where I continue to do research in elementary particle physics. As a member of the DØ collaboration I have made contributions to the testing of silicon sensors for the upgraded vertex detector, and to a measurement of the photon production cross section which probes the gluon content of protons.

“In summer of 2001 I received tenure and was promoted to the rank of Associate Professor.”

Michael Strauss, Associate Professor. Faculty webpage:  http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~strauss/:

“I am currently a member of the DØ collaboration doing research in Experimental Particle Physics using the Tevatron collider at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The Tevatron, which produces the highest energy particle collisions in the world, is an excellent instrument for testing the predictions of the Standard Model of elementary particles and fields and to look for experimental deviations from those predictions. My recent research has focused on testing various properties of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), particularly the properties of the gluons within the proton.”

Summary of Research and Selected Publications, http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~strauss/research/

Curriculum vitae: http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~strauss/cv.pdf

Dr. Michael G. Strauss. “My Search for Truth,” http://www.nhn.ou.edu/~strauss/Testimony.html or http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ouchristianfas/strauss.htm

“In any search for objective religious truth, it quickly becomes clear that all of the world’s religions are mutually exclusive. For instance, some religions teach that after death an individual is reincarnated, while others teach that each individual only lives once. Some religions teach that Jesus was simply a good moral teacher, while Christianity teaches that he was God himself. These teachings contradict each other and can not both be true. This means that either all religions are false, or only one of them is true. My search concluded with the realization that Jesus of Nazareth claimed to be the Creator and God of this universe, and that his claim was substantiated when he arose from the dead.”

“Dr. Michael G. Strauss, Physicist and Christian.”  http://t3.preservice.org/T0211925/default.html. This site was a research project designed to focus on a physicist who integrates his Christian faith not only in his personal life, but also in all of his work in the scientific world.

“The Faith of Dr. Michael G. Strauss,” http://t3.preservice.org/T0211925/webpage2.html

“Strauss’ Current Research,” http://t3.preservice.org/T0211925/webpage4.html

“Biography of Dr. Strauss,” http://t3.preservice.org/T0211925/webpage5.html

“Q&A Session with Dr. Strauss,” http://t3.preservice.org/T0211925/webpage6.html. “Having gone to a Christian university, I understand the pros and cons of both. At the secular university you must be able to articulate why and what you believe. This forces you to evaluate some of the toughest questions. Fortunately, Christianity has answers to those tough questions. If anything, exposure to so many ideas has convinced me even more of the truth of Christianity.”

Thomas Streete *** Not in Gale

(1622-1689).  Irish-born astronomer, cartographer, navigation expert.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/streete.html

Streete frequently helped other astronomers in their observations. Astronomia carolina, 1661, was one of the most popular expositions of astronomy in the second half of the century; it was an important vehicle in disseminating Keplerian astronomy in England. The Description and Use of the Planetary System, 1674.

He engaged in the resurvey of London.  Streete worked intensely on the determination of longitude at sea.

Informal Connections: Connections with astronomers in England and abroad. Connection with the professors at Gresham College.

Jozef Struss *** Not in Gale

(1510-c. 1568).  Polish physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/struss.html

Struss’s main work is Sphygmicae artis, (1555, the work of twenty years) an accurate clinicophysiological study of the pulse and its alterations. It suggested the pulse as a reliable sources of clinical data and of diagnostic and prognostic information.  About 1538 he entered the court of Andrei Gorka, then the governor of Greater Poland as his personal physician.  1539, personal physician to Princess Isabela, daughter of Sigismond I, the King. Isabela was engaged to the King of Hungary, Jan Zapolya.  Struss was appointed administrator of a Hungarian province.  With Gorka Struss was sent to the court of Suleiman I. When he returned to Poznan in 1541 he remained personal physician to Gorka and advisor in his political caareer. Struss amassed large property in the region of Poznan through his association with Gorka.  He established a successful practice and became personal physician to King Sigismund Augustus in 1559.

John Strutt, Lord Rayleigh

(1842-1919).  While the majority of his work dealt with sound and optics, Rayleigh may be most familiar to the layperson as the discover of the rare gas argon. For this accomplishment he was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in physics. Rayleigh served for a period of five years as director of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. With that exception, he spent nearly all of his adult life at his home in where he constructed a well-equipped scientific laboratory. There he carried out experiments on a remarkable variety of subjects that led to the publication of some 450 papers.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Rayleigh.html

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=enweath2713&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1904/strutt-bio.html

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/john_william_strutt.html

Alexander Stuart *** Not in Gale

(1673-1742).  Scottish physiologist, physician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/stuart.html

Author: Disseratio de structura et motu musculari, 1738. Three Lectures on Muscular Motion, 1739. These two related works, elaborating on his doctoral thesis at Leiden, expounded the doctrines of iatromechanism.

New Discoveries and Improvements in Anatomy and Surgery . . . with Cases and Cures, 1738.

Physician to the Queen, 1728.

Member: Royal Society, 1714. First Croonian Lecturer (on muscular physiology), 1738. Copley medal for this work.  College of Physicians of London, 1728. Censor, 1732, 1741.  Académie Royale des Sciences.

William Allen Sturge *** Not in Gale

(1850-1919). English physician. William passed the Primary Examination of the College of Surgeons at Bristol Medical School in 1870. He went to London in 1871 to continue his studies at University College.  he resumed his medical studies and completed his M.D. (London) in 1875.

After holding the post of Physician’s Assistant, he became a resident Medical Officer and subsequently Registrar of the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy. It was there that he laid the foundation of a wide and thoughtful survey of neurological diseases. Dr. Sturge’s name is associated with the widely known syndrome - Sturge-Weber syndrome.  He postulated that the patient’s neurological deficit was explained by a lesion that existed on the surface of the same side of the brain. It was not until 1901 that S. Kalischer provided a pathological proof of such an association. The radiographic findings of such a condition were first described by F. Parkes Weber of England in 1922 and then by V. Dimitri of Argentina in 1923. It should be noted that Dr. Sturge contributed greatly toward the understanding of muscular diseases in recognition of which he was awarded a silver medal by the Royal Society of Medicine for his dissertation on Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

It was in Paris that he met his wife, Emily Bovell, who was also a physician. They married in September 1877 and returned to London to set up a practice together. He was appointed physician and pathologist to the Royal Free Hospital, and a Lecturer to the Women’s Medical School.

It may be of interest to note that Emily Bovell was one of the original half dozen women who gained admission to the Medical School of Edinburgh University, only to be physically ejected by the male students and faculty. All of these women eventually completed their medical training elsewhere and all achieved distinction in their own particular field. Emily was older than William. She developed tuberculosis, a circumstance that prompted the couple to move to Nice in France (French Riviera) in order to live in a milder climate. There they set up practice treating the wealthy and famous English and American visitors. During this time he took medical care of Queen Victoria and her family. In recognition of this service, Queen Victoria awarded him gifts and an MVO, which is an order and decoration reserved for people who have rendered service to the Royal Family of a personal nature. William stayed in Nice for 27 years. Emily Bovell died in her early 40’s in 1885.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1661.html

http://www.mrcophth.com/ophthalmologyhalloffame/sturge.html

http://www.sturge-weber.com/sturgebio.htm

Sturge-Weber Foundation, http://www.sturge-weber.com/index.htm

Sturge-Weber Syndrome: A congenital disorder involving the brain, skin and eyes. It is characterized by portwine nevi on upper part of the scalp along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, as well as other vascular abnormalities both intracranially and in other parts of the body. Accumulations of abnormal blood vessels (angiomas) occur in the meninges of the cerebral cortex, usually on one side of the brain. Also choroid, intracranial calcifications, mental retardation, epileptic seizures, and glaucoma. Both sexes affected; present from birth. Inheritance, if any, is uncertain.

Medical biography (scroll down) in French: http://georges.dolisi.free.fr/Biographies/Biographies_textes_s.htm

Stephen Y. H. Su

(Born July 6, 1938). Computer science and engineering educator, consultant.  Professor computer science SUNY-Binghamton, 1978-present.  Previous posts: Assistant Professor NYU, 1967-69, University of California-Berkeley, 1969-71; Associate Professor Case Western Res. University, Cleve., 1972-73, CUNY, 1973-75; Professor Utah State University, Logan, 1975-78;; logic designer Fabri-Tek Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, 1965; Member Technology staff Bell Telephone Lab., 1969; consultant Sperry UNIVAC, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, 1973-74; engineer IBM, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1974; consultant Standard Electric Lorenz, Stuttgart, Federal Republic Germany, 1985, various others; participant numerous conferences.  Education: BS in Elec. Engineering, Taiwan University, 1960; MS in Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1963, Ph.D. in Computer Engineering, 1967.

Chairman 1984 Family Conf., Mt. Bethel, Pennsylvania; president Binghamton Christian Fellowship, 1983-84, v.p., 1981-82; president Susquehanna Valley Association, Southern Tier, N.Y., 1980.

Honors: Recipient Humboldt award Alexander Humboldt Found., 1984-85, Commerative medal of honor, Distinguished Leadership award for outstanding service in teaching profession; named Engineer of Year, 1981.

Member: IEEE (SeniorAssociate Editor Trans. Computers 1974-77, Vice Chairman test tech committee, 1982-83; advisor, Computer Society Distinguished visitor program 1976-83), Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi. Baptist. Clubs: Tai Chi (president 1973-75) (Bergenfield, N.J.); Kung Fu (president 1971-72) (Cleveland).

Contributor of over 100 articles to professional journals, conference proceedings, chapters to books.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Teruo Sugihara

(Born June 19, 1949).  Biologist.  Research Assistant Rutgers University, 1972-77; Consultant Betz Converse Murdoch, Plymouth, Meeting, Pennsylvania, 1979; project leader Rutgers University, 1977-80; Senior environmentalist specialist N.J. Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, 1981-84, technical coordinator division publicly funded site remediation, 1990; biologist U.S. Army C.E., Philadelphia, 1984-87, ecologist, 1987-90.  AB, in Biology, Lafayette College, 1971; Ph.D. in Ecology, Rutgers University, 1981.

Author: Environmental Impact Statement, 1989; author and editor technical bulletin, 1979. 1st lt. U.S. Army, 1972. Presbyterian.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Dr. John Suppe

(Born 1942).  Department of Geology, received his Ph.D. from Yale University, and has taught at Princeton since 1971. He was elected to the National Academy of Science in 1995. His area of specialty is geological deformations, such as earthquakes.

http://geoweb.princeton.edu/people/faculty/suppe/

John Suppe.  “Biblical Exegesis and Science...” http://www.wheaton.edu/ACG/essays/suppe4.html

John Suppe.  “Thoughts on the Epistemology of Christianity in Light of Science,” http://www.wheaton.edu/ACG/essays/suppe3.html

John Suppe.  “Who knows, but for such a time as this? Why We Became Geologists... ,” http://www.wheaton.edu/ACG/essays/suppe2.html

John Suppe.  “Climbing out of a Swamp: Communicating Geology to the Church...,” http://www.wheaton.edu/ACG/essays/suppe1.html

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=azearth0158&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Clara A. Swain

(1834-1910).  Pioneer woman medical missionary in India, was born in Elmira, N. Y.  She is said to have been the first fully accredited woman physician to be sent by any missionary society to the non-Christian world. In 1871 the Nawab of Rampore gave an estate adjoining the mission property as a site for a hospital for women. A dispensary building was completed in May 1873, and in January 1874 the first woman’s hospital in India was opened. Miss Swain continued her work at Bareilly until March 1885, when at the request of the Rajah of Khetri, Rajputana, she became physician to the Rani and the ladies of the palace.

“http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/DAILYF/2001/01/daily-01-20-2001.shtml

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Jan Swammerdam

(1637-1680). Dutch naturalist, skilled in the art of microdissection and was a founder of comparative anatomy and entomology.  Swammerdam was known for his biological researches with the microscope; first to describe the red blood cells (1658); discovered the valves of the lymph vessels (1664); studied the anatomy of insects, which he classified on the basis of development; devised improved techniques for injecting wax and dyes into cadavers; described ovarian follicles of mammals independently of Reiner de Graaf (1672). Chief works Historia insectorum generalis (1669) and Bybel der Natuure (1737-38).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/swamrdam.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Swammerdam.html

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Swammerdam/1.html

http://www.janswammerdam.net/

http://www.fact-index.com/j/ja/jan_swammerdam.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Jan%20Swammerdam

Jan Swammerdam Instituut.  http://www.dacosta.fiberworld.nl/jan_swammerdam_instituut.htm

Richard A. Swenson

(Born 1948).  A physician, educator and a futurist, with a B.S. in physics Phi Beta Kappa from Denison University (1970) and an M.D. from the University of Illinois (1974). Following fifteen years with the University of Wisconsin Medical School, Dr. Swenson currently researches and writes full-time about the intersection of culture, health, faith, and the future. He is a highly requested speaker on the implications of social change to a wide variety of audiences, including career, professional, and management groups; most major church denominations; members of Congress, and the Pentagon.

Member: Christian Medical and Dental Society, American Academy of Family Practice, International Center for Family Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa.

Author: Margin, 1995; A Minute of Margin; More Than Meets the Eye; Hurtling Toward Oblivion; The Overload Syndrome, 1999; Restoring Margin to Overloaded Lives; Margin/The Overload Syndrome; More Than Meets the Eye: Fascinating Glimpses of God’s Power and Design, 2000.

Thomas L. Swihart / Thomas Lee Swihart

(1929-1995).  Physicist, astronomer. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Assistant Professor of physics and astronomy, 1955-57; Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M., member of staff, 1957-62; University of Illinois, Urbana, Assistant Professor of astronomy, 1962-63; University of Arizona, Tucson, Associate Professor, 1963-69, professor of astronomy and astronomer at Steward Observatory, 1969-95. Fulbright lecturer at Ege University, 1969-70. Education: Attended Manchester College, Manchester, Indiana, 1947-49; Indiana University, A.B., 1951, A.M., 1952; University of Chicago, Ph.D., 1955.

Member: International Astronomical Union, Sigma Xi.  Church of the Brethren.

Author: Astrophysics and Stellar Astronomy, Wiley, 1968; Basic Physics of Stellar Atmospheres, Pachart, 1971; The Physics of Stellar Interiors, Pachart, 1972; (With R.J. Weymann, R.E. Williams, and others) Introductory Theoretical Astrophysics, Pachart, 1976; Journey Through the Universe, Houghton, 1978; Radiation Transfer and Stellar Atmospheres, Pachart, 1981; Quantitative Astronomy, Prentice-Hall, 1992; The Gospel of Jesus Christ; Rational Christianity (work-in-progress unpublished).

Thomas Sydenham

(1624-1689). English physician. A founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology. Served in parliamentary forces in Civil War. Described scarlet fever, St. Vitus’ dance (Sydenham’s chorea), hysteria, malaria, smallpox, and gout; introduced opium into medical practice; one of first to use iron in treating anemia; studied epidemics in relation to different seasons, years, and ages; insisted on clinical observation instead of theory; Introduced use of quinine; invented liquid laudanum.  Friend of John Locke and Robert Boyle; chief works Observationes medicae (1676) and a treatise on gout (1683).  Because he reintroduced into medicine the Hippocratic method of accurate bedside observation and the use of these observations in the classification and treatment of disease, he became known as the “English Hippocrates.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sydenham.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1989.html.  Associated eponyms: Sydenham's chorea, An infectious disease of the central nervous system, appearing after a streptococcal infection, with subsequent rheumatic fever, characterised by involuntary purposeless contractions of the muscles of the trunk and extremities.

http://29.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SY/SYDENHAM_THOMAS.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Francis de la Boe Sylvius / Franciscus dele Bo Sylvius

(1614-1672).  Franciscus dele Bo Sylvius, the first physician in the Netherlands to defend that the blood circulated in the vessels.  Franciscus Sylvius also wrote a descriptive treatise on the natural history of pulmonary tuberculosis that became a classic in late Renaissance Europe.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/sylvius.html

http://www.freeweb.hu/orvostortenet/sylviufk.html

http://www.rcsi.ie/library/History_of_Medicine/Seventeenth_Century/index.asp?id=1091&pid=1091&jid=33&jpid=1086

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14373a.htm

David Swatling.  “The Science of Sylvius,” http://www.rnw.nl/lifestyle/html/sylvius010914.html

William Symington

(1763-1831). Scottish engineer. With his brother George, he built working model of steam road carriage (1786); patented his Improved Atomspheric steam engine (1787), later used to propel a boat on Dalswinton loch (1788); developed (1801) a successful steam-driven paddle wheel, used (1802) to propel the Charlotte Dundas, one of first practical steamboats.

“Significant Scots: William Symington,” http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/symington_william.htm

“William Symington,” http://www.gsk58.dial.pipex.com/symington/index.shtml.

http://www.gsk58.dial.pipex.com/symington/links.htm

J &WT Rankine, 1852.  “BIOGRAPHY of WILLIAM SYMINGTON, Civil Engineer,” http://www.crawford-john.org.uk/symintn.htm

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/people/famousfirst306.html

John Tabor *** Not in Gale

(1667-c. 1724).  English physician.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tabor.html:

Tabor’s major work, Exercitationes medicae (London, 1724), in the school of Freind and Keill, attempted to incorporate medical animism into a mathematical framework. He devoted considerable attention to detailed formulations of the shape and elasticity of muscle fibers and offered a comprehensive account of the heart’s structure and function.

Dr. Randall Tackett / Randall L. Tackett

(Born 1954).  Pharmacology and toxicology educator.  Professor and Graduate Coordinator, College of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, 1995; Head Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, 1989-95; Associate Professor, University of Georgia, Athens, 1986-95; Assistant Professor, University of Georgia, Athens, 1981-85; postdoctoral Fellow, Medicine, U.S.C., Charleston, 1979-81. Research Interests: Racial and Gender differences in cardiovascular disease; vascular biology and production of free radicals; interaction of drugs with the autonomic nervous system; mechanism of action of substances of abuse; adverse drug reactions.

Education: BS, Jacksonville University, 1975; MS, Auburn University, 1977; Ph.D., University of Georgia, 1979.

Member: American Heart Association (peer rev. committee 1992, circulation council 1994, Grantee, 1993-95), International Society Hypertension in Blacks, Federation American Society Experimental Biology, Phi Delta Chi (advisor 1986, Teacher of Year, 1983-84), Phi Kappa Phi.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Randall L. Tackett, Ph.D., The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, http://www.rx.uga.edu/main/home/cet/tackett_cv.html.

http://www.rx.uga.edu/main/home/cas/faculty/tackett.html

Judy Bolyard Purdy.  “Radical Differences,” http://www.ovpr.uga.edu/researchnews/spring98/radical.html. From Research magazine, Spring 1998.  “A recent UGA study may help explain why African-American men have a much higher incidence of heart disease than Caucasian men.  Randall Tackett, a professor of clinical and administrative sciences in the UGA College of Pharmacy, has studied the differences between blood vessels of African Americans and Caucasians since 1992.

“His latest study of saphenous vein tissue (a vein in the leg) from male heart bypass patients suggests that blood vessels from African Americans generate almost twice as many free radicals as those from Caucasians. It also may suggest that antioxidants — vitamins C and E and other compounds that scavenge free radicals — have a beneficial role in therapy.”

André Tacquet, S.J.  / Andre Tacquet / Andreas Tacquet *** Not in Gale

(1612-1660).  Belgian mathematician.  Catholic, entered Jesuit order in 1629.  Crater Tacquet named in his honor.

From http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/tacquet.htm:

Andre Tacquet (1612-1660) was born and died in Antwerp.  He studied mathematics under the famous Jesuit mathematician Gregory St. Vincent and later taught mathematics at Louvain and Antwerp. Tacquet was a brilliant mathematician of international repute. His books were frequently reprinted, and several Italian and English editions appeared and were widely used. His Opera mathematica was described by Henry Oldenburg (editor of the Transaction of the Royal Society) as “one of the best books ever written in mathematics.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tacquet.html

Tacquet’s books taught elementary mathematics to many generations of readers. Most of his works were written as textbooks for Jesuit colleges and had no pretensions to originality. His Elementa geometriae was his most popular work going through several editions in the 17th and 18th centuries. The main importance of his Cylindricorum et annularium, on cylinders and rings, was its concern for method. His Opera mathematica was published posthumously and contained many previously printed works, some unprinted works, and his Astronomia.  Among the principal mathematicians of his time that he corresponded with were Huygens and Van Schooten.

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Andrea Tacquet,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Tacquet.html

Peter Guthrie Tait

(1831-1901). Scottish physicist and mathematician. Professor, Edinburgh(from 1860). Instrumental in development of modern mathematical physics; helped develop quaternions. Investigated properties of ozone, the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases, thermoelectricity and thermal conductivity, etc. His publications included Elementary Treatise on Quaternions (1867), Introduction to Quaternions (with Philip Kelland, 1873), Natural Philosophy (vol. 1 with Lord Kelvin, 1867), The Unseen Universe (1875), and Paradoxical Philosophy (both with Balfour Stewart, 1878).

Chris Pritchard. Provisional Bibliography of Peter Guthrie Tait, The British Society for the History of Mathematics, http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/knots/taitbib.htm

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Tait.html

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Tait.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Peter%20Guthrie%20Tait

Jean Tarde *** Not in Gale

(c. 1561-1636).  French cartographer, astronomer, geographer, optician.  Catholic, an ordained priest.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tarde.html

Tarde embraced Copernicanism. He set up an observatory to observe sunspots--which he was convined were bodies orbiting the sun, and which he named the Bourbon stars.  He not only mapped his area, but he studied its geography, including the location of a city of Gaul which Caesar destroyed.  He wrote a theoretical work on the telescope.  Tarde mapped the neighboring diocese for the Bishop of Cahors in 1606. In compliance with the Bishop’s request that he explain the small quadrant he was using, he wrote Les usages du quadrant à l’esquille aymantée (1616), which he then dedicated to the Bishop.  Henry IV named Tarde his Almoner (or military chaplain) in 1599. Tarde mistakenly identified sunspots as planets which he named after the French royal family, dedicating the book about them to the Bourbons, in the same manner as the Medician stars.

Niccolò Tartaglia / Niccolò Tartaleo / Niccolò Tartaia / Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia

(c. 1499-1557).  Italian mathematician, mechanic, cartographer. Pioneered work on ballistics and falling bodies, and was the first to apply mathematics to the solution of artillery problems.  Adopted nickname Tartaglia, i.e. Stammerer, as surname; mathematics teacher at Venice (1534-48, 1550-57) and Brescia (1548-49); credited with discovery (1535) ofthe solution of the cubic equation, later published by G. Cardano (q.v.) as his own (1545). Wrote Nova scientia (1537) on gunnery; Quesiti et inventioni diverse (1546) on ballistics and algebraic problems; Trattato di numeri et misure (1556-60) on elementary mathematics; translations of Euclid and Archimedes, etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tartalia.html

His name is linked with the solution of third-degree equations. His other contributions concern fundamentals of arithmetic, numerical calculations, extraction of roots, rationalization of denominators, combinatorial analysis. One of the first publishers of Archimedes, he produced an edition of William of Moerbeke’s 13th-century Latin version of some of Archimedes’s work. He also translated Euclid into Italian.

He published Nova Scientia in 1537, announcing a “new” mathematical way of treating motion, especially of projectiles. His Quesiti ed inventioni diverse dealt with algebraic and geometric material and, and such varied subjects as the firing of artillery, cannonballs, the disposition of infantry, topographical surveying, and statics.

Tartaglia was invited to Milan in 1539; the visit led to the quarrel with Ferrari and their public exchange of mathematical challenges and responses. For failing to cite his debt to Jordanus in the Quesiti, Tartaglia was denounced for plagiary in Ferrari.

In his ballistic studies he proposed new ideas, methods, and instruments, important among which are “firing tables”.  He had various proposals on fortifications.  He suggested two instruments for determining inaccessible heights and distances, the first telemeters.  He developed a specific form the the compass, or better, the housing in which it was set, that made it more useful in surveying.

He corresponded with Cardano for a time, and he had the famous mathematical contest with Ferrari. Since it hinged on the discovery of the solution to cubic equations, it may have been the first priority dispute.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Nicolo Tartaglia,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Tartaglia.html

Biography of Niccolò Tartaglia. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/tartag.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Niccolo%20Tartaglia

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Tartaglia.htm (French)

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/tartaglia.htm

http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Tartaglia_Niccolo_Fontana.html

http://36.1911encyclopedia.org/T/TA/TARTAGLIA_NICCOLO.htm

Stephen A. Taylor, BSc, MEng, Ph.D., ACGI, MIEE*** Not in Gale

(Not the civil engineer of Hatch Mott MacDonald, Inc., born 1955, or the biochemist at Manchester University).
Reader in Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool. BSc (Eng) (London),
MEng, Ph.D. (Liverpool), ACGI, MIEE.  Originator of the world’s smallest mass spectrometer.

Faculty webpage, Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, http://www.liv.ac.uk/eee/academicstaff/taylor.htm

Solid state electronics research group, http://www.liv.ac.uk/eee/research/sse/sse.htm

World’s smallest mass spectrometer.  http://www.liv.ac.uk/eee/academicstaff/projects/taylor_mass.pdf

Dr Steve Taylor, of the University of Liverpool’s Solid State Electronics Research Group, The University of Liverpool. “Mass Medium,” http://www.liv.ac.uk/researchintelligence/issue11/mass.html.  Research Intelligence, n. 11, December 2001. “An electrical engineer at The University of Liverpool has originated the world’s smallest mass spectrometer. Based on optical fibre and silicon technology, the resulting instrument requires less power, less expensive electronics and less exacting vacuum technology. Its size also offers the potential for ‘backpack’ devices capable of providing on-the-spot mass spectrometry out in the field.”

The University of Liverpool Staff Christian Fellowship http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/cissam/ulscf.htm

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Dr. Walter Kingsley Taylor

(Born 1939).  Ornithologist.  Biology educator, consultant.  Associate chair Dept. of Biology, University Central Florida, Orlando, 1997; Professor biology, University Central Florida, Orlando, 1983; Associate Professor biology, University Central Florida, Orlando, 1971-82; Assistant Professor biology, Florida Technol. University, Orlando, 1969-71. Consultant, Modica & Assocs., Clermont, Florida, 1990.

“My current course specialities are Biodiversity, Invertebrate Zoology, Ornithology, Zoogeography, and Florida Wildflowers. For nearly 26 years I held down our General Zoology which was merged with General Botany and renamed Biodiversity.” U.S. Army, 1967-69; became captain. Education: B.S. Biology & History, Murray State College, Murray, KY, 1962; M.S. Zoology, Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, Ruston, LA, 1964; Ph.D. Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ , 1967.  Dissertation: Breeding Biology of the Verdin, Auriparus flaviceps (Sundevall) 228 pp.

Member: American Ornithologists Union, Wilson Ornithology Society (life), Nature Conservancy, Sierra Club, Northeast Bird Banding Association, Florida Ornithological Society (charter member; chair of Archive Committee, 1993-present), Florida Native Plant Society, Sigma Xi.  Baptist.

Honors: Recipient God and Service Award Boy Scouts America, 1997, First place literary award, Florida Space Coast Writers Conference, 1987; Green Palmetto Award for Education, Florida Native Plant Society, 2000.

Author: Guide to Florida Wildflowers, 1992, Florida Wildflowers in their Natural Communities, 1998; Senior author: André Michaux in Florida: An 18^th Century Botanical Journey, 2001; editor Florida Field Naturalist, 1994-96.

HOME PAGE of DR. WALTER KINGSLEY TAYLOR, PROFESSOR OFBIOLOGY, BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA, http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~wtaylor/

William Nathaniel Taylor, Jr. / William N. Taylor

(Born 1952).  Physician.  Research engineer and scientist.  B. F. Goodrich Chemical Co., Avon Lake, OH, Research scientist, 1976-77; Abtec Chemical Company, Louisville, KY, technical service engineer and research engineer, 1977; Medical Center Hospital, Punta Gorda, FL, director of emergency medicine, 1982-83; Sun Bay Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, emergency medicine physician, beginning 1983; University of Central Florida, Orlando, Associate Professor of exceptional and physical education, ca.1995-present. Physician crew chief for United States Olympic Committee Drug Education Program, 1984-88; Assistant Professor of sports medicine for United States Sports Academy, 1986; director of Lifefitness Clinic.

Bernardino Telesio

(1509-1588). Italian philosopher. Known particularly for his De rerum natura juxta propria principia (first 2 books, 1565; complete 9 books, 1586); revolted against medieval Aristotelianism; advocated empirical method; called “first of the moderns” by Francis Bacon.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/telesio.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14477a.htm

http://48.1911encyclopedia.org/T/TE/TELESIO_BERNARDINO.htm

http://www.fact-index.com/b/be/bernardino_telesio.html

http://www.ildiogene.it/EncyPages/Ency=Telesio.html (in Italian)

http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/philo/galerie/neuzeit/teles.htm (in German)

http://www.polybiblio.com/finch/5486.html:

“Francis Bacon, who was influenced by Telesio, called him ‘the first of the moderns’ based on the fact that Telesio placed emphasis on actual experience in the study of nature. When this work was written a new spirit of freedom of thought was resulting in the questioning of the rigid doctrines of Aristotelianism, Telesio being amongst the earliest, the most vociferous, and the best educated in the classical languages, to make this challenge. Not long after his death, however, this freedom of thought was considered a challenge to the Church and Telesio’s work was put on the Index. ‘Telesio also introduced concepts of space and time that anticipated the absolute space and time of Newtonian physics ... [He] also held that time would continue to flow on even though no motion were observed by man or even existed. He thus broke away from Aristotle’s conception of place as the surface of the containing body and of time as the measure of motion’ (DSB).”

Willem Ten Rhyne / Willem Ten Rhijne *** Not in Gale

(1647-1700).  Dutch physician, botanist, pharmacologist.  Jewish Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tenrhyne.html

After his M.D. Ten Rhyne published on gout in 1669.  While in Japan he studied the tea plant and other plants. Earlier he had studied the plants at the Cape of Good Hope, where he stopped en route to the East Indies. He published on all of these. Eventually he collaborated with Adriaan van Reede tot Drakestein on a twelve volume Hortus Malabaricus.  Ten Rhijne published a classic work on leprosy in 1687, and a work which was Europe’s real introduction to acupuncture. His work on plants seems always to have had their pharmacological uses at least partly in mind.

Carole Thaxton, M.D.

Medical doctor.  Educator.  Co-author of KONOS Curriculum Unit Studies. Because of so many preconceived ideas, she resisted Christianity as the answer until she dared to face God to inquire “What is really true?” As a convinced and committed Christian, she received her B.A. degree in biology and education and later her master’s degree in counseling from Syracuse University. Carole’s interest in whole person development led her to further academic training in child development and various additional counseling courses. Before meeting Charles at L’Abri in 1971, she worked as a professional counselor at the Devereux Foundation, a treatment center for the emotionally disturbed. She has counseled, taught, and supervised in a variety of educational/developmental settings (residential treatment center, public school, private school, international school, homeschool, and parent cooperatives). In the Atlanta area she teaches writing and biblical psychology courses to teens and leads seminars for homeschooling parents. Carole’s forte of education and counseling prepared her not only for homeschooling their own sons but in founding the KONOS ACADEMY OF PRAGUE, an English-speaking Christian worldview school, and for counseling English-speaking families living abroad on parenting and education issues.

Author: Learn to Write the Novel Way.

From CAROLE THAXTON, M.S. biography, http://www.konos.org/about.html#c

Charles B. Thaxton, Ph.D *** Not in Gale

Chemist.  Presently, Dr. Thaxton holds a visiting faculty position at Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. Charles B. Thaxton received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Iowa State University. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University for two years where he studied the history and philosophy of science. He had a Postdoctoral appointment in Molecular Biology at Brandeis University for three years.

After meeting at L’Abri and marrying in 1971, Charles and his wife Carole incorporated KONOS, Inc. as a teaching, training, counseling center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. After moving to Dallas, where Charles worked with Probe Ministries, the Thaxtons resolved to teach their own children according to the KONOS model of incorporating academic subjects with character development and called their homeschool KONOS ACADEMY.  Carole Thaxton and Jessica Hulcy co-authored the popular KONOS CURRICULUM UNIT STUDIES.

While teaching and counseling at the Julian Center in Julian, California, Charles continued to speak to thousands of university students throughout the world. Meanwhile, Carole spoke at hundreds of conferences about how to teach the KONOS way while teaching their own children and leading homeschool coops.  Charles’ first book The Mystery of Life’s Origin (Thaxton, Bradley, Olsen) was translated into Romanian in 1986, which led to his grand entrance into the university lecture halls of Romania after their revolution. Translation of The Mystery of Life’s Origin and later The Soul of Science (co-authored with Nancy Pearcey) into several Eastern European languages, led to extensive travel throughout Eastern Europe. The Thaxton family decided to reside in Prague for six years for more intensive ministry within the most atheistic country in Europe—the Czech Republic.  In January, 1992 he moved with his family to Prague, Czechoslovakia. During 1992 he held appointments at both the Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia and the Biomathematical Institute in Craiova, Romania. After Charles’ radical cancer and subsequent amputation, the Thaxtons moved to Fayetteville, GA, still traveling to Eastern Europe about one-fourth of the year.

Dr. Thaxton is President of KONOS Connection, is a non-profit educational organization, incorporated as a 501©3 in 1991. Its purpose is to connect people with their Creator, Jesus Christ, and His perspective on life. Our focus has been within the academic community, giving a well-reasoned perspective on the relationship between Christianity and the various academic disciplines.

KONOS Connection, Fayetteville, Georgia, http://www.konos.org/about.html

He holds memberships in the American Chemical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and is a Fellow of both the American Institute of Chemists and the American Scientific Affiliation.

Co-author:  Nancy Randolph Pearcey, Light Through a Prism: A World View Approach to History of Science (Crossway, 1993). He is co-author of The Mystery of Life’s Origin and The Soul of Science, and contributor to several books and journals. He was the Academic Editor for a high school biology supplement, Of Pandas and People (Haughton, 1989).

From http://www.ldolphin.org/mystery/

CHARLES THAXTON, Ph.D. biography.  http://www.konos.org/about.html#Charles

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/thaxton-cb.html

Christian Student Survival Conference, Scientists Find Evidence of God

http://www.leaderu.com/cl-institute/cssc/survival13.html

Theodoric de Lucca / Teodorico Borgognoni *** Not in Gale

Theodoric (1205-1298) was a Dominican friar and University-trained both as a surgeon and a physician, a circumstance that was very unusual at the time (Zimmerman & Veith, 1961). Despite working as a surgeon, he eventually became Bishop of Cervia in 1262. In 1267 he completed his Chirurgia or surgical textbook, which Theodoric stated was based on the teachings of [his father] Hugh. Theodoric’s treatise contains a range of information such as different types of surgical procedures, management of fractures and dislocations, the best methods of extracting arrows and Hugh’s principles of wound management. Both Hugh and Theodoric condemned the doctrine of ’laudable pus’. Theodoric considered that it hindered nature and prolonged healing (Zimmerman & Veith, 1961). Edwards (1976) described Theodoric as a medieval antiseptic surgeon who was unfairly denigrated by some of his colleagues and his successors.  The School of Surgery at Bologna University was founded around the end of the 12^th Century by Theodoric and his father, Hugh of Lucca (1160-1257).

From EWMA Journal, 2003 ,VOL. 3 NO.1, www.ewma.org/pdf/spring03/B02-WasItArtOrScience.pdf

Theodoric of Cervia (Borgognoni).  http://www.saintkellen.com/03chapter.html

Melchisédech Thévenot *** Not in Gale

(c. 1620-1692).  French pharmacologist, instrument-maker, physicist, scientific communicator and organizer.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/thevenot.html

Thévenot was one of the important correspondents linking Paris to the European scientific world. He organized his own academy in the early 60’s, and he influenced the founding of the French Academy of Sciences.

His only notable direct contribution to science was in instrumentation: a bubble level, originally designed in 1661. The level was filled with alcohol and mounted on a stone ruler fitted with a viewing lens. His design did not come into common use until the mid-eighteenth century with the development of improved construction techniques. From 1658-61 he conducted experiments on capillarity and the siphon. He made various astronomical and magnetic studies aided by Petit, Auzout, Frenicle de Bessy, and Huygens. In the 1660’s he demonstrated the possibility that atmospheric pulsations had something to do with human and animal respiration.  His most famous work was his collection of translations of voyages of discovery, Relations de divers voyages curieus, (Paris, 1663-72).

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1685-92. At the meetings of the Académie he discussed the use of lemon juice as a medicinal cure and ipecac as useful in treating dysentary. He attended Montmor’s meeting at least as early as 1658.  After about 1662 he provided occasions for additional meetings and experimentation in his country house at Issy, several miles south of Paris. There he supported the mathematician Frenicle de Bessy, the Danish anatomist Nils Stensen, and a chemical demonstrator. He held his meetings until 1665 when a lack of funds for apparatus and experimentation hindered his work--or perhaps when the organization of the Académie forcefully disbanded the so called Academy Thévenot.

About 1663 or 1664 a group that included him, Auzout, and Petit proposed a plan for a new academy of scientists. The proposed Compagnie would perform experiments and make observations for the perfection of the sciences and the arts and, in general, to search for all that can bring utility to the human race, and particularly to France. His utilitarian project for a compagnie des sciences et des arts was quite different from the one proposed by Charles Perrault. The Academy of Sciences that emerged in 1666 was more in Perrault’s design than in his. He finally became a member of the Academy in 1685.

Throughout the 1660’s and 1670’s he maintained a wide correspondence with numerous persons. Much of it related his translation and publication of voyages of discovery, Relation de divers voyages. His intimate friends included Huygens, Oldenburg, A. Auzuot, and numerous other mid-seventeenth-century personages.

Isabella Thoburn

(1840-1901) Educator and missionary to India.  In 1869 the Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church was founded in Boston, Mass., and under its auspices, on Nov. 3, accompanied by Dr. Clara A. Swain [q.v.], she sailed for India, arriving in Bombay on Jan. 7, 1870. The city of Lucknow in Oudh became the center of her activities. Into the education of the girls and young women of India she threw herself with zeal and courage. On Apr. 18, in Aminabad bazaar, she began a school with six girls and herself the only teacher, while a Christian youth guarded the group with a stout bamboo. From a day school it developed into a boarding school, then into a high school, and finally into a college for women—now the Isabella Thoburn College, the women’s college of Lucknow University. Buying the beautiful estate of the Ruby Garden (Lal Bagh) with its seven acres from a Mohammedan nobleman of the old kingdom of Oudh, she erected her buildings. The college that came into being was for Indian and Eurasian, Hindu, Mohammedan, and Christian alike; no religious or racial prejudice was to mar its peace and fellowship.—Oscar MacMillan Buck.  “Isabella Thoburn.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.

http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Thoburn_Isabella.html

January 7, 1870 • Isabella Thoburn Taught India’s Women.

http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/DAILYF/2002/01/daily-01-07-2002.shtml

http://www.epworth.com/cameo6.htm

Irene Manorama Thomas

(Born "1935" Day="12" Month="10" October 12, 1935 in Mangalore, India).  Anatomist, human geneticist, educator.  Professor, head, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, 1984; from Assistant Professor to Associate Professor, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, 1971-84; tutor, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India, 1966-69; tutor, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 1964-66; demonstrator, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 1963-64. Member advisory Board Indian Council Medical School, 1982, member task force in genetics; member advisory Board Dept. Science & Tech., 1982, Biotechnology & Baba Atomic School Center.  Education: BS, Wilson College, Bombay, India, 1956; MB, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India, 1960; MS, Dharbhanga (India) Medical College, 1969.

Member: Fellow National Academy Medical Sciences; American Association Anatomists, Afro-Asia Oceania Association Anatomists (committee 1988), Association for Welfare on Mentally Handicapped Children, Down Syndrome Association UniversityK., American Association Cytogenetic Technologists, Anatomical Sic. India (life member, exec. committee 1978, v.p. 1995), Indian Society Human Genetics (life member, governing council 1985-89), Christian Medical Association India (life member), India Society Prental Diagnosis and Therapy (committee 1990-91), Bangalore Society OB-Gyn. (Associate), Indian Medical Association (Bangalore br.), National Board Exam. (v.p. 1994-95 apptd. by govt. of India).

Honors: Recipient Dr. T.A. Mathias award All India Association for Higher Education, 1990-91, Dr.’s Day award Indian Medical Association, 1993, Dr. B.C. Roy award Medical Council India, 1992, Kshanika Oration award Indian Council Medical School, 1990; National Merit scholar, lady Dufferin merit scholar; Katholischer Auslander Dienst fellow, 1970.

Author: Guide for Ten Ph.D. Students; Contributor of over 30 research projects and numerous articles to professional journals. and procs. and over 200 invited lectures.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Alvaro Thomaz /Alvaro Tomas / Alvarus Thomas *** Not in Gale

(fl. 1500s).  Portuguese scholastic philosopher, mathematician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/thomaz.html

Published Liber de triplici motu proportionibus, 1509, in the tradition of the calculatores--a work both of mathematics and of scholastic physics.  Thomaz was the calculator par excellence in Paris in the early 16th century, the principal stimulus to the revival of interest in the Mertonian approach to natural philosophy.

Bert Thompson

Microbiologist.  Executive Director of Apologetics Press, Montgomery, Alabama.  Adjunct professor of Bible and science at Southern Christian University, Montgomery, Alabama.  Dr. Thompson is a former professor in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Texas A&M, where he also served as Coordinator of the Cooperative Education Program in Biomedical Science. B.S. in biology from Abilene Christian University (1971) ; M.S. (1972) and Ph.D. (1975) in microbiology from Texas A&M University. He conducts approximately 40 Science & Nature: Two Votes for God seminars every year.

Member: American Society of Microbiology.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/thompson-b.html

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/biologicalscientists.html

http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/select/cv-bt.htm

Author: Creation Compromises, Apologetics Press, 2^nd edition, 2000.

T. Wallace. Book Review: Creation Compromises, by Bert Thompson, Ph.D.  http://www.trueorigin.org/creatcomp.asp.  March 10, 2002.

Brad Harrub, Ph.D. and Bert Thompson, Ph.D. “AN EXAMINATION OF THE MEDICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE PHYSICAL DEATH OF CHRIST,” http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/rr2002/r&r0201a.htm, or http://www.coralridge.org/specialdocs/jesusmedicalevidence.asp. An updated review of the extensive scientific evidence surrounding Christ’s physical death (2002).

J. J. Thomson

(1856-1940). A scientist of diverse interests, J. J. Thomson was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1906 for his theoretical and experimental research on the behavior of electricity in gases. As one consequence of that research, Thomson discovered the electron in 1897. He also was interested in a number of other topics, including optics, magnetism, radioactivity, photoelectricity, and thermionics (a branch of physics relating to the emission of charged particles from an incandescent source).

http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/chemach/ans/jjt.html

http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html

http://www.aip.org/history/electron/jjthomson.htm

http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/591_84.html

Ker C. Thomson *** Not in Gale

Geophysicist.  Former Professor of geophysics at Baylor University. .Former Professor of science at Bryan College.  Former Director of the U.S. Air Force Terrestrial Sciences Laboratory.

B.A. in physics and geology from the University of British Columbia, Canada; D.Sc. in geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines.

Author of numerous technical papers.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/thomson-k.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Glenn Tinder *** Not in Gale

Political Scientist. Dr. Tinder is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, having taught there 30 years. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkley. His professional memberships include the American Political Science Association, the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, and the Conference for the Study of Political Thought. He serves on the editorial board of The Review of Politics. Dr. Tinder is a prolific writer, having written some seven books and contributed numerous articles to professional journals.
Author: The Political Meaning of Christianity.

Glenn Tinder.  “First Things: What Can We Reasonably Hope For? A Millennium Symposium,” http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft0001/articles/tinder.html

Copyright © 1998 First Things 99 (Januray 2000): 33-34

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Andreas Tocquet

Andreas Tocquet (1612-1660) taught mathematics in several European universities. He originated many theorems, especially those involving the geometry of cylinders and rings. A master teacher and writer, Tocquet’s textbooks were used by generations of mathematics students. He maintained a lifetime devotion to the Catholic faith and was known for a positive Christian testimony before his students.

Don DeYoung. http://www.creationresearch.org/creation_matters/98/cm9811.html

Robert Bentley Todd *** Not in Gale

(1809-1860). The eminent physiologist, Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860), was instrumental in setting up King’s College Hospital. Physician, brother of J. H. Todd; Education: TCD, BA 1829; Lecturer in anatomy, London; DM, Oxon., 1836; Professor of Physiology at King’s College, London, 1836-53; Gulstonian, 1839; Lumleian lect., 1849; FRS, 1838; examiner for London University, 1839-40; co-fnd. King’s College Hospital, 1840; also St. John’s House Institute for nurses; FRCS, 1844; large priv. practice; revolutionised fever treatment; numerous writings on medical science; ed., The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology (1835-59).

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/archives/175th/faq39.htm

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/library/speccoll/exhibitions/medex/hist.html

J.B. Lyons, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. “The achievements of Robert Bentley Todd,” http://www.bri.ucla.edu/nha/ishn/abs1997.htm

David Tonge *** Not in Gale

Neuroscientist. David Tonge, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer in Physiology, Sensory Functions Research Group,
Centre for Neuroscience Research, GKT School of Biomedical Science, King’s College London, London,
United Kingdom. Interest: control of nerve growth; regeneration and synapse formation; developmental neurobiology.

David Tonge, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer in Physiology, http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/biomedical/cfnr/members/tonge.html.  Faculty webpage.

Faculty webpage, King’s College, London, http://www.kcl.ac.uk/pgp04/staffinfo/104

Neuroscience Research Division.  http://www.kcl.ac.uk/pgp04/programme/18

Testimony in Scientists Who Believe: 21 Tell Their Own Stories, edited by Eric C. Barrett and David Fisher. The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, IL.  ISBN 0-8024-7634-1.  “As a scientist, I look for scientific ‘truth’ in my research, knowing that such truth is transitory.  It may be superceded or refuted at any time.  But, since I am a Christian, my life and work are now based on the most comprehensive and unequivocal statement ever made about truth: Jesus Christ once said, “I am the truth” (John 14:6, italics added).”

Larry E. Toothaker*** Not in Gale
Psychologist.  David Ross Boyd Professor of Psychology, University of Oklahoma.   Toothaker earned a Bachelors degree at the University of Nebraska, where he also competed as an athlete. He entered graduate school and earned a Masters degree and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin.

Testimony: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/OUChristianFAS/toothake.htm

“Church work is not just form and ritual. My family life is characterized by growing in love and understanding. Having a personal relationship with Jesus has become the center of my life, and He gives inner peace that I could not get from any other source.”

Evangelista Torricelli

(1608-1647). Italian mathematician and physicist. Served at Florence as amanuensis to Galileo (1641-42); succeeded Galileo as mathematician to grand duke of Tuscany and professor at Florentine Academy (1642). Improved telescope; discovered principle of the barometer and devised earliest form of the instrument (1643); worked on the cycloid; published Opera Geometrica (1644). His work in geometry aided in the eventual development of integral calculus.  He refined the method of indivisibles introduced by Bonaventura Cavalieri.

As a scientist, Evangelista Torricelli became well known for his study of the motion of fluids, and was declared the father of hydrodynamics by Ernst Mach. Torricelli also conducted experiments on gases, though the term was not then in use. Most notably, Torricelli settled an argument about the nature of gases and the existence of the vacuum. Aristotle believed that a vacuum could not exist. Though Galileo disagreed, he contended that the action of suction (in a water pump, for example) was produced by a vacuum itself and not by the pressure of the air pushing on the liquid being pumped. Despite his argument, Torricelli noticed that water could be pumped only a finite distance through a vertical tube before it ceased to move any further and set out to examine this paradox, inventing the first barometer in the process.

“Evangelista Torricelli.” World of Earth Science. Gale, 2003.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/toriceli.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Evangelista Torricelli,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Torricelli.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14784a.htm

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Torricelli.html

Egidio Festa, editor.  “Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence, ITALY, Evangelista Torricelli,”  http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/multi/torricel/

“The discovery of the weight of air, and the existence of the vacuum.  A tribute to Evangelista Torricelli,” http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/vuoto/index.html

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/torricelli.htm

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/T/Torricelli/1.html

“Torricelli | Evangelista | 1608-1647 | Italian mathematician,” http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/t/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1118/

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Evangelista%20Torricelli

http://www.portaljuice.com/evangelista_torricelli.html

http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/torricelli.html (in German)

Karen Teresa Toscano

(Born "1965" Day="12" Month="8" August 12, 1965 in Queens, New York, United States).  Pharmaceutical scientist.  Arthritis biologist, Novartis Pharm. Co., Summit, 1993; analytical chemist, Ciba-Geigy Pharms., Summit, N.J., 1989-93; toxicologist, Exxon Biomedical Sciences, East Millstone, N.J., 1987-89.  Achievements include participation in ongoing successful maternal-PKU study with Newark Beth Israel Children's Hospital, research work and publication on Animal Identification and Marking System on Mesocricetus auratus.  Education: BS, Delaware Valley College Science and Agriculture, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, 1987.

Member Seal of Excellence committee Ciba-Geigy Pharms., Summit, 1991-93.  Women's Guild (sec.), Quilt Guild, American Chemical Society.  Vol. Christian Confraternity Doctrine (CCD) 2d grade Teacher, Bloomsbury, 1994.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

James Mitchell Tour

(Born 1959).  James M. Tour is the Chao Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Computer Science, and Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science in Rice University’s Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology. He has about 215 scientific publications as well as numerous patents. His scientific research areas include molecular electronics, molecular computing, nanomotors, methods for retarding chemical terrorist attacks and the NanoKids concept for K-12 education in nanoscale science. He is also a co-founder and board member of Molecular Electronics Corp. Tour is a Messianic Jew (a Jew who believes that Jesus is the Messiah and the Son of God). He and his wife, Shireen, have four wonderful children, two daughters and two sons.

Research Areas: (200 research publications; 17 issued patents)

General: organic chemistry, materials science, and polymer chemistry.

Specific: molecular electronics, molecular computing, self-assembly, self-replication, conjugated oligomers, electroactive polymers, combinatorial routes to precise oligomers, polymeric sensors, flame retarding polymer additives, carbon nanotube modification, DNA-promoted assembly for synthetic molecules, and synthesis of molecular motors and nanotrucks, regulation policies on precursors for chemical weapons of terror.

Website: http://www.jmtour.com/

James M. Tour’s statement of faith: http://www.jmtour.com/personal_statement.htm

James M. Tour.  “Faith of a Scientist: The Impact of the Bible Upon a Christian Professor,” http://www.jmtour.com/wordofGod.htm

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort

(1656-1708). French botanist and physician. Professor at Jardin des Plantes, Paris (1688-1708); one of the founders of modern systematic botany; credited with being first to group plants into genera. Author of Elements de botanique (1694).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tournfrt.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14799a.htm

http://www.fact-index.com/j/jo/joseph_pitton_de_tournefort.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Joseph%20Pitton%20de%20Tournefort

http://43.1911encyclopedia.org/T/TO/TOURNEFORT.htm

Richard Towneley *** Not in Gale

(1629-1707).  English natural philosopher, physicist, astronomer, meteorologist, instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/towneley.html

In addition to his general interest in Cartesian philosophy, his role in Boyle’s law (an investigation carried out with Henry Power), and his astronomical observations, Towneley carried out extended meteorological measurements and improved the micrometer (for use in astronomical observations). He introduced Flamsteed to the micrometer. As an astronomer he perpetuated the tradition of observation established in that region earlier by Horrocks, Crabtree, and Gascoigne. He also investigated capillary phenomena and the use of the barometer to measure altitudes.  Towneley constructed a carriage that passed smoothly over rough roads.

He improved on Gascoigne’s crude micrometer.

Informal connections: Influenced and encouraged by his uncle, Christopher Towneley, and like his uncle earlier, he gathered a circle around him which included Henry Power and his brothers. Close friendship with René Francoise Sluse. He corresponded with the Royal Society, and with Boyle and Flamsteed.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/towneley_richard.shtml

Charles H. Townes

(Born 1915). Charles Townes is generally considered the American inventor of the maser (an acronym for microwave amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation), an honor he shares with two Russian scientists, Aleksandr Prokhorov and Nikolai Basov. The microwave theories he introduced and pursued throughout the 1960s paved the way for such advances as the modern laser.

http://www.bell-labs.com/about/history/laser/invention/townes-bio.html

F. Mark Townsend / Francis Mark Townsend *** Not in Gale

Chemical engineer. Boyd Professor Emeritus, Chemical Engineering, University of Oklahoma.  F. Mark Townsend served as a captain in the U.S. Army during World War II, receiving a Purple Heart. During the Allied invasion of Normandy, Capt. Townsend was hit by German mortar fire, which injured three of his limbs. After 17 operations, he returned to the University of Oklahoma in the fall of 1947, after having learned to write with his left hand. He went on to complete the bachelor of science degree that had been interrupted by his induction to the Army. He then earned a master’s degree and was one of the first graduates to receive a doctoral degree in chemical engineering from OU.
Before he retired in 1983, Townsend taught for 28 years as a Professor in OU’s School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science. He made impressive strides in research while at OU. During his graduate studies, he produced the fundamental data that established TEG as the most effective absorbent for dehydrating natural gas mixtures over a full range of field operating pressures. Today it is used to dehydrate the largest part of all natural gas going to market in the world. In 1952, he discovered a chemical reaction which developed into sour-gas treating processes. To date, the Townsend process has been used under license to IFP. In addition, Townsend’s research project for the U.S. Air Force on contamination of JP-5 jet fuel put an end to a rash of mid-air explosions. He also developed a unique water exhaustion technique that is now used in the petroleum industry to produce 100 percent glycols for super-dehydration of gas.
F. Mark Townsend was elected to the University of Oklahoma College of Engineering Distinguished Graduates Society in 1999.

From http://www.coe.ou.edu/alumni/famousalumni.htm

Carl Webb Townsend

(Born 1938). Computer consultant, writer.  Engineer., IBM Corp., Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1962-68; research scientist Interscience Research Institute, Champaign, Illinois, 1968-70, United Medical Labs., Portland, Oregon, 1970-78; freelance consultant, Portland, 1978; President Center for Study of Future, Portland, 1973; writer, consultant, Portland, 1984; President Oregon Professional Microsystems, Portland, 1983.  BS, Louisiana Tech. University, 1962; MS, George Washington University, 1968.

Member: Baptist.

Author: How to Make Money With Your Microcomputer, 1981, How to Get Started With CPM, 1981, How to Get Started With MS-DOS, 1983, CPM Database Management, 1983, A Practical Guide to CPM, 1983, Using dBASE II, 1983, Exploring Word Processors: CPM Edition, 1984, Electronic Mail and Beyond, 1984, Conquering Adventure Games, 1984, Mastering dBASE III, 1985, Mastering Excel, 1985, pfs: Software Made Easy, 1985, Better Symphony Spreadsheets, 1986, Designing and Programming Personal Expert Systems, 1986, Mastering dBASE III Plus, 1986, Mastering Expert Systems with Turbo Prolog, 1987, Introduction to Turbo Prolog, 1987, Manager’s Guide to the Token Ring Network, 1987.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Bruno Tozzi *** Not in Gale

(1656-1743).  Italian botanist, natural historian.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tozzi.html

Tozzi was deeply interested in botany. He collected on his travels for the order, and between 1700 and 1725 he went on many excursions with Micheli, whose teacher and then friend he was. He became good at watercolors in depicting plants. He was especially interested in fungi, lichens, algae, and bryophytes. Tozzi published nothing during his life, but he nevertheless established a reputation among the naturalists (and especially botanists) of all Europe, and he was an important figure in the science of botany. (Saccardo lists a publication of 1703, which others deny to have existed.)  Especially in his old age he also collected information on birds and insects.  His Sylva fungorum, a manuscript, is preserved in the Bibliotheca nazionale in Florence.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was close to other naturalists in his order, and close to Micheli, whom he taught initially and then collaborated with.  He shared his collections and drawings with William Sherard; he carried on active correspondence with Boerhaave, James Petiver, Hans Sloane, and Micheli.

With Micheli he founded the Società Botanica Fiorentina.  He entered the order of the monks of Vallombroso on 14 May 1676. He eventually became abbot of the house at Vallombroso and procurator general of the order in Rome.

http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/genscheda.asp?appl=LST&xsl=biografia&lingua=ENG&chiave=300565

John Tradescant (I)

(c. 1570 or 1575-1638). English naturalist, botanist. Naturalist and gardener to Charles I; collected plants and other natural history objects. Anglican.  His son (1608-1662) succeeded to post of royal gardener (1638); added to his father’s collection. The collection passed to Elias Ashmole and formed the basis of Oxford’s Ashmolean Museum.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tradscnt_jo1.html

The two John Tradescants, father and son, were skilled gardeners with minimal claims to be considered scientists. However, the elder John Tradescant collected everything curious in natural history--minerals, birds, fish, insects, as well as coins, medals, and miscellaneous curiosities. Plantarum in horto Johannum Tradescanti nasentium catalogus, 1634. As gardeners, he and his son introduced a number of new plants into England.

Gardener to the Earl of Salisbury, 1610-14, (mostly at Hatfield, but also at Cranborne in Dorset and at Salisbury House in London).  Salisbury sent him on expeditions to the continent to purchase vines, trees, plants, and flowers for Hatfield House. Salisbury (Robert Cecil) died in 1612; Tradescant continued with the heir until 1614-15.  Gardener to Edward Lord Wotton at Canterbury in Kent, c.1615-23. During this time he joined Sir Dudley Digges' embassy to Russia as a botanist, and brought home some plants. In 1620 he joined an expedition against the Barbary corsairs.  Gardener to the Duke of Buckingham, c.1624-8. He accompanied Buckingham's expedition to La Rochelle in 1628. Buckingham arranged for Tradescant to hold the sinecure of yeoman garnetter at the Whitehalff granary.

Informal Connections: He set up the first botanical garden and museum in England and attracted many naturalists and botanists. Connection with the French gardeners, Jean and Vespasien Robin and René Morin.

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/T/Tradescant/1.html

English gardener and botanist who travelled widely in Europe and is thought to have introduced the cos lettuce to England from the Greek island of that name. He was appointed gardener to Charles I and was succeeded by his son, John Tradescant the Younger (1608-1662). The younger Tradescant undertook three plant-collecting trips to Virginia in North America.
The Tradescants introduced many new plants to Britain, including the acacia, lilac, and occidental plane. Tradescant senior is generally considered the earliest collector of plants and other natural-history objects.
In 1604 the elder Tradescant became gardener to the earl of Salisbury, who in 1610 for the first time sent him abroad to collect plants. In 1620 he accompanied an official expedition against the North African Barbary pirates and brought back to England gutta-percha and various fruits and seeds. Later, when he became gardener to Charles I, Tradescant set up his own garden and museum in London. In 1624 he published a catalogue of 750 plants grown in his garden.
http://www.fact-index.com/j/jo/john_tradescant.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John%20Tradescant

The Tradescant Collection.  http://www.ashmol.ox.ac.uk/ash/amulets/tradescant/

Margaret Hedstrom and John Leslie King.  School of Information, University of Michigan.  “On the LAM:

Library, Archive, and Museum Collections in the Creation and Maintenance of Knowledge Communities,” https://worktools.si.umich.edu/workspaces/gfurnas/001.nsf/Resources/6F17F4BC00D95E4285256CC3007F9280/$FILE/OECD-LAM-Masterwchanges3a.doc

John Tradescant (II)

(1608-1662).  English natural historian, botanist, agriculturalist.  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tradscnt_jo2.html

John Tradescant II and his father introducted a number of new plants into England.  Like his father, Tradescant was a skilled gardener, and his claim to be a scientist is minimal. He did make three expeditions to Virginia, and he collected specimens, especially plants, while he was there.  Musaeum Tradescantianum, 1656. The collection (originally assembled by John Tradescant I, the father) recorded in this publication passed, after Tradescant’s death, through the hands of Ashmole to Oxford, where it bears Ashmole’s name rather than Tradescant’s.

The Tradescants’ collection of specimens formed the nucleus of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus named the genus Tradescantia (the spiderworts) after the younger Tradescant.

Member: Company of Master Gardeners of London, 1634.

David G. Truemper / David George Truemper

(Born 1939).  Computer scientist.  Ordained Lutheran minister, 1968; Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana, instructor, 1967-72, assistant professor, 1972-77, associate professor of theology, 1977-present. Pastor of St. John Lutheran Church, La Crosse, Indiana, 1979-present. Education: Concordia Senior College, Fort Wayne, Indiana, B.A., 1961; Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo., M.Div., 1965, S.T.M., 1969; Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, S.T.D., 1974.

Member: North American Academy of Liturgy (secretary, 1983-present), American Academy of Religion, Societas Liturgica, Institute for Theological Encounter With Science and Technology.

Author: (Contributor) Arthur Carl Piepkorn, Profiles in Belief II, Harper, 1978; (With Frederick A. Niedner, Jr.) Keeping the Faith: A Guide to the Christian Message, Fortress, 1981; (Editor with Daniel C. Brockopp, Brian L. Helge) Christian Initiation, Reborn of Water and the Spirit, Institute of Liturgical Studies (Valparaiso, IN), 1981; (Editor with Daniel C. Brockopp, Brian L. Helge) Church and Ministry: Chosen Race, Royal Priesthood, Holy Nation, God’s Own People, Institute of Liturgical Studies (Valparaiso, IN), 1982; (Editor) Sent Forth by God’s Blessing: The 1987 Institute of Liturgical Studies, Institute of Liturgical Studies (Valparaiso, IN), 1988.

(Editor with Randall R. Lee) Foundations: Renewing Parish Worship: The 1990 Institute of Liturgical Studies, Institute of Liturgical Studies (Valparaiso, IN), 1991.

Co-editor of “Institute of Liturgical Studies Occasional Papers, “ Valparaiso University Press. Contributor of articles and translations to journals, including Cresset, Sixteenth-Century Journal, and Currents in Theology and Mission.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

David Truemper told Contemporary Authors: “Keeping the Faith is an attempt to make contemporary Lutheran theological understandings available to the non-specialist reader. The book is in one sense a kind of narrative catechism, taking the reader through the major elements in the development of Christian doctrine and surveying the essential components of the Christian message. The book reflects my passion that good theological scholarship be made available to the interested amateur reader.”

Staff for the Institute of Liturgical Studies, Director: David G. Truemper, Professor and Chair of Theology at Valparaiso University, and Executive Director, Council of Societies for the Study of Religion, Valparaiso, Indiana, Valparaiso University. http://www.valpo.edu/theology/truemper.html:

“For most of my years at Valpo I have been associated with the Institute of Liturgical Studies, and I have been its director for the past fifteen years. The Institute annually brings about three hundred pastors, church musicians, and worship leaders together for study about the theology and practice of worship. Click here to visit the Institute’s Web Site.
Since 1992 I have been Executive Director of the Council on the Study of Religion, an umbrella organization which supports and coordinates the work of about fifteen professional societies in the field of theology and religious studies. The Council publishes the highly-regarded Religious Studies Review, a quarterly journal which annually reviews over a thousand titles in the field. Click here to visit the Council’s Web Site.

I play golf and tennis, and I am an incorrigible tinkerer with computers (in fact, I’m a pretty good amateur programmer/application developer). I’ve been fortunate to have traveled a good deal, and I try to use that experience both to strive to be a globally-conscious person and to help my students to think about theological issues in a global and ecumenical setting.”

Personal home page, http://faculty.valpo.edu/dtruempe/

Giovanni Trulli / Trullio / Trullius *** Not in Gale

(1598-1661).  Italian-born physician, surgeon.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/trulli.html

Trulli was consulted on the blindness of Galileo, and his written opinion in response to Galileo’s (lost) description of his symptoms, is the fullest medical document on the blindness. However, he is not wholly lacking in modest scientific credentials even though he never published anything. In connection with the correspondence about Galileo it appears that Trulli had formulated a theory about cataracts. He developed a very high reputation as a surgeon. He proposed to publish a collection of observations and a treatise on aneurisms, although he did not in fact carry through with the plan. Severino carried on a scientific correspondence with him. He became one of the Italian supporters of the circulation of the blood.

Ehrenfried Walther Tschirnhaus *** Not in Gale

(1651-1708).  German mathematician, physicist, chemist, instrument-maker.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tscrnhas.html

Tschirnhaus made a number of technological advances. He is most noted for the techniques of making hard-paste porcellain. It was Böttcher who actually rediscovered the technique, but Tschirnhaus supervised him at every step of the way. He also developed the techniques for polishing minerals and producing large blanks of optical glass.  He developed a lens polishing machine.  Tschirnhaus clearly saw science as capable of producing certain valuable techniques whose commercial success he sought to harness to support the academy he sought to found.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1682.  After failing to get a paid position at the Acadèmie, Tschirnhaus tried for the rest of his life to get enough support to found a Saxon academy of sciences. His scientific circle included J. “Becker” Hoffman (d. 1703), Mohrendal (d. 1697), Knorr (d. 1699), Paulli, Avon, Schönberg (a noble), and Ohain (a councillor). Tschirnhaus even paid van Gent a salary to act as a correspondent.  He was a contributor from the beginning to the “Acta eruditorum” and a member of this circle.  Connections: He had strong connections with Spinoza, Oldenburg, Huygens, and Leibnitz. However, he was eventually also on bad terms with Leibnitz, Fatio de Dullier, Huygens, La Hire, and Jacob I and Johann I Bernoulli--mostly for publishing their discoveries as his own.

http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~krautz/saw_tsch (in German)

http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Ehrenfried_Walther_von_Tschirnhaus.html (in German)

Website: http://www.tschirnhaus.de/ (in German)

Paul G.Y. Tsui

Electrical engineer.  Principal staff engineer-scientist, Motorola, Austin, Texas, 1995; Senior staff engineer-scientist, Motorola, Austin, Texas, 1990-95; with device modeling division, Motorola, Austin, Texas, 1988-90; Associate member Research, Philips Labs., Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., 1984-88. Consultant Assistant, Westinghouse, Maryland, 1984; past owner, Nature’s Garden Health Stores, Austin.  Education: B, University Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), 1982; M, University Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), 1984.
Member: IEEE (Executive, chair subcommittee bipolar circuits and tech. meeting 1994-96, custom integrated circuits conference 1996-99).  Baptist.

Author: Hot-Carrier Circuit Reliability Simulation, 1992; Contributor of articles to professional journals; inventor in semiconductor field.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

William Tuke *** Not in Gale

 (1732-1822).  A leading philanthropist, William Tuke pioneered a family dynasty dedicated to the care of the insane. He was born into a leading York Society of Friends (Quaker) family, and entered the family tea and coffee merchant business at an early age. When one of the ‘Friends’ died in the squalid and inhumane conditions of the York Asylum, Tuke was appalled by what he saw there, and brought his appeal to revolutionise the treatment of the insane before the Society of Friends in the spring of 1792.

As a result of his appeal he was able, in 1796, to open the York Retreat (co-founded with his son Henry Tuke (1755-1814).) for the humane care of the insane. This was the first of its kind in England, and pioneered new methods of treatment of the mentally ill.

From http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tuke_william.shtml

History of The Retreat at York. http://members.lycos.co.uk/JennySteel/science.html

“The Tukes of York.” http://www.chichesterquakers.org/Chiquakmain.htm

Samuel Tuke *** Not in Gale

(1784-1857).  American physician.  Son of Henry Tuke. Quaker.  He wrote an account in 1813 of the York Retreat, Description of the Retreat, containing a report on the principles of ‘moral therapy’, which were considered to be the basis of the therapeutic environment there. Written at the request of his father, the work focused on the abuses common in the madhouses of the time, and gave direction to the urgent need for reform.  His son, James Hack Tuke, aided in the management of the York Retreat, and later focused on famine relief aid to Ireland.

From http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tuke_william.shtml

Daniel Hack Tuke *** Not in Gale

(1827-95).  American physician.  Brother of James Hack Tuke, co-wrote (with John Charles Bucknill) the important treatise, A Manual of Psychological Medicine, in 1858, and became a leading physician, dedicated to the study of insanity.  In the 1890s he became an examiner in mental physiology in the University of London and a Lecturer on insanity at Charing Cross Hospital. He was one of the founders and subsequently chairman of the ‘After-Care Association,’ set up in 1879 to rehabilitate female patients discharged from asylums.

http://bms.brown.edu/HistoryofPsychiatry/B&T3.html

Nicolaas Tulp *** Not in Gale

(1593-1674).  Dutch physician, anatomist, pharmacologist, zoologist.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tulp.html

Tulp’s Observationum medicarum libri tres, 1641, contains 228 case histories.  He proposed the first pharmacopoeia of the Netherlands and apparently supplied most of its contents.  He first described the chimpanzee scientifically.  The Amsterdam Medical College was organized to enforce the decree that demanded sole use of Tulp’s pharmacopoeia.

Cuthbert Tunstall / Cuthbert Tunstal /  Cuthbert Tonstall

(1474-1559).  English mathematician, prelate and scholar. Friend of Erasmus and More; employed by Henry VIII and Wolsey on diplomatic missions to emperor (1515-21); master of rolls (1516-22); bishop of London (1522-30); keeper of privy seal (1523); succeeded Wolsey as bishop of Durham (1530). Adhered to Roman Catholic dogma but acquiesced in royal supremacy; voted against first act of uniformity (1549); accused of inciting to rebellion and deprived (1552); restored under Mary (1553), refrained from persecution of Protestants. On accession of Elizabeth, refused oath of supremacy and declined to consecrate Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury, and was deprived (1559).  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tunstall.html

Tunstall was an outstanding classical scholar, the friend of both Thomas More and Erasmus. He assisted Erasmus in the preparation of the second edition as his Greek New Testament. He was primarily an official, however, both in the government of England and in the administration of the church. He composed a number of religious works.  De arte supputandi is the first book on arithmetic published in England, based on Pacioli‘s Suma.. Compiled from the works of others, the book does not make any claim of originality.

Informal Connections: Close friendship with Thomas More, Linacre, and the whole circle of English humanists, and with Erasmus.  Tunstall did not accept the Protestant Reformation. He did temporize with the murderous issue of royal supremacy and held on to his position under both Henry and Edward. He was finally deprived of his position at the end of Edward’s reign, was restored under Mary, and then deprived again under Elizabeth less than two months before his death.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Cuthbert Tunstall,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Tunstall.html:  Tunstall also has the distinction of having the Grynaeus’s edition, being the first printed edition, of Euclid‘s Elements in Greek dedicated to him.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15091a.htm

http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/CuthbertTunstall.htm

Peter Turner *** Not in Gale

(1586-1652).  English mathematics scholar.  Anglican.  Son of William Turner.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/turner_pet.html

Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 1607-48; Professor of geometry at Gresham College, 1620-30; Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford, 1630-48.

Turner left no writings. He was known more as a Latinist and linguist. He held two chairs in mathematics, and was said by Wood, for whatever his opinion counts on this subject, to be a learned mathematician.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Peter Turner,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Turner.html

William Turner

(1510-1568). English clergyman, physician, and botanist. Published botanical essay Libellus de re herbaria (1538); became intimate of Konrad Gesner in Zurich, collected plants in Rhine country, and wrote his Newe Herball, first essay on scientific botany in England (pub. 1551). Dean of Wells (1550-53); restored (1560) after living abroad through reign of Mary.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/turner_wil.html

http://www.cosmopolis.ch/cosmo36/william_turner.htm (in German)

Theodore Turquet de Mayerne *** Not in Gale

(1573-1655).  Swiss-born physician, iatrochemist, entomologist, pharmacologist, chemist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/turquet.html

Theodore Beza was Turquet’s godfather. Turquet resisted efforts to convert him in France. Religion was the ultimate reason for his move to England following the assassination of Henry IV.

Though he was not a prominent scientific figure in his own right, he was influencial in the introduction and support of chemical therapy in medicine. After 1597, Turquet went to Paris and became the protegé of Jean Ribit [Riverius], his teacher at Montpellier and the chief physician to Henry IV. Both Ribit and Turquet endorsed the use of chemical remedies in their practice and fostered the training of apothecaries in the preparation of new medicants. Turquet gave lectures to whatever students would come, which included mostly surgeons and apothecaries.

His advocacy of iatrochemistry embroiled him in a bitter polemic with the Paris Faculty of Medicine. His opposition wrote the Apologia pro medicina Hippocratis & Galeni, contra Mayernium & Quercetanum, in which G. Heron, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, wrote a few paragraphs in support of the diatribe against Turquet and his colleagues. Turquet responded with a written defense of chemical therapy (also titled Apologia). Subsequent attacks from the opposition were instigated by Riolan Sr. and led to the censuring of Turquet. Since by 1603 Turquet had the position of a royal physician, the official censure of the Faculty did not effect his practice at court. However, he ultimately left for England.

He served on the committee that produced the Pharmacopoeia Londonensis in 1618.  He was the first in England to establish definitively the clinical study of medicine and recording observations as in “case studies.”

The year after receiving a fourteen year monopoly for the production of distilled spirits and vinegars in London he published The Distiller of London. In 1644 he published Prophylactica, a set of precautions for the plague. Among his other writings are travel logs and a culinary guide to French cooking. In fact, Turquet did not contribute greatly to medicine, but after his death a number of his writings were published posthumously, especially Mayernii opera medica.  He was the editor of Mouffet’s posthumous book on insects; the prefatory epistle indicates that he had considerable knowledge of the subject.

Turquet endorsed and helped introduce Paracelsian chemical remedies. He brought calomel into use. He was the first to prepare mercurial lotion (black wash). He had a hand in the Pharmacopaeia Londonensis, 1618. About half of his posthumous Opera medica is devoted to a pharmacopoeia.  He also developed pigments and enamels, especially the purple necessary for carnations tints in enamels. Among his friends were several artists, Rubens, Van Dyke, Peter Lely, and Jean Petitot. He composed a manuscript treatise on pigments for painters.

In 1616 he was elected fellow to the Royal College of Physicians. Upon his death he bequethed his library to this organization.

David J. Tyler, BSc, MSc, Ph.D., CertEd, MinstP, CPhys, ACFI*** Not in Gale
Physicist, management science.  Senior Lecturer, Centre manager, Manchester Metropolitan University. Faculty webpage, Department of Clothing Design and Technology, faculty of Food, Clothing & Hospitality Management, Manchester Metropolitan University, http://www.hollings.mmu.ac.uk/faculty/cdt/research/staff/david_tyler.php

David Tyler has a background in the physical sciences with a BSc in Physics from Southampton University (1968) and an MSc in physics, by research, from Loughborough University (1972). He gained a Ph.D. in the area of management science from the University of Manchester (1990). His involvement with the Apparel industry began when he sought to analyse industrial problems from the physicist’s perspective (1968-1976, Hatra, Nottingham). This led to employment within the industry, initially as a technologist and then as a manager (1976-1979, Courtaulds Ltd., Coventry). After joining the Department of Clothing Design and Technology at Manchester Metropolitan University, he has pursued a number of research interests related to responsive manufacturing and systems modelling. Earlier work was concerned with flow line systems and management strategies to optimise performance. Research interests over the past decade relate to teamworking in new product development and its relation to operational practices, and the optimisation of performance of textile/apparel supply chains. Since March 2000, he has managed the North West Advanced Apparel Systems Centre, a European-funded initiative to support clothing and textile companies in NW England.

1990-present Senior Lecturer, Manchester Metropolitan University;1988-present Member of the Institute of Physics;1979-present Member of The Textile Institute.

Holden Medal Recipient 1995.

Homepage, http://www.hollings.mmu.ac.uk/~dtyler/

http://origins.swau.edu/who/tyler/ctyler98.html

http://origins.swau.edu/who/tyler/default.html

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Edward Tyson

1650-1708.  English physician, anatomist, natural historian. Practiced in London (from 1677). Pioneered in comparative anatomy; compared human and simian similarities and differences in Orang-Outang (1699).  Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/tyson.html

In Oxford Tyson became interested in natural history. His manuscripts contain considerable material on this study, including detailed descriptions of a number of plants and of such species as the sea-anenome.  Tyson published more than two dozen articles in the Philosophical Transactions on anatomy, natural history, morbid anatomy and pathology. He was a pioneer in correlating post mortem dissections with specific diseases. He discovered the "Tyson glands" in the penis.

He was a leader in comparative anatomy: Phocaena, or the Anatomy of a Porpess, 1680, which contains an extensive discussion of his idea of a natural history of animals based on comparative anatomy. Later he added an anatomy of a rattlesnake and of some other animals. He contributed two descriptions of fish to Willoughby's History of Fishes, 1686. In 1698 an anatomy of a female opossum and in 1704 of a male. 1699: Orang-Outang (a chimpanzee)--this was his most important work. His manuscripts contain many more descriptions and dissections than he found time from his medical practice to publish. Incidentally, he used the microscope in many of his dissections.  He also published on medicine in Bartholin's Acta medica.

Informal Connections: Strongly influenced by Plot when he was young; he maintained a correspondence on natural history with Plot until Plot's death. Close relationship with Hooke after 1678. Collaboration with Samuel Collins on his System of Anatomy, and later with William Cowper who collaborated with Tyson in some of Tyson's work. Friendship with the Danish physician Holger Jacobeus.  He was part of the Oxford Group and later was elected to the Oxford Philosophical Society in 1686.  Member, Royal Society, 1679; Council in 1681 and many later years.  Member, Royal College of Physicians, 1683; Censor, 1694.

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/library/speccoll/bomarch/bomnovdec.html

Alexei Alexeivich Ukhtomsky *** Not in Gale

(1875-1942).  Russian physiologist. Ukhtomsky was named after a river in his Russian province. He studied medicine and became an outstanding lecturer on physiology in St. Petersburg. In his day

Alexei was a world leader in understanding the functions of the central nervous system.  He belonged to a religious group called the Old Believers, a conservative part of the Russian Orthodox Church. Alexei openly challenged his students to accept the Christian faith. A man with wide interests, Alexei once gave a talk on “The Splendor of Church Singing” at a 1912 Old Believers Congress. He died of starvation during the siege of Leningrad during World War II, at age 67.

From Don B. DeYoung.  “Creation and Early Medicine,” Creation Matters, May/June 2001.

AA UKHTOMSKY INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY http://www.fnii.pu.ru/eng/

Universitetskaya Embankment 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia. The Institute comprises 19 research laboratories with a total staff of 202 specialists, including 17 Doctors of Sciences. Main research fields: - carrying out investigations of human and animal physiology, biophysics and morphology.

Abu Musa Isa ibn Usayyid *** Not in Gale

From https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Thabit.html:

Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani (826-901) had a student, Abu Musa Isa ibn Usayyid (late A.D. 800s), who was a Christian from Iraq. Ibn Usayyid asked various questions of his teacher Thabit and a manuscript exists of the answers given by Thabit, this manuscript being discussed in S Pines, Thabit Qurra’s conception of number and theory of the mathematical infinite, in 1968 Actes du Onzième Congrès International d’Histoire des Sciences Sect. III : Histoire des Sciences Exactes (Astronomie, Mathématiques, Physique) (Wroclaw, 1963), 160-166.

Sebastien Vaillant *** Not in Gale

(1669-1722).  French botanist, pharmacologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vaillant.html

After he got to Paris, Vaillant came in from Neuilly, where he practised as a surgeon, every Wednesday to attend Tournefort’s courses at the Jardin du Roi. He also made several botanical expeditions with him. He became an astute plant analyst and began a systematic anatomical study of all the plants in Tournefort’s Institutiones.

Over a fourteen year period many scientists accompanied Vaillant on botanical excursions notably along the coasts of Normandy and Brittany. Apart from his fieldwork he concentrated on careful dissections of plants. His premature death prevented the publication of some of his manuscripts, notably his inaugural lecture in which he presented irrefutable evidence on the existence of plant sexuality. He was the first in France to promote the theory of sexuality of plants.

When he was near death he gave his notes and plates to Boerhaave for publication. In 1727 Boerhaave published Botanicon parisiense, the culmination of thirty-six years of Vaillant’s botanical research.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1716-22.  Among his correspondents were Sherard, Micheli, and Boerhaave. After much negotiation, Vaillant’s personal herbarium remained in France at the Jardin du Roi. Vaillant had made arrangements to sell it to Sherard. Louis XIV offered Vaillant’s widow 12000 livres for the herbarium to remain on French soil, and she conceded.

Luca Valerio / Luca Valeri *** Not in Gale

(1552-1618).  Italian mathematician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/valerio.html

Valerio contributed to quadratures. De centro gravitatis, 1604, applied Archimedean methods to the problems of volumes and centers of gravity of solids of revolution. Quadratura parabolae, 1606, was in the same tradition.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Luca Valerio,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Valerio.html:

Luca Valerio was brought up on the island of Corfu, then he studied at the Collegio Romano. In Rome he was taught mathematics by Clavius. He remained at Collegio Romano after taking his first degree and was awarded a doctorate in philosophy and theology

After taking his doctorate Valerio remained in Rome. At first he taught rhetoric and Greek at the Collegio Greco. On a visit to Pisa in 1590 Valerio met Galileo. After his return to Rome he began teaching rhetoric at the University of Sapienza. Sapienza was the name of the building which the University of Rome occupied at this time and it gave its name to the University. About 1600 Valerio, still at Sapienza, began to teach mathematics.

Valerio’s De centro gravitatis, written in 1604, applied methods of Archimedes to find volumes and centres of gravity of solid bodies. He used interesting early ideas of the quotient of limits. Among his other works was Quadratura parabolae (1606).

Antonio Vallisnieri / Antonio Vallisneri *** Not in Gale

(1661-1730).  Italian entomologist, embryologist, natural historian, natural philosopher, physician, geologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/valsneri.html:

While practicing in Regio, Vallisnieri collected, dissected, and observed. Especially he was interested in the generation of insects, leading to Sopra la curiosa origine di molti insetti, a work which followed Redi and Malpighi in its rejection of spontaneous generation. He did research as well on human and animal reproduction. In Padua he collected a considerable museum of natural history.

Vallisnieri developed the theory of the chain of being with man, of course, at the pinnacle. He was also an admirer of Democritus, whom he considered the father of true natural philosophy, and along with that an exponent of iatromechanics and of mechanistic ideas of preformation.  As a physician he was convinced that medicine must cease to depend upon philosophy, as in the past, but should look rather to biology. He also studied the etiology of infectious diseases.  His interest in natural history led on to investigations of movements of the earth, the origin of springs, and the origin of alluvial valleys. He also investigated fossils.

Vallisnieri ranged over a very large number of related fields, including anatomy, physiology, microscopy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, and paleontology.

Memberships: Royal Society, Academia Leopoldina, Institute Bologna, Medical College, FRS in 1705.

A member of the Accademia Cesarea Leopoldina de' Curiosi.  A fellow in 1707 of the Istituto delle Scienze of Bologna.  He was a member of the medical colleges of Venice, Padua, and Reggio.

Vallisnieri was a member also of a considerable array of local Italian academies that were not scientific--such as the Accademia de' Fisiocritici of Siena, the Accademia degli Ricovrati of Padua, the Accademia Fiorentina, the Arcadia of Rome, the Accademia di Rosana (I don't know what city), the Arconti d'Italia, and others.

Vallisnieri apparently corresponded with most of the leading scientists (mostly but not entirely life scientists) of his time, including Bellini, Lister, Leibniz, and Marsili. His extended correspondence with Cestoni has been published.

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/1887.html

‘Vallisnieri was perhaps the most gifted of the Italian successors to Steno. He thought that the fundamental fact to be accounted for in any theory of the earth was the existence of fossils in solid rock and on mountain tops. He was convinced by his observations of continuous strata running entirely across Italy that the whole country must have once been under water, and for a very long time, Vallisnieri was critical of diluvialists such as Woodward and Scheuchzer who tried the make the Deluge do the work of depositing fossils. In fact, Vallisnieri stated as a general principle that when science and religion are mixed, both invariably suffer’ (Theories of the earth , Linda Hall Library, n. 18).

Chelsie Vandaveer.  “Why was eel grass named for a geologist?” http://www.killerplants.com/whats-in-a-name/20030725.asp

Anton Maria Valsalva / Antonio Maria Valsalva

(1666-1723). Italian anatomist. Lecturer in Bologna (from 1705); known for his researches on the ear described in De aure humana tractatus (1704); invented technique known as Valsalva maneuver.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/valsalva.html

Juan de Valverde *** Not in Gale

(c. 1525-c. 1588).  Spanish physician, anatomist, physiologist, educator.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/valverde.html

Author: De animi et corporis sanitate tuenda libellus, 1551; Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano,1556. There is much contention about this book which is often accused of plagiary from Vesalius, but seems to have rather made advances on what Vesalius accomplished. It was republished far more than Vesalius. Its plates are based on Vesalius’ but apparently contain improvements. This work also first stated the lesser circulation.  He was physician to Card Alvarez de Toledo (the Duke of Alba’s son); dedicated the Historia to him.  He taught medicine at the Santo Spirito Hospital (at least in 1555).

Janice VanCleave

(Born 1942). Public school science teacher, 1966-91; writer, 1984-present. Leader of science workshops for teachers and students. Bible study instructor.  Janice VanCleave has authored fifty books on science for readers from kindergarten through high school. Her highly popular series—including “Science for Every Kid,” “Spectacular Science Fair Projects,” “The Best of Janice VanCleave,” “A+ Project,” and “Play and Find Out”—introduce kids of all ages to the wonders of science through the format of easy-to-do experiments and exercises. Covering topics from chemistry to gravity and from stars to bugs, VanCleave’s books are noted for their straightforward approach to information delivery. Her clear explanations, descriptions, and directions are coupled with experiments to create “user-friendly volumes that make science great fun,” according to Rosie Peasley in School Library Journal. Education: University of Houston, B.S., 1962; Stephen F. Austin State University, M.S., 1978.

Honors: Phi Delta Kappa Outstanding Teacher Award, 1983; Friend of Education Award, Beta Nu chapter of Delta Kappa Gamma Society International.

Author: non-fiction, Teaching the Fun of Physics: 101 Activities to Make Science Education Easy and Enjoyable, Prentice-Hall, 1985; Janice VanCleave’s Guide to the Best Science Projects, Wiley (New York City), 1997; Janice VanCleave’s Science Experiment Sourcebook, Wiley, 1997; Janice VanCleave’s Science around the Year, Wiley, 2000; Janice VanCleave’s Guide to More of the Best Science Fair Projects, Wiley, 2000; Janice VanCleave’s Teaching the Fun of Science, Wiley, 2001.

C. Gerald Van Dyke, Ph.D.

Botanist.  Professor of Botany (joint appt. in Plant Path. until 1986, now Associate appt), North Carolina State University Department of Botany, Raleigh, NC, 1969-Present. Research Assistant and Associate Department of Plant Pathology [lab of Dr. A. L. Hooker, involved in diseases of corn (Maize)] at the  University of Illinois, 1963-1969. Used electron microscope to study fungal-host interactions. BS in Education (Included off-campus teaching), Eastern Illinois University l963 – Botany.
MS & Ph.D., University of Illinois l966 & 68 - Plant Pathology

Faculty webpage, Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/botany/faculty/gvandyke/gvandyke.html

Curriculum vitae: http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/botany/faculty/gvandyke/vandykecv.html

Johannes Baptista van Helmont / Jan Baptista van Helmont

The Flemish chemist, physicist and physician Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644) attempted to construct a natural philosophical system based on chemical concepts. He also developed the concept of gas. Because an  experiment represented the first application of quantitative methods to a biological question, van Helmont is sometimes called the father of biochemistry.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/helmont.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07212b.htm

http://www.famousbelgians.net/vanhelmont.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Hendrik van Heuraet *** Not in Gale

(1633-c. 1660).  Dutch mathematician.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/heuraet.html:

His only published work concerned the rectification of curves, in a letter to Schooten that was published in the second edition of Descartes’s Geometria.

Jan van Heurne *** Not in Gale

(1543-1601).  Dutch physician.  Catholic, then Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/heurne.html:

In the history of medicine van Heurne is known primarily for his advocacy of bedside teaching, which was rare then and unknown in the Netherlands. It was introduced in Leiden (under his son) half a century later.

Immediately after completing his medical education, he was for two years the personal physician to Francois Perrenot, the nephew (Lindeboom says brother) of Cardinal Granvelle. When Heurne converted to Calvinism, he left to return to the Netherlands.  He practiced medicine in Utrecht from 1573 until 1581, known as one of the most prominent physicians in the Netherlands, whose patients included William and Maurice of Orange.

In 1581 he was appointed professor of medicine at Leiden, a position he held until his death. He was Rector of the university during six separate years between 1583 and 1600.

Antiquariaat FORUM B.V.: “Born in Utrecht Jan van Heurne was taught at the Hieronymus School by Georgius Macropedius and went to study at Louvain and at Paris, where he became interested in surgery, so he proceeded to Italy to study at the famous medical centre Padua. Back home he practiced in Utrecht and became professor in medicine at the new University at Leyden. He was the first to propose bedside teaching for medical students in Northern Europe. The University Board at Leyden however, delayed decision, and bedside teaching was only introduced after the author's death, during the son's, Otto van Heurne's, professorship at Leyden. Heurnius' works were known at the time all over Europe, and were both much translated and republished. His Opera Omnia were published in 1611 and 1615, also edited by Otto van Heurne, in various compositions and editions of the separate works.”

Johannes van Horne *** Not in Gale

(1621-1670).  Dutch anatomist, surgeon.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/horne.html

Although primarily interested in anatomy, Horne later lectured and published on surgery.  He was the first to describe the ductus chyliferus in man.  He prepared a anatomical atlas which was never published.  He investigated the ovaries with Swammerdam.  His introduction to anatomy was translated from its original Latin into Dutch, German, and French.

Michael Florent van Langren *** Not in Gale

(c. 1600-1675).  Dutch astronomer, engineer, cartographer, expert in hydraulics and navigation.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/langren.html

Van Langren’s principal endeavor in astronomy was his effort to determine longitude at sea via the moon. His method intended to use the illumination and eclipse (i.e., darkening) of lunar mountains, frequent phenomena like the moons of Jupiter, that could be observed from all points of the earth. This led him to prepare the first lunar map in 1645, titled ‘Plenilunii Lumina Austriaca Philippica’.  He ultimately made maps of the full moon and of thirty phases.  He also observed the comet of 1652, and published his observations.

He was an active cartographer, preparing maps of various areas in the Spanish Netherlands.  He was most active as an engineer. He prepared plans for a port near Dunkirk and for improvement of the port of Ostend. He developed a plan to clean the canals of Antwerp, and he devoted extensive effort to means of protecting Brussels from flooding. He also planned canals linking Brussels with other parts of the Spanish Netherlands.

He was also a military engineer, who worked on the fortifications of Brussels, and who devised a three barrel cannon.  (Nearly all of the plans met opposition and almost none were put into effect.)

Apparently he carried on a considerable correspondence with Boulliau.

In the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in Brussels (#19237-8) there is a collection of 233 folios of letters to Langren (though not his replies)--more than half of them the letters of Puteanus published by Moreau.

http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/piclib/imagerecord.asp?id=10418870

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

The Dutch naturalist and microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), using simple microscopes of his own making, discovered bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, rotifers, Hydra and Volvox, and also parthenogenesis in aphids. Dutch Reformed.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/leewnhok.html

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

“Anton van Leeuwenhoek,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Anton%20van%20Leeuwenhoek

The Dutch Royal Academy presents (every 10 years) the Leeuwenhoek medal to the scientist judged to have made the decade’s most significant finding in microbiology. This is regarded by microbiologists as the highest honor in their field.

Het Nederlands Kanker Instituut - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, http://www.nki.nl/ (in Dutch)

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/V/Leeuwenhoek/1.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Frans van Schooten *** Not in Gale

(c. 1615-1660). Dutch mathematican.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/schooten.html

Van Schooten was trained in mathematics at Leiden, and he met Descartes there in 1637 and read the proofs of his Geometry.  In Paris he collect manuscripts of the works of Viète, and in Leiden he published Viète’s works.  He published the Latin edition of Descartes’ Geometry.  The much expanded second edition was extremely influential.  He also made his own contribution (modest, everyone agrees) to mathematics, especially in Exercitationes mathematicae, 1657.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “Frans van Schooten,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Schooten.html

“Schooten | Frans | Van | 1615-1660 | Dutch mathematician,” http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/s/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1087/

Van Schooten’s Parabola.  http://www15.addr.com/~dscher/schooten.html

Gerhard Van Swieten *** Not in Gale

(1700-1772).  Dutch physician.

From http://hsc.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/classics/Swieten.html: Like John Huxham, Dutch physician Gerhard Van Swieten was a student of Boerhaave at the University of Leyden. Boerhaave considered Van Swieten his star pupil and invited him to practice medicine in Leyden and assist at the University. Van Swieten popularized Boerhaave’s methods in Vienna and helped build the reputation of the medical school. For thirty years, he published and republished his famous Commentaries Upon the Aphorisms of Herman Boerhaave, originally in Latin, then in Dutch, Spanish, French, German, and English. In 1755 van Swieten anticipated modern developments in acupuncture by nearly two centuries when he speculated that acupuncture and moxibustion were neurological phenomena.

Bernhard Varenius / Bernhard Varen *** Not in Gale

(1622-1650).  German geographer, mathematician.  His book, the Geographia generalis (1650),  remained the accepted standard authority for more than a century in Europe  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/varenius.html

Beyond his well-known work in geography, Varenius left behind a manuscript on the conics.

http://58.1911encyclopedia.org/V/VA/VARENIUS_BERNHARDUS.htm

http://www.varenius.nl/ (in Dutch)

Larry Vardiman *** Not in Gale

(Born 1943).  Meteorologist.  U.S. Air Force Faculty/Graduate Student Summer Research Program. Appointment to Air Force Geophysics Laboratory in Boston, Massachusetts Summer 1985. Undergraduate Research Assistant, Cloud Physics Research Center, University of Missouri, Rolla, Missouri 1963-1965; Computer Operator, Computer Center, University of Missouri, Rolla, Missouri, 1964-1965; USAF Officer, Air Weather Service, Aerospace Modification Division Scott Air Force Base, Illinois 1967-1970; Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 1970-1974; Consulting Meteorologist, Western Scientific Services, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado 1973-1974; Consultant to the Colorado Governor’s Advisory Panel on Weather Modification, 1977; Meteorologist, Bureau of Reclamation, Division of Atmospheric Resources Research, Denver, Colorado 1974-1982.  Dr. Vardiman has a B.S. in Physics from the University of Missouri at Rolla (1965), a B.S. in Meteorology from St. Louis University (1967) and a M.S. (1972) and Ph.D. in Atmospheric Science (1974) from Colorado State University. Dr. Vardiman is a member of the American Meteorological Society.

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/vardiman.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Pierre Varignon

(1654-1722).  French professor.  Although Pierre Varignon is principally remembered for his contributions to the area of statics, a branch of mechanics that concerns resting objects or forces in equilibrium, he also made advances in calculus. Varignon was one of the first French scholars to realize the value of calculus and, by adapting Leibniz’s calculus to the inertial mechanics in Isaac Newton’s Principia, helped to develop analytic dynamics. Varignon’s other works include a 1699 publication on applying differential calculus to fluid flow and water clocks, while in 1702 he used calculus to investigate spring-driven clocks. Meanwhile, at the end of the century, he had refuted Michel Rolle’s objections to the “new” calculus, helping to speed progress in that area.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/varignon.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Pierre Varignon,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Varignon.html

http://www.sciences-en-ligne.com/momo/chronomath/chrono1/Varignon.html (in French)

Costanzo Varolio

(1543-1575). Italian surgeon and anatomist. Professor, Bologna (1569-72); author of De nervis opticis (1573), in which he described the pons Varolii on undersurface of the brain.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/varolio.html

Sébastien Vauban / Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban

Sebastien Vauban (1633-1707) served as France’s foremost military engineer under Louis the XIV. A man of humble birth, Vauban’s acumen in planning military fortifications and his direction of sieges against France’s enemies helped the regime achieve dominance over much of western Europe during the latter part of the seventeenth century.  Entered regiment of prince de Conde (1651); joined engineer corps (1655); engineer in chief at successful siege of Gravelines (1658); in subsequent wars of Louis XIV gained fame for devising tactics that led to capture of Tournai, Douai, and Lille (1667), Maastricht (1673), Valenciennes (1677),Luxembourg (1684), Philippsburg (1688), Mons (1691), Namur (1692), Charleroi (1693), Ath (1697), Alt-Breisach (1703); designed fortifications for Strasbourg (1681), Landau (1687), Neuf-Brisach (1698-1701); marshal of France (1703). Invented socket bayonet. Author of important treatises on fortification and siegecraft as De l’attaque et de la defense des places (1737).  More than 120 works are attributed to him, 33 of which were new constructions, the remaining works consisting of renewals and enlargements of older fortifications.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vauban.html:

In 1670 he wrote a treatise on siegecraft. In his mature years he wrote on subjects ranging from colonization and religious toleration to pig farming and privateering. In his dispatches to Louvois he often commented on the resources of various districts, including figures on population and productivity. In 1686 he began collecting statistics in earnest. In 1696 he wrote a geographical treatise of the Vezelay region which was a pioneering study in economics, geography, and sociology. From 1680 to 1707 he wrote three works on taxation including a proposal on the amelioration of the tax burden.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences 1699-1707, Académicien honoraire.  His friends were Jean Brun, an apothecary, Deschamps, a physician, and Pierre Trichet. He corresponded with Mersenne and Descartes.

http://viking.gmu.edu/http/projects/Vauban/vauban.html

Michael Ray Vaughan

(Born August 11, 1944).  Research wildlife biologist, educator.  Research Associate Wisconsin Coop Wildlife Research Unit, Madison, 1979-80; Assistant leader Virginia Coop Wildlife Research Unit, Blacksburg, Virginia, 1980. Organizer, 1st President Support Group for Gifted Talented Education, Montgomery County, Virginia, 1984-85. Served with USAF, 1962-66.  Education: B.S., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1971; M.S., Oregon State University, 1974; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1979.

Member Wildlife Society (organizer Virginia chapter, President 1982-83, Pub. award 1982). Baptist.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Michael R. Vaughan, Professor of Wildlife, Assistant Leader, VA-CFWRU, http://www.fw.vt.edu/fisheries/vaughan.htm

Victor Clarence Vaughan

Dr. Victor Clarence Vaughan played an important role in easing epidemics in military camps during World War I, a war in which more Americans succumbed to disease than to combat injuries.

JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, “Victor C. Vaughn,” http://jama.ama-Associationorg/cgi/content/extract/283/7/848“

Victor Clarence Vaughan (1851-1929) was best known as the Dean of the University of Michigan Medical School from 1891 to 1920. A biochemist, hygienist, public health authority, medical educator, and administrator, Vaughan was a leading figure in US medicine during the late 19^th century and through the Progressive Era. For example, in 1889 (along with Michigan bacteriologist Frederick Novy), he developed one of the first systematic courses on bacteriology and germ theory for medical students. He was instrumental in the implementation of medical educational reforms years before the landmark Flexner report on medical education of 1910. In the laboratory, Vaughan applied biochemical methods to identifying putrefactive bacteria in food products in order to significantly reduce the incidence of “ptomaine poisoning” in Michigan and beyond.

Harry Sewall.  “Victor Clarence Vaughan.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936:  [Vaughan] published several … books and upwards of two hundred articles, carried on private practice for many years, became a medico-legal expert in toxicology with a national reputation, and was the founder of Physician and Surgeon (1879), of which he was managing editor for sometime, and the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine (1915). He was president of the American Medical Association (1914-15) and of the American Tuberculosis Association (1920), and a member of numerous scientific and other learned societies in the United States and abroad. In 1921-22 and 1925-26 he was chairman of the division of medical sciences of the National Research Council. Throughout the World War he served in the office of the surgeon-general and on the executive committee of the general medical board of the Council of National Defense, rising to the rank of colonel. He later received a Distinguished Service Medal for his work in epidemiology and was made knight of the Legion of Honor by the French government.

A Doctor’s Memories: An Autobiography by Victor Clarence Vaughan, 1926, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis. A Colophon by Warren Taylor Vaughan, III. http://www.vaughan.org/bios/vcv/

Edward Bright Vedder

Physician.  Army officer.  Edward Bright Vedder made invaluable contributions to early twentieth century medicine. He discovered the causes of beriberi and scurvy; both are diseases stemming from vitamin deficiencies. He also contributed to knowledge about leprosy, syphilis, and amoebic dysentery.

“Papers of Edward Bright Vedder,” Edward G. Miner Library, University of Rochester Medical Center,

http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/hslt/miner/rare_books/archives/Non_Faculty/vedder.cfm

“Edward Bright Vedder (1878-1952) was a career military physician, noted researcher on deficiency diseases, and medical educator. His most important contribution to medical science was his research and publications on beriberi as a deficiency disease affecting the peripheral nerves. The Papers of Edward Bright Vedder span the period 1902-1943. They were donated to the Edward G. Miner Library in 1997 by Martha Vedder Cullinane, the widow of Edward Bright Vedder’s son, Henry C. Vedder, who followed in his father’s footsteps as a military physician. The Vedder papers were processed in July 2000. They are contained in eight document boxes occupying 3.5 linear feet.

Edward Bright Vedder was born in New York City to Henry Clay Vedder, a Baptist clergyman, and Minnie Lingham Vedder. He received his Ph.B. from the University of Rochester in 1898, and his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1902. Continuing his studies at Penn, Vedder received an M.S. in 1903 while doing research with Simon Flexner on dysentery. Soon afterward, he was commissioned an officer in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, and continued his studies at the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C. Following graduation in 1904, Vedder served in the Philippines, where he studied and observed tropical diseases. His work on beriberi and scurvy was of particular importance. Vedder discovered that beriberi is a deficiency disease; and his research on scurvy helped lead the way for others to the discovery that ascorbic acid is a vitamin. In 1913 Vedder published Beriberi, his best known monograph. That same year he returned to the United States where he was appointed Assistant Professor of pathology at the Army Medical School. In 1919 he became director of the Southern Department Laboratory at Fort Sam Houston, Texas; and from 1922 to 1925 was chief of medical research at the Edgewood Arsenal (Md). During this period Vedder conducted research on chemical warfare that resulted in publication of The medical aspects of chemical warfare in 1925. Vedder returned to Manila in 1925 as senior member of the Army Board for Medical Research. He returned to Washington in 1929, and in the following year assumed command of the Army Medical School. Vedder retired from the Army in 1933 to become professor of experimental medicine at George Washington University. In 1942 he was appointed director of medical education at the Alameda County Hospital (California) and laboratory director of the Highland County Hospital (Oakland), posts that he retained until his retirement in 1947.”

Author: Beriberi (1913), Sanitation for Medical Officers, War Manual(1917), Syphilis and Public Health (1918), The Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (1925), and Medicine: Its Contribution to Civilization (1929), as well as many articles which appeared in respected scientific journals of the time. In 1924 he received an honorary Sc.D. degree from the University of Rochester.

Henry Clay Vedder

(1853-1935).  Journalist, Church Historian, Northern Baptist Convention.  He attended the University of Rochester, which granted him a B.A. degree in 1873, and spent the next three years at Rochester Theological Seminary. Following graduation from the seminary, he joined the editorial staff of a Baptist newspaper, the Examiner, published in New York. He stayed with the paper until 1894, during which time he authored his first book, A Short History of the Baptists. Also during these years he decided to prepare himself for a career as a church historian. In 1894 he was offered and accepted the chair in church history at Crozer Theological Seminary.

Author: A History of the Baptists in the Middle States (1898); The Baptists (1903); Balthasar Huebmaier, the Leader of the Anabaptists (1905); Our New Testament—How Did We Get It (1908); Christian Epoch Makers (1908); Socialism and the Ethics of Jesus (1912); The Gospel of Jesus and the Problems of Democracy (1914); and The Reformation in Germany (1914). The succession of titles of his books also reveals a growing interest in social history as opposed to purely denominational chronicling. This interest is in line with the influx of sociology into the theological curriculum and increased attention by church leaders to social issues (the so-called social gospel).

R. E. E. Harkness. “Henry Clay Vedder.”Dictionary of American Biography, Supplements 1-2: To 1940. American Council of Learned Societies, 1944-1958.

His son was Dr. Edward Bright Vedder.

Henry Clay Vedder, III / Clay Vedder

“EDUCATIONAL TRADITION PASSED THROUGH FOUR GENERATIONS ,”

http://www.rochester.edu/pr/News/NewsReleases/general/clayrel.html. May 1, 1998.

“You have to wonder about ‘friendly ghosts’ at commencement when Henry Clay Vedder III graduates from the University of Rochester. Not only is the biology major the fourth generation in his family to attend the school, but he’s graduating exactly 100 years after his grandfather did.

Two years ago Clay, as he’s called, left Georgia Southern University to pursue his studies in biology and science. The University of Rochester beckoned with the strength of its programs as well as his family’s “own choices in education for more than a century.

Henry Clay Vedder I earned his undergraduate degree at Rochester before pursuing doctoral studies in theology and church history. His son, Edward Bright Vedder, graduated from the University in 1898 and went on to become a renowned medical researcher. Edward’s son, Henry Clay Vedder II, studied in Rochester, then completed his medical studies at George Washington University. And now Clay, who’s from Leesburg, Virginia, has continued the family tradition in education.”

Walter J. Veith *** Not in Gale, Zoology

Zoologist.  Chemist.  Ecophysiologist.  Dr. Veith is currently Professor and chair of the Zoology Department, University of the Western Cape. He has a B.Sc. (hons) cum laude from the University of Stellenbosch with major subjects Zoology and Chemistry, a B.Sc.and M.Sc. in Zoology from the University of Stellenbosch and a Ph.D. in Zoology from the University of Cape Town.

Author of The Genesis Conflict: Putting the Pieces Together and Diet and Health, (in which latest insights including his own research are presented).

http://www.amazingdiscoveries.org/walter.html

Curriculum vitae: http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/veith.html

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/veith-w.html

http://www.wordsight.org/links/sci/001_cre-intro.htm

Professor Veith is one of only 5 scientists in South Africa honored with the Royal Society London Grant for (RDP) the Reconstruction and Development Program to establish a research climate in post-apartheid South Africa.

Carl Wieland and Jonathan Sarfati.  “Professing creation: A distinguished zoologist ‘tells it like it is’ about evolution,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v22/i1/professing_creation.asp.  First published: Creation 22(1):36–38, December 1999

“I was an evolutionist, and an atheist. I started to get interested in the subject of Biblical prophecy—for example, prophecies in the book of Daniel, chapter two. They were written long before the events portrayed there, and the kingdoms came in succession just as it says. And the Dead Sea Scrolls seemed to confirm the authenticity and antiquity of the Book of Daniel. So I started to get interested in the rest of Scripture, including Genesis.”

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

John Venn

John Venn (1834 -1923) is most famous for his development of diagrams, later named after him, that depict relationships between sets. Although Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz and Leonhard Euler had used similar diagrams, Venn’s were considered more descriptive and easier to understand. He also helped to develop George Boole’s system of mathematical logic.

John Venn, The Logic of Chance: An Essay on the Foundations and Province of the Theory of Probability, With Especial Reference to its Logical Bearings and its Application to Moral and Social Science (second edition; London: Macmillan and Co., 1876)

Also

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Venn.html

Faustus Verantius / Vrancic / Faust *** Not in Gale

(1551-1617).  Croatian-born engineer, hydraulics expert, mathematician, inventor.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/verantus.html

Verantius’s Machinae novae (1616) is a book of mechanical and technological inventions. Some of his inventions are applicable to the solutions of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction of clepsydras, sundials, mills, presses, and bridges and boats for widely different uses. Althogh some of his ‘machines’ were not wholly original or independent inventions, many of them were explained for the first time in print in Machinae novae.

In 1595 he published a five language dictionary (Latin- Italian-German-Croatian-Hungarian). He was also the author of Logica nova and Ethica christiana (1616).  Some of his inventions are applicable to the solution of hydrological problems, for example, the project to keep the Tiber from overflowing its banks at Rome and that of providing Venice with fresh water. Others concern the construction of clepsydras, sundials, mills, presses, and bridges and boats destined for widely different uses.  His designs for a wind turbine, a funicular railway, and a bridge suspended by iron chains represent an advance over contemporary techniques.  He did build bridges and mills in Vienna.

Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J.

(1623-1688). Flemish missionary and astronomer. Entered Jesuit order (1641); to China, where he succeeded Adam Schall von Bell as head of imperial astronomical bureau, Peking (1669); instrumental in determining boundary between China and Russia.

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/verbiest.htm

Pierre Vernier

(c.1580-1637). French mathematician. Held various government posts; invented (1631) Vernier caliper, or Vernier scale, for making accurate measurements of linear magnitudes, described in his Construction, l’usage, et les proprietez du quadrant nouveau de mathematiques (1631).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vernier.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Pierre Vernier,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Vernier.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15359a.htm

http://www.cosmovisions.com/Vernier.htm

Andreas Vesalius

(1514-1564).  Belgian anatomist and physician, the first to dissect the human body and the founder of modern anatomy. His major work, De humani corporis fabrica(1543), is a milestone in scientific progress, which repudiated Galenic tradition. In Fabrica he wrote, “By not first explaining the bones, anatomists ... deter [the student] from a worthy examination of the works of God.”  The dissections (then illegal) enabled him to discover that Galen’s system of medicine was based on fundamental anatomical errors. He disproved that men had a rib less than women - a belief that had been widely held until then.  He also believed, contrary to Aristotle’s theory of the heart being the centre of the mind and emotion, that the brain and the nervous system are the centre.  Between 1539 and 1542 Vesalius prepared his masterpiece, a book that employed talented artists to provide the anatomical illustrations.Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica/On the Structure of the Human Body 1543, together with the main work of astronomer Copernicus, published in the same year, marked the dawn of modern science. He was made physician to Emperor Charles V (1543) and a count (1556); and later became physician to Philip II in Madrid (1559). On his way back from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Vesalius died in a shipwreck off Greece.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vesalius.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15378c.htm

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/V/Vesalius/1.html

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Vesalius.html

http://www.fact-index.com/v/ve/vesalius.html

http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/anatomy/vesalius.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Andreas%20Vesalius

http://www.famousbelgians.net/vesalius.htm

Johann Vesling / Veslingius *** Not in Gale

(1598-1649).  German-born anatomist, physician, botanist, embryologist, pharmacologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vesling.html

Vesling published Syntagma anatomicum, 1641, an extremely popular text that went through many editions and many translations. It includes a number of original observations, including some on the lacteals and lymphatics.

In Egypt Vesling studied the flora and later published De plantis aegyptiis, 1638. In 1638 he ceased to lecture on surgery at Padua and turned wholly to botany. In the final years of his life he renovated the botanical garden in Padua. As the botanical garden in Padua implies, his study of plants, from the beginning in Egypt, include their pharmacological uses.  In Egypt Vesling also studied the development of the chicken in artificially hatched eggs. His connection with the botanical garden entailed pharmacology, and already in Egypt his initial study was of medicinal plants.

http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/1553.html:

Raymond Vieussens

(c. 1635-1715).  French physician, surgeon.  Vieussens advanced the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the brain, heart, nervous system, and circulatory system. Many anatomical features in these systems are named after him, such as Vieussens’ centrum (the white oval core of each hemisphere of the brain); Vieussens’ valve (a sheet of thin white tissue in the brain); Vieussens’ ventricle (one of the fluid-filled spaces in the brain); Vieussens’ ansa (a loop in the ganglia around the subclavian artery); Vieussens’ ganglion (a network of nerves between the aorta and the stomach); Vieussens’ anulus, isthmus, or limbus (a ring of muscle in the right atrium of the heart); Vieussens’ foramina (tiny openings in the veins of the right atrium of the heart); and Vieussens’ veins (small veins on the surface of the heart).

“Raymond Vieussens.” World of Anatomy and Physiology. 2 vols. Gale Group, 2002.
The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vieussen.html

Raymond Vieussens.  “Coronary Anatomy,”  http://www.asecho.org/Scientific_Sessions/Coronary%20Anatomy.ppt

John Francis Vigani *** Not in Gale

(c. 1650-1713).  Italian-born chemist, pharmacologist, instrument-maker.  Catholic, then Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vigani.html

He was a practical working chemist and pharmacist with little or no interest in theory. His aim was to teach the preparation of useful chemical compounds and pharmacological prescriptions. His one published work, Medulla chemiae, Danzig, 1682 (republished in London, 1683), was a set of instructions to produced certain chemicals and medicines. He devised a method to purify sulfate of iron from copper, and one for making ammonium sulfate. He was free of alchemical inclinations.

Intimate friendship with Newton. He was one of the few visitors to Newton’s rooms in Trinity.  Friendship with John Covell.  Reared a Catholic, and apparently conformed to Anglicanism later.

Juan Bautista Villalpando, S.J. *** Not in Gale

(1552-1608).   That he was more than a theorist is evident from the fact that at the age of 27 while still an unordained Jesuit scholastic, he was in charge of constructing three major Jesuit buildings, one of which still stands, the church of the Jesuit college in Seville. He designed the first oval church ever built in Spain. In the history of architecture he is most renowned, however, for his famous work, the design and reconstruction of the temple of Solomon.

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/villalpando.htm

Gregorius Saint-Vincent / Gregory of Saint-Vincent, S.J. *** Not in Gale

 (1584-1667). Saint-Vincent’s main work is a book over 1250 pages long. There are many topics covered in the book including a study of circles, triangles, geometric series, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas. His book also contains his quadrature method which is related to that of Cavalieri but which he discovered independently. He gives a method of squaring the circle which we can now see is essentially integration. Saint-Vincent integrated x-1 in a geometric form that is easily recognised as the logarithmic function.

J J O’Connor and E F Robertson.  http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Saint-Vincent.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Saint-Vincent.html

http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/saintvct.html

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/vincent.htm

Lloyd Drexell Vincent

(1924-1994).  Nuclear physicist. University president.  President, Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas, 1967; Assistant to President, Sam Houston State University, 1965-67; Professor, Director physics dept., Sam Houston State University, 1960-65; research scientist, Texas Nuclear Corp., Austin, 1959-60; Danforth Foundation Teacher study grantee, NSF Science faculty Fellow., University of Texas, 1958-59; instructor, Texas A&M University, 1955-56; Associate Professor, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1956-58; Assistant Professor, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1953-55. Co-owner, Manager ACME Glass Corp., Baytown, Texas, 1947-49; physics consultant Columbia University Teachers College, U.S. AID, India, summer 1966; member formula Advisory committee Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, 1975; chair Board of Directors Texas International Education Consortium, Inc., 1989-92; Board of Directors West Texas Utilities Co., 1978; vice Chairman Council President of Public Senior. Colleges and Univs. Texas, 1980-81; Chairman Council President of Lone Star Athletic Conference, 1981-82, 86-87, 93-94; member President commn. NCAA, 1987-91. Board visitors Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1981-86; member Advisory committee USAF ROTC, 1989-93, Chairman, 1991-93. 2d Lieutenant USAAF, 1942-45.  Student, Rice University, 1946-47, 49-50; B.S., University of Texas, Austin, 1952; M.A., University of Texas, Austin, 1953; Ph.D., University of Texas, Austin, 1960; postdoctoral, Harvard University, summer 1987.

Member: Fellow Texas Academy of Science; American Physics Society, American Association State Colleges and Univs. (State rep. 1972-74, mission of university President and chancellors to Malaysia, 1986), American Association Physics Teachers (sect. Chairman 1965-67, National Deligate to USSR and China 1983), Association Texas Colleges and Schools (commn. on colleges 1985), Rotary, Sigma Xi, Sigma Pi Sigma.

Honors: Recipient Meritorious Civilian Service award USAF, 1993; named Citizen of Year, San Angelo Chamber of Commerce, 1975.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Lloyd D. and Johnell S. Vincent Nursing Physical Science Building, http://www.angelo.edu/dept/physics/nps.htm

Vincent of Beauvais

Vincent of Beauvais (ca. 1190-ca. 1264) was a Dominican cleric who took it upon himself to compile the Speculum majus, an encyclopedia of all human knowledge up to the time of Louis IX of France. An industrious man with strong organizational skills, Vincent spent more than two decades researching and writing this work, which covers the areas of nature, education and history.

Webpage: http://www.cs.uu.nl/groups/IK/archives/vb_home.htm

Bibliography: http://www.cs.uu.nl/groups/IK/archives/vincent/bibhome.htm

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15439a.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Vincent%20of%20Beauvais

http://5.1911encyclopedia.org/V/VI/VINCENT_OF_BEAUVAIS.htm

Vincenzio Viviani  *** Not in Gale

(1622-1703).  Italian mathematician, hydraulics specialist, mechanic, optician, physicist, astronomer, engineer, architect.  Catholic. Lunar Crater Viviani was named in his honor.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/viviani.html

Viviani was first of all a student of ancient geometry who, though a leading mathematician, never came to terms with the new analyis. He attempted to restore the fifth book of Euclid’s Elements, and to reconstruct the contents of the lost fifth book of Apollonius’ Conics, and Aristaeus’ De locis solidis. He prepared an Italian version of Archimedes’ work on the rectification and squaring of the circle, and he published an Italian translation of the whole of Euclid’s Elements.

As an engineer with the Uffiziali dei Fiumi in Florence, he published Discorso intorno al difendersi da’ riempimenti e dalle corrosione de’ fiumi (1687), completed a work on the nature of fluids (which he did not publish), and left numerous manuscripts on theoretical and practical hydraulics. Two of his compositions were included in the Raccolta del moto dell’acque of the 18th century.  Working as the disciple of Galileo, Viviani nearly completed a work on the resistance of solids, which Grandi did complete and publish after Viviani’s death. Viviani left quite a few manuscripts on mechanics.

In the Accademia del Cimento he worked on the compression of air and on optics, and he was responsible for the Accademia’s astronomical observations. He also observed some with Cassini.

In the 40’s Viviani was sent to inspect the fortifications of Tuscany and to build up those along a threatened frontier.  He was employed by the Grand Duke as an engineer with the Uffiziali dei Fiumi and worked on numerous projects including the channeling of the Chiana. He also worked on roads, pavements, and a bridge, and he did some architectural work. For the Accademia del Cimento he invented numerous instruments--to examine the compression of air, the specific gravity of fluids, the refraction of fluids, and capillary phenomena, as well as an air thermometer, a hygrometer, a hearing trumpet, and a telescope twenty palms long.

Member: Accademia del Cimento; Royal Society, 1696; Académie Royal des Sciences.  Membership in the Accademia del Cimento from its beginning in 1657.  One of the eight foreign members upon the reorganization of the Académie Royale des Sciences in 1699.  Viviani was also in the Arcadia in Rome and in the Accademia della Crusca from 1661.  He was Galileo’s companion and pupil during the final two years of his life. He became a close friend of Torricelli and is the one who first performed the Torricellian experiment (the barometer), at Torricelli’s instructions; Viviani undertook to publish Torricelli’s works after his death but did not carry through.  He was a close friend of Redi and Steno.  He corresponded with Ricci, Sluse, degli Angeli, Huygens, Wallis, Leibniz, l’Hopital, the two Bernoullis, Grandi, and others.  The affair over the publication of Apollonius led to a rupture with Borelli that was never healed.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. Vincenzo Viviani https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Viviani.html

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow

The German medical scientist, anthropologist, and politician Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (1821-1902) was the founder of the school of “cellular pathology,” which forms the basis of modern pathology.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/uvwxyz/virchow_rudolf.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/912.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Rudolf%20Virchow

Adriaan Vlacq / Vlack / Vlaccus

(1600-1666 or 1667). Dutch mathematician. Published (1628) tables of common logarithms between 20,000 and 90,000, filling a gap left by previous tables, and (1633) tables of trigonometric functions and their logs.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/vlacq.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “Adriaan Vlacq,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Vlacq.html

Barbu-Vladimir Vladescu

(Born "1943" Day="27" Month="12" December 27, 1943 in Timisoara, Romania).  Microbiologist.  Chief dept., Pernod-Ricard Research Center., Creteil, France, 1982; biologist, Fundeni Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, 1979-82; Assistant Lecturer, Bucharest Medical School, 1972-79; researcher, Institute of Biology, Romanian Academy, 1966-72.  Education: MS, University Bucharest, Romania, 1966; Ph.D., Romanian Academy, 1974.

Member: AAAS, French Society Microbiology (Board of Directors biotechnical section 1992).  Orthodox Christian.

Honor:  Recipient Vermeil medal French Academy of Agriculture, 1991.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.; patentee in field.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Alessandro Volta / Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta

The Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) invented the electric battery, or "voltaic pile," thus providing for the first time a sustained source of current electricity.  At age fourteen, Volta decided to become a physicist after reading The History and Present State of Electricity by Joseph Priestley (1733-1804).  Professor, Pavia (1779-1804); invented the electrophorus (1775) and the voltaic pile (1800); did research on the composition of marsh gas and isolated methane (1778); studied atmospheric electricity. Made count and senator of kingdom of Lombardy by Napoleon (1801); director of philosophical faculty at Padua (from 1815). Volta extended his physics work to include the electrical interactions of living organisms, and the electrical phenomena associated with various physiological processes. The volt, an electrical unit, is named in his honor.

Honor: Copley Medal, Royal Society of London, 1794.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15503a.htm

Bern Dibner.  “ALESSANDRO VOLTA AND THE ELECTRIC BATTERY,” http://dibinst.mit.edu/BURNDY/OnlinePubs/Volta/index.html

“Università  deglistudi di pavia, Dipartimento di fiscal A. Volta,” http://ppp.unipv.it/Volta/ (in Italian and English)

http://www.astrocosmo.cl/biografi/b-a_volta.htm (in Italian)

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Volta.html

http://www.italian-american.com/volta.htm

http://1.1911encyclopedia.org/V/VO/VOLTA_ALESSANDRO.htm

Karl Ernest Ritter von Baer

(1792–1876).  An Estonian embryologist famous for his discovery of the mammalian ovum (1827), notochord, etc.; elucidated principle of epigenesist, and who made a significant contribution to the systematic study of the development of animals. Professor, Konigsberg (1817-34); with Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (from 1834). Pioneer of descriptive and comparative embryology; showed that the various organs of vertebrates are derived from germ layers by differentiation.  In Russia a naturalist, geologist, ethnologist, esp. in far North. In 1837, he led a scientific expedition to Novaya Zemlya in Arctic Russia, and from 1851-6, studied the fisheries of lake Peipus and the Baltic and Caspian Seas. He served as inspector of fisheries for the empire from 1851-1852. He founded the St. Petersburg Society for Geography and Ethnography and the German Anthropological Society. Author of Uber Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thiere (On the Development of Animals), 1828-1837, Untersuchungen uber die Entwicklung der Fische (1835), etc. For his work, Von Baer was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1876.

Home page: http://www.zbi.ee/baer/

Erki Tammiksaar. http://www.zbi.ee/baer/biography.htm

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/379.html

http://37.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BA/BAER_KARL_ERNST_VON.htm

http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=381653&query=horse&ct=

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Karl%20Ernst%20Baer

Wernher von Braun

The German-born American space scientist Wernher von Braun (1912-1977), the “father of space travel,” developed the first practical space rockets and launch vehicles.

http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Academy/History/vonBraun/vonBraun.html

http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/index.html

http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/vonbraun/bio.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Wernher%20von%20Braun

http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_4.htm#vonbraun

“For me, the idea of a creation is not conceivable without invoking the necessity of design. One cannot be exposed to the law and order of the universe without concluding that there must be design and purpose behind it all.” Letter to the California State board of Education, September 14, 1972.

“My experiences with science led me to God. They challenge science to prove the existence of God. But must we really light a candle to see the sun?” Letter to the California State board of Education, September 14, 1972.

“It is in scientific honesty that I endorse the presentation of alternative theories for the origin of the universe, life and man in the science classroom. It would be an error to overlook the possibility that the universe was planned rather than happening by chance.”  Letter to the California State board of Education, September 14, 1972

From http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:Umcm0e_qiGkJ:bevets.com/equotest.htm+%22W.R.Thompson%22+Ottawa&hl=en

Dr. Wernher von Braun.  “Intelligent Design,” http://www.creationequation.com/vonBraun.htm

On September 14, 1972, this letter addressed to a Mr. Grose and attributed to rocket scientist Wernher von Braun was read to the California State Board of Education by Dr. John Ford; later cited in Jesus Christ Creator by Kelly Seagraves, 1973; printed in Applied Christianity, then quoted in the Bible Science Newsletter, May, 1974, p. 8. The complete text of the von Braun letter, from which the above excerpts were drawn, was made available through the courtesy of Dennis R. Petersen, author of Unlocking the Mysteries of Creation (Creation Resource Foundation: El Dorado, California, 1990) p. 63.

“Werher Von Braun in His Own Words,” http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_4vonbraun.htm

Dietrich von Freiberg *** Not in Gale

(ca.1250- c.1310).  Optical research in rainbows.

Biography in German: http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/d/dietrich_v_f.shtml

Abhandlung über den Intellekt und den Erkenntnisinhalt, http://www.meiner.de/PhB/Dietrich.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Otto von Guericke / Gericke

(1602-1686).  German physicist, astronomer.  While he studied mathematics, law, and engineering, Guericke would become famous for his experiments with a vacuum and air pressure. Engineer in army (1631-35); mayor of Magdeburg (1646-81). Invented vacuum air pump (1650); devised Magdeburg hemispheres to illustrate pressure of the air (1657); devised (1663) first electrical generating machine, a ball of sulfur on a crank-turned shaft,the friction of the hand held against the turning ball generating static electricity; discovered (1672) electroluminescence.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/guericke.html

Albrecht von Haller

The Swiss biologist and physician Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) conducted experiments in organic sensibility and irritability that are landmarks in the development of physiology. He wrote scholarly articles at the age of eight and by the age of ten, he had completed a Greek dictionary.   Professor of medicine, anatomy, and surgery, Gottingen (1736-53); practiced medicine, Bern (1753-77); elucidated mechanism of respiration; discovered function of bile; first to distinguish and relate muscle irritability and nerve sensibility and show transmission of nervous impulse; contributed to anatomy, embryology; devised botanical taxonomic system. Author of Elementa Physiologiae Corporis Humani (1757-66) and other scientific works; compiled Bibliothecae Medicinae Practicae (1776-88); also wrote philosophical romances as Usong (1771), Alfred (1773), Fabius and Cato (1774).

http://70.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HA/HALLER_ALBRECHT_VON.htm

Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~botanik/avhi.htm (in German)

John H. Lienhard.  Engines of Our Ingenuity—No. 658: ALBRECHT VON HALLER, Click here for audio of Episode 658. Webpage: http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi658.htm

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Ewald Georg von Kleist

(c.1700-1748).  German ecclesiastic and scientist. Dean of cathedral of Kamin, Pomerania. Discovered (1745) principle of the Leyden jar, later described more fully by Pieter van Musschenbroek.

http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/VON_KLEIST_BIO.html

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Johann Von Lamont

(1805-1879). German astronomer, b. Scotland. On staff (1827-35), director (1835-79), Royal Observatory, Bogenhausen; Professor, University of Munich (1852-79). Provided orbital data on satellites of Saturn and Uranus; determined mass of Uranus; cataloged over 34,000 stars; discovered fluctuation of Earth’s magnetic field (1850) and existence of Earth currents (1862). Chief publication Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus (1849).

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08766b.htm

http://16.1911encyclopedia.org/L/LA/LAMONT_JOHANN_VON.htm

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher. Known as a statesman to the general public of his own times and as a mathematician to his scholarly contemporaries, he was subsequently thought of primarily as a philosopher.

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Leibniz.html

http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Leibniz/RouseBall/RB_Leibnitz.html

http://mally.stanford.edu/leibniz.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gottfried%20Wilhelm%20von%20Leibniz

http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz

Johannes von Muralt *** Not in Gale

(1645-1733).  Swiss physician, anatomist, surgeon, physiologist, zoologist.  Calvinist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/muralt.html:

Von Mutalt practiced medicine quite successfully, applying the knowledge he learned from anatomical dissections. He developed new surgical procedures and set them forth systematically in his writings. He is also responsible for founding anatomical teaching in Zürich.

Member: Academia Leopoldina.  1681, member of the Academia Caesario-Leopoldina Natura Curiosorum, with the name “Aretaeus.”

Charles H. Voss / Charles Henry Voss, Jr., Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

(Born 1926).   Professor Emeritus of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. Vice-President of the pro-creationist Origins Research Association.

http://www.ee.lsu.edu/voss/index.html

Origins Research Association.  http://www.originsresource.org/welcome.htm

Dr. William Wade / William E. Wade, FASHP, FCCP *** Not in Gale

Pharmacy Practice Professor, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia. B.S., Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, 1975; Pharm.D., University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, 1985.

Honors: Wade, professor and Associate department head, and Martin, Associate professor,  received the Pharmacy Practice Award given by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Research and Education Foundation, for their paper on “Cost/death averted with venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing total knee replacement or knee arthroplasty,” co-authored by Jayanti Nerurkar, a graduate student in the College.

Faculty webpage, http://www.rx.uga.edu/main/home/cet/wade_cv.html

“My primary interests have focused on pharmacoeconomic and clinical outcomes research. Cost studies conducted have focused on deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in various high risk indications. Clinical outcomes research projects have focused on both the acute care medical and outpatient ambulatory environment. I plan to play a major role in the performance of translational studies in the acute care hospital setting.”

Curt Wagner *** Not in Gale

Physicist.  Curt Wagner, Ph.D. is Professor of Physics (Retired), Southwest (Minnesota) State University, Marshall, MN. He holds a B.A. summa cum laude in physics from the University of Wisconsin (Madison), an M.S. in physics and astronomy and a Ph.D. in theoretical physics, both from the University of Illinois (Urbana). Dr. Wagner was a recipient of a National Science Foundation Fellowship and undertook research in the area of nonlinear mathematical mappings and properties of various black hole solutions to Einstein’s Field Equations of General Relativity. Subsequent academic research covered a wide range of areas including artificial intelligence, computer modeling of chaotic systems, biophysics, acoustics, cloud physics and plasma physics.

From http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/featured_speakers1.htm#Curt%20Wagner,%20Ph.D.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Sir Cecil Wakeley / Sir Cecil P. G. Wakeley / Cecil Pembrey Grey Wakely, KBE, CB, LLD, FRSE, MCD,  FRCS, honFRCSE FFR FRCSI FRACS LID DSc *** Not in Gale

(1892–1979). English surgeon.  President of the Royal College of Surgeons.  Wakeley had been editorial secretary of the British Journal of Surgery from 1942 to 1972.

Harrell Lynn Walker

(Born 1945).  Plant pathologist, botany educator, researcher. Professor botany, Louisiana Tech. University, Ruston, 1987; Achievements include 11 patents related to biological control of weeds with plant pathogens, manipulation of microorganisms for control of plant diseases. Previous positions: Director Research sta., Mycogen Corp., Ruston, Louisiana, 1984-87; Research scientist, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi, 1976-84; Assistant Director plant industry division, Alabama Dept. Agriculture, Montgomery, 1975-76; plant pathologist, Alabama Dept. Agriculture, Montgomery, 1974-75; postdoctoral Research Assistant dept. fisheries, Auburn (Alabama) University, 1972-74; biol. Research Assistant, U.S. Army Medical Laboratory, Ft. Meade, Maryland, 1970-72.  BS, Louisiana Tech. University, 1966; MS, University Kentucky, 1969; Ph.D., University Kentucky, 1970.

Member: American Phytopathol. Society, Weed Science Society America, Southern Weed Science Society.  Southern Baptist.

Recipient Inventor’s award U.S. Dept. Commerce, Washington, 1985; grantee U.S. Dept. Agriculture, 1981-83, Louisiana Soybean Research Board, 1992-99, Louisiana Catfish Promotion and Research Board, 1993-98, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, 1996-99.

Editor: Biological Control of Weeds With Plant Pathogens, 1982; Contributor of over 40 articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Tasman Bruce Walker, Ph.D. *** Not in Gale

Mechanical engineer and geologist.  Staff scientist, Answers in Genesis in Brisbane, Australia.

Bachelor of Science majoring in Earth Science with first class honours (1998), a Bachelor of Engineering with first class honours in Mechanical Engineering and a Doctorate in Mechanical Engineering. He has been involved in the planning, design and operation of power stations for over 20 years with the electricity industry in Queensland, Australia. He has visited many coal mines in Queensland, for geological assessments of new fuel supplies for power stations. Tas also helped organise conferences including one of the Simulation Society of Australia. One of his contributions has been to develop models for various aspects of the power industry such as the coordinated operation of the system and construction of power stations.

Tas has also set up an internet site about geology and the Bible. A biblical framework of geology leads to a new appreciation of the environments and processes of different geological phases. The site describes the basis of this model and a practical application to the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/t_walker.asp

Tas Walker’s Home Page, http://www.uq.net.au/~zztbwalk/

John Frank Walkup

(Born 1941).  Electrical engineer.  Educator.  Dr. John Walkup is an Emeritus Horn Professor of Electrical Engineering at Texas Tech University, where he taught and directed the research of the Optical Systems Laboratory from 1971 to 1998. In 1998 John and his wife Pat joined the staff of Christian Leadership Ministries in the San Francisco Bay Area. 

He received a B.A. in engineering science, B.S. in electrical engineering from Dartmouth College, and his graduate degrees (M.S., Engineer, and Ph.D. in electrical engineering) from Stanford University. From 1971 to 1998 Dr. Walkup was an electrical engineering Professor at Texas Tech University in Lubbock. He founded the Optical Systems Laboratory and directed its research in the areas of optical information processing and computing, holographic data storage, optical neural networks, and digital image processing. Texas Tech honored him with the rank of Paul W. Horn Professor and with a number of awards for his teaching and his research group’s accomplishments.

Dr. Walkup co-authored nearly 200 refereed journal articles, book chapters and conference papers.

Honors: Fellow of the IEEE, the Optical Society of America (OSA), and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). He served as chairman of the Education Council of the OSA, and as chairman of the Gordon Research Conference on Optical Information Processing and Holography (1991). He also served OSA as an Associate Editor for both the Journal of the Optical Society of America-A and Applied Optics-Information Processing. During sabbaticals from Texas Tech, John was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Arizona’s Optical Sciences Center (1982), a visiting Professor at Stanford University (1992-93), and a National Research Council Senior Research Associate at NASA’s Ames Research Center (1992-93).

Webpage, Christian Leadership Ministries.  http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/AllStaffbyStaffID/John%20Walkup?OpenDocument

Biographical information: http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/Bios+By+Staff+ID/John%20Walkup?OpenDocument

Ray Westbrook.  “Creationist belief revolves around truthfulness of Bible,” http://www.lubbockonline.com/news/022897/creation2.htm. From Avalanche-Journal, 1997

John Frank Walkup.  “Personal Story: From Religion to Relationship,” http://www.facultylinc.com/personal/facoffice.nsf/Storys+By+Staff+ID/John%20Walkup?OpenDocument.  Reprinted with permission from InterVarsity Press. This essay appears on pgs. 80-85 (Chapter 8) of the book Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

“As a college professor, I instruct students in the principles and applications of electrical science and engineering. As a researcher, I investigate the frontiers of optical science. The logic and orderliness of science and engineering remind me that the God I serve is a God of order who has created a universe which is governed by physical laws and held together by God’s power and love.”

John Wallis

John Wallis (1616-1703) was a founding member of the Royal Society (1662), one of the oldest scientific organizations still in existence, and is considered by many the most influential British mathematician preceding Isaac Newton. He contributed the earliest forms, terms, and notations to nascent fields such as calculus and analysis. Wallis was the first to attempt to write a comprehensive history of British mathematics, striving to bring continuity to mathematical study and research.  Savilian Professor of Geometry, Oxford (1649-1703); in Arithmetica Infinitorum (1655) introduced the notation (  ) for infinity and reduced the idea of limit to arithmetic form and arrived at results from which the binomial theorem, the differential calculus, and the integral calculus were developed; in Mathesis Universalis (1657) introduced negative and fractional exponents;  in Treatise on Algebra (1685) treated conoids and anticipated notion of complex number. Also studied grammar, publishing (1652) a treatise on English grammar with an appendix on articulating sounds.  Calvinist, Anglican.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wallis.html or http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wallis.html

He was one of the so-called Invisible College in London in the 40s and then of the Oxford Circle that succeeded it. Later he was President of the Oxford Philosophical Society, 1684-8. Royal Society, 1660; President, 1680. Informal Connections: Intimate friendship with Thomas Smith, John Collins, Edmond Halley, Samuel Pepys.

Connections with Fermat, Brouncker, Frenicle, David Gregory, and Schooten. Scriba has published a very useful index of Wallis' extensive correspondence, over 800 letters excluding those on theology and university affairs. He quarreled with Hobbes, Henry Stubbe, Lewis Maydwell and Fermat.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. John Wallis https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Wallis.html

http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/bios/wallis.htm

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/W/WallisJ/1.html:

Wallis was born in Ashford, Kent, and studied at Cambridge. In 1640 he was ordained in the Church of England. He moved to London 1645 and assisted the Parliamentary side by deciphering captured coded letters during the Civil War. From 1649 he was professor of geometry at Oxford, and in 1658 he was appointed keeper of the university archives. In 1660 Charles II chose him as his royal chaplain. After the revolution of 1688-89, which drove James II from the throne, Wallis was employed by William III as a decipherer.  Wallis also conducted experiments in speech and attempted to teach, with some success, congenitally deaf people to speak. His method was described in his Grammatica linguae anglicanae, 1652.

W. W. Rouse Ball. “John Wallis (1616 - 1703),” From A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908), http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Wallis/RouseBall/RB_Wallis.html

http://93.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WA/WALLIS_JOHN.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/John%20Wallis

Jeremy L. Walter, Ph.D., P.E.

(Born 1953) Mechanical Engineer. Dr. Walter is Head of the Power Conversion Systems Department within the Energy Science and Power Systems Division (ESPS) at the Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University (ARL/PSU). The department performs advanced analyses and develops prototype hardware for thermal power and propulsion systems, especially for air-independent applications, such as undersea vehicles. Department responsibilities include designing, building, and field-testing prototypes of undersea propulsion systems. He was a 1975 recipient of the National Science Foundation Fellowship.

From http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/bios/j_walter.asp.

He holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering with highest distinction, an M.S. in mechanical engineering, and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, all from Pennsylvania State University. 

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/walter-j.html

Contact: http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jmc6/CFSF/Speakers.dir/Walter/creation.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

“Biblical faith is a confident and convinced trust in the testimony of the One who is both Creator and Redeemer.”

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Ernest Walton / Ernest T. S. Walton / Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

Ernest Walton (1903–1995) was an Irish physicist and educator best known for his work with John Cockcroft (q.v.) on the development of the first particle accelerator, which produced the first artificial transmutation of an atomic nucleus without the use of radioactive elements in 1932. In recognition of this achievement, Walton and Cockcroft were awarded the 1951 Nobel Prize for Physics. Fellow emeritus, Trinity College, Dublin, 1974-95; Erasmus Smith's Professor natural and experimental philosophy, Trinity College, Dublin, 1947-74.  Education: student, Methodist College, Belfast, Northern Ireland; MSc, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Ph.D., Cambridge (Eng.) University; DSc (Honorary), Queen's University, Belfast; DSc (Honorary), Gustavus Adolphus College, Minn.; DSc (Honorary), University Ulster, Northern Ireland; Ph.D., Dublin City University,

Honors: Recipient Overseas Research scholar, 1927-30, SeniorResearch award, Dept. science and industrial research, 1930-34, Clerk Maxwell scholar, 1932-34, Hughes medal, Royal Society, 1938, Nobel prize for physics, 1951.

http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1951/walton-bio.html

http://www.ulsterhistory.co.uk/walton.htm

http://mujweb.cz/Kultura/zidove/1951/ernest-walton.htm

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/ernest_thomas_sinton_walton.html

http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/History/ETSWalton/life.php

Keith H. Wanser *** Not in Gale

Dr Keith Wanser, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. is Professor of Physics at California State University, Fullerton. His research interests lie in fibre-optic sensing techniques, experimental and theoretical condensed matter physics, and basic theories of matter.  B.A. California State University, Fullerton, M.A. University of California, Irvine, Ph.D. University of California, Irvine.

Webpage: http://chaos.fullerton.edu/Wanser.html

Curriculum vitae: http://chaos.fullerton.edu/Wanser-cv2003.pdf

Carl Wieland and Jonathan Sarfati talk to physicist Keith Wanser. “God and the electron,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/4153.asp.  First published in: Creation Ex Nihilo 21(4):38–41,September–November 1999. “I recommitted my life to Jesus Christ in 1976. Since then, I have studied a great deal of scientific evidence, and I am convinced there is far more evidence for a recent, six-day creation and a global Flood than there is for an old earth and evolution.”

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/physicalscientists.html

Keith H. Wanser, Ph.D. Physics. http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/wanser.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Seth Ward

(1617-1689). English bishop and astronomer. Savilian Professor of Astronomy, Oxford (1649-60); bishop of Exeter (1662-67), of Salisbury (1667); propounded alternative to Kepler’s area law of planetary motion (1653); engaged in philosophical controversy with Thomas Hobbes.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ward.html

http://75.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WA/WARD_SETH.htm

http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/Clergy/Oliver/42.html

Guylyn R. Warren

(Born August 16, 1941).  Molecular geneticist.  Research Associate, 1970-72; Assistant Professor chemistry, Montana State

Member AAAS, Environmenal Mutagen Society, Columbia Sheepbreeders Association (Board directors 1980-present, President 1984-86), Sigma Xi. Presbyterian.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

David C. Watts, Ph.D., FRSC, FInstP, FADM*** Not in Gale
Dental biomaterials scientist.  Professor of Dental Biomaterials Science and Head, Unit of Biomaterials Science, Associate Dean for Graduate and Postgraduate Studies,Unit of Biomaterials Science, University of Manchester, England. Research Professor in Biomaterials and Biomechanics: Oregon. Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA. B.Sc. (Honors), Chemistry and Physics, Ph.D. in Polymer Science, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, England. David Watts is an Elder at Sale Evangelical Church in south Manchester and University Reader in Biomaterials Science at The University of Manchester Dental School.

Editor-in-Chief: Dental Materials.

Faculty webpage, University of Manchester Dental School, http://www.den.man.ac.uk/cag/Staff%20Pages/David%20Watts.htm

Professor Watts is the 2003 winner of the IADR Distinguished Scientist [Wilmer Souder] Award for research in dental biomaterials. www.iadr.org/awards/souder.html

Contact page, http://www.ttdentistry.com/NavContent/about/Members/PersonalInfo/MemberPage.asp?MembID=6

David Watts.  “Materials, the Millennium and the Mind of God (Editorial),” “Dental Materials”, 16(1), January 2000, iii-iv. http://www.jodkowski.pl/ke/DWatts001.html.  Reprinted from the January 2000 issue [16(1)] of the international research journal Dental Materials, published by Elsevier Science, Oxford.
David Watts. “Creation in the New Testament: Overview and Implications,” http://www.personal.u-net.com/~sec/C&NT01_.htm

Fraser Norman Watts

(Born 1946).  Clinical psychologist.  Fraser Watts is a former President of the British Psychological Society, who worked at the Medical Research Council Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge. He is now Starbridge Lecturer in Theology and Natural Science, in the Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge; and also a Fellow of Queens’ College, and Chaplain of St Edward’s Church, Cambridge. His interests are in religious, philosophical and psychological aspects of genetics.

Author: (with D.H. Bennett) Theory and Practice of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 1983; (with M.G. Williams) Psychology of Religious Knowing, 1988; (with others) Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders, 1988; editor: New Developments in Clinical Psychology, 1985; (with G. Parry) Skills and Methods in Mental Health Research, 1988, Cognition and Emotion, Brighton, England, 1987.

Faculty webpage, Center for Medical Genetics and Policy, University of Cambridge, http://www.cmgp.org.uk/research/people/watts_f.html

Vivienne Watts, BSc, MA Mich, GradDipTeach BCAE, Ph.D. QUT, RN, AMusA, ATCL, LTCL. *** Not in Gale

Behavior management.  Educator.  Dr Vivienne Watts is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University, Australia.  She teaches in the areas of behaviour management, classroom communication and student welfare. Her principal research interests are related to child protection, children’s personal safety, school bullying and other forms of school violence and she is the author of several books on these subjects. BS in Health Science and MA in Religion from Andrews University, USA; Ph.D. Queensland University of Technology, Australia.

Faculty webpage, Office of Research, Central Queensland University, Australia, http://research.cqu.edu.au/expertise/profile.php?facid=3&schoolid=&staffid=174

Vivienne Watts.  Author: “Responding to School Violence: An Annotated Bibliography of Teachers’ Resources,” Department of Education, Training and Youth  Affairs,” http://www.cqu.edu.au/education/assistschool.html.  © COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1999.

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Anthony John Weber

(Born 1953).  Geophysicist, geologist. Certified geological scientist. Area geophysicist South Louisiana district Atlantic Richfield Co., Lafayette, 1975-81; Senior explorationist Gulf Coast div. Delta Drilling Co., Lafayette, 1981-85; consultant, Lafayette, 1983; Senior explorationist Gt. Southern Oil and Gas Co., Lafayette, 1985-87; Senior professional geophysicist Amerada Hess Corp., 1987; ptnr. LAFDEL Partnership, Penta Explorers, Comanche Flyers, Inc. BS in Geophysical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1975; MS in Geology, University of S.W. Louisiana, 1979.

Member S.W. Louisiana Geophysics Society (past President), Lafayette Geological Society, Society Exploration Geophysicists, American Association Petroleum Geologists, American Institute Professional Geologists, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Baptist. Club: City of Lafayette. Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Georg Wolfgang Wedel  *** Not in Gale

(1645-1721).  German physician, iatrochemist, pharmacologist, alchemist.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wedel.html

Wedel was one of the leading iatrochemists of his time, working under the influence of Sylvius. His medical publications leaned heavily in the pharmacological direction.  He was convinced of the possibility of the transmutation of metals, and he published on alchemy.  Wedel was an extremely productive author.

He practiced medicine early in his career, and presumably later, albeit to a much higher strata of clientele.

His medical lectures dealt with pharmaceutical chemistry, and his publications leaned heavily toward pharmaceutical questions.

Member: Berlin Academy, 1716; Academia Leopoldina, 1672.  Wedel’s extensive correspondence is catalogued by Spanke.

Karl Weierstrass

Karl Wilhelm Theodor Weierstrass (1815-1887) was considered one of the greatest mathematical analysts of 19^th century Europe. He is well known as a cofounder of the theory of analytic functions and their representation as power series. Weierstrass made crucial contributions to the arithematization of analysis and to the theory of real numbers. He showed the importance of uniform convergence, furthered the understanding of elliptic functions, and made contributions to the field of differential equations. Weierstrass’ reputation for high standards of proof and definition is reflected in the modern development of calculus and analysis.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Weierstrass.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Weierstrass.html

http://www.shu.edu/projects/reals/history/weierstr.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Karl%20Weierstrass

http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/Math/Weierstrass.html

Bettie Louise Wells

(Born 1957). Computer scientist at Procter & Gamble Co., Cin., 1976-77; acct. Morgan State University, Baltimore, 1977-79, St. Regis Paper Co., Houston, 1978-79; law clk. Shell Oil Co., Houston, 1979-82; Associate Ross & Taylor, Houston, 1982-83; Assistant atty. General, Austin, Texas, 1983. BS magna cum laude, Morgan State University, 1979; JD, University Houston, 1982. Bar: Texas 1982.

Member ABA, National Bar Association, Houston Bar Association, Alpha Kappa Mu. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Timothy Wells, BSc, Ph.D.*** Not in Gale
Neuroscience scholar.  Lecturer in Neuroscience, University of Cardiff.

Faculty webpage, Cardiff School of Biosciences, http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/research/neuroscience/staff/wells.html

Contact: http://www.expertise.cardiff.ac.uk/staffnew.asp?details=518

Gottfried Wendelin / Vendelinus *** Not in Gale

(1580-1667). Belgian astronomer and cartographer.  Catholic priest in Brussels, ordained in 1619.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wendelin.html:

Wendelin determined the latitude of Marseille and interested himself in the determination of longitudes made by Peiresc; he calculated the length of the Mediterranean independently from Peiresc’s data.

Connections: corresponded with Mersenne, Gassendi, and Constantijn Huygens.

http://users.pandora.be/lode.stevens/vendelinus/volks.html (in Dutch)

http://www.europlanetarium.be/wetenschappen/vendelinus.php (in Dutch)

Johann-Jakob Wepfer *** Not in Gale

(1620-1695).  Swiss physician, anatomist, pharmacologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wepfer.html

What Fischer calls his masterwork, his study of the poison in hemlock (1679), was pharmacological in nature. Because of this work, Fischer calls Wepfer the father of experimental toxicology and pharmacology. The content of the work stretches far beyond hemlock to consider all sorts of poisonous plants. And elsewhere he carried out similar experiments on mineral poisons, in which he warned against the use of such things as arsenic, antimony, and mercury as medicines.

Membership: Academia Leopoldina, 1685.  He published in the Miscellanea curiosa of the Leopoldina. Wepfer carried on a very extensive correspondence with the leading medical scientists from the Germanic area of his day.

Thomas Wharton *** Not in Gale

(1614-1673).  English anatomist, physiologist.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wharton_tho.html

Wharton was the author of Adenographia, 1656, the first thorough and comprehensive account of all the glands in the body, with research into their functions. He discovered the duct of the submaxillary salivary gland and the jelly of the umbilical cord, both of which are named for him. He gave the first adequate account of the thyroid gland, which he named.

Member: Royal College of Physicians, 1650; Censor 6 times, 1658- 73. Gulstonian Lecturer, 1654.  Informal Connections: Professional relationship with John French, Thomas Frapham, Francis Glisson, George Ent, Francis Prujean, Edward Emily and others.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2046.html.  Associated eponyms: Wharton’s duct, The duct of the submandibular salivary gland opening into the mouth at side of the frenum linguae; Wharton’s jelly, A gelatinous intercellular substance which is the primitive mucoid connective tissue of the umbilical cord.

http://www.wharton.freeservers.com/thomas.html

Emma Rochelle Wheeler

(1882-1957).  Physician. A woman of diverse interests, Emma Rochelle Wheeler was a trailblazing physician, hospital and nursing school founder, and an initiator of an unparalleled, prepaid hospitalization plan. Wheeler practiced medicine for almost fifty years and was well known for her assistance to young African Americans in their academic and business undertakings. An organizer of a chapter of the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, she was among the early most notable and distinguished African American women leaders in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wheeler was the founder and operator of Walden Hospital. Dedicated on

Linda T. Wynn. EMMA ROCHELLE WHEELER (1882-1957) http://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/wheel.htm

Emma Rochelle Wheeler (1882-1957), Physician.  http://www.mtsu.edu/~library/wtn/bio/wheeler.html

The African American Registry, http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2173/Emma_Wheeler_was_an_early_caregiver

William Whewell

(1794-1866). English philosopher and mathematician. Professor, Cambridge (1828-55), master of Trinity College (1841-66), vice chancellor of university (1843, 1856); instituted tripos of moral science and of natural science (1848); known for studies in natural sciences and of philosophy of Kant. Author of Astronomy and General Physics (1833), History of the Inductive Sciences (1837), Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences (1840), History of Scientific Ideas (1858), Novum Organon Renovatum (1858), and On the Philosophy of Discovery (1860).

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whewell/ or

http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/win2003/entries/whewell/

http://www.sacklunch.net/biography/W/WilliamWhewell.html

http://rjohara.net/darwin/palaetiology.html

Dr. Rita Kirk Whillock

(Born 1953).  Communications educator.  Dr. Rita Kirk Whillock is a Professor & Chair of the Division of Corporate Communications & Public Affairs at Southern Methodist University. In 2003, Whillock was selected as a member of the SMU Distinguished Faculty. Certified Secondary Teacher, Arkansas Teacher, dept. Chairman Rogers (Arkansas) H.S., 1977-79; Communications Professor Kearney State College (Nebr.), 1979-80; Assistant to Dean, Professor Communications Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, 1980-84; Assistant Professor Communications University of Alabama, Huntsville, 1986-90; Associate Professor Communications Southern Methodist University, 1990, Associate Director Center Communications, 1996. She is a Meadow’s Distinguished Teaching Professor and received the prestigious “M” Award for teaching from the SMU student body. Education: BSE, University of Arkansas, 1975, M of Communications, 1977; Ph.D., University of Missouri, 1986.

Honors:  Recipient Outstanding Book award Choice, 1991, Gustauus Meyers award for Research on human rights in North America, 1996, Madison award for free speech scholarship, 1997.

Member: American Communications Association (Board of Directors, past President), National Communications Association, Texas Speech Communications Association, Southern Speech Communications Association (member editorial Board), Pi Kappa Delta (sponsor, coach 1980-84). Baptist.

Author: Political Empiricism: Communication Strategies in State and Regional Elections, 1990, (with David Slayden) Hate Speech, 1996; Contributor of articles to professional journals including Presidential Studies Quarterly, American Behavioral Scientist, Political Communications.  She serves on the Editorial Boards of Southern Communication Journal and the American Communication Journal.

Dr. Rita Kirk Whillock faculty webpage. http://faculty.smu.edu/whillock/

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

William Whiston

(1667-1752). English theologian, astronomer, navigator and mathematician. Succeeded Newton as Lucasian Professor of mathematics, Cambridge (1703); expelled (1710) from university on account of his Arian views, later promulgated in Primitive Christianity Revived (1711-12); known for his translation of Josephus (1737).  Whiston became a Baptist in 1747.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/whiston.html

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  “William Whiston,” https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Whiston.html

The Whiston Society: http://www-whiston.clare.cam.ac.uk/whiston.php

http://coldrain.net/lucas/whiston.html

http://61.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WH/WHISTON_WILLIAM.htm

“Whiston | William | 1667-1752 | divine and natural philosopher,” http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/w/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1115/

Project Gutenberg Titles by William Whiston: http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=Whiston%2C%20William

Against Apion

The Antiquities of the Jews

An Extract Out of Josephus’s Discourse to the Greeks Concerning Hades

The Life of Flavius Josephus

The Wars of the Jews, or The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem

A. J. Monty White *** Not in Gale

Physical Chemist.  Research Fellow at the Edward Davies Chemical Laboratories, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.  Dr. A. J. Monty White converted from atheism to Christianity in 1964 when he was an undergraduate student at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. (To read Dr. White’s testimony, click here.) He is a graduate of the University of Wales, obtaining his BSc (with honors) in Chemistry in 1967, and his Ph.D. for his research in the field of Gas Kinetics in 1970. Monty spent two years investigating the optical and electrical properties of organic semi-conductors before moving to Cardiff where he joined the administration at the University there. During this time he held a number of senior positions including Academic Registrar and Director of the International Office. He is also a Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/white-aj.html

Dr. A. J. Monty White.  “How I Became a Creationist,” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2/4336news6-28-2000.asp.

“Dr. Monty White.”  http://www.answersingenesis.org/events/bio.aspx?Speaker_ID=16

Chief Executive of Answers in Genesis (UK). He joined Answers in Genesis after leaving the University of Wales in Cardiff where he had been a Senior Administrator for 28 years.

“There is a God, the Bible can be trusted as God’s revealed word to humankind. God does answer prayer and does reveal himself to men and women today. I know — I am one of them!” From Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Anglus White / Blacklo / Blacklow / Blackloe / Vitus / Albius *** Not in Gale

(1593-1676).  English natural philosopher.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/white.html

White was a dedicated Aristotelian, the author of De mundo, 1642, and Institutionum peripateticarum . . . pars theorica, 1646. Scientific thought was always subordinate for him to his effort to render theology scientifically verifiable; he was the author of numerous theological works. I cannot call him a Scholastic Philosopher, however; he was much too involved with contemporary thought. White wrote quite a few theological and devotional books.

Ordained in 1617 under the name Blacklo (or Blackloe or Blacklow), White was a major figure in English Catholicism. (Note that he also wrote under all the other names listed above.) The English equivalent of a Jansenist and vigorous anti-Jesuit, White was ultimately not acceptable to Rome; the Holy Office condemned his views in 1655, 1657, and 1661. However, White, while never giving in, remained a Catholic.

Earl Lee White

(1948-2000). Research chemist. Senior staff R & D chemist, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, N.C., 1985; chemist, National Institute Environmental Health SciencesUniversity N.C., Chapel Hill, 1983-85; Associate scientist, Chemical Industry Institute Toxicology, Research Triange Pk., N.C., 1977-83; toxicologist, Mississippi Crime Laboratory, Jackson, 1972-75; toxicologist, University Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 1970-72.  Education: MS, Jackson State University, 1975; postgraduate, University of Pittsburgh, 1975-77; Ph.D., University N.C., 1987.

Member: American Society for Mass Spectrometry, American Chemical Society (secretary, Treasurer 1990-91).  Baptist.

Recipient NSF Fellowship, 1984.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Mary Esterlyn White

(Not the Professor at Southeastern Louisian University Department of Biological Sciences)

(Born 1939).  Chemist. Analytical chemist Bristol Myers, Hillside, N.J., 1960-67; research scientist Lever Bros. Co., Edgewater, N.J., 1968-75; Assistant Manager tapes and backings development Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, N.J., 1975. B.A. cum laude, Dillard University, 1960; M.S. in Chemistry, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1971.

Honors: Recipient Samuel B. Ullman award Ullman High School, Birmingham, Alabama, 1956; Philip B. Hofmann Research Scientist award Johnson & Johnson Products Inc., 1979; recognized as Distinguished Woman in Business and Industry, Raritan Valley Regional Chamber of Commerce, New Brunswick, 1980.

Member American Chemical Society, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Society Cosmetic Chemists, Sigma Xi, Alpha Kappa Alpha. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Paul White / Paul Hamilton Hume White

(1910-1992).  Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia, resident medical officer, 1935; Ryde District Soldiers’ Memorial Hospital, Sydney, resident medical officer, 1936; Church Missionary Society Hospitals, Tanganyika (now United Republic of Tanzania), East Africa, medical superintendent, 1937-40; New South Wales Community Hospital, Sydney, rheumatologist, 1947; professional practice as specialist in rheumatic diseases, 1947-73. Chairman of directors, Ambassador Press Pty. Ltd., and Piligrim Productions Ltd.  Made weekly Jungle Doctor radio broadcasts in Australia, 1942-78, some programs were aired in the United States, South America, Philippines, and elsewhere; has made television appearances in Australia as “Jungle Doctor.”

“December 3, 1926 • Jungle Doctor Signed a Decision Card,”

http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/DAILYF/2001/12/daily-12-03-2001.shtml

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

Dr. John Michael White

(Born 1938)  Dr. J. Michael White is currently Robert A. Welch Professor of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin,  Professor chemistry, Hackerman Professor chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, 1985-2000; from Assistant to Associate Professor, University of Texas, Austin, 1966-1976. Memberships: American Chemical Society, American Phys. Society  Awards: Distinguished Alumnus Award, Harding University (1985) , Creativity Award, National Science Foundation (1982-85), Outstanding Alumni Award of Alpha Chi (1986), Humboldt Senior Scientist Award (1989), ACS Kendall Award (1990), Guiseppe Paravanno Award, Michigan Catalysis Society (1993), Holloway Teaching Excellence Award (1998), Alpha Lambda Delta Outstanding Faculty Member Award (1998), Career Research Excellence Award—UT Austin (1999), Southwest Regional ACS Award 1999), The Arthur W. Adamson Award for Distinguished Services in the Advancement of Surface Chemistry (2001).

Webpage: http://www.cm.utexas.edu/faculty/White.html

http://www.engr.utexas.edu/che/directories/faculty/white.cfm

White Research Group: http://www.cm.utexas.edu/white/aboutWhite.html

Recommends Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence? by Henry F. Schaefer III.  The Apollos Trust, Watkinsville, GA, 2003. ISBN 0-9742-975-0X.

Robert Stephen White, FGS, FRS

(Born 1952).  Professor of Geophysics, University of Cambridge. Guest investigator Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA, 1977, 1988 and 1990, research Assistant Dept of Geodesy and Geophysics University of Cambridge, 1978, postdoctoral scholar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA ,1978-79; University of Cambridge: research fell Emmanuel College 1979-82, NERC research fell Dept of Earth Sciences 1979-81, Senior Assistant in research 1981-85, Assistant Director of research 1985-89, fell St Edmund’s College 1988-, Professor of geophysics 1989-present, acting head Dept. of Earth Sciences, 1991 and 1993; Cecil & Ida H. Green scholar Scripps Instn of Oceanography University of California San Diego summer 1987; awarded Stichting Fund for Science Technology and Research Schlumberger Ltd 1994; George P. Woollard Award Geological Society America 1997; fell American Geophysical Union, FGS (Bigsby Medal 1991), FRS 1994.

Professor Robert White.  “Science: Friend or Foe?” http://www.cis.org.uk/articles/white_friendfoe.htm. “Science may explain, to a better or poorer extent, how matter behaves in the universe, but it can never explain why we ourselves are here and are in the state in which we find ourselves. Christians concerned to present the truth-claims of Jesus in a culture increasingly dominated by subjective, relativistic views may actually find that science is an ally because it emphasises objectivity and the distinction between truth and falsehood.”

Bob White’s Home Page.  http://bullard.esc.cam.ac.uk/~rwhite/

University of Cambridge Department of Earth Sciences, faculty webpage: http://www.esc.cam.ac.uk/new/v10/index_about_people.html

Edmund Taylor Whittaker

(1873-1956). English mathematician. Professor at Dublin and astronomer royal of Ireland (1906-12); Professor, Edinburgh (1912-46); known for contributions to study of functions of complex variables, special functions; discovered (1902) general solution to Laplace’s equation; originated (1903) confluent hypergeometric function. Author of Course of Modern Analysis (1902), Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies (1904), History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity (1910, rev. 1951).

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Whittaker.html

http://www.geometry.net/scientists/whittaker_edmund.php

Robert C. Wicklein*** Not in Gale

Technology educator (See http://www.arches.uga.edu/~wickone/program1.htm).

Graduate Coordinator, Department of Occupational Studies, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. September, 1997 – Present; Professor, Department of Occupational Studies, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. August 2002 – Present; Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Studies, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. September, 1996 – August 2002; Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Studies, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. September, 1991 – August, 1996; Associate Professor, School of Occupational Education, College of Education, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. July, 1991 – August, 1991; Assistant Professor, School of Occupational Education, College of Education, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. August, 1986 – June, 1991; Graduate Assistant, Division of Vocational Education, Technology Education Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. September, 1983 – June, 1986; Technology Education Teacher, John Rolfe Middle School, Sandy Springs, Henrico County, Virginia. August, 1981 – August, 1983; Technology Education Teacher, Schutz International School, Alexandria, Egypt August, 1980 – June, 1981; Technology Education Teacher, Mountain Brook Junior High School, Mountain Brook, AL. August, 1978 – June, 1980; Member – U.S. Navy, Helicopter Mine Countermeasure Squadron 12, Home Port – Norfolk, Virginia, Primary duty station – Haiphong, North Vietnam July, 1969 – July, 1973.

Ed.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986.

Honors: Vice President, Council on Technology Teacher Education, 2001; Fellow, Technical Foundation of America, 2000; Technology Teacher Educator of the Year, Council on Technology Teacher Education, 2000; International Fellows Program, International Studies, University of Georgia, 2000; Technology Education Division Research Symposium Award, American Vocational Association, 1999 and 1997;  

Outstanding Teaching Award, Department of Occupational Studies, University of Georgia, 1997;

Silvius / Wolansky Outstanding Research Publication Award, International Technology Education Association, 1996; Distinguished Technology Educator, International Technology Education Association, 1995; Outstanding Faculty Advisor, Technology Education Collegiate Association, 1995; Technology Education Division Research Award, American Vocational Association, 1992, 1993, 1994; Outstanding Young Technology Educator, International Technology Education Association, 1992; Outstanding Service Award, Technology Education Division of the American Vocational Association, 1989.

Editor, Appropriate technology for sustainable living, Council on Technology Teacher Education New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2001.

Editorial Review Board Member, Journal of Technology Education. Council on Technology Teacher Education,1997-Present; Consulting Editor and Chairperson, Editorial Review Board. The Technology Teacher, International Technology Education Association, 1991-1997.

Member: International Technology Education Association, Council on Technology Teacher Education, Georgia Industrial Technology Education Association, Association for Career and Technical Education, The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia http://www.uga.edu/cff/

Faculty webpage, Robert Wicklein—College of Education—Department of Occupational Studies, http://www.arches.uga.edu/~wickone/

Home page: http://www.arches.uga.edu/~wickone/home.htm

Faculty of Engineering webpage: http://www.nmi.uga.edu/archive/foe/faculty/list_info.asp?id=135

Curriculum vitae: http://www.arches.uga.edu/~wickone/Vitae.html

Personal webpage: http://www.arches.uga.edu/~wickone/per1.htm

Robert C. Wicklein.  “My Personal Search for Meaning,” http://www.arches.uga.edu/~wickone/program1.htm

“My search for meaning in life was fulfilled when I asked God to direct me rather than trying to lead myself through the myriads of false promises and philosophies that our society offers. Truth and meaning became real for me when Jesus Christ became my personal advocate. Since becoming a Christian, I’ve had my share of challenges and problems, I’m certainly not perfect by any stretch of the imagination, but God has always helped me through life’s troubles. The Bible tells us, “Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.” (Romans 12:2a).”

Dr. Mark Wickstrom *** Not in Gale

Veterinarian. Toxicologist. Acting Director, Associate Professor; Academic Advisor, Undergraduate Program, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.  Academic Degrees: B.Sc. (Biola), M.Sc., D.V.M. (Washington), Ph.D. (Illinois).

Member: Christian Veterinary Missions, Canada.

Faculty webpage, http://www.usask.ca/toxicology/Dr%20Mark%20Wickstrom.html

Melchior Wieland / Guilandinus / Villandino *** Not in Gale

(c. 1520-1589).  German-born botanist, pharmacologist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wieland.html

Connections: He had a strong friendship with Falloppio, and a strong enmity with Mattioli.He corresponded with Aldrovandi

Alf Wight / James Alfred Wight / aka James Herriot

(1916 – 1995).  Veterinary surgeon, author, James Alfred Wight wrote under the pseudonym James Herriot. Partner and general practitioner in veterinary medicine, Sinclair & Wight, Thirsk, Yorkshire, England, 1938-c.1992;  writer, 1966-95. Military service: Royal Air Force, 1943-45.  Glasgow Veterinary College, M.R.C.V.S., 1938. James Herriot, a vet turned best-selling author, penned twenty books during his lifetime, selling over sixty million copies. His gentle, humorous, heartwarming narratives of the life of a veterinarian in England’s Yorkshire Dales during the 1940s and 1950s touched a vein in readers of the late twentieth century. The Herriot legacy included two unexpected spin-offs: England’s veterinary schools were flooded with applicants as a result of his books, and his practice and home in Thirsk continued to be besieged by tourists from around the world years after his death. (“James Herriot.” Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 54. Gale Group, 2004.)

Member: British Veterinary Association (honorary member), Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (Fellow).

Awards: Best Young Adult Book citations, American Library Association, 1974, for All Things Bright and Beautiful, and 1975, for All Creatures Great and Small; Order of the British Empire, 1979; D.Litt., Watt University, Scotland, 1979; honorary D.Vsc., Liverpool University, 1984; James Herriot Award established by Humane Society of America.

Author, as James Herriot: If Only They Could Talk (also see below), M. Joseph, 1970; It Shouldn’t Happen to a Vet (also see below), M. Joseph, 1972; All Creatures Great and Small (contains If Only They Could Talk and It Shouldn’t Happen to a Vet), St. Martin’s, 1972; Let Sleeping Vets Lie (also see below), M. Joseph, 1973; Vet in Harness (also see below), M. Joseph, 1974; All Things Bright and Beautiful (contains Let Sleeping Vets Lie and Vet in Harness), St. Martin’s, 1974; Vets Might Fly (also see below), M. Joseph, 1976; Vet in a Spin (also see below), M. Joseph, 1977; All Things Wise and Wonderful (contains Vets Might Fly and Vet in a Spin), St. Martin’s, 1977; James Herriot’s Yorkshire, illustrated with photographs by Derry Brabbs, St. Martin’s, 1979; (With others) Animals Tame and Wild, Sterling, 1979, published as Animal Stories: Tame and Wild, 1985; The Lord God Made Them All, St. Martin’s, 1981; The Best of James Herriot, St. Martin’s, 1983; updated and expanded edition published as The Best of James Herriot: Favourite Memories of a Country Vet, with additional material from Reader’s Digest editors, Reader’s Digest (Pleasantville, NY), 1998, et. Al.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/James%20Herriot

Website: http://jamesherriot.org/

Jonathan Margolis, Thirsk.  “But it Did Happen to a Vet,” http://www.jamesherriot.org/a1.php © Time

Jim Wight / James Alexander Wight *** Not in Gale

(Born 1943). Currently a practicing veterinarian in Thirsk, son of James Alfred Wight / James Herriot.

Jim Wight followed in his father’s footsteps at the Glasgow Veterinary College, which by then was part of the University of Glasgow, graduating in 1966. In 1967 he joined the practice of Sinclair and Wight in Thirsk, working alongside his father and Donald Sinclair (aka Siegfried Farnon) for the next twenty years, when Alf Wight retired. He is still a member of the practice.
Author: The Real James Herriot : A Memoir of My Father, 2001.

Remembrances: http://almavijai.sphosting.com/Literature/essays/essaysherriot.htm

Jim Wight.  “On Writing II: Notes from Darrowby,” http://www.etext.org/Zines/Critique/writing/wight.html

Benjamin Wiker, Ph.D.

Benjamin Wiker is currently a Lecturer in Theology and Science at Franciscan University of Steubenville, Ohio. He holds a Ph.D. in Theological Ethics from Vanderbilt University, and serves as a Fellow at the Discovery Institute based in Seattle, Washington. He has also taught at Marquette University, St. Mary’s University (MN), and Thomas Aquinas College (CA). He is the author of Moral Darwinism: How We Became Hedonists (InterVarsity Press), which traces modern materialism, especially Darwinism, to its origins in the ancient Greek hedonist philosopher Epicurus. He is also the author of The Mystery of the Periodic Table (Bethlehem Books), a book aimed at a juvenile audience, describing the interesting history of the discovery of the Periodic Table of Elements in chemistry. His writings have appeared in Crisis Magazine, Catholic World Report, New Oxford Review, First Things, and other national publications, and he is a regular columnist for the National Catholic Register.

From http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/featured_speakers1.htm#Benjamin%20Wiker,%20PhD.

Benjamin Wiker.  “Darwin and the Descent of Morality,” http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0111/opinion/wiker.html Copyright © 2001 First Things 117 (November 2001): 10-13.

InterVarsity Press editor Gary Deddo. “Darwin as Epicurean: An Interview with Benjamin Wiker,”

http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/issues/15.8docs/15-8pg43.html. Discussing Moral Darwinism: How We Became Hedonists.

Benjamin D. Wiker.  “Alien Ideas: Christianity and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life,”

http://www.crisismagazine.com/november2002/feature7.htm.

http://www.gospelcom.net/ivpress/title/ata/wiker.pdf. Wiker says, “My desire is to produce theological books that are ecumenical and global, anchored in history and Christian tradition.”

Arthur E. Wilder-Smith

(1915–1995). Imperial Chemical Industries, Billingham, England, technical Assistant on senior staff, 1940-45; University of London, British Empire Cancer Campaign, London, England, Countess of Lisburne Memorial Fellow in Cancer Research, 1945-49; Geistlich Soehne Ltd. (pharmaceuticals firm), Lucerne, Switzerland, chief of research, 1951-55; University of Geneva, Ecole de Medecine, Geneva, Switzerland, privat docent, 1956-64; University of Illinois, Medical Center, Chicago, Professor of pharmacology and member of College of Nursing faculty.

Webpage: http://www.wildersmith.org/

http://www.thewordfortoday.org/wildersmith.html

“Scientists Censored for Publicly Exposing Flaws in Evolution,” http://www.suite101.com/print_article.cfm/13615/75915

Jay L. Wile / Jay Lambert Wile

(Born 1963).  Nuclear chemist.  Educator.  Owner 1998 – Present, Apologia Educational Ministries.  Published eight courses in junior high school and high school science which are used by homechoolers in all 50 states and 10 other countries. This curriculum has been named the best junior high and high school science curriculum in the United States by the readers of Practical Homeschooling Magazine.  From 1995 - 1998, Dr. Wile was the Senior Programmer/Analyst for Pathologists Associated, Indiana’s premier medical laboratory (with the premier PC IS staff). He is dedicated to the concept of home schooling and is trying to help make ways to keep as many students in home school for as long as possible.

Previous: Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, 1992-1995; Instructor of Science, Indiana Academy of Science, Muncie, IN, 1990-1992; Assistant Professor chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1989-1990; Graduate Research Assistant, University Rochester, 1985-1989. Consultant to Homeschoolers 1992 – Present.  Education: BS in chemistry, University of Rochester (N.Y.), 1985; Ph.D. in nuclear chemistry, University of Rochester (N.Y.), 1989.

Member: American Chemical Society, American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/wile-j.html

Curriculum vitae: http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/wile.html

Webpage: http://www.creationbiology.com/jaywile.html

“The Bible Indicates That Humans and Dinosaurs Lived Together. Is there any evidence for this? YES! Ancient Drawings Contain Incredibly Accurate Pictures of Dinosaurs,”

http://www.bible.ca/tracks/dino-art-wall-etchings-blanding-utah.jpg.  This petroglyph (Natural Bridges National Monument) has been attributed to the work of the ancient Anasazi Indians who lived in this area from approximately 400 A.D. to 1300 A.D.  Stones found in the Nazca desert plains by Dr. Javier Cabrera Darquea, a research professor at Ica National University, have drawings that look just like dinosaurs.

http://www.creationists.org/livedinos03.html

Above from http://www.highschoolscience.com/conf/creat_ev.pdf

Dr. Wile on home schooling: http://www.svha.net/HomeschoolNews/DrJay.htm

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Wilhelm IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel *** Not in Gale

(1532-1592).  German botanist, astronomer, instrument-maker.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wilhelm.html

To facilitate his new star catalogue, Wilhelm had Buergi make him a number of instruments: an azimuthal quadrant, a sextant, clocks, and mechanical computing devices.  In addition, Wilhelm was himself capable of designing instruments. On the design of Apian’s system of rotating cardboard disks, Wilhelm constructed a system of gear-driven metal plates, which contributed to the design of the great Wilhelmsuhr. He also discussed design and made suggestions to Baldewein (and presumably Buergi) when constructing instruments.

Wilhelm supported a number of scientists. He gave stipends to the botanists Joachim Camerarius (1534-98) and Carolus Clusius (1526-1609). For a short time (1558-60) the astronomer Andreas Schoener stayed at Kassel. Wilhelm used the Marburg instrument maker Eberhardt Baldewein (1525- 1592).  He brought two major figures to his court at Kassel, the instrument maker and mathematician Joost Buergi (1552-1632), and the astronomer Christoph Rothmann (c.1550-c.1605).  Wilhelm gave instruments to the Elector August of Saxony and the Emperor Rudolf II.

Connections: Wilhelm had a wide correspondence dealing particularly with botanical, but also with astronomical matters. His most notable astronomical correspondent was his good friend Tycho Brahe.

John Wilkins

(1614-1672). English prelate and scientist. Warden of Wadham College, Oxford (1648); m. (1656) Robina, sister of Oliver Cromwell; master of Trinity College (1659); one of the founders of the Royal Society (1662); bishopof Chester (1668). Author of The Discovery of a World in the Moone (1638), A Discourse Tending to Prove That ‘Tis Probable Our Earth Is One of The Planets (1640), On the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion (1678), etc.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wilkins.html

“Bishop John Wilkins,” http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/wilkins/wilkins.html:

John Wilkins chaired the founding meeting of the Royal Society and was its first secretary. He was the only person to have been head of a college in both Cambridge and Oxford. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge but was deposed at the Restoration in 1660: he had married Oliver Cromwell’s sister, and this did not endear him to returning royalty. He had previously been Warden of Wadham College, Oxford.

He is of interest to cryptographers because he wrote a book called `Mercury, or the Secret and Swift Messenger’, which is described in David Kahn’s history `The Codebreakers’ as `the first book in English on cryptography’. It is much more than that: it is a treatise on the state of the art in seventeenth century telegraphy.

“Bishop John Wilkins. An Essay Toward a Real Character and a Philosophical Language,” http://reliant.teknowledge.com/Wilkins/

The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight.  http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/W/Wilkins.html

http://www.spiritandsky.com/philosophy/philosophers/w/wilkins-john/

http://89.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WI/WILKINS_JOHN.htm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wilkins_john.shtml

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson. “John Wilkins,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Wilkins.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Wilkins.html

http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/wilkins/wilkins.html

David Wilkinson *** Not in Gale

(Not cosmologist David Todd Wilkinson of Princeton University, 1935-2002. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe was named after him.)

Astrophysicist, Methodist chaplain.   Fellow in Christian Apologetics and Associate Director of the Centre for Christian Communication at St Johns College in the University of Durham, England. Dr. Wilkinson received his Ph.D. in Theoretical Astrophysics (the study of star formation, the chemical evolution of galaxies and terrestrial mass extinctions) from the University of Durham in 1987 and his MA in Theology from the University of Cambridge in 1989.

He was awarded the Chalmers Prize for Theoretical Physics and the Reidel Research Prize. Much of his work was in collaboration with Sir Arnold Wolfendale, the Astronomer Royal. He is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

He then pursued ministerial training at Wesley House, Cambridge, serving in a variety of appointments, most recently in a growing church in Liverpool and as Methodist chaplain at Liverpool University. His current work at the University of Durham involves the relationship of the Christian faith to contemporary culture, from science to pop culture.

He has written a number of books concerning science and the Christian faith including God, Time and Stephen Hawking (Monarch, 2001), Thinking Clearly About God and Science (Monarch, 2000) and Alone in the Universe: The X-Files, Aliens and God (IVP, 1997).

http://www.stalbans.anglican.org/wilkinsonbiog.htm.

David Wilkinson. Bishops’ Day Conference, th 2002; “Only Connect - Communicating the Christian Faith in the 21^st Century: ‘The Absence of God or a Surer Path to God?’ (An article published in ‘Borderlands’ magazine earlier this year.),” http://www.stalbans.anglican.org/wilkinsonpres.htm

Astrophysicist and Methodist Minister.  http://www.onreligion.com/article.php?story=20030830084343779

David Wilkinson.  “Cosmology and Creation,” http://catalystresources.org/issues/271wilkinson.html

Robert Willan *** Not in Gale

(1757-1812). English physician, father of modern English dermatology.  Quaker.

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1015.html

http://www.blueplaqueproject.org/plaque_detail.php?ID=771

Jeff Williams / Jeffrey Nels Williams *** Not in Gale

(Born 1958).  Astronaut. In May 2000, he served as a mission specialist and the flight engineer on STS-101. In completing his first space flight, Williams logged over 236 hours in space, including 6 hours and 44 minutes of EVA. Since STS-101, he has served in the EVA Branch of the Astronaut Office, as the Co-Chair of the Space Shuttle Cockpit Council, and on temporary assignment at NASA Headquarters in support of legislative affairs. Williams is currently training to command a future long-duration expedition to the International Space Station.

Graduated from Winter High School, Winter, Wisconsin, in 1976; received a bachelor of science degree in applied science and engineering from the U.S. Military Academy (USMA) in 1980, a master of science degree in aeronautical engineering and the degree of aeronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, both in 1987, and a master of arts degree in National security and strategic studies from the U.S. Naval War College in 1996.

Williams received his commission as a second lieutenant from the U.S. Military Academy in May 1980 and was designated an Army aviator in September 1981. He then completed a three-year assignment in Germany where he served as an Aeroscout Platoon Leader and Operations Officer in the 3^rd Armored Division’s aviation battalion. Following his return to the United States, Williams completed a graduate program in aeronautical engineering, and was subsequently selected for an Army assignment at the Johnson Space Center, where he served for over 4 years. In 1992, Williams was selected for the Naval Test Pilot School. After graduation in June 1993, he served as an experimental test pilot and Flight Test Division Chief in the Army’s Airworthiness Qualification Test Directorate at Edwards Air Force Base, California. In 1995, he was selected for attendance at the Naval War College command and staff course as an Army exchange officer. Williams has logged over 2,500 hours in more than 50 different aircraft.

Williams was selected for an Army assignment at Johnson Space Center in 1987. Until his transfer in 1992, he served as a Shuttle launch and landing operations engineer, a pilot in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory, and chief of the Operations Development Office, Flight Crew Operations Directorate. Selected by NASA in May 1996, Williams again reported to Johnson Space Center in August 1996. After completing two years of training and evaluation, he performed technical duties in the Spacecraft Systems Branch and later the Space Station Operations Branch.

Member: Association of the U.S. Army, Society of Experimental Test Pilots, American Helicopter Society, Army Aviation Association of America, USMA Association of Graduates, Order of Daedalians, Officer Christian Fellowship.

Honors: Graduated first in U.S. Naval Test Pilot School class 103; 1988 Admiral William Adger Moffett Award for Excellence in Aeronautical Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School; 1985 Daedalian Foundation Fellowship Award for Graduate Study in Aeronautics. Awarded Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit, 2 Meritorious Service Medals, the Army Commendation Medal, NASA Space Flight Medal, NASA Exceptional Service Medal, and various other service awards. Master Army Aviator and Parachutist badges.

From JEFFREY N. WILLIAMS (COLONEL, USA), NASA ASTRONAUT, http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/williamsj.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Jeffrey%20Williams

COL Jeffrey N. Williams, U.S. Army, NASA Astronaut, http://www.armyspace.army.mil/cmdgrp/Bio_Detail.asp?BIOID=24

http://www.astronautix.com/astros/wilffrey.htm

STS 101 Mission Specialist: Jeff Williams, http://www.space.com/peopleinterviews/sts101_williams_bio.html

Jacob Adelayo Ayelanimi Williams

(Born August 1, 1938).  Nigerian geneticist, plant breeder.  Senior science master Anglican Grammar School, Igbara-Oke, Nigeria, 1962-63; Demonstrator dept. botany University Ife (Nigeria), 1963; Research officer Cocoa Research Institute Nigeria, Ibadan, 1963-68, Senior research officer, 1969-72, principal research officer, 1972-76, Assistant chief research officer, 1976, Chief research officer, 1977-78, Assistant Director prodn. and substas., 1978-85; Assistant Director coffee research program, tech. consultant on coffee Standards Orgn. Nigeria, 1985. Chairman of the Board of Governors, Ibadan Grammar School, 1977-80. Education: Student Kings College, Lagos, Nigeria, 1951-57, University College Ibadan, 1958-62; B.Sc. with honors, University London, 1962; M.Sc.Hort., University of California, Davis, 1966, Ph.D. in Genetics, 1972.

Member: Science Association of Nigeria, W. African Science Association, Agricultural Society Nigeria, N.Y. Academy of Sciences, Genetics Society Nigeria (President 1977-78), Sigma Xi. Baptist. Club: Gambari Recreational (Onigambari, Ibadan).

Contributor of articles and reviews to science journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Leah Ann Williams

(Born July 20, 1932).  Biologist, researcher, educator.  Institute zoology Pennsylvania State University, 1958-59; instructor West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1959-68, Assistant Professor biology, 1968-74, Associate Professor, 1974-, chairperson department of biology, 1986-91.  Education: B.A., W.Virginia University, 1954, M.S., 1958, Ph.D., 1970.

USPHS predoctoral fellow, 1967-68; NSF science faculty development grantee, 1977-78; National Eye Institute grantee, 1983-85.

Member AAAS, Society Developmental Biology, American Association Zoologists, Sigma Xi, Kappa Delta. Presbyterian. Lodge: Order Eastern Star.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Norman Dale Williams

(1924-2000).  Geneticist, researcher.  School leader, USDA Agricultural School Service, Fargo, N.D., 1972; School geneticist, USDA Agricultural School Service, Fargo, N.D., 1956-72; School Associate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 1956; Associate trainee, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 1954-56. Adjunct Professor N.D. State University, Fargo, 1961.  Education: BS, University of Nebraska, 1951; MS, University of Nebraska, 1954; Ph.D., University of Nebraska, 1956.

Member: Fellow AAAS, American Society Agronomy, Crop Science Society America; American Genetics Association, Genetics Society America, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Masons, Sigma Xi (President, President-elect North Dakota chapter 1976-78).  With U.S. Army, 1945-47.  Presbyterian.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Linda Marie Willis

(Born 1950).  College admistrator. Circulation Manager, Scientist Institute, St. Louis, 1974-77; supervisor academics St. Louis Job Corps, 1980-83, Manager academics, 1983-84; faculty coordinator Watterson College, 1984. B.S. in Education, University Of Missouri, 1972. Certified Teacher, Missouri.

Member: Neighborhood Watch Association, Berkeley, Missouri; Contributor of City of Atlanta Children’s Fund, 1981.

Honors: Recipient commendation St. Louis Job Corps, 1983; Certified of recognition Mayor Maynard Jackson, Atlanta, 1981; named Staff Member of Month, St. Louis Job Corps, 1982.

Member National Association Female Executives. Baptist.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Thomas Willis *** Not in Gale

(1621-1675).  English anatomist and physician. Professor at Oxford (1660-75); a founder of the Royal Society (1662); first to describe myasthenia gravis (1671) and puerperal fever; distinguished diabetes mellitus from other forms of diabetes; discovered system of connecting arteries at base of brain known as circle of Willis; published Cerebri anatomi (1664) on the brain and nervous system. He coined the terms thalamus opticus, nucleus lentiformis, and corpus striatum.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/willis.html

http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/336.html.  Associated eponyms: Baldwin-Gardner-Willis operation, A phenomen relating to tubercle bacilluses; Paracusis of Willis, The ability to hear better in noise; Willis' circle, The circle of anastomosed arteries at the base of the brain; Willis' cords, Fibrous cords crossing the superior longitudinal sinus transversely; Willis' disease I, Historic term for diabetes mellitus; Willis' disease II, Asthma;  
Willis' glands, Corpora albicantia. Obsolete term; Willis' nerve, The ophthalmic branch of the fifth cranial nerve.

Renato M.E. Sabbatini, Ph.D..  “The Discovery of Bioelectricity: Thomas Willis: A Brief Biography,”

http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n06/historia/willis_i.htm

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas%20Willis

http://67.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WI/WILLIS_THOMAS.htm

Francis Willughby / Francis Willoughby

(1635-1672). English naturalist. Student and associate of John Ray; toured Britain, Low Countries, Germany, Italy, Spain (1660-64), collecting botanical and zoological specimens; began work of classification completed by Ray (q.v.).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wilughby.html

http://www.fact-index.com/f/fr/francis_willughby.html

http://76.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WI/WILLUGHBY.htm

http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/willughby.html

http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/willughby3.html

http://francis-willughby.wikiverse.org/

Alexander Frederick Wilson

(Born January 23, 1953).  Medical geneticist.  Senior Investigator, Inherited Disease Research Branch, Head of Genometrics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute.  Previous posts: Instructor dept. of Mathematics Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, 1978-79; postdoctoral teaching dept. of biometry Louisiana State University Medical magna cum laude, Western Maryland College, 1975; Ph.D., Indiana University, 1980.

Member: AAAS, American Board Medical Genetics, American College Medical Genetics, American Society Human Genetics, International Genetic Epidemiology Society, International Society Psychiatric Genetics, Association Computing Machinery, American Running and Fitness Association, Sigma Xi, Beta Beta Beta. Lutheran.

Honors: Recipient H. P. Sturdivant award Western Maryland College, 1975; Prize for Poetry, Indiana University-Purdue University, 1975; USPHS predoctoral fellow, 1975-78; NIH-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute research grantee, 1982.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Alexander F. Wilson, Ph.D., Senior Investigator, Inherited Disease Research Branch and Head, Genometrics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute.  http://www.genome.gov/10000710

Jacob Winslow *** Not in Gale

(1669-1760).  Danish anatomist, physiologist, physician, surgeon.  Lutheran, then Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/winslow.html

Winslow was regarded as the greatest anatomist of the early 18th century. His Exposition anatomique de la structure du corps humain, 1732, was translated into English, German, Italian, and Latin; by 1775 it had come out in thirty-two separate editions.

Memberships: Académie Royal des Sciences, 1722; Berlin Academy

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Jacob%20B.%20Winslow

http://www.fact-index.com/j/ja/jacob_b__winslow.html

John Winthrop

John Winthrop (1606-1676), American colonial statesman and scientist, founded several New England settlements. He obtained Connecticut’s favorable charter and served as its chief executive.

James Truslow Adams. “John Winthrop.” Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936.  “Winthrop had always possessed a strongly scientific mind and had been particularly interested in chemistry. While in England in 1663 he was elected a member of the Royal Society--the first member resident in America--and in New England his knowledge of medicine was much in demand. He was ahead of his period in that his varied interests were scientific rather than theological, and also in that he believed that New England’s future lay in manufacturing and commerce rather than in agriculture. The papers which he contributed to the Royal Society and his letters to scientific friends abroad deal with a range of subjects including trade, banking, new methods in manufacture, and astronomy. He predicted the discovery of a fifth satellite to Jupiter, although the instruments of his time were not powerful enough to confirm his theory.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/winthrop.html

http://www.virtualology.com/nationalstatuaryhall/johnwinthrop.com/

http://75.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WI/WINTHROP_JOHN_1588_1649_.htm

Dr. Joseph Schafer (Penn State UBF).  “John Winthrop,” http://dylee.keel.econ.ship.edu/ubf/winthrop.htm

Winthrop, Robert C. (1867), Life and Letters of John Winthrop. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.  Letter to his third wife, Margaret:  “I am still detayned from thee, but it is by the Lord, who hath a greater interest in me than thy selfe, when his work is donne he will restore me to thee againe to or mutuall comfort: Amen...I hope to be wth thee to morrowe...So I kisse my sweet wife & rest. Thine, Jo: Winthrop.”

Kurt R. Wise *** Not in Gale, Geology

Paleontologist.  Associate Professor of Science, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, and Director of the Center for Origins Research and Education (C.O.R.E.) at Bryan College, Dayton, Tennessee.  Dr. Wise has the M.A. and Ph.D. in paleontology from Harvard University, studying under Stephen J. Gould, as well as a B.S. from the Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago, studying under David M. Raup. He is currently in charge of the science division at Bryan College.

Author: Faith, Form, and Time, 2002.

Kurt R. Wise “My favourite evidence for creation!” http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/313.asp Creation Ex Nihilo, Sept.-Nov. 1989, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 29.

Ken Walker. “Worldview Shapes One’s Conclusions about Creation, Kurt Wise Writes,” http://www.lifeway.com/lwc/article_main_page/0,1703,A%253D152702%2526M%253D50011,00.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4.

Jan de Witt

(1625-1672).  Dutch mathematician.  Calvinist. His father was treasurer of the Synod of Dort.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/witt.html

De Witt composed The Worth of Life Annuities Compared to Redemption Bonds, a practical work that applied the principles of probability to issues of state finance.

J.J. O’Connor and E.F. Robertson.  Johan de Witt https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Witt.html:

His most important work Elementa curvarum linearum (1659-61) was written before 1650, and was the first systematic development of the analytic geometry of the straight line and conic. It was published by van Schooten as part of his edition of Descartes‘ Géometrie (1660).

The word directrix is due to de Witt.

“De Witt | Jan | 1625-1672 | Dutch statesman and mathematician,” http://www.nahste.ac.uk/pers/d/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P2022/

Paul Wittich *** Not in Gale

(c. 1546-1586).  Greslau, Silesia (now Wroclaw, Poland)-born mathematician, astronomer, instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wittich.html

Wittich is known for two things, his method of prosthaphaeresis, a method based on trigonometric identities that allowed you to multiply and divide by adding and subtracting trigonometric functions (a predecessor of logarithms) and his notes commenting on Copernaicus’s De revolutionibus, where something like the Tychonic system appears.  For the Landgrave Wittich designed an astrolabe. He also talked about the design of astronomical instruments, though it is far from clear that he was doing more in this respect than passing on information about Tycho’s instruments.

Connections: He worked with Tycho Brahe in 1680, and at least visited, and perhaps worked with, Joost Bürgi and Wilhelm IV.  Wittich corresponded with Hagecius (a court physician in Prague). He was a friend of Dudith in Breslau, and of Praetorius in Nuremberg.

Christian Wolff / Christian Wolf / Christian von Wolff

(1679-1754). German baron, philosopher and mathematician. Professor, Halle (1707-23), Marburg (1723-40); science adviser to Peter the Great (1716-25); professor, chancellor of University of Halle (1741-54). Chief German spokesman of the Enlightenment; developed and popularized philosophy of Leibnitz; championed deductiverationalistic system of philosophy. Author of numerous works, in Latin and German, on all branches of philosophy, and in mathematics and physics.  Lutheran.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wolff.html:

Wolff's first interest was mathematics. Although he made no original contribution to the discipline, he was an important figure in the teaching of mathematics who was instrumental in introducing the new mathematics into German universities.

He was a member of the Royal Society; the Societatem Berolinensem, Rome (1711); the Academie Royale; the Berlin Academy; and the St. Petersburg Academy.  His correspondence with Leibniz (from 1702 until Leibniz's death in 1716) has been published.

http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Wolff+Christian

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/W/Wolff/1.html

One of the first to use the German language instead of Latin, he systematized and popularized the doctrines of Leibniz. Wolff studied at Jena and taught at Leipzig before going to a professorship at Halle (1706–23). His doctrines of apparent fatalism aroused the Pietists to secure his banishment, which he spent as professor at Marburg (1723–40). Recalled to Halle by Frederick the Great in 1740, he became chancellor of the university in 1743. One of Wolff’s major works was Vernünftige Gedanken von Gott, der Welt, und der Seele der Menschen [rational thoughts on God, the world, and the souls of men] (1719). The Leibnizian doctrine of preestablished harmony was more prominent than the monad theory in Wolff’s presentation, though both were considerably moderated. He is chiefly remembered for his broad concept of philosophy, his insistence on clarity and precision, and his devotion to the power of reason and mathematics. See study by J. V. Burns (1966).

http://51.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WO/WOLFF_CHRISTIAN.htm

http://www.hfac.uh.edu/gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/Wolff/Wolff.html

Robert Wolfgramm *** Not in Gale

(Born 1952).  Sociologist.  Professor at Monash University Faculty of Arts, Australia. 

Robert Wolfgramm was born in Fiji and his immediate ancestors are German, Jewish, Tongan, Australian and Fijian. He came to Australia in 1963 and lives in Melbourne, but still engages with family and political issues in Fiji.  Robert also has a Bachelor of Arts; a Master of Arts (Sociology); and a Doctorate in Sociology (La Trobe University). Robert has taught politics at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (1981-1983) and sociology at Chisholm Institute of Technology (1983-1989). At Monash University (since 1990), Robert has taught subjects in Religion, Popular Music, Ethnicity & Minority Relations, Theory & Methodology, and Research Methods. He currently teaches SCY2/3272: Sociology of Popular Music; SCY2/3041 Sociology of Ethnicity and Minority Relations, and lectures in the first year units SCY1100: Introduction to Sociology I and SCY1200: Introduction to Sociology II.

Outside of these academic pursuits, Robert has had paid work as a timber measurer, printer’s assistant, railway clerk, sales representative, swimming pool concreter, paper stripper, paint stripper, gardener, builders’ labourer, door-to-door book seller, truck driver, cleaner, guitar-teacher, song-writer, musician and producer. From 1967 to 2000, Robert performed live, and together with the author-editor, Lowell Tarling, wrote songs, produced three albums, and recorded a soundtrack and a jingle.

For the past three years Robert has contributed a column in the monthly Signs religious magazine. Other articles, reviews, and chapters have appeared in Adventist Professional; Spectrum; Review of Religious Research; and The God Factor (John Ashton, ed., Harper Collins, Australia 2001). Articles on Fiji and the Pacific have appeared in The Age newspaper, The Fiji Times, and Fiji’s Daily Post. A chapter about his 1960s experience of boarding school will appear in the book, Go! Melbourne in the 60s (forthcoming, Seamus O’Hanlon & Tania Luckins eds., Melbourne Publishing Group).

http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/sociology/research/wolfgramm.html.

Robert Wolfgramm, Ph. D. “Between Ellen and Hell – Learning to Live with Imperfection,” http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/white/wolfgramm-egw.htm.  Personal experience essay, in which the author reminisces on learning to tell “the difference between legalism and gospel-good-news, between a childish and a child-like faith.”

Testimony in On the Seventh Day: Forty Scientists and Academics Explain Why They Believe in God, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2002.  ISBN 0-89051-376-7.

Glen W. Wolfram

(Born 1947). Veterinarian.  Animal nutritionist.  Researcher. Senior Clinical Research Scientist for Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Previous:  Nutritionist, Pet Inc., Greenville, Illinois, 1976-78; research nutritionist International Minerals and Chemical Corp., Terre Haute, Indiana, 1978-84; project Manager, Senior research scientist, Pitman-Moore Inc./Mallinckrodt Veterinary, 1985.  B.S. with honors in Animal Science from Western Illinois University, 1969; M.S. in Animal Industries from Southern Illinois University, 1972; Ph.D. in Animal Husbandry from University of Missouri, 1976.

Member: American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) (Scholarship award 1967, 68), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), Creation Research Society (membership secretary 1984), Society Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Holder of numerous patents.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/wolfrom-g.html

Glen W. Wolfrom, Ph.D. Animal Husbandry http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/wolfrom.html

Ricky Ngok-Shun Wong

(Born "1954" Day="27" Month="10" October 27, 1954 in Hong Kong).  Biochemistry and molecular biology educator.  Lecturer, Hong Kong Baptist College, 1991; Research Associate, Chinese University Hong Kong, 1991; staff molecular biologist, Bissendorf Biosciences, Inc., Richardson, Texas, 1988-90; staff molecular biologist, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Oklahoma, 1987-88; Senior Research scientist, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 1986-87; Associate Research scientist, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 1984-86; predoctoral fellow, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 1980-84.  Education: BSc, Chinese University Hong Kong, 1977; MPhil, Chinese University Hong Kong, 1979; Ph.D., University Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, 1984.

Member: AAAS, Hong Kong Society Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (exec. committee 1991), Hong Kong Society Immunology (founder 1993), Hong Kong Institute Science.  Member exec. committee Christian Church Living Faith, Hong Kong, 1991-93.

Honors: Named Honorary Citizen Oklahoma City, Mayor Andy Coats, 1986.

Patentee in field.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Forrest Hester Wood

(Born February 19, 1933).  Computer science educator, computer consultant.  Certified data processer, Alabama. Twenty-five years on active duty with the U. S. Navy, enlisted 1951, advanced through grades to commander: 1971; control tower operator U.S. Navy, 1951-55, naval aviator, 1955-76; instructor Troy State University, Dothan, Alabama, 1976-81, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, 1981, Dept. Chairman, 1983; consultant Design Associates, Dothan, 1980-83, Hayes International, Dothan, 1982-83, Vision Eye Clinic, Dothan, 1983-84, City of Dothan, 1983-85.  Education: B.S. in Engineering Science, U. S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1970; M.S. in Computer Systems Management, U. S. Naval Postgraduate School, 1971; A.B.D. Nova Southeastern University, 1987; CCP, Certified Computer Professional (CCP, formerly CDP), 1981.

Honors: Named Flight Instructor of Year, City of Milton, Florida, 1962; Kiwanis Editor of Year, Alabama Kiwanis District 1981, 1982.

Member: Data Processing Management Association (faculty advisor), Education Special Interest Group, Mensa, Alabama Council Computer Education, Officers Christian Fellowship. Southern Baptist. Club: Dothan Landmarks Foundation.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Faculty webpage, http://bus.tsud.edu/sobus/Fac_Bio_Woods.htm

John Woodward *** Not in Gale

(1665-1728). English naturalist, geologist, paleontologist, mineralogist, botanist, physician.  Professor of physics at Gresham College, 1692-1728.  In 1693 he was elected F.R.S., in 1695 was made M.D. by Archbishop Tenison and also by Cambridge, and in 1702 became F.R.C.P.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/woodward.html

Woodward’s interests ranged very widely over natural history and antiquities. On excursions, which started early in his medical career, he studied both plants and minerals, and especially fossils. Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth, 1695, which established his reputation, advanced a theory to explain stratification (and the fossils embedded in strata) by the deposit of debris out of the deluge. He insisted that fossils were the remains of once living animals and plants, and he related fossils to specific rock formations. Woodward dedicated his Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth, 1695, to Sir Robert Southwell, an eminent governmental servant who was then President of the Royal Society. Southwell had been one of those involved in obtaining the Greshman appointment for Woodward, and he remained a supporter of Woodward’s theories of the earth.

He formed a large collection of fossils and minerals, many of which were sent to him from abroad. He attempted to classify them--Naturalis historia telluris, 1714; Fossils of All Kinds Digested into a Method, 1728, which is primarily a classification of minerals (included in the generic term “fossil”); An Attempt Towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England, posthumous, 1729, dealing with minerals as well. Woodward bequeathed his collection to Cambridge together with money to found the Woodwardian Professorship of Geology.  He also wrote an unpublished treatise on the natural history of ores and metals. He is considered the first major figure in English geology.

Woodward carried out systematgic experimentation on plant nutrition in the early 90s, demonstrating for the first time that water taken in by the roots is exhaled (or transpired as the word is now). An article on this was published in the Philosophical Transactions.

Woodward published one medical work, The State of Physick and of Diseases, 1718, in the he condemned the method of treatment of smallpox used by Mead and Freind. A bitter quarrel, not the only one in Woodward’s career, followed. He lectured on the bile to the Royal College of Physicians. He is said to have been recognized as an authority on comparative anatomy.

He also worked some in meteorology, relating a rising barometer to rainy weather.

Member: Royal Society, 1693, frequently on the Council; Royal College of Physicians, 1703; Censor, 1703, 1714;  Gulstonian Lecturer, 1711.  Informal Connections: Friendship with Peter Barwick and Robert Southwell. At one time he was also friendly with Robert Plot and Edward Lhwyd, but Woodward was arrogant, touchy, and quarrelsome, and he made enemies of other naturalists.  Woodward corresponded with Scheuchzer, Lister, Hearne, Leibniz, Cotton Mather, and others. Levine has a lot of detail about Woodward’s extensive correspondence, centering on fossils. The correspondence (now located at the Royal Society, the British Library, the Bodleian, some library in Zurich) was very wide. He would make an excellent subject for a study of informal circles in the scientific community.

Woodward considered his theory of the earth to be a defense of Scripture. At his death he received the final sacrament of the church and professed his Anglican faith, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey.

From http://100.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WO/WOODWARD_JOHN.htm:

While still a student Woodward became interested in botany and natural history, and during visits to Gloucestershire his attention was attracted by the fossils that are abundant in many parts of that county; and he began to form the great collection with which his name is associated. His views were set forth in An Essay toward a Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies, especially Ilzuinerals, (1695; and ed. 1702, 3^rd ed. 1723). This was followed by Brief Instructions for making Observations in all Parts of the World (1696).

A full account of Woodward’s life and views and a portrait of him are given in the Life and Letters of the Rev. Adam Sedgwick, by J. W. Clark and T. McK. Hughes, where it is mentioned that his paper, read before the Royal Society in 1699, entitled Some Thoughts and Experiments concerning Vegetation, shows that the author should be ranked as a founder of experimental plant-physiology, for he was one of the first to employ the method of water-culture, and to make refined experiments for the investigation of plant-life.

Ole Worm / Olaus Wormius

(1588-1654). Danish physician, known for studies of runes; published collection of Danish and Norwegian runic inscriptions as Monumenta danica (1643).

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/worm.html

http://www.gladsaxegymnasium.dk/2/worm.htm (Danish)

Edward Wotton *** Not in Gale

(1492-1555).  English zoologist, entomologist, pharmacologist, physician.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wotton.html

Physician to Duke of Norfolk and Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, Medical practice in London, 1526-55.  Wotton’s reputation rests on De differentiis animalium libri decem, (Paris, 1552), a compilation, in the style of the day, from ancient sources rather than from observation of nature. Apparently it was used, for want of anything better at the time, by later naturalists. Book IX, on insects, was certainly influential with later entomologists.  He devoted part of Book IX to their medicinal use (sic!).

Member: Royal College of Physicians, 1528; Elect, 1531; Consiliarus, 1531, 1547, 1549; President, 1541-3; Censor, 1552-3, 55.  Influenced by John Claymond, President of Magdalen; followed him to Corpus Christi College in 1523.

http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Zoology

EDWARD WOTTON, Will 3 March 1550, http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Libr/Wills/Bk52/page%2067.htm

Sir Christopher Wren

The English architect and astronomer Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723) interpreted the baroque style in England and dominated English architecture for 50 years. His most important work is St. Paul’s Cathedral, London.  Professor of astronomy, Gresham College (1657-61), Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford (1661-73); a charter member of Royal Society; devoted himself to architecture (c.1663). Proposed plans for rebuilding city of London after the Great Fire (1666); surveyor general (1669); designed and built 53 churches in London in a variety of styles and plans; best known for design of new St. Paul’s Cathedral (1675-1711). Other works included the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford (1662-69), chapel of Pembroke College, Cambridge (1663-65), Custom House (1668), TempleBar (1670-72), monument commemorating the Great Fire (1671-78), library of Trinity College, Cambridge (1676-84), chapel of Queen’s College, Oxford (1682), Chelsea Hospital (1682-85), and additions to Hampton Court Palace (1696-1704).  Crater Wren on Mercury is named in his honor.

“Christopher Wren.” International Dictionary of Architects and Architecture. St. James Press, 1993:  “Wren was among the scientists of the 17th century who, despite their skepticism, were Christians who accepted the authority of the Bible, often describing how in the search for knowledge there were two books to read: Nature and Scripture, both revealing divine laws. Vitruvius and the Bible were considered equally accurate historical documents of indisputable authority, which Wren conflated and amended to create a single chronological framework that would include all known architecture and reveal first principles.”

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wren.html

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson.  “Sir Christopher Wren,” http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Wren.html or

https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Wren.html

http://www.britainexpress.com/History/christopher_wren.htm

Website: http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/personal-page/james/phd/wren/biography.html

Edward Wright *** Not in Gale

(1561-1615).  English mathematician, navigation expert, cartographer, specialist in magnetism and hydraulics, instrument-maker.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wright.html

Famous for his contribution to mathematical navigation, especially Certaine Errors in Navigation, which set forth the Mercator projection. He also translated Stevin’s Haven-Finding Art.

Wright also published some treatises on mathematics-- Description and Use of the Sphere, 1614, and especially A Description of the Admirable Tables of Logarithmes, a translation of Napier’s Latin, published in 1616, just after Wright’s death.  He helped Gilbert with De magnete and was even said (by Mark Ridley) to have written parts of it--presumably on the use of magnetic declination to determine longitude, a theme that Wright pursued in his own writings.

Wright did a chart of the Azores on a Mercator projection. He also did a map of the fens, and he collaborated on Hakluyt’s world map, again on a Mercator projection and incorporating late information from explorers, published in the Principal Navigations.  Wright was an important designer of instruments for navigation.

Wright was apparently the technical expert on the New River project, a waterway planned (and ultimately constructed) to bring water from Uxbridge to London.

Sir Almroth Edward Wright / Almroth Edward Wright / Almroth Wright

(1861-1947).  English physician, bacteriologist and pathologist. Professor, Army Medical School (1892-1902), St. Mary's Hospital, London (1902-46).  Almroth Edward Wright made several significant contributions to science and is perhaps best known for introducing a vaccination against typhoid fever. Developed near the turn of the twentieth century, the vaccine was used on British soldiers during World War I and was responsible for saving many lives. The disease only claimed the lives of 1,191 British soldiers, instead of a projected 125,000 without the vaccination, according to estimates outlined in Leonard Colebrook's biography, Almroth Wright: Provocative Doctor and Thinker. At St. Mary's, Wright directed the inoculation department and headed a very talented research staff that included Alexander Fleming. Wright was highly respected by his staff for his contagious enthusiasm and, after long days in the laboratory, he often gathered with his colleagues for late-night discussions over tea. In 1911, Wright traveled to South Africa to initiate prophylactic (protective) inoculation against pneumonia among Africans working in the Rand gold mines. During World War I, Wright and his research team served in France, studying wound treatment. He developed the use of salt solution to draw lymph into wounds, hastening healing. Wright returned to St. Mary's in 1919 and there continued his work on immunology until his retirement in 1946.

Wright's many innovations have earned him a place beside Paul Ehrlich, Louis Pasteur, and Elie Metchnikoff as a founder of modern immunology. In addition to his inoculations against typhoid fever and pneumonia, Wright developed a vaccine against certain forms of tuberculosis. He established inoculation therapy, the technique of treating, rather than preventing, microbial diseases by vaccination. He reconciled the early dispute about whether immune responses were caused by antibodies (substances in the blood) or by phagocytes (bacteria-killing cells), finding that certain blood factors called opsonins helped the phagocytes to destroy bacteria.

Numerous honors were bestowed upon Wright for his scientific work, including a knighthood and election as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, both of which were awarded in 1906.

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/W/WrightA/1.html

George Frederick Wright

George Frederick Wright (1835-1921) was an important geologist and theologian, whose philosophical approach to the relationship between science and religion attracted great attention, as he slowly moved from theistic evolution to creationism (Ronald L. Numbers, George Frederick Wright: From Christian Darwinist to Fundamentalist, 1988). He studied at Oberlin College in Ohio and received his divinity degree from its Theological Seminary in 1862. His first pastoral charge was in the small village of Bakersfield, Vt., and it was there that he developed his interest in geology (1862-72). From 1872 to 1881 he was pastor of the Free (Congregational) Church of Andover, Mass. Behind the parsonage in Andover ran a gravel ridge supposed by geologists to be of marine origin, but Wright’s study of it convinced him that it was due to glacial action. His theory of the glacial origin of such ridges in New England, presented before the Essex Institute of Salem in 1875 and before the Boston Society of Natural History in 1876, was indorsed by Clarence King [q.v.] and brought by him to the attention of geologists the world over (Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. XIX, 1878, p. 47). In 1880 Wright was asked to serve on a distinguished commission selected to investigate the discoveries made by Charles Conrad Abbott [q.v.] of what were reputed to be the remains of paleolithic man in the Trenton, N. J., glacial deposits. Wright’s interest in the Ice Age now became intertwined with his interest in the antiquity of man, and this, in turn, with his theological interest in the Biblical account of man’s origin.  Though he had little formal scientific training beyond Oberlin coursework, his reading of Darwin and Lyell as well as his studies of glacial deposits led him to develop considerable expertise in glacial geology and paleoarchaeology. With his friend Asa Gray, the famous botanist, Wright promoted a Christian interpretation of Darwinism, and later published Studies in Science and Religion. This book, The Ice Age in North America, became his best-known work. [ANB] http://www.bac.edu/library/rarebooks/Ice.htm

He was later Professor of Harmony of Science and Revelation at Oberlin College in Ohio, and was editor of Bibliotheca Sacra, Sunday School Times and Homiletic Review.  His works include The Logic of Christian Evidence (Andover, 1880), Studies in Science and Religion (1882), The Relation of Death to Probation (Boston, 1882), The Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky (Cleveland, 1884) and The Divine Authority of the Bible (Boston, 1884).  From Kemper Fullerton, “George Frederick Wright.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936 and Appletons Encyclopedia, Copyright © 2001 Virtualology^TM

http://www.famousamericans.net/georgefrederickwright/

Professor George Frederick Wright, , LL. D., Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.  “The Mosaic Authorship of the Pentateuch,” http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/fundamentals/02.html and http://www.xmission.com/~fidelis/volume1/chapter2/wright.html.  From The Fundamentals, Ed. by R.A. Torrey. Blue Letter Bible.

Larry L. Wright

(Born 1954).  Educator.  Political scientist, consultant. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, Associate Professor, 1988-present.  Previous:  Research Assistant House Committee on Education, Florida House of Representatives, Tallahassee, 1976; Research Assistant, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 1977-78, teaching Assistant, 1978-80; Consultant Center for Public Affairs and Government Services, Tallahassee, 1982-83; Associate Professor Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, 1980; Consultant Gadsden Demonstration Models Program, Quincy, Florida, 1980; member faculty Senate Florida A&M University, 1984. Education: B.S., Florida State University, 1976, M.S., 1978, Ph.D., 1980.Member: Florida Political Science Association, American Society Public Administration, Association Society and Behavioral Scientists, Southern Political Science Association, Georgia Political Science Association, Tallahassee Urban League, NAACP, Pi Sigma Alpha, Pi Gamma Mu. Baptist.

Honor: Andrew W Mellon Fellowship, 1996.

Contributor of articles to professional journals; commentator Facts and Faces, Sta. WAMF-TVRadio, 1984, Sta. 91.5 FM, 1984.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

“Larry L. Wright, Dr.” Who’s Who Among African Americans, 17^th ed. Gale Group, 2004.

Lynne C. Wright

(Born 1954).  Defense system executive. Program Manager, systems analyst Analytic Services, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, 1979-83; div. Manager, chief scientist TITAN Systems, Inc., Vienna, Virginia, 1983-86; Chief Executive Officer, Chairman Board SKW Corp., 1986. B.S., University Alabama, 1974, M.A., 1976, Ph.D., 1978. Institute University Alabama, University, 1974-79.

Honors: Recipient Outstanding Tech. Service commendation U.S. Air Force, 1982; named Most Valuable Performer, TITAN Systems, Inc., 1984.

Member: American Mathematics Society, Mathematics Association America, American Astronautical Society, Women in Mathematics, Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, Women in Aerospace. Mortar Board, Phi Mu Epsilon, Delta Gamma (Chairman fashion Board 1973). Baptist.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Professor Verna Wright

(1928-1997). Consulting. rheumatologist, Chairman Executive committee, Arthritis and Rheumatism Council U.K.; Professor Emeritus rheumatology, University Leeds, 1994; Professor rheumatology, University Leeds, 1970-94; Senior Lecturer, General Infirmary, Leeds, England, 1964-70; Lecturer, General Infirmary, Leeds, England, 1960-64; research assistant, General Infirmary, Leeds, England, 1956-58; research Fellow, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1958-59.

“Because Jesus Christ is the Son of God, he can address himself to the very issues which science highlights but cannot solve. He deals with the problem of our nature.”

http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/2647.asp

Obituary: http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/414/section13.htm

Wright, Wilbur and Orville

The Wright brothers—Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912, in Dayton)--were inventors and aviation pioneers who created and flew the first practical airplane. Brethren.

http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&Rec_Title=All&iPin=azsts0202&RecordType=Biography&natindex=&occindex=

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/WrBr/Wrights.html

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/WrBr/Wright_articles.html

WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT, MANUSCRIPT DIVISION RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON 1976

http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/WrBr/Wright_registry.html

http://www.unctv.org/firstflight/wrbiography.html

http://history1900s.about.com/cs/wrightbrothers/

http://www.faa.gov/education/wright/wright.htm

http://wright.nasa.gov/wilbur.htm

http://wright.nasa.gov/orville.htm

“Wright brothers,” http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Wright%20brothers

Edwin Masao Yamauchi

(Born 1937).  Historian.  Scholar. Director graduate studies, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1978-82; Professor Department history, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1973; Associate Professor, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1969-73; Assistant Professor, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., 1964-69; graduate Assistant, Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass., 1962-63; Instructor Greek lang., Shelton College, Ringwood, N.J., 1960-61.  Student, University of Hawaii, 1957-58; BA, Shelton College, 1960; MA, Brandeis University, 1962; Ph.D., Brandeis University, 1964.

Member: American Oriental Society, Association of Ancient Historians, Evangelical Theological Society (chairman of Eastern section, 1965-66, president, 2003), Society of Biblical Literature, Near East Archaeological Society (Member of board of directors, 1973-present; vice-president, 1978-79), Archaeological Institute of America (president of Oxford chapter, 1973-74), Conference on Faith and History (president, 1974-76), American Scientific Affiliation (Fellow; president, 1983), Institute for Biblical Research (chairman, 1984-86; president, 1987-89), Ohio Academy of History, Ohio Classical Conference, Society of Biblical Literature.

Author: Pre-Christian Gnosticism, 1973, World of the First Christians, 1981, Foes from the North Frontier, 1982, Persia and the Bible, 1990, 7 other books, 1966-99.  Senior editor Christianity Today, 1992-94; editor: Africa and Africans in Antiquity, 2001; co-author 2 books, co-editor 2 books.

Has participated in archaeological excavations in Jerusalem and Tel Anafa, Israel.

Miami University (Oxford, Ohio) Faculty and Staff webpage, http://www.units.muohio.edu/history/pages/faculty21-26.html#e6

EDWIN M. YAMAUCHI.  Easter: Myth, Hallucination, or History?

http://www.leaderu.com/everystudent/easter/articles/yama.html This article, used by permission of the author, first appeared in two parts in Christianity Today on March 15, 1974 and March 29, 1974.

Edwin M. Yamauchi, Ph.D. “Jesus, Zoraster, Buddha, Socrates & Muhammad: The Life, Death and Teaching of Jesus Compared with Other Great Religious Figures,” http://www.irr.org/yamauchi.html Copyright © 1971 Edwin M. Yamauchi. This article was originally published as “Historical Notes on the (In)comparable Christ,” in Christianity Today, October 22, 1971, pp. 7-11.

Edwin M. Yamauchi.  “What’s so Special About Jesus?  Compared with Buddha, Muhammad, Socrates and Zoroaster,” http://individual.utoronto.ca/johnbowen/dare/yam.html

http://individual.utoronto.ca/johnbowen/dare/yam.html#Conclusions

Testimony in Professors Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Christian Faculty, edited by Paul M. Anderson.  InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1998. ISBN 0-8308-1599-6.

Mildred Sze-ming Yang

(Born 1950 in Hong Kong).  Biologist, educator. Associate Professor, Hong Kong Baptist University, 1995; Lecturer, Hong Kong Baptist University, 1987-95; Research Associate, Medical College Virginia, Richmond, 1980-86; scientist, Sandoz Pharmaceutical Co., Basel, Switzerland, 1979-80.  Education: BA, University California, San Diego, 1971; Ph.D., Washington University, St. Louis, 1979.

Member: AAAS, International Society for Study of Xenobiotics, Hong Kong Biochem. Society, Hong Kong Pharmacology Society.

Contributor of articles to professional publications., including Journal Neurosurgery, Journal Neurochemistry, Environmental Tech.; Contributor of chapter to book.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Dongwan Yoo *** Not in Gale

Veterinarian.  Associate Professor of Virology, Ontario Veterinary College.  DVM, MSc (Seoul), Ph.D. (Ottawa).  Research: Animal virology with emphasis on the molecular basis for viral pathogenesis and host cell-virus interactions. Engineering of the bovine coronavirus genomic RNA to study in vivo function of viral glycoproteins and for development of live recombinant gene delivery vehicle. Molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS).

Faculty webpage, Ontario Veterinary College, http://www.ovc.uoguelph.ca/pathobio/faculty/yoo.shtm

Laboratory for Nidovirus Research, Genomics and Proteomics of Coronavirus and Arterivirus, http://www.uoguelph.ca/~dyoo/

Contact page: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~dyoo/contact.htm

Search PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=PubMed&orig_db=PubMed&term=yoo+d[au]+AND+canad*[ad]

Jong Sik Yoon

(Born January 25, 1937).  Research scientist University of Texas-Austin also Houston, 1965-68; Assistant Professor Yonsei University, 1968-71; research scientist University of Texas-Austin, 1971-78; Associate Professor Bowling Green State University, 1978-83, Professor genetics, 1983, Director National Drosophila Species Resource Center, 1982. Education:  B.S., Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, 1961; M.A., University of Texas-Austin, 1964, Ph.D., 1965. Presbyterian.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/pr/monitor/pastissues/07-14-03/emeriti.html:

“Jong Sik Yoon, biological sciences, who retired June 1. A geneticist and evolutionary biologist, Yoon directed the National Drosophilia Species Resources Center, the largest facility of its kind in the world, when it was transferred to Bowling Green from Texas in 1982. Yoon’s research concerned the evolution of chromosomes in drosophilia. He examined such topics as the effects of pollutants on chromosome reproduction and the relationship between cell mutation and cancer. In 1981, he hosted the first scientist from the People’s Republic of China to visit an Ohio university and the following year he traveled to China for research and to help set up a drosophilia lab there.”

Thomas Young

The English physicist Thomas Young (1773-1829) is best known for his double-slit interference experiment which validated the wave theory of light and for the elastic modulus named for him.  Quaker.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Thomas%20Young%20(scientist)

William Poser.  Sir Thomas Young and Statistical Evidence of Historical Relationship http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~wjposer/.downloads/young.pdf

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/young.html

“A Brief Biography of Thomas Young,” http://wise.fau.edu/~jordanrg/bios/Young/Young_bio.htm

Biography in Scientists of Faith: 48 Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith, by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996.  ISBN 0-8254-2724-X.

Jar-Fee Yung

(Born "1950" Day="29" Month="11" November 29, 1950 in Shanghai).  Chinese geneticist.  Certification: Diplomate American Board Medical GeneticsClinical Cytogenetics. Director Cytogenetics Laboratory, Mercy Hospital, Chicago, 1988; Assistant Director Human Genetics Laboratory, Northwestern Meml. Hospital, Chicago, 1988; Assistant Professor dept. pediatrics and genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, 1986-88, 89; Associate Director Cytogenetics Laboratory, University of Illinois, Chicago, 1986-88; school fellow, Illinois State Psychiat. Institute, Chicago, 1983. Program Director Cytogenetics Program, Mercy Hospital, 1989; founding fellow American College Medical Genetics; Board directors Genetics Task Force of Illinois, Inc., President, 1999.  Education: BA, University of California, Berkeley, 1974; Ph.D., UCLA, 1982.

Member: American Society Human Genetics, Association Cytogenetics Technologists, Association Chinese Geneticists in America.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Center For Medical Genetics, Houston, Texas. http://www.geneticstesting.com/about_us/about_us.htm

“The cytogenetics laboratory is headed by Dr. Jar-Fee Yung, Ph.D., FACMG. Dr. Yung received her training in clinical cytogenetics at the University of California, Berkeley. She has served as the laboratory director at Mercy Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, and was also the director of a clinical cytogeneticist training program while at Mercy. She has headed a national cytogenetics laboratory in New York City for Impath laboratory. She then served with the Laboratory Improvement Department at CAP, College of American Pathologists, the governing agency for accrediting all clinical diagnostic laboratories including cytogenetics. Dr. Yung is board certified through the American Board of Medical Genetics, and is a founding fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics.”

Amy Poarch Zachry

(Born 1967).  Environmental scientist. From pollution control specialist to environmental scientist II, Alabama Dept. Environmental Management, Montgomery, Alabama, 1989.  BS, Livingston University, 1990.

Member: Solid Waste Association of North America, Capitol City Jaycees (member-at-large 1995, Board of Directors, Executive Board).

Marquis Who’s Who, 2004.

Adam Zaluzansky ze Zaluzan *** Not in Gale

(c. 1555-1613).  Bohemian botanist, physician, pharmacologist, mathematician, astronomer, classical scholar, poet.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/zalznsky.html:

Author of Methodi herbariae libri tres, (Prague, 1592). Republished in Frankfurt in 1604. In this work Zaluzansky discussed the concept that plants have sex. However, he did not recognize male and female sexes in plants, but held rather that plants have a separate, mixed sex.  Rad Apotekarsky (Pharmaceutical Order), 1592, resulted from Zaluzansky’s work as supervisor of pharmacy in the Old City of Prague.  Cena neb vymereni vseck lekarstvi (Prices or Standards of All Medicine), 1596, 1604, 1659, 1699, 1737, published in Czech, German, and French.  Galenumet vicenam libri VII attacked old-fashioned superstitions in medicine and a plea for a return to the natural way of healing. The work was dedicated to Emperor Rudolf II.

Zaluzansky had close relations with specialists in medicine--Adam Hubr of Ryzmpach, and Mat. Borbonius and Theodor Sixtus of Ottersdorf--and with a prosecution lawyer, Jachym of Technice.  Protestant, an Utraquist, a denomination descended from Huss.

Giuseppe Zambeccari *** Not in Gale

(1655-1728).  Italian scientist, physiologist, anatomist.  Catholic.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/zambcari.html

Zambeccari experimented on dogs, removing organs in order to understand the function they performed in the living animal- -the spleen, for example. Sometime after the organ was removed, he would kill the dog and dissect it in order to attempt to observe what changes had resulted.  He developed a general, iatromechanical physiology of the nerves in “Concerning Sleep . . .”, a manuscript unpublished in his own day.

After completing his medical degree, Zambeccari lived in Florence with Redi for a couple of years and worked with him, and to Redi he dedicated his Experiments Concerning the Excision of Various Organs, 1680. From letters by Redi it appears that he was instrumental in Zambeccari’s appointment in Pisa, and later of his promotion.

He knew Guido Grandi and corresponded with him.

Paul A. Zimmerman / Paul Albert Zimmerman

(Born 1918).   A chemist and former president of Concordia Lutheran College in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Ordained Lutheran minister in 1944; Bethany College, chemistry and theology teacher; Concordia Teachers College, chemistry and theology teacher; Concordia Lutheran Junior College, president, 1961-73; Concordia College, River Forest, IL, president, beginning 1973. Education: student, Concordia College, Ft. Wayne, Indiana, 1936-39; BA, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 1941; M.Div., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, 1944; MA, University Illinois, 1947; Ph.D., University Illinois, 1951; D.D., Concordia Seminary, Springfield, Illinois, 1975; LLD, Concordia College, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1994.

Member: Fellow Creation Research Association.

Author: Observations on the Rare Earths: Some Electrochemical Studies on Non-aqueous Solutions of Rare Earth Metal Salts, n.p. (Urbana, IL), 1951; (Editor with others) Darwin, Evolution, and Creation, Concordia, 1959; (Editor) Rock Strata and the Bible Record, Concordia (St. Louis, MO), 1970; (Editor) Creation, Evolution, and God’s Word, Concordia (St. Louis, MO), 1972.

Zimmerman library: http://abraham.cuaa.edu/ls/zimmerman.shtml

Dr. Peter Zöller-Greer *** Not in Gale
(Born 1956).  Mathematics, Physics and Information Science. Since 1993 Professor for Computer Science, State University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Work and main points of research:
Computer science: Artificial intelligence, neural one of nets, Fuzzy Logic, genetic one, algorithms, software engineering, Multi Media systems; Physics: Quantum physics, faith and scientific Apologetik.

1972-1975, Teachings Physiklaborant (BASF AG Ludwigshafen) & specialized Abitur
1975-1981, Study mathematics and theoretical physics (University of Victories and University of Heidelberg), Conclusion as a diploma mathematician, recess area: Mathematical physics
1981-1983, System analysts and programmers with BBR Mannheim (reactor physics)
1983-1987, Data processing adviser for office communication with ABB Mannheim (ABB computer science GmbH)
1987-1990, Music producer and composer, publishing house leader of a music publishing house, managing director of the Composia GmbH, numerous publications within the clay/tone carrier range, film music, television.
1990, Graduation at the University of Mannheim (Dr.rer.nat.) over theory of approximation and one
numeric application to a problem from quantum mechanics
1990-1993, Lecturer to the FH Heidelberg, FB computer science (donation rehablitation)

Member: The New York Academy of Sciences, Fellow and Member of the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design, Awarded Member of the American Association for the Advancement ofScience (AAAS), Member in the Professor Forum, Professional School Frankfurt am Main University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Peter Zöller-Greer, University of Applied Sciences, FH-Frankfurt am Main, Fachbereich Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften Datenverarbeitung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. “Genesis, Quantum Physics and Reality: How the Bible agrees with Quantum Physics—An Anthropic Principle of Another Kind: The Divine Anthropic Principle,” http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Apologetics/PSCF3-00Zoeller-Greer.html. From Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52 (March 2000): 8.

Home page, http://www.fh-frankfurt.de/~zoellerg

Biography.  http://www.professorenforum.de/volumes/bio/zoellerg.htm (in German)

Peter Zöller-Greer.  “Zur Historizität der Auferstehung Jesus Christus,” http://www.professorenforum.de/volumes/v01n02/artikel1/zoellerg.htm.  Abstract:

“Christianity stands and falls with the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Bible reports on it, but there are also extra-Biblical historical vouchers for this event. The scholar for Roman history, Professor Thomas Arnold, 15 years Headmaster of Rugby, author of the 3-volume standard work History of Rome, and owners of the chair for modern history at the Oxford university, very well familiarly in handling proofs for the determination of historical facts, said: ‘I have been used for many years to study histories of other times, and to examine and weigh the evidence of those who have written about them, and I know of no better and fuller evidence of every sort, to the understanding of a fair inquirer, than the great sign which God hath given us that Christ died and rose again from the dead.’ Meanwhile there are further historical realizations, which are to be described in this article.”

Apologetics page, http://www.fh-frankfurt.de/~zoellerg/glauben.htm (in German)

Nicolas Zucchi, S.J. / Niccolo Zucchi

 (1586–1670).  Italian optician, astronomer, mechanic, physicist, specialist in magnetism.  Zucchi was a very skilled telescope-maker and in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Luigi Campedelli gives credit to Zucchi for ground-breaking contributions to the use of the reflecting telescope, antedating those of James Gregory and Sir Isaac Newton.

“Nicolas Zucchi, S.J. (1586 - 1670), the renowned telescope maker,” http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/zucchi.htm

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/zucchi.html:

Zucchi entered the Jesuit order as a novice on 28 October 1602 and spent his whole life in the order. It is of interest that from a family of eight children, seven embraced a religious life--all three daughters as nuns, three sons as Jesuits, and one son as a secular priest.  Zucchi developed an interest in astronomy from meeting Johannes Kepler.

About 1608, or perhaps 1616, Zucchi used a lens to observe the image produced by a concave mirror, and thus produced a primitive reflecting telescope, apparently the first one. Later, in Optica philosophica, 1652, he described it.  Zucchi was the first one to observe the spots on Jupiter, in 1630.   He published two works, in 1646 and 1649 on the philosophy of machines, that is, analyses of mechanics. In one of these books there was a section on magnetism.  He also wrote on the barometer, denying the existence of a vacuum. In all, clearly a rock-ribbed conservative in natural philosophy.

Henry Zuill *** Not in Gale

Biologist. Ph.D. and M.A. in biology from Loma Linda University, California, U.S.A.; B.A. in biology from Atlantic Union College; Curator of the Joshua C. Turner Arboretum, Nebraska, U.S.A.;  Professor of Biology at Union Hills College in Lincoln, Nebraska.

http://www.christiananswers.net/creation/people/zuill-h.html

Testimony in In Six Days: Why Fifty Scientists Choose to Believe in Creation, edited by John F. Ashton, Ph.D.  Master Books, Inc., Green Forest, AR, 2001.  ISBN 0-89051-341-4. “Biodiversity is a powerful testimony about the Creator that confirms Romans 1:20: ‘From the creation of the world, God’s invisible qualitites, his eternal power and divine nature have been clearly observed in what he made.’”

Johann Zwelfer / Zwelffer / Zwölfer *** Not in Gale

(1618-1668).  German pharmacologist, physician, chemist, botanist, apothecary.

The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/zwelfer.html

Zwelfer worked initially for 16 years in his native region as an apothecary.  After receiving his M.D., he moved to Vienna, where he apparently stayed for the rest of his life.

Christian Corporations

Apache Digital Corporation

“In 1993 Mark Wauchope founded Apache Digital as a sole proprietorship with the initial goal to help put himself through the University of Houston. Through the next three years, he built up a small successful business on the reputation of providing excellent service and training in the local PC market. Apache Digital Corporation was incorporated in January 1995 and the company moved to Durango Colorado.

Focusing on Next, Linux, and Unix operating systems, Apache Digital equipment quickly became popular in the scientific community. The first Apache website included one of the first, if not the first, online custom configurator in the industry.

Manufacturing of custom hardware, tailored to the specific needs of the customer, became an entre to a variety of organizations with specialized computing requirements; both American and international. Soon a variety of Universities and research institutes were purchasing Apache Digital equipment; most of the systems being utilized for the Genome Project. Word of mouth recommendation within the genome research community resulted in an even broader range of Academic customers.

In 1999, Apache Digital launched the first turnkey system for Internet Service Providers. This product was tailored for the booming start-up ISP market. It included customized management software developed in-house. The ISP system led to other turnkey solutions including an all-in–one Intranet system that provided schools and companies with expanded in-house capabilities.

1999 saw our entry into the cluster environment. Apache custom tailored a cluster solution for the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 2001 Apache teamed with Render Corp. a Canadian company specializing in cluster interface software for computer animation to build a render farm. Cluster products have since shipped for a variety of applications.”

Apache Digital Customer Testimonials:  Mercury Payment Systems, New Mexico Tech University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NASA

Abstracted from http://www.apache.com/company/history.php

Corporate Statement:
Our mission is to be an industry leader, providing quality solutions for the most demanding computing needs and outstanding customer service. Striving to conduct business in accordance with the teachings of the Lord Jesus Christ, we wish to Bless people and share the gospel at every opportunity. We operate daily in the strength that God provides. Because he loves us, God promises to give us success in daily life when we seek to please him.

From http://www.apache.com/

Linux Voodoo Corporation

Dun & Bradstreet #: 11-776-4022

Linux Voodoo Corporation, founded in 1998, is a privately held and funded corporation which offers B2B/SMB and end-user consulting services focusing on GNU/Linux and its implementation at home as well as in the enterprise as a viable alternative to Microsoft™ products by providing in-depth expertise, project management skills, and experience. We strive to make every dollar spent on technology an investment that shows positive returns as quickly as possible.

We also focus on B2B and retail hardware/software sales and reviews, Domain name, SSL registration, hosting and e-commerce solutions and as of October 2001, we maintain our own GNU/Linux distribution, Voodoo Linux®.

A special message:

(Taken from Apache Digital (apache.com) unaltered, since we could not have said it better)
“Striving to conduct business in accordance with the teachings of the Lord Jesus Christ, we wish to bless people and share the gospel at every opportunity. We operate daily in the strength that God provides. Because he loves us, God promises to give us success in daily life when we seek to please him.”

Many will ridicule us for having this on our site, but you know what? That’s ok, it has happened to many in the Bible, and we expect it to happen here too. If you don’t like this message, tough luck. Just know that God still loves you even if you’re a non-believer.

http://www.linuxvoodoo.com/aboutus.php

*  *  *

Possible Christians, unconfirmed

James Noel Baptist

(Born "1930" Day="6" Month="6" June 6, 1930 in Shelbyville, Illinois, United States).  Biochemist.  Achievements include research in hydrocarbon oxidation by cell free bacterial enzymes, microbial taxonomy by zone electrophoresis of enzymes, bacterial mutations visualized by enzyme zone electrophoresis, protein purification. Biology researcher, El Paso, Texas, 1987; biology researcher, Kerrville, Texas, 1980-87; biologist, M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston, 1968-79; self-employed biochemist, Bradenton, Florida, 1965-68; microbiologist, International Minerals and Chemicals Co., Skokie, Illinois, 1963-65; biochemist, W.R. Grace & Co., Clarksville, Maryland, 1959-63; chemist, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Oklahoma, 1952-54.  Education: BS, Case Institute Technology, 1952; Ph.D., University of Illinois, 1957; postgraduate, University of Michigan, 1957-59.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Lytle Houston Blankenship

(Born March 1, 1927).  Wildlife research scientist, educator. Certified wildlife biologist, Michigan Department of Conservation, Lansing, 1954-56; research biologist, Minnesota Division Game & Fish, St. Paul, 1956-61, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Tucson, 1961-69; research scientist Caesar Kleberg wildlife program Texas A&M University, Nairobi, Kenya, 1969-72; Professor, research scientist Texas Agricultural Expt. Station, Uvalde, 1972; Consultant World Bank in Kenya, Organization of American States in Dominican Republic; Visiting Lecturer University Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1978; workshop consultant for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to India, 1981, 82.  Education:  B.S., Texas A&M University, 1950; M.S., University of Minnesota, 1952; Ph.D., Michigan State University, 1956.

Trustee, Uvalde Community Christian School Wildlife Management Institute grantee, 1950-51; Michigan State University fellow; People-to-People program fellow, 1968. Member The Wildlife Society (International affairs committee 1971-86, council 1979-present, President 1986, Outstanding Service award Texas chapter), Wildlife Disease Association, East African Wildlife Society, Wildlife Society South Wildlife Society South Africa, Audubon Society Democrat. Baptist. Clubs: Uvalde Lions, Lions International (district governor 1981-82), Uvalde County Aggie, Uvalde Band and Choir Booster (President 1974-75).

Contributor of numerous articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Father, Sir William Henry Bragg, was Christian

Sir William Lawrence Bragg

(1890-1971).  Youngest man ever to win Nobel Prize, 1915, for research in X-rays. William Lawrence Bragg is most famous for his law on the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. Bragg’s law makes it possible to calculate the positions of the atoms within a crystal from the way in which an X-ray beam is diffracted by the crystal lattice. Bragg established the Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology (which revealed the double helix of DNA) and research into radio astronomy, which resulted in the radio telescopes at the Mullard Observatory and the discovery of quasars and pulsars.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Lawrence%20Bragg

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/william_lawrence_bragg.html

http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1915/wl-bragg-bio.html

Dame Kathleen Lonsdale. “Bragg, Sir Lawrence,” http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/83_18.html

http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P1266.html

http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/exhib/nobel/braggl.htm

http://osulibrary.orst.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/people/bragg.html

Vinton G. Cerf / Vinton Gray Cerf / Vinton Cerf

(Born "1943" Day="23" Month="6" June 23, 1943 in New Haven, Connecticut).  Computer scientist.  Co-founder of the Internet.

From http://www.icann.org/biog/cerf.htm:

“Vinton G. Cerf is senior vice president of Technology Strategy for MCI. In this role, Cerf is responsible for helping to guide corporate strategy development from the technical perspective. In the fast moving world of telecommunications and Internet technology development, technical capabilities can have a critical impact on the success of corporate business strategies including product and service development, infrastructure investment and strategic acquisitions and partnerships. From 1994-2003, Cerf served as senior vice president of architecture and technology, moving to a strategic role in mid-2003.

Widely known as one of the “Fathers of the Internet,” Cerf is the co-designer of the TCP/IP protocols and the architecture of the Internet. In December 1997, President Clinton presented the U.S. National Medal of Technology to Cerf and his partner, Robert E. Kahn, for founding and developing the Internet.

Prior to rejoining MCI in 1994, Cerf was vice president of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI). As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982-1986, he led the engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet.

During his tenure from 1976-1982 with the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Cerf played a key role leading the development of Internet and Internet-related data packet and security technologies.

Vint Cerf serves as chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Cerf served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992-1995 and in 1999 served a term as chairman of the Board. In addition, Cerf is honorary chairman of the IPv6 Forum, dedicated to raising awareness and speeding introduction of the new Internet protocol. Cerf served as a member of the U.S. Presidential Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) from 1997 to 2001 and serves on several national, state and industry committees focused on cyber-security. Cerf sits on the Board of Directors for the Endowment for Excellence in Education, Folger Shakespeare Library, Gallaudet University, the MarcoPolo Foundation, Digex, Incorporated, Avanex Corporation, Nuance Corporation, CoSine Corporation and the Hynomics Corporation. Cerf is a Fellow of the IEEE, ACM, and American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the International Engineering Consortium, the Computer History Museum and the National Academy of Engineering.

Cerf is a recipient of numerous awards and commendations in connection with his work on the Internet. These include the Marconi Fellowship, Charles Stark Draper award of the National Academy of Engineering, the Prince of Asturias award for science and technology, the Alexander Graham Bell Award presented by the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, the NEC Computer and Communications Prize, the Silver Medal of the International Telecommunications Union, the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Award, the ACM Software and Systems Award, the ACM SIGCOMM Award, the Computer and Communications Industries Association Industry Legend Award, the Yuri Rubinsky Web Award, the Kilby Award , the Yankee Group/Interop/Network World Lifetime Achievement Award, the George R. Stibitz Award, the Werner Wolter Award, the Andrew Saks Engineering Award, the IEEE Third Millennium Medal, the Computerworld/Smithsonian Leadership Award, the J.D. Edwards Leadership Award for Collaboration, World Institute on Disability Annual award and the Library of Congress Bicentennial Living Legend medal.

In December, 1994, People magazine identified Cerf as one of that year’s “25 Most Intriguing People.”

In addition to his work on behalf of WorldCom and the Internet, Cerf has served as a technical advisor to production for Gene Roddenberry’s Earth: Final Conflict. and made a special guest appearance on the program in May 1998. Cerf has appeared on television programs NextWave with Leonard Nimoy and on World Business Review with Alexander Haig and Caspar Weinberger. Cerf also holds an appointment as distinguished visiting scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory where he is working on the design of an interplanetary Internet.

Cerf holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics from Stanford University and Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from UCLA. He also holds honorary Doctorate degrees from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich; Lulea University of Technology, Sweden; University of the Balearic Islands, Palma; Capitol College, Maryland; Gettysburg College, Pennsylvania; George Mason University, Virginia; Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; and University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.”

Cerf was raised in a strict, patriotic, Protestant family, but his imagination ran wild between the rocket tests and his love of science fiction, which he still harbors.

 “Cerf’s Up,” http://global.mci.com/us/enterprise/insight/cerfs_up/index.xml

Professional Biography of Vinton G. Cerf, http://global.mci.com/us/enterprise/insight/cerfs_up/personal_perspective/bio.xml

http://www.itu.int/TELECOM/wt95/pressdocs/profiles/cerfbio.html

http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/cerf.html

http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,944867,00.asp

http://www.cio.com/archive/010100/cerf.html

http://www.b-link.co.uk/ckn/internet/cerf.htm

Statement of Dr. Vinton G. Cerf, Senior Vice President of Internet Architecture & Technology, MCI WorldCom For the Joint Economic Committee, February 23, 2000, http://www.cdt.org/security/dos/000223senate/cerf.html

http://www.fact-index.com/v/vi/vint_cerf.html

Vinton G. Cerf Oral History, http://www.cwheroes.org/oral_history_archive/vinton_g_cerf/oralhistory.pdf

“Vinton Cerf (1943-), 2000 Fellow Award Recipient, For his contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering,” http://www.computerhistory.org/events/hall_of_fellows/cerf/

http://www.consultwebs.com/articlesdt/internet-origin.htm

James Cronin / James W. Cronin / James Watson Cronin

(Born 1931).  Physicist, educator. Shared 1980 Nobel Prize in physics with Val Fitch for researching K-mesons, one of several contributions he has made to elementary particle physics. The laws of symmetry, which state that the amount of a substance's charge, energy, or matter aren't altered by internal changes or reactions, were once considered to be a fundamental part of physical law.  James Cronin has devoted significant time and energy to tracking cosmic rays that are somehow traveling through the earth's atmosphere and landing in places where, according to the rules of physics, their existence should be impossible. For his investigation of this mystery, Cronin received the 1999 National Medal of Science.

Professor emeritus physics and astronomy, University Chicago; Professor physics and astronomy, University of Chicago, 1971; Professor physics, Princeton, 1965-1971; Assistant Professor, Princeton, 1958-1965; Assistant physicist, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1955-1958.  Loeb Lecturer physics Harvard University, 1967; participant early development spark chambers; co-discoverer CP-violation, 64; Lecturer Nashima Foundation, 1993.  Education: AB, Southern Methodist University (1951); Ph.D., University of Chicago; D, University Paris, 1995; D, University Leeds, 1996; D, University Pierre & Marie Curie, 1994; DSc, University Leeds, 1996.

Member: NAS (council member), American Physics Society, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society.

Honors: Decorated chevalier Legion of Honor (France); recipient Research Corporation America award, 1967; National Academy of Sciences, 1970; University Professor of Physics, 1971; John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, 1975; John Price Wetherill medal, Franklin Institute, 1976; Ernest O. Lawrence award, ERDA, 1977; Nobel prize for Physics, 1980; Laureate, Lincoln Academy of Illinois (Medal of the Order of Lincoln), 1981; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1982; Ryerson Lecturer, 1990; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, 1992; Quantrell Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, 1994; Docteur honoris causa, l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 1994; Honorary degree, University of Leeds, 1996; National Medal of Science, 1999; Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003.

Member: Fellow Guggenheim, 1982-83; Sloan Fellow, 1964-66, Guggenheim Fellow, 1970-71.

The Nobel Foundation.  http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1980/cronin-autobio.html

http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/james_watson_cronin.html

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/James+Watson+Cronin

Yoshio Fukui

(Born

Member: Cooperation of Marine Biological Lab. (Woods Hole, Mass.), American Society for Cell Biology, Society Advancement of Science, N.Y. Academy Sciences (elected), Japan Society for Cell Biologist (Tokyo).

Honors: Recipient Matsunaga Research award Matsunaga Meml. Foundation, Tokyo, 1976; Research grantee NIH, 1988.

Contributor of articles to professional journals. including Nature, Proc. National Academy of Science Journal Cell Biology, International Rev. Cytology, others.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Yoshio Fukui, Ph. D., Cell Motility Research Laboratory, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, http://pubweb.nwu.edu/~yoshifk/fukui.html

http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/med/fukui/01-FukuiFacWeb.html

Walter Bryan Gallaher

(Born

Member: Ecological Society of America, Elks Club.  President, Openwood Homeowners Association, Vicksburg, 1976-79; Member technical advisory board Texas Water Devel. Board, 1983-87.  NSF fellow, 1967-78, Texas Christian University fellow, 1971-73.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Claude Joseph Geoffroy / referred to as Geoffroy the Younger by the Académie and www.59.1911encyclopedia.org (1911 Encyclopedia Britannica) *** Not in Gale

(1685-1752).  Apothecary, chemist, botanist.  Younger brother of Étienne-François Geoffroy.

Claude Joseph Geoffroy, having a considerable knowledge of botany, devoted himself especially to the study of the essential oils in plants. 

Raise of Tournefort, botanist on March 23, 1707, associated botanist on May 14, 1711, associated chemist on December 7, 1715, boarder chemist on May 14, 1723.

Member: Académie Royal des Sciences.

http://59.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GEOFFROY_ETIENNE_FRANCOIS.htm

http://www.enc.sorbonne.fr/cataloguevente/voir.php?fiche=09 (in French)

Claude-François Geoffroy / also referred to as Geoffroy the Younger by multiple sources re: Bismuth *** Not in Gale
(1729-1753).  Apothecary, chemist.  Son of Claude Joseph Geoffroy.
Member: Académie Royal des Sciences.  Associated supernumerary chemist on August 25, 1752

In 1753, he showed that the metal Bismuth was distinct from lead in the Mémoires de l’académie francaise.

http://www.enc.sorbonne.fr/cataloguevente/voir.php?fiche=09 (in French)

Samuel Guthrie

(1782-1848).  American chemist and physician, Dr. Samuel Guthrie made chloroform in 1830 prior to the independent discoveries by Eugène Soubeiran in France (1831) and Justus von Liebig in Germany (1832).  It was used first in amputations at Sackets Harbor, NY, where he settled after serving as surgeon in the War of 1812.  He invented the percussion compound for firearms, which made the flintlock musket obsolete.

Lyman C. Newell.  “Samuel Guthrie.”Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936:

To the country at large he was most acceptably known as the inventor and manufacturer of an effective priming powder, called the “percussion pill,” and the punch lock for exploding it, which together replaced the flash-in-the-pan type of powder and made the old-fashioned flint-lock musket obsolete. He had a laboratory near his house where he performed experiments, and a mill about a mile away where he manufactured for many years large quantities of this powder and other explosives (e.g., potassium chlorate and mercury fulminate). In 1830 he devised a process for the rapid conversion of potato starch into molasses, and in July 1831 sent Benjamin Silliman [q.v.] a description of his process together with a sample of the product. To Silliman he also sent samples of crystallized potassium chlorate, of numerous varieties of powder, of oil of turpentine, and of “spirituous solution of chloric ether.” His letters describing these chemical substances were published with editorial comment in the American Journal of Science during 1832 and reprinted, probably in the same year, as The Complete Writings of Samuel Guthrie (n.d.). The “chloric ether” made by Guthrie in 1831 by distilling chloride of lime with alcohol in a copper still proved to be chloroform, and the discovery antedated slightly the independent discoveries of the same compound made at practically the same time by Soubeiran in France and Liebig in Germany.

Dr. Samuel Guthrie House, http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/county/jefferson/hounsfield/guthriehome.html

http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~dav4is/people/GUTH153.htm

Professor In-Kyu Han / In K. Han *** Not in Gale

(Born 1934) Agriculturalist.  Currently President, Korea Academy of Science & Technology; Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University, Korea.  Check webpage for further references.

Honors: Society Science Award, Korean Society of Animal Science, 1969; Korea Government Science Award (Ministry of Science & Technology), 1971; Achievement Award, Korean Society of Animal Science, 1971; Outstanding Service Award, Korean Society of Poultry Science, 1976; Science Award, Korean Society of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs, 1987;1^st Purina Korea Nutrition and Feed Award, 1991;1^st International Award of Animal Science, AAAP, Thailand, 1992; Sang-Huh Academy Award, Korea, 1995; Nokjo Medal of Civil Merit. 2000

Webpage: http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/~inkhan/11.html

Seoul National University, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Division of Nutricional Sciences: http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/~inkhan/e_main.html

Dr. Ho’s father is Christian.

David Da-I Ho

Molecular biologist David Da-I Ho (born 1952) has dedicated his career to identifying a cure for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). His greatest contribution to the worldwide battle against AIDS came in 1996 when he combined state-of-the art AIDS medications in a way that stopped the progression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which leads to the deadly AIDS condition.

Sir William Jenner

(1815-1898). English physician and anatomist. Established separate identities of typhus and typhoid fevers (1847); Professor at University College, London (from 1849); physician-in-ordinary to Queen Victoria (1862).

University College London: Jenner Letters. http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=4225&inst_id=13

Chuang Fong Kong

(Born "1962" Day="8" Month="4" April 8, 1962 in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia, came to U.S., 1981).  Molecular biologist.  Laboratory Manager, Analytical Reference Laboratories Pty Ltd (ARL), a specialist medical diagnostics company,which is 100% Australian and independently owned.  Previous posts:  Research scientist, Linus Pauling Institute of Sciences & Medicines, Palo Alto, California, 1990; Assistant instructor, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 1988-90.  BS, University of Oklahoma, 1983; Ph.D., Texas Christian University, 1988.

Member: AAAS, Phi Lambda Epsilon, Alpha Lambda Delta.

Texas Christian University fellow, 1985-88.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

“Welcome to Dr Chuang Fong Kong,” The Path, vol 1, December 2000, Issue 2, http://www.arlaus.com.au/thepath/issue1-2.inc.php

“Recently, ARL announced the appointment of Dr. Chuang Fong Kong as Laboratory Manager. With the expanding role of our scientific team and current market demands, Dr Kong brings a wealth of experience to this role. Before joining ARL Dr Kong was Head of the Microarray Facility at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute (PMCI) - Trescowthick Research Laboratories in Melbourne. The PMCI is Australia's leading specialist oncology centre with major programs in patient care and training of clinical and research staff in addition to globally-competitive research capabilities in the fields of cancer initiation, progression, detection
and treatment. Dr Kong's postdoctoral training included appointments at the University of Texas, the Linus
Pauling Institute and BioCircuit in California.”

Paul Lemoine *** Not in Gale

(1878–1940) Geologist, director of the Paris Natural History Museum, president of the Geological Society of France and editor of Encyclopedie Francaise.

Sir William Boog Leishman

(1865-1926).  Scottish physician, bacteriologist who discovered the protozoan parasite that causes the group of diseases now known as leishmaniasis.  Perfected the typhoid vaccine in 1913.

“Behind the Frieze - Sir William Leishman (1865-1926),” http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/library/archives/leishman.html

People look at the name of Sir William Leishman and assume that he was of German origin but he was a Scot, born and bred in Glasgow. He was sent to London for his education at Westminster School before returning to Glasgow for his medical education. He qualified in 1885 at the early age of 20 and the following year obtained a commission in the Royal Army Medical Corps. Unusually for the time he took a microscope with him when he was ordered to India to receive his baptism of fire in a punitive military expedition to Waziristan on the Indian frontier. It was in India that he developed an interest in kala azar with which his name is permanently associated.

On his return to England he went to the Army Medical School at Netley, where he worked with Almroth Wright on typhoid vaccine. In 1900 Leishman was appointed Assistant Professor of Pathology at the Army Medical School and evolved the modification of Romanowsky's stain known as Leishman's stain. He used this to stain the elusive parasites which, at the suggestion of Ronald Ross, became known as Leishmania donovani as Leishman and Charles Donovan discovered them independently and published their findings within a few weeks of each other.

When the Royal Army Medical College moved to Millbank in 1903 Leishman succeeded Wright in the Chair of Pathology and continued his work on anti-typhoid vaccine which resulted in the successful protection of the troops during the First World War. He also traced part of the life cycle of the spirochaete.

During the war he held many advisory posts in England and in France and was awarded international honours.

“WILLIAM BOOG LEISHMAN (1865-1926),” http://www.hhmi.ucla.edu/C168/history/leishman.html. From: A History of Tropical Medicine by H. Scott, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore (1939)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/onthisday/onthisday.shtml?month=06&day=02

Leishman discovered the protozoan parasite responsible for dumdum, or kala-azar, fever, now known as Leishmaniasis. He also developed the clinical technique known as the Leishman stain, which is still used today to detect protozoan parasites such as plasmodium (the cause of malaria). Leishman is also noted for his work with Sir Almroth Wright on the vaccine for typhoid, and helped to elucidate the life cycle of the spirochaete Spirochaeta duttoni, which causes African tick fever.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/William%20Boog%20Leishman

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/L/Leishman/1.html:

http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/publications/articles/journal_32_1/13_glasgow_med_school.pdf

Dr. Carlos U. Leon-Velarde *** Not in Gale

Livestock Systems Specialist, Lima, Peru.  International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.  Born in Iquitos, Peru.  Graduated from the National Agrarian University, La Molina, Lima, Peru, in Animal Science.  MSc in Animal Production at Tropical Agronomic Research and Training Centre in Costa Rica, and a Ph.D. in Animal Breeding at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada.

Annie Russell Maunder *** Not in Gale

Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947) specialized in sunspot research with her husband, Edward Walter Maunder, detecting dark spots appearing on the sun’s surface. In 1898, she obtained a photograph of a solar prominence (a cloud of gas arising from the atmosphere of the sun) six solar radii in length—the largest captured on film up to that time. Maunder was also active in the British Astronomical Association, serving as vice-president of the association several times up to 1942, and planning the general form of their official journal ( Journal of the British Astronomical Association ) and serving as editor from 1894 to 1896 and from 1917 to 1930. She also held a paid position at the Greenwich Observatory, at the time a distinction most unusual for a woman.

Steve A. Maxwell

(Born "1956" Day="19" Month="9" September 19, 1956 in Lubbock, Texas, United States).  Molecular biologist, researcher.  Achievements include finding protein serine kinase activity intrinsic to an oncogene protein. This was first example of an encogene encoding a serine kinuse; discovered several novel proteins that bind to the p53 tumor suppressor gene products.  Assistant Professor, University of Texas, 1991; post-doctoral, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, 1988-90; post-doctoral, University of Texas, Houston, 1985-87.  Education: BS, BA, Abilene Christian University, 1980; MS, Ph.D., University of Texas, 1985.

Member: N.Y. Academy Sciences, American Association Cancer Research, American Association Advancement of Science.

Honors: Recipient NIH First Investigator award National Cancer Institute, 1993, Research grant Texas Higher Education Authority, 1991.

Author: (book chapter) SV40 T-antigen as a Dual Oncogene, 1989; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Faculty webpage, http://medicine.tamu.edu/pathology/Maxwell/

Andrew Millar *** Not in Gale

Molecular cell biologist.   University of Warwick, Department of Biological Sciences, 1996-present - Lecturer, Reader, Professor.  University of Virginia, NSF Centre for Biological Timing, 1994-1995 - LSRF post-doc’ Fellowship; The Rockefeller University, New York, 1988-1994 - Ph.D.; University of Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College,1985-1988 - BA Honors (I) in Genetics; University prizes for Botany, 1987, for Genetics, 1988; European School of Luxembourg - European Baccalaureate. BBSRC Research Development Fellow (2002-2005).

Andrew Millar co-manages the Interdisciplinary Programme for Cellular Regulation, with Dr. Nigel Burroughs (Maths) and is co-ordinator of the Genomic Arabidopsis Resource Network (GARNet).

Webpage at University of Warwick: http://www.bio.warwick.ac.uk/res/frame.asp?ID=27

The Millar Research Group.  http://template.bio.warwick.ac.uk/staff/amillar/index.htm

Contact information and brief biography: http://template.bio.warwick.ac.uk/staff/amillar/contact.html

Peter R. Mills

(Born 1962).  Archaeologist.  University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, temporary archaeologist, 1984-85; Washington State University, Pullman, WA, coordinator of lithic laboratory and assistant to curator of Museum of Anthropology, 1985-87; Massachusetts Historical Commission, preservation planner and assistant state archaeologist, 1988-90; University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, visiting Assistant Professor of archaeology, 1996-97; University of Hawaii--Hilo, Hilo, HI, Assistant Professor, 1997-2002, Associate Professor of anthropology, 2002-present. Bureau of Land Management, survey archaeologist in Richfield District of Utah, 1984; Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, staff archaeologist, 1986; University of Idaho, field archaeologist, 1986; Bureau of Indian Affairs, survey archaeologist and ethnologist for Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Office, 1987; University of Alaska, field archaeologist and lithic analyst at Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, 1990; Bernice P. Bishop Museum, project codirector in Applied Research Group, 1990-91; Biosystems Analysis, Inc., field survey director in Hawaii, 1993; Earthwatch, assistant director of survey and excavation at La Perouse Bay, Easter Island, 1995. John Young Homestead, operator of archaeological field school, 1999; Laupahoehoe Train Museum, member of board of directors, 2000; volunteer for local community service projects; conference presenter; public speaker.  Education: University of Vermont, B.A. (with honors), 1984; Washington State University, M.A., 1987; University of California--Berkeley, Ph.D., 1996.

Member: Society for Hawaiian Archaeology (member of board of directors, 2000-02), East Hawai'i Historical Society (first vice president and member of board of directors, 2000).

Author: A Walk through History: Pedestrian Survey of the Old Government Beach Road, Honalo to Honua'ino, North Kona, Hawai'i Island, two volumes, Division of Forestry and Wildlife (Honolulu, HI), 2000; Hawai'i's Russian Adventure: A New Look at Old History, University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu, HI), 2002.

Contributor of articles and reviews to periodicals, including Journal of Pacific History, Asian Perspectives, Hawaiian Journal of History, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, Preservation Advocate, Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin, and Kiva. Editor, Society for Hawaiian Archaeology Newsletter, 2000-02; member of editorial board, Rapa Nui Journal, 2000-present.

Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2004.

Peter R. Mills.  http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~anthro/mills.htm

William Thomas Green Morton

(1819-1868). American dentist.  Practiced in Boston (from 1842); associated one year (1842-43) with Horace Wells (q.v.); from Charles T. Jackson, a professor of chemistry, learned of experiments with sulfuric ether as an anesthetizing agent; tested ether on animals and on himself, and finally (Sept. 30, 1846) on a patient; a fortnight later (Oct. 16, 1846) at Mass. General Hospital, Dr. John C. Warren removed tumor from the neck of a patient anesthetized by Morton's process. Morton and Jackson received patent for use of “letheon” (1846); Morton's claims and attempts to profit largely by the discovery brought conflicting claims from Jackson, Horace Wells, and Crawford W. Long; last years embittered by controversy, litigation, and poverty.

“William Thomas Green Morton.” World of Health. Gale Group, 2000: “Several people had used ether as an anesthetic before Morton. Another dentist, Dr. Elijah Pope, extracted a patient's tooth using ether in January, 1842. Two months later, Crawford Williamson Long, a physician, used ether to remove cysts from a patient's neck. Neither Pope nor Long publicized their applications of ether, and so Morton was first given credit for using ether as an anesthetic.”

http://www.famousamericans.net/williamthomasgreenmorton/

Jacek Plazinski

(Born "1951" Day="31" Month="5" May 31, 1951 in Krakow, Poland, arrived in Australia, 1981).  Molecular biologist, researcher.  Certification: Microbiology and genetics diplomate. Senior Research fellow, Australian National University, Canberra, 1990; Research fellow, Australian National University, Canberra, 1984-89; National Research fellow, Australian National University, Canberra, 1982-84; Senior Adjunct, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 1979-81. Visiting fellow Biological Research Center., Szeged, Hungary, 1979-80; Visiting Professor University Agr., Vienna, Austria, 1980-81; Consultant International Christian University, Tokyo, 1997, Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, 1985-90, Patent Office, Canberra, 1990-91.  Education: MSc, University Krakow, 1976; Ph.D., Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 1980.

Author book, 1990; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

http://www.coa.gov.tw/coa/eng/Publications/apec/apec1/autorun/Workshop%20Report/Agri%20Biotech%20Report/Plazinski/Speaker's%20biographyJP.doc

“Dr. Jacek Plazinski has been scientific adviser in the Office of the Chief Plant Protection Officer in the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia since 1998. Prior to his appointment as adviser on agricultural biotechnology, Dr Plazinski was a research scientist studying molecular biology of crop plants and agricultural microorganisms for over 25 years.

“Dr. Plazinski has held academic appointments at several universities in the USA, UK, Poland, and Australia. “He has published approximately 100 research papers and books in a field of molecular genetics.

“He is editor of a number of scientific journals and participates regularly in international symposia.

“He has served on many scientific committees for the Australian Government and international organisations.”

Elizabeth Wagner Reed

(Born "1912" Day="27" Month="8" August 27, 1912 in Baguio, The Philippines, came to U.S., 1916).  Retired biologist.  With public school system, St. Paul, Mpls., 1969-73; Assistant Professor, Minnesota Mathematics and Science Teaching, Mpls., 1966-69; researcher, Dight Institute, Mpls., 1948-65; Assistant Professor Research drosophila, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 1947-48; Assistant Professor Research drosophila, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, 1945-46; Assistant Professor, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1944-45; researcher, Ohio State Research Foundation, Columbus, 1943-44; biology instructor, Atlantic Christian College, Wilson, N.C., 1938-40; researcher on fungicides, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1936-37. Lecturer biology University Minnesota, Mpls., 1960-69; Assistant Professor Macalester College, St. Paul, 1967-68, Hamline University, St. Paul, 1973.  Education: BA, Ohio State University, 1933; MA, Ohio State University, 1934; Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1936.

Member: Fellow AAAS; Women in Science, Sigma Delta Epsilon, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi.  Active NOW, St. Paul, 1980, National Abortion Rights, St. Paul, 1980, Nature Conservancy, St. Paul, 1980, Minnesota Hort. Society, St. Paul, 1981, Zero Population Growth, St. Paul, 1978.

Author: (with others) Mental Retardation, 1962; Contributor of articles to professional journals.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Peter Christian Semm

(Born "1948" Day="13" Month="5" May 13, 1948 in Helmstedt, Germany).  Biologist.  Achievements include patent in Melatonin as a Sleep Inductor.  Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Frankfurt, Germany, 1992.  Education: Diplom, University Kôln, Germany, 1975; Ph.D., University of Mainz, Germany, 1977.

Member: European Bioelectromagnetics Association (board Member, Director 1992).

Honor: Recipient Heisenberg award German Research Council, 1986.

European editor, Bioelectromagnetics, 1996.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Hideo Shinagawa

(Born "1942" Day="2" Month="2" February 2, 1942 in Fujimi, Gumma, Japan).  Molecular biologist, educator.  Professor, Osaka University, Suita, 1993; Associate Professor, Osaka University, Suita, 1987-93; instructor, Osaka University, Suita, 1971-87. Senior Research fellow University Newcastle upon Tyne, Eng., 1975-76.  Education: BA, International Christian University, Tokyo, 1964; MS, Osaka University, 1966; Ph.D., Osaka University, 1971; MA, Princeton University, 1969.

Member: American Society for Microbiology, Genetics Society Japan, Japanese Society for Molecular Biology.

Member editorial board Journal Bacteriology, 1992-97; editor-in-chief: Genes and Genetic Systems, 1999.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Norma Sierra-Romero

(Born "1956" Day="24" Month="2" February 24, 1956 in Mexico City, Mexico).  Biologist.  Achievements include Research on the use of soybean milk as a blocking agent for enzyme immunoassays, Research as a practical method to obtain hyperimmune serum from bovines to Leptospira sp. A Successful Method to obtain extracted proteins from outer membranes of Leptospira interrogans hardjo.; first isolation of the PRRS virus in Mexico.  Researcher, Cenid-Microbiologia, Mexico City, 1986; Teacher of biology, Colegio Israelita, Mexico City, 1980-86.  Event coordinator Mexican Swine Veterinarians, Mexico City, 1990-92; diagnostic advisor Mex. Porcine Council, Mexico City, 1992; technical advisor Mexican Swine Practitioners, Mexico City, 1992.  Education: student, Science Faculty, UNAM, Mexico City, 1975-83; MS, Science Faculty, UNAM, Mexico City, 1986.

Member: National Animal Health Council. Vol. Christian University Center., Mexico City, 1972-74.

Honor: Scholarship CONACYT, 1984-86; recipient Academy award Mexican Government, 1988.
Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

The two sons of Nathan Ryo Smith:

Alan Penniman Smith

(1840-1898).  Physician.  A prominent surgeon of Baltimore and was instrumental in obtaining from Johns Hopkins the gift to found the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He received his instruction in Baltimore under private tuition, and was graduated in 1861 at the school of medicine of the University of Maryland. In 1868 he was elected Adjunct Professor of Surgery in that university, and in 1875 Professor of Surgery. He served nearly all the hospitals of Baltimore as consulting physician or surgeon, and has performed the operation of lithotomy more than 100 times, successfully in every instance. He is one of the original trustees of Johns Hopkins University, and is a member of many foreign and American medical societies.

Edited Appletons Encyclopedia, Copyright © 2001 Virtualology^TM http://www.famousamericans.net/nathansmith/

Berwick B. Smith, a demonstrator of anatomy at the University of Maryland from 1852 until his death in 1859.

William Tyler Smith *** Not in Gale

(1815-1873).  English obstetric physician.  Co-Founder and Second President of the Obstetric Society of London.

Links, http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/wtsmith.html

Biography of William Tyler Smith (1815-1873)

http://www.people.virginia.edu/~wwc2r/vicstudies/dnb.wtsmith.html:

Tyler Smith raised the position of obstetric medicine not only by his teaching, oral and written, but by the foundation of the Obstetrical Society of London. The subsequent success of the society was largely due to his contributions in memoirs and in debate and to his capacity for business. On the death of Edward Rigby (1804-1860) in December 1860, Smith was elected president.

Smith was associated with Thomas Wakley in the establishment of the New Equitable Life Assurance Society, one aim of which was to secure the just acknowledgement of the professional services of medical men. He was one of the first directors (cf. SPRIGGE, Life and Times of Thomas Wakley, 1897). When the society was united to the Briton Life Office, he became deputy chairman of the united companies. He conceived the idea of raising the ancient Cinque-port town of Seaford to the position of a sanitarium and fashionable watering-place. He purchased a considerable piece of land in and adjoining the town, and leased more from the corporation on the condition that he should secure it against the frequent submersion by the sea and build upon it. He was active in promoting the foundation and success of the convalescent hospital at Seaford, and was bailiff of the town in 1861, 1864, 1867, 1868, and 1870. He was magistrate for the town and port from 1861 to the time of his death at Richmond on Whit-Monday 1873. He was buried at Blatchington, near Seaford.

His chief works include numerous contributions to the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, Obstetrical Transactions, and Pathological Transactions, as well as 1. Scrofula: its Nature, Causes, and Treatment, 8vo, 1844. 2. The Periodoscope, with its application to Obstetric Calculations in the Periodicities of the Sex, 8vo, 1848. 3. Treatment of Sterility by Removal of Obstructions of the Fallopian Tubes. 4. Pathology and Treatment of Leucorrhoea, 8vo, London, 1855.

Per Johan Ulfendahl

(Born "1956" Day="20" Month="1" January 20, 1956 in Uppsala, Sweden).  Molecular biologist.  Manager Research & development, Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden, 1993; Manager Research & development dept., Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden, 1991-93; researcher, Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden, 1988-91.  Education: Ph.D., University Uppsala, 1988.

Member: European Federation Biotechnical (working party applied molecular genetics 1992).

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Patricia Susan Vary

(Born

Member: AAAS, J. Indus. Microbiotech (editl. board), Society Industrial Microbiology, Genetic Society America, American Society Microbiology, Sigma Xi (local President 1992-93).  Board Member LWV, Wheaton, Illinois, 1969-85, President, 1976-77; advisory committee Wheaton School Board, 1980; violinst Cmty. Symphony; Member Women's Chorus; Member cunty Board Director Dem. Precinct Committee, DeKalb, 2000-present.

Honors: Fellow Fogarty International fellow, NIH, 1989-90; grantee, NSF, 1979-92, NIH, 1989-present.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Dr. Patricia S. Vary, Northern Illinois University, Department of Biological Sciences, DeKalb, Illinois, http://www.bios.niu.edu/vary/vary.html

Ashok R. Venkitaraman

(Born "1960" Day="14" Month="10" October 14, 1960 in India).  Molecular cell biologist.  Professor cancer research, University of Cambridge, England, 1998; Research group leader, Medical Research Council Lab. Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, 1991-1998; Research fellow, Medical Research Council Lab. Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, 1988-91. Deputy Director Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, 2001. Education: MD, MBBS, The Christian Medical College, Vellore, India, 1984; MA, University of Cambridge, 1993; Ph.D., University College, London, 1988.

Member: Fellow New Hall University of Cambridge, National fellow Academy Medical Sciences, London, 2001.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Professor Ashok R. Venkitaraman, Department of Oncology and The Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, University of Cambridge, CR UK  http://www.esi-topics.com/fbp/2003/february03-AshokRVenkitaraman.html

Department of Oncology Ashok Venkitaraman, http://www.oncology.cam.ac.uk/Venkitaraman.html

Ashok Venkitaraman, MRC Cancer Cell Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, http://www.facultyof1000.com/about/biography/1439500150459016

“Ashok Venkitaraman learnt and practiced medicine in India, before completing his Ph.D. at University College London in 1988. After post-doctoral work at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge (1988-91), he remained there as a faculty member until 1998. He now holds a joint appointment in the University of Cambridge Department of Oncology and the MRC Cancer Cell Unit. In his current research, Ashok seeks to understand the role of chromosomal instability in cancer predisposition. His lab works on the physiologic mechanisms that maintain the integrity of chromosome structure and number, and on how their disruption can contribute to carcinogenesis.”

http://www.hutchison-mrc.cam.ac.uk/Venkitaraman.html

Uwe Waller

(Born "1955" Day="11" Month="8" August 11, 1955 in Berlin, Germany).  Marine biologist, researcher, consultant.  Achievements include patents pending for control of aquaculture life support systems. Researcher, head experimental laboratory facilities, Institute fuer Meereskunde Kiel, 1992; researcher, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada, 1991.  Education: diploma, 1983; Dr.rer.nat., Christian-Albrechts

Member: Lions Kiel Baltic.

Author: Tank Culture-Including Raceways and Recirculating Systems, 2000.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Contact: http://univis.uni-kiel.de/prg?show=info&key=628/persons/2004w:angegl/leibni/forsch_2/waller

Joumlrg Paul Weimer

(Born "1964" Day="3" Month="10" October 3, 1964 in Ibbenbüren, Germany).  Biologist.  Achievements include microdissection of fluorescence labeled chromosomes.  Scientist, Gynecology and Obstet. Clinic, Kiel, Germany, 1997; Science Assistant, Department of Human Genetics, Jenna, Germany, 1995-97; computer advisor, RAG Computer, Osnabrück, Germany, 1995; computer advisor, Pool-Data Techs., Mettingen, Germany, 1994.  Education: diploma, Wilhelms-University, Muenster, 1984; Dr.rer.nat., Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany, 2000.

Contributor of articles to professional journals.
Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

Mildred Sze-ming Yang / (楊斯敏)

(Born "1950" Day="21" Month="1" January 21, 1950 in Hong Kong).  Biologist, educator.  Associate Professor, Hong Kong Baptist University, 1995; Lecturer, Hong Kong Baptist University, 1987-95; Research Associate, Medical College Virginia, Richmond, 1980-86; scientist, Sandoz Pharmaceutical Co., Basel, Switzerland, 1979-80.  Education: BA, University of California, San Diego, 1971; Ph.D., Washington University, St. Louis, 1979.

Member: AAAS, International Society for Study of Xenobiotics, Hong Kong Biochem. Society, Hong Kong Pharmacology Society.  Board of Directors Hong Kong Exam. Authority, 1990-93.

Contributor of articles to professional publications., including Journal of Neurosurgery, Journal of Neurochemistry, Environmental Technology; Contributor of chapter to book.

Marquis Who's Who, 2004.

DR. YANG, Mildred Sze Ming (楊斯敏), http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~biol/msyang.htm

Questionable:

Sir Wilfred Thomason Grenfell

(1865-1940). English physician and missionary. Fitted out first hospital ship to serve fishermen in the North Sea; to Labrador (1892) for missionary work, and built hospitals, schools, industrial centers, cooperatives, etc.; supported mission with books, speaking tours, and (from 1912) through International Grenfell Association.

“Wilfred Thomason Grenfell (1865 - 1940),” http://grenfell.history.users.btopenworld.com/Biographies/wilfred_thomason_grenfell.htm

St. Anthony’s CAP site tribute of Grenfell: http://www.nfcap.nf.ca/west/StAnthony/gren.htm

Glimpses, Issue #118: “Wilfred Grenfell: The Doctor Who Went Out into the Cold,”

http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps118.shtml

The International Grenfell Association.  http://www.iga.nf.net/LakeMelville.html

Biography in Doctors Who Followed Christ: Thirty-Two Biographies of Eminent Physicians and Their Christian Faith,  by Dan Graves.  Kregel Resources, Grand Rapids, MI, 1999.  ISBN 0-8254-2734-7.

But see http://christianbeliefs.org/biographies/grenfell.html.

Kenneth R. Miller.  Theistic evolutionist, claims to be a Christian (Catholic).

See http://www.icr.org/newsletters/btg/btgoct00.html

Kenneth R. Miller / Kenneth Raymond Miller

(Born 1948).  Biologist and educator. Brown University, Providence, RI, Professor of biology.

Kenneth R. Miller is a biologist who attempts to reconcile evolutionary theory with Christianity in Finding Darwin’s God: A Scientist’s Search for Common Ground between God and Evolution. Published in 1999, the book draws on biology, astronomy, physics, and geology to oppose the ill-founded scientific arguments and illogic of some creationists “with persuasive reasons based on the known physical properties of the universe and the demonstrable effects of time on the radioactivity of various elements,” according to a Publishers Weekly reviewer. Arguing also against an atheistic theory of creation, Miller discusses the reason why the scientific community is dismissive of any discussion involving religious belief as they relate to the creation of the universe.

Webpage: http://bms.brown.edu/faculty/m/kmiller/

Joseph Needham

Also known as: (Noel) Joseph (Terence Montgomery) Needham, Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham
(1900-1995)  After distinguishing himself as a research scientist with his work on the biochemistry of embryonic development, Joseph Needham embraced an entirely different career before his 40^th year and devoted himself to a life-long, comprehensive study of the development of science in China. In 1954, he produced the first volume of his monumental Science and Civilisation in China, a seminal work that reached 17 volumes by the time of his death, and which is continued by a team of scholars at the Needham Institute at Cambridge. Needham was undoubtedly the greatest Western sinologist or student of China of the twentieth century.

http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn5/eastasia/needham.html

http://www.geocities.com/alandwpeters/needham.html

Appendix 1: Christian Pioneers of Modern Science

Daniel Graves, author of Scientists of Faith and Doctors Who Followed Christ, writes: “Many of the sciences derive directly from the work of a Christian or were greatly influenced at their inception by a Christian. … It may seem an outrageous claim that Christians were seminal to much of what dominates modern scientific thinking, but it is true. There is hardly a science or scientific idea which cannot trace its inception as a viable theory to some Christian.”

A careful study of history reveals that technology and modern science was, in fact, pioneered by Christians.  The case is made by Dr. Ian Hutchison and Dr. Loren Eiseley (below) and at the essays found at the subsequent links.

Ian H.Hutchinson, Head of Department of Nuclear Energy.  Plasma Science and Fusion Center and Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. ASA Conference, 4 August 2002.  “Science: Christian and Natural,” http://hutchinson.belmont.ma.us/asa2002/. 

Going further, though, I believe there is a constructive case to be made for the phrase Christian Science.

First, as represented by the theme of this conference “Christian Pioneers”, we should recognize that modern science is built upon the foundational work of people who more than anything else were Christians. Christians were the pioneers of the revolution of thought that brought about our modern understanding of the world. MIT, my home institution, the high-temple of science and technology in the United States, has a pseudo-Greek temple architecture about its main buildings. The fluted columns are topped not with baccanalian freizes, but with the names of the historical heroes of science (not to mention William Barton Rogers, the founder). A rough assessment was carried out by a few of us some years ago of the fraction of the people listed there who were Christians. The estimate we arrived at was about 60%.

Any list of the giants of physical science would include Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Boyle, Pascal, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, all of whom, despite denominational and doctrinal differences among them, and opposition that some experienced from church authorities, were deeply committed to Jesus Christ.

Second, I observed over the years in my interactions with Christians in academia, that far from scientists being weakly represented in the ranks of the faithful, as one would expect if science and faith are incompatible, they are strongly overrepresented. The sociological evidence has been studied systematically for example by Robert Wuthnow [Robert Wuthnow, The Struggle for America’s Soul, Eerdmanns, Grand Rapids, (1989), p146.], who established that while academics undoubtedly tend to be believers in lower proportion than the US population as a whole, among academics, scientists were proportionally more likely to be Christians that those in the non-science disciplines. The common misconception that scientists were or are inevitably sundered from the Christian faith by their science is simply false.

Third, the question arises, why did modern science grow up almost entirely in the West, where Christian thinking held sway? There were civilizations of comparable stability, prosperity, and in many cases technology, in China, Japan, and India. Why did they not develop science? It is acknowledged that arabic countries around the end of the first millenium were more advanced in mathematics, and their libraries kept safe eventually for Christendom much of the Greek wisdom of the ancients. Why did not their learning blossom into the science we now know? More particularly, if Andrew White’s portrait of history, that the church dogmatically opposed all the “dangerous innovations” of science, and thereby stunted scientific development for hundreds of years, why didn’t science rapidly evolve in these other cultures?

A case that has been made cogently by Stanley Jaki [Stanley L. Jaki, The road of science and the ways to God, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, (1978).], amongst others, is that far from being an atmosphere stifling to science, the Christian world view of the West was the fertile cultural and philosophical soil in which science grew and flourished. He argues that it was precisely the theology of Christianity which created that fertile intellectual environment. The teaching that the world is the free but contingent creation of a rational Creator, worthy of study on its own merits because it is “good”, and the belief that because our rationality is in the image of the creator, we are capable of understanding the creation: these are theological encouragements to the work of empirical science. Intermingled with the desire to benefit humankind for Christian charity’s sake, and enabled by the printing press to record and communicate results for posterity, the work of science became a force that gathered momentum despite any of the strictures of a threatened religious hierarchy.

So I suggest that there is a deeper reason why scientists are puzzled about how one might pursue a Christian Science distinguished from what has been the approach developed over the past half millenium. It is that modern science is already in a very serious sense Christian. It germinated in and was nurtured by the Christian philosophy of creation, it was developed and established through the work of largely Christian pioneers, and it continues to draw Christians to its endeavours today.

Dr. Loren Eiseley (1907-1977), a Professor of anthropology, a science history writer and evolutionist, concluded that the birth of modern science was mainly due to the creationist convictions of its founders. “It is the CHRISTIAN world which finally gave birth in a clear articulated fashion to the experimental method of science itself ... It began its discoveries and made use of its method in the faith, not the knowledge, that it was dealing with a rational universe controlled by a Creator who did not act upon whim nor inference with the forces He had set in operation. The experimental method succeeded beyond man’s wildest dreams but the faith that brought it into being owes something to the Christian conception of the nature of God. It is surely one of the curious paradoxes of history that science, which professionally has little to do with faith, owes its origins to an act of faith that the universe can be rationally interpreted, and that science today is sustained by that assumption.” [Loren Eiseley, Darwin’s Centenary: Evolution and the Men who Discovered it, Doubleday: New York, 1961 p:62]

Kenneth Scott Latourette, Sterling Professor at Yale University, wrote, “Across the centuries Christianity has been the means of reducing more languages to writing than have all other factors combined. It has created more schools, more theories of education, and more systems than has any other one force. More than any other power in history it has impelled men to fight suffering, whether that suffering has come from disease, war or natural disasters. It has built thousands of hospitals, inspired the emergence of the nursing and medical professions, and furthered movement for public health and the relief and prevention of famine. Although explorations and conquests which were in part its outgrowth led to the enslavement of Africans for the plantations of the Americas, men and women whose consciences were awakened by Christianity and whose wills it nerved brought about the abolition of slavery (in England and America). Men and women similarly moved and sustained wrote into the laws of Spain and Portugal provisions to alleviate the ruthless exploitation of the Indians of the New World.

“… By its name and symbol, the most extensive organization ever created for the relief of the suffering caused by war, the Red Cross, bears witness to its Christian origin. The list might go on indefinitely. It includes many another humanitarian projects and movements, ideals in government, the reform of prisons and the emergence of criminology, great art and architecture, and outstanding literature.”

[A History of Christianity, Vol. II, originally published by HarperCollins Publishers 1953, revised 1975, pp.1470,1471].

Eric V. Snow. Christianity, A Cause of Modern Science? Explains the historical research of Duhem, Jaki, and Merton. http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-298.htm or http://www.rae.org/jaki.html

David F. Coppedge.   The World’s Greatest Creation Scientists from Y1K to Y2K,

http://creationsafaris.com/wgcs.htm

Christianity and the Birth of Science: Why modern science arose in Christian Europe and not in other cultures. Dr. Michael Bumbulis proposes four evidences and anticipates objections.
http://www.ldolphin.org/bumbulis/

Luther and Science: An essay on relation of Protestant thought to the advancement of science, and an important refutation of the claim that Luther and his followers ridiculed and repressed Copernicanism:
http://www.leaderu.com/science/kobe.html

T. V. Varughese, Ph.D. Christianity and Technological Advance: The Astonishing Connection,
http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-245.htm

Ben Clausen on the origin of science, and examples of believers, with bibliography:

Christianity Aiding the Development of Science,

http://www.grisda.org/bclausen/papers/aid.htm

Colin Russell, Professor of History of Science and Technology, The Open University, England; Chairman - Vice President, Christians in Science.  “Without a Memory,”

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Russell.html. From Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 45 (March 1993): 219-221.

Christianity is for Weak, Stupid People? - The Role of Reason for Christians

http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/reason.html

Appendix 2: Links to websites featuring Christian scientists

	Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 - http://www.luc.edu/libraries/science/jesuits/index.html Exhibit of scientific works written and published by the Jesuits.
	Vatican Observatory - http://clavius.as.arizona.edu/vo/ Ancient astronomical research institution with dependent research center based in Tucson, Arizona. Includes history, profiles of personnel, details of telescopes, and a streaming video on the relation of science and religion.
	European Society for the Study of Science and Theology (ESSSAT) - http://www.esssat.org/ Scholarly non-confessional organization that aims to promote the study of relationships between the natural sciences and theological views. Includes details of publications, awards, and conferences.
	American Scientific Affiliation (ASA) - http://www.asa3.org/ Investigating issues relating Christian faith and science from an evangelical, creationist perspective.
	Reasons to Believe - http://www.reasons.org/ Interdenominational apologetic ministry aiming to show that science and the Bible complement one another, led by Hugh Ross, Fazale Rana, and Kenneth Richard Samples. Articles, webcasts, and forthcoming events.

	God and Science - http://www.crosscurrents.org/godand.htm Commentary on Darwin, Marx, Freud, Tillich, Chardin, creationism, evolution, quantum mechanics from Charles Henderson’s book. Most of the chapters are available online.
	Christians in Science - http://www.cis.org.uk/ UK based organization for Christian scientists and students. Includes articles, conference details, newsletter, and membership details.
	Science and Christianity - Allies or Enemies? - http://homepages.tcp.co.uk/~carling/main_sci.html Small collection of articles on the Big Bang, astronomy, and the age of the Earth.
	John Ray Initiative - http://www.jri.org.uk/ Educational charity bringing together scientific and Christian understandings of the environment. Includes articles, reports from conferences, and a newsletter.

	Faith and Reason Ministries - http://www.faithreason.org/ Aims to reconcile Christianity with accepted science. Includes complete text of John Callahan’s book “Science and Christianity”, and short articles on a selection of other topics.
	Witherspoon on Theology and Science - http://www.wwitherspoon.org Papers by William Witherspoon on the harmony and potential integration of science and theology. Topics include divine action, string theory, human nature, higher dimensions, and miracles.
	Scibel - http://scibel.gospelcom.net UK-based charity promoting the understanding between mainstream Christianity and contemporary science. Includes articles, biographies of scientists, book reviews, discussion forum, and the facility to have a faith-science question answered by an expert.
	Science and Faith - http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/sciandf.html Collection of links to pages about scientists and their faith, quotations from the Bible, essays, and bibliographies.
	Jesuits in Science - http://www.jesuitsinscience.org/ Association promoting the work of Jesuits involved in the physical and biological sciences. Contains articles, event schedule, discussion forum, and a list of Jesuit-related scientific schools.

	The Warfare of Science With Theology - http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/andrew_white/Andrew_White.html Full text of a book published in 1896 by Andrew Dickson White (1832-1918), hosted by Library section of the Secular Web.
	Foolish Faith - http://www.foolishfaith.com/ Complete text of Judah Etinger’s book “Foolish Faith”, tackling the relationship between science and Christianity.
	Window View - http://www.windowview.org/ Author aims to build a holistic paradigm based on science and scripture.
	Institute for Biblical and Scientific Studies - http://bibleandscience.com/ Large collection of articles on topics ranging from science and Christianity through to archaeology and biblical sources.
	Science Ministries Home Page - http://christianity.com/scienceministries/ Seeking to inform and encourage the Christian community on issues related to science and bioethics. Site features articles and a speaking schedule.

	The Technotheology Project - http://technotheology.org/ Bill Laudeman’s attempt to relate physics, cosmology, and chaos theory with orthodox Roman Catholic theology.
	The Unicorn Site - http://hometown.aol.com/scheairs/UnicornSite/Unicorn_Forest.html Summaries of fiction and non-fiction books and other writings by Dr. L. Steven Cheairs that address the common elements of science and Christian thought.

Creation scientists and other biographies of interest http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/bios/default.asp

Creation Scientists in the Biological Sciences

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/biologicalscientists.html

Creation Scientists in the Physical Sciences

http://www.icr.org/creationscientists/physicalscientists.html

Organizations of Christian Astronomers

• Association of Christian Astronomers International (ACA) http://www.christian-astronomers.org/
• Christian Association of Stellar Explorers (CASE) http://www.christian-astronomy.org/
• Meta Research (Washington, D.C.) - Astronomy Research in Alternative Astronomical Theories http://www.metaresearch.org/
• Vatican Observatory Research Group Studies involving science, philosophy, and theology have formed an explicit part of the observatory’s activity since 1987. http://clavius.as.arizona.edu/vo/

Affiliation of Christian Biologists

http://home.messiah.edu/~ghess/acbhome.htm

The Affiliation of Christian Biologists was formed in 1990 to:

encourage fellowship among Christian biologists

provide for exchange of ideas and equipment for effective teaching

encourage networking between Biologists who teach in Christian Colleges and Universities

provide a supportive environment for those engaged in teaching and research in non-Christian contexts

serve as a forum for discussion of problems and issues unique to the integration of biology and Christian thought.

The ACB is open to those who can assent to the purpose(above) and guidelines of the ACB and who have the required educational and/or professional background in the biological sciences

Membership in the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA), our parent organization, is a pre-requisite for ACB membership.

Affiliation of Christian Geologists

http://www.wheaton.edu/ACG/

American Association of Christian Counselors

http://www.aacc.net/

AACC is committed to assisting Christian counselors and the entire ‘community of care,’ licensed professionals, pastors, and caring church members with little or no formal training. It is our intention to equip clinical, pastoral, and lay care-givers with Biblical truth and psycho-social insights that ministers to hurting persons and helps them move to personal wholeness, interpersonal competence, mental stability, and spiritual maturity.

American Scientific Affiliation

http://www.asa3.org/

The American Scientific Affiliation (ASA) is a fellowship of men and women in science and disciplines that relate to science who share a common fidelity to the Word of God and a commitment to integrity in the practice of science.

Association of Christian Economists

http://www.gordon.edu/ace/

The Association of Christian Economists (ACE) was formed in December, 1982, at the Allied Social Science Association meetings. ACE aims to encourage Christian scholars to explore and communicate the relationship between their faith and the discipline of economics, and to promote interaction and communication among Christian economists. ACE has approximately 300 members—Christian economists in academia, business, and government, drawn from around the globe.

Association of Christian Librarians

http://www.acl.org/

During the summer of 1956, the first Christian Librarians’ Fellowship convened, with just five members in attendance-Shirley Wood of Columbia Bible College, Dorothy Spidell of Nyack Missionary College, Mary Jane Kergerize and Marian Boyjiam of The King’s College, and Emily Russell of Faith Theological Seminary

In 1957, the Association of Christian Librarians was established, and today it is one of the oldest-and largest-evangelical academic library organizations in existence, with more than 500 individual and 80 institutional members representing a wide spectrum of denominations.

Membership is open to Christian librarians who work in an institution of higher learning and affirm the ACL mission and statement of faith. Associate memberships are available to any other Christian librarians or non-librarians who are interested in librarianship and affirm the ACL mission and statement of faith.

We are united in our mission ...

The mission of the Association of Christian Librarians is to empower evangelical librarians through professional development, scholarship, and spiritual encouragement for service in higher education.

Critical Competency

We are dedicated to being ...

A caring Christian community that integrates faith and academic librarianship, emphasizing ministry and service.

Core Values

We are committed to our core values ...

Members serve Christ as librarians in institutions of higher learning.

All members are united by a common statement of faith which controls what the Association will and will not do.

Association of Christians Teaching Sociology (ACTS)

http://www.actsoc.org/

The purposes of ACTS are somewhat difficult to define, but the following, quoted from comments made by participants, suggests the concerns of those who attend.

A forum where Christian sociologists can explore the implications of the Christian faith for the thinking and doing of sociology

A place to engage in personal and professional development through concentrated discussion on the integration of the sociological vocation with the Christian calling

A unique opportunity for Christian fellowship with individuals who share our disciplinary commitment, which is both stimulating and supportive

A network for Christian sociologists, allowing social support, collaboration, and dialogue

From the beginning, we have welcomed anyone who is interested in joining our dialogue.

History:  The group began in 1976, when Dr. Russell Heddendorf, then Chair of the Department of Sociology at Geneva College, invited sociologists from various Christian colleges to come to Geneva College for a meeting of dialogue and exchange. At that time the group was informally known as STCC (Sociologists Teaching in Christian Colleges).  Since then about 25 to 50 people have met each June, at various colleges.

Association of Christians in Mathematical Sciences (ACMS)

http://www.acmsonline.org/

The Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences developed initially from a desire on the part of a group of mathematics teachers at Christian colleges to integrate their faith with their academic discipline. From 1976 to 1985 this group operated informally, sponsoring conferences at Wheaton College in 1977, 1979, 1981, and 1983.

At the 1985 conference, held at the King’s College, it was decided to incorporate formally, and to expand the scope of interest of the organization to the entire spectrum of the mathematical sciences.

Christian Pharmacists Fellowship International

http://www.cpfi.org/cp/index.asp

CPFI is the first international organization of evangelical Christian pharmacists established with a focus on integration of the spiritual and vocational dimensions of the pharmacist’s role. The doctrinal basis is Biblical in perspective and origin, evangelical in scope and is comparable with all the major Christian denominations. Officially incorporated as a taxexempt, nonprofit corporation in the State of Virginia in 1984. (Dean Warren E. Weaver)

Christian Association for Psychological Studies Inc. (CAPS)

http://www.caps.net/

CAPS is a professional association of Christians who serve as:

Psychologists, Marriage & Family Therapists, Professional Counselors, Pastoral Counselors, Psychiatrists, Professors & Researchers, Social Workers, Psychiatric Nurses,Guidance Counselors, Students & Professionals in Training.

We exist to encourage...

Understanding of the relationship between Christianity and the behavioral sciences at both the clinical/counseling and the theoretical/research levels.

Fellowship among Christians in psychological and related professions.

The spiritual, emotional and professional well-being of our members.

Educational and research opportunities that assist the profession and the community at large.

Through its various programs, CAPS encourages the pursuit of excellence ... in the counseling clinic, in the classroom, in the community and in the member’s spiritual and emotional life.

Christian Educators Association International

http://www.ceai.org/home.htm

(CEAI) is a professional organization founded in 1953. Its members are Christian teachers, administrators, school board members, and para-professionals.

History of CEAI - (Formerly National Educators Fellowship).  Benjamin Weiss - Co Founder of NEF/CEAI

Our Mission Statement: “to encourage, equip and empower Christian educators serving in public and private schools.”

Christian Foresters Fellowship

http://www.cccu.org/resourcecenter/resID.1866,parentCatID./rc_detail.asp

The mission of the Christian Foresters Fellowship is to make disciples among foresters, to encourage Christian fellowship among foresters and natural resource professionals, and to see God establish faithful men and women able to teach others in every forest area of the world.

Christian Legal Society

http://www.clsnet.org/

Our Mission: To be the national grassroots network of lawyers and law students, committed to proclaiming, loving and serving Jesus Christ, through all we do and say in the practice of law, and advocating biblical conflict reconciliation, public justice, religious freedom and the sanctity of human life.

Christian Medical and Dental Associations

http://www.cmdahome.org/

The Christian Medical & Dental Associations (CMDA) are made up of the Christian Medical Association (CMA) and the Christian Dental Association (CDA). CMDA provides resources, networking opportunities, education, and a public voice for Christian healthcare professionals and students.

The Christian Medical & Dental Associations exist to motivate, educate, and equip Christian physicians and dentists to glorify God by:

living out the character of Christ in their homes, practices, communities and around the world;

pursuing professional competence and Christ-like compassion in their daily work;

influencing their families, colleagues, and patients toward a right relationship with Jesus Christ;

advancing Biblical principles in bioethics and health to the Church and society.

Whether you are already a member or considering joining, CMDA wants you to feel welcomed as one of thousands of Christian doctors in our ranks who seek to change the face of healthcare by changing the hearts of doctors. Our membership is made up of physicians, dentists, and medical and dental students who unite to grow in Christ and be used by Him.
Our organization has grown to include more than 45 services and opportunities. Our initiatives range from medical and dental missions to being a voice to the Church, our government, and our culture on the vital bioethical issues of our day. Much of our influence comes directly from our members.

Christian Medical and Dental Society (CMDS), PO Box 5, Bristol, TN 37621-0005

http://www.cirtl.org/cmds.htm http://www.cccu.org/resourcecenter/resID.926,parentCatID./rc_detail.asp

The purpose of the Christian Medical & Dental Society is to motivate and equip doctors to practice faith in Jesus Christ in their personal and professional lives. CMDS seeks to “change the heart of health care.” CMDS promotes positions on health care issues, conducts overseas and domestic mission projects, coordinates a network of Christian doctors for fellowship and professional growth, sponsors student chapters in medical and dental schools, provides educational and inspirational resources and conferences, supports Third World missionary doctors and conducts academic exchange programs overseas. CMDS was founded in 1931.  It currently has over 13,000 members. Dr. David Stevens, Executive Director.

Christian Pharmacists Fellowship International.

http://www.cpfi.org/cp/index.asp

The Christian Pharmacists Fellowship International (CPFI) is an interdenominational ministry of individuals working in all areas of pharmaceutical service and practice. The mission of CPFI is to bring about spiritual growth and the advancemnt of knowledge and ethics in the service and practice of pharmacy by providing the resources, tools and expertise necessary to challenge, encourage and promote the integration of Christian principles and standards within that practice.  Faculty Advisor:Cham Dallas.

The CPFI was officially incorporated as a taxexempt, nonprofit corporation in the State of Virginia in 1984. Its beginnings can be traced to informal gatherings at several national pharmacy meetings starting in the late 70’s. The Board members are representative of a broad range of Christian denominations including Baptist, Catholic, Church of Christ, Methodist, Pentecostal, Mennonite and nondenominational churches.

Christians in Political Science

http://www.calvin.edu/henry/christians_in_political_science/

Christians in Political Science was launched as a formal organization in the fall of 1991 by a group of political scientists from six different colleges and universities. From the outset the group defined “Christian” in both narrow and broad terms: Christianity was narrowly defined in its traditional sense rather than it its broad cultural sense; but it was broadly defined to include all Christians who believe in the historic truths of the faith irrespective of specific tradition or denomination. The group drew up a statement of faith to reflect these intentions.

Since 1991 CPS has grown steadily as an organization. It published its first newsletter in the fall of 1991, with two issued every year since. The membership adopted a set of by-laws in the fall of 1993 and elected its first slate of officers in the spring of 1994. In 1993 the first general membership meeting was held in Washington, D.C., at the time of the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Presently over two hundred political scientists are dues paying members.

From the outset the goals of the organization have been to encourage and stimulate the members to integrate their Christian faith into their scholarship and teaching and to help make possible contact and fellowship among Christian political scientists.

Christian Sociological Society

Dr. Ronald Akers, Dept. of Sociology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 http://www.cccu.org/resourcecenter/resID.1878,parentCatID./rc_detail.asp

The Christian Sociological Society is organized to provide a forum and fellowship for Christian Sociologists and related professionals and students to enable them to integrate their sociological academic background with their Christian faith.

Christian Veterinary Missions

http://www.christianvetmission.org/

CVM is glad to provide a place for veterinarians and veterinary students to stay updated on what is going on in the veterinary community, worldwide. CVM provides missionary opportunities (short and long-term) as well as programs at national conferences & conventions that speak to the everyday life of veterinary practice, joined with the Christian faith.  Our Mission: To challenge, empower, and facilitate veterinarians to serve others through their profession, living out their Christian faith. CVM also provides education and encouragement for those who desire to minister through service prayer, relationship building, and modeling Christ’s love.

Christian Veterinary Missions, Canada

http://www.cvmcanada.org/html/who.html

Vision: CVM Canada is an organization committed to serving Jesus Christ through the veterinary profession.  Mission: CVM Canada is a fellowship of veterinarians, veterinary students and others of allied interest which gives the opportunity to minister through our profession to the needs of veterinarians, people and their animals worldwide. The organization is committed to empower veterinarians, technicians and veterinary students to Christian ministry through the veterinary profession.

Christians in Science

http://www.cis.org.uk/

A professional Christian group for all who are concerned about science/faith issues. Its aims are:

 1. To develop and promote biblical Christian views on the nature, scope and limitations of science, and on the changing interactions between science and faith.

 2. To encourage Christians who are engaged in scientific work to maintain an active faith and to apply it in their professional lives.

 3. To help Christians who are science students to integrate their religious beliefs and their scientific studies.

 4. To bring biblical Christian thought on scientific issues into the public arena.

 5. To communicate the Christian gospel within the scientific community.

Christians in Science, Cambridge, UK

http://www.ely.anglican.org/parishes/camgsm/Majestas/1998/May.html#christians_in_science

Engineering Ministries International (EMI)

110 S. Weber, Suite 104, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 http://www.emiusa.org/

EMI’s mission is to involve Christian design professionals (architects, engineers, surveyors, construction managers, etc.) in ministry. EMI puts into action Jesus’ commission to proclaim the gospel in all the world. This is being accomplished by providing design and construction expertise to the needy through professional ministry teams and through the development of a national fellowship of Christian designers.

Fellowship of Christian Optometrists

http://missionsalive.org/fcoint/index.html

The Fellowship of Christian Optometrists, International, Inc., founded in 1986, is a not-for-profit evangelical organization of Christian optometrists, optometry students, and allied ophthalmic personnel committed to world wide eye care missions and intraprofessional Christian fellowship.

North American Association of Christians in Social Work (NACSW)

Box 7090, St. Davids, PA 19087-7090

http://www.nacsw.org/index.shtml

NACSW supports the integration of Christian faith and professional social work practice in the lives of its members, the profession and the church, promoting love and justice in social service and social reform.

NACSW is an interdenominational and international organization which grew out of a series of annual conferences beginning in 1950. In 1954, NACSW was incorporated in the state of Illinois, in 1957 became the National Association of Christians in Social Work, and in 1984 adopted its present name.

Leadership is vested in a Board of Directors composed of at least twelve NACSW members elected by the membership for three-year terms. The Board employs a part- time executive director, who carries out the operations of the organization. NACSW is incorporated in the State of Illinois and registered as a foreign corporation in the State of Connecticut. It is exempt from federal income tax under the provisions of Section 501©(3) of the Internal Revenue Service Code.

Nurses Christian Fellowship

http://www.intervarsity.org/ncf/ncfindex.html

Nurses Christian Fellowship (NCF) is both a Christian professional organization and a ministry of and for nurses and nursing students. NCF is a ministry of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship.

Our Purpose Statement:

In response to God’s love, grace and truth:
The Purpose of Nurses Christian Fellowship, as a ministry of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA is
to establish and advance in nursing,
within education and practice,
witnessing communities of nursing students and nurses
who follow Jesus as Savior and Lord:
growing in love for God, God’s Word, God’s people of every ethnicity and culture
and God’s purposes in the world.

NCF provides a local, regional, national and international network for Christians in nursing. Local groups meet for prayer, Bible study, mutual encouragement and outreach. NCF staff and regional council members encourage and support nurses and provide leadership and a variety of resources for each geographic area. The National Council Exec works with the NCF Director and NCF staff leaders to develop a national plan for the fellowship.

Henry Wace.  A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies

http://www.ccel.org/w/wace/biodict/htm/TOC.htm

Christian Biographies

http://www.apocalipsis.org/biography.htm

Christian Biography Resources

http://www.wholesomewords.org/biography/bio.html

Christians in Science/Science and Christian Belief, list of editors and editorial board.

http://www.cis.org.uk/scb/editors.htm

List of Christian Scientists

http://www.phatnav.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=List_of_Christian_scientists

Influence of Some Early Jesuit Scientists

The 35 lunar craters named to honor Jesuit Scientists: their location and description
Post-Pombal Portugal opinion of Pre-Pombal Jesuit Scientists: a recent conference
Seismology, The Jesuit Science. a Jesuit history of geophysics

Jesuit Geometers: A Study of Fifty-six Prominent Jesuit Geometers During the First Two Centuries of Jesuit History.  Excepts from the book by Joseph F. MacDonnell, S.J., Professor of Mathematics
Fairfield University.  Published jointly in 1989 by The Institute of Jesuit Sources and The Vatican Observatory.  Library of Congress Catalog Card number: 89-80568, ISBN 0-912422-94-7

“For the first two centuries of Jesuit history 631 Jesuit geometers are listed in Sommervogel's twelve volume work Bibliotheque de la Compagnie de Jesus 1 where their publications are evaluated and described. The title Jesuit Geometers, however, might seem incongruous since the word Jesuit conjures up images of martyrs and missionaries like Brebeuf, Xavier and deNobile, theologians like Suarez, the Church Militant exemplified in Bellarmine, or preachers like Bourdaloue.

“On the other hand Euclid, Appolonius, Menelaus, Descartes, Fermat, Euler, Desargues and Lobachevski were geometers but not Jesuits. So what does the Society of Jesus have to do with geometry? In the educational work of the Society geometry played a very important role right from the very beginning.

“Apart from their classroom teaching, many Jesuits by their curiosity, ingenuity, correspondence, and publications contributed greatly to the growth of geometry. Their practical geometrical inventions, their discoveries of new forms of geometry, and their innovations in the teaching of geometry contributed greatly to its development. Furthermore their knowledge of geometry proved an invaluable aid in establishing missions in all parts of the world so that non-Jesuit, non-Catholic, non-Christian geometers benefited from their labors and skill. While there is no such thing as Jesuit geometry, it is certain that the geometries so familiar today would have a different form and encompass far less if these men had never existed.”

Introduction to Jesuit Geometers, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jgintro.htm

Ch 1. Jesuit textbooks and publications, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jg1.htm

Ch 2. Jesuit inventions in practical geometry, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jg2.htm

Ch 3. Jesuit innovations in the various fields of geometry, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jg3.htm

Ch 4. Jesuit influence through teaching and correspondence, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jg4.htm

Ch 5. Jesuit teaching innovations, methods and attitudes http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jg5.htm

Ch 6. Evaluation of these Jesuit geometers by professionals, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jg6.htm

Appendix to 56 Prominent Jesuit Geometers, http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/jg/jgappendix.htm

Annotated Science/Faith Bibliography

http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~kbmill/scifaith.html

Evangelical Ireland

http://www.iol.ie/~santing/AIEC/Boyle/

Scottish Technologists and Scientists

http://www.iee.org/TheIEE/Locations/SEC/Famous/

George W. Rutler. Significant Scots: Scots Pioneers in Medicine, “A Cornucopia of Pharmacopeia”

http://www.electricscotland.com/history/medicine.htm

“The Scots are famously reserved in their habits and modest in demeanor, but this has not restrained their substantial claim to be the world’s most intelligent people. In the catalogue of certifiable evidence is this curiosity: Although the Scots comprise less than one-half of 1 percent of the world’s population, 11 percent of all Nobel prizes have been awarded to Scotsmen.

“The world’s first university faculty of engineering and technical science was in Glasgow. Scotsmen have shown particular genius in medicine, as we have seen recently in the cloning of sheep by Dr. Ian Wilmot, whose wife is a Presbyterian elder.

… “David Livingstone, who secured the abolition of slavery in Zanzibar in 1873, was a physician, as was John Brown who in 1780 had argued successfully against bloodletting. [statement omitted due to inaccuracies] and in 1913 William Leishman perfected the typhoid vaccine. It may be that more lives have been saved by Sir Patrick Manson, who traced parasitic diseases to biting insects, and Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin in 1928, than by any other two men in history.

 … “It was a Scots Presbyterian, William Smellie (1697-1753), who first involved professional physicians in midwifery. Dr. Smellie also researched the putrefaction of corpses, but he is known to medical history as the inventor of the “long obstetric forceps” used on Queen Charlotte by the Scottish founder of modern obstetrics, William Hunter (1718-1783), whose brother John (1728-1793) was the father of scientific surgery. The ovum in mammals was discovered by William Cruickshank (1745-1800) and Matthew Baillie (1761-1823) invented treatment for dermoid cysts in the ovary. All of them were devout Scots Presbyterians, as was Alexander Skene (1837-1900) who emigrated from Aberdeen and founded the American Gynecological Society.”

Jerry Bergman.  “A Brief History of the Modern American Creation Movement,”

Originally published in Contra Mundum No. 7 Spring 1993, lists “Some of the More Prominent Early 1900 Creationists” at

http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/CMBergman.html

BIOGRAPHIES AND TESTIMONIALS,

http://www.id.ucsb.edu:16080/fscf/LIBRARY/

The Scientific Revolution

http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/index.htm

The Complementary Nature of Science and Christianity
An introductory online book, by Dick Tripp (NZ)

Dr. Ard Louis, University of Cambridge.  “Urbana 03 Seminars—Science and Faith: Friends or Foes?”
Are science and Christianity engaged in an inextricable conflict, as is often alleged, or is that merely a popular misconception? We’ll discuss the Christian origins of modern science, the boundaries of what both science and the Bible can say about the created world, and how to be a faithful Christian _and_ a good scientist. We’ll begin with a short video presentation of interviews with leading scientists who are Christians. http://www.urbana.org/u2003.seminars.show.cfm?seminar=55

·  Science and Christianity: Friends or Foes?(powerpoint) A presentation for Urbana 03. With added notes/references.

·  Science and Christianity: Friends or Foes? (html) A presentation for Urbana 03 (converted from powerpoint for the web)

Dr. Ard Louis.  Science Christianity Links

http://www-louis.ch.cam.ac.uk/urbana/

“A Scientific Dissent on Darwinism”

http://www.objectivityinscience.org/dissent.html

The Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness (IDEA) Center

http://www.ideacenter.org/

The Origins of the IDEA Center
The Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness (IDEA) Center is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting intelligent design theory. The Center has existed since 2001, however it has its roots in the pre-existing Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness (IDEA) Club at UC San Diego. http://www.ideacenter.org/about/history.php

List of Intellectual Doubters of Darwinism

http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1207

List of Creation Scientists of the World

http://www.angelfire.com/falcon/megaraptor/creation_scientists_of_the_world.htm

THE ICR SCIENTISTS
http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-086.htm- IMPACT No. 86 August 1980

Do Real Scientists Believe in Creation?

http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-scientists.html

Appendix 3: Christian academics

Academic Groups Serving Christians by Pete Hammond

http://www.ivmdl.org/dir.academic.cfm

Christaf: Christian staff at University of Southern Queensland, Australia http://www.sci.usq.edu.au/staff/passmore/Christaf/

St. Louis University Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

http://www.eas.slu.edu/Department/history.html

Saint Louis University is a private university under Catholic auspices, operated by a board of trustees that has a majority of laymen and is headed by a lay chairman. It was founded in 1818 and granted a charter as a university by the Missouri legislature in 1832.

The Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences was founded in 1925 as the first department of geophysics in the western hemisphere. The present name was adopted in 1969 to reflect the scope of departmental activities in the sciences of the solid earth and the atmosphere.
Saint Louis University began taking conventional meteorological observations in 1860 at the request of the United States Government, which used these observations for official purposes. The observers were Francis Stuntebeck, S.J. and John Luneman, S.J. of the Theology and Philosophy departments and the observing station was called College Hill, that was located at 38 degrees and 40 minutes north and 90 degrees and 15 minutes west.

Faculty Directory, http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/faculty.html

Postdoctoral Fellows and Visitors, http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/postdocs.html

Christian Faculty Forum at the University of Georgia, Athens

http://www.uga.edu/cff/

Member: The Christian Faculty Forum (CFF) at the University of Georgia http://www.uga.edu/cff/

is a fellowship and support group for faculty and staff who are seeking to grow in their personal relationship with God as they integrate Christian faith and scholarly work within the university community. The forum is not affiliated with any particular denomination, but is characterized by a Bible-based Christian perspective. Christian faculty and staff who are active in the CFF come from numerous academic disciplines, are involved in a broad variety of community activities, and are members of many different denominations and churches in the Athens area.

See http://www.uga.edu/cff/materials/cff_ad.pdf

See http://www.uga.edu/cff/materials/ad_2003.pdf

The Christian Faculty - Staff Fellowship at the University of Colorado, Boulder

University of Colorado http://stripe.colorado.edu/%7Ecfsf/welcome.html

The Christian Faculty - Staff Fellowship at the University of Colorado, Boulder, began in the summer of 1992 with only about 10 people attending meetings. By the Fall of that year, the attendance at meetings had grown to between 20 and 30 people. Now, in 1996, we average about 60 people at our meetings, and the mailing list has grown to over 200 Christian faculty, staff, and graduate students.

The Faculty / Staff Christian Community

University of California Santa Barbara http://id-www.ucsb.edu/fscf/home.html http://www.id.ucsb.edu:16080/fscf/

http://www.id.ucsb.edu:16080/fscf/MEMBERSHIP/index.html

The Faculty / Staff Christian Community is an officially recognized organization of the University of California Santa Barbara. Its list of participants is comprised primarily of individuals who sign the annual Easter Proclamation, “He Is Risen,” published in the Daily Nexus.

The first Easter Proclamation appeared in 1986 as the result of a faculty prayer meeting. It was originally signed by 13 faculty members. In recent years it has grown to more than 50 faculty and well over 50 staff members.

The Christian Faculty Fellowship, University of Florida

http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~cff/

The Christian Faculty Fellowship is an interdenominational group of faculty, staff and graduate students at the University of Florida and Santa Fe Community College.

Our mission is to encourage and assist one another to grow in our spiritual and professional lives in a Godly manner, and to share our faith in Christ in appropriate ways on the campus and around the world. We want to present the Truth about Jesus Christ with intellectual and emotional integrity, while providing fellowship for Christians in academia.

To view a copy of our Welcome Ad, click here. To view a copy of our Faculty/ Staff Easter Ad, click here. The ads are in the PDF format.

Illinois State University Christian Faculty Fellowship

Illinois State University http://www.ilstu.edu/%7Edloomis/cff/cff.html

ISU-CFF is a group of Christian faculty and staff members who are interested in having a larger and broader impact for Jesus Christ on this campus. We are united by our common experience that Jesus Christ provides intellectually and spiritually satisfying answers to life’s most important questions. We are affiliated with a national organization of Christian faculty and staff called Christian Leadership Ministries (CLM), which is a branch of Campus Crusade for Christ. CLM maintains an excellent web site of resources at Leadership University. We are a recognized University group. For a Statement of Faith, please click here.

The MTSU Christian Faculty and Staff Fellowship

Middle Tennessee State University http://www.mtsu.edu/~cscbp/cfsf.html

Contact Dr. Sesan Kim Sokoya, Professor at http://www.mtsu.edu/~mgmtmkt/faculty/manage/ksokoya.htm

University of Minnesota

http://www.ima.umn.edu/~klee/cfsn.html

Purpose statement:

·  To challenge and strengthen faculty and staff in their Christian life.

·  To raise the visibility of the Christian community on campus.

·  To promote the integration of Christian faith into academic life.

With the overall objective of reaching our students and colleagues with the claims of Christ in ways that are relevant and attractive.  Some 85 faculty, 48 staff and 7 administrators.

University of Oklahoma Christian Faculty and Staff Home Page

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/OUChristianFAS/

University of Oklahoma http://www.ou.edu/faculty/organizations/ouchrfas/homep.htm

The OU Christian Faculty and Staff is an association of University of Oklahoma faculty and staff who believe that a personal knowledge of Jesus Christ should be presented to the University’s students. Our goal is to increase the visibility of OU’s Christian faculty and staff. Our purpose is to present the traditional Christian world view as an intellectually valid option for the modern world. Our membership comes from all corners of the University of Oklahoma Campus: Transportation, Engineering, Physical Plant, Continuing Education, Psychology, Business, OU Athletics, and on and on. We also belong to a wide variety of Churches, from traditional to nontraditional. Despite the many varieties of beliefs, we have a common faith and a common commitment to present Christ to the OU Campus. The OU Christian Faculty and Staff is not an officially recognized organization. The University does not have a mechanism for recognizing faculty and staff organizations.

Other Personal Stories From OU Faculty and Staff

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/OUChristianFAS/testamon.htm

University of Texas

http://www.utexas.edu/staff/fscf/

The Faculty/Staff Christian Fellowship is a non-denominational group of faculty and staff at the University of Texas—Austin that exists to assist each other in doing the following:

• Sharing with the rest of the University community the good news that Jesus offers to everyone the possibility of a personal and meaningful relationship to the Creator.
• Cultivating a climate of thought and expression at U. T. that fosters the intelligent presentation and thoughtful examination of the claims of Christ.
• Helping to meet the needs—intellectual, professional, emotional and spiritual—of colleagues and students.
• Integrating the Christian faith with their own research and with their intellectual life as a whole.

Any member of the faculty or staff who shares these goals is welcome to join the group.

Christians in Science, Cambridge, UK

http://www.ely.anglican.org/parishes/camgsm/Majestas/1998/May.html#christians_in_science

MacQuarie Christian Studies Institute, Australia

http://www.mcsi.edu.au/

Macquarie Christian Studies Institute (MCSI) is an innovative venture offering units in Christian Studies to students in universities across Australia. Unlike theological colleges, MCSI’s main emphasis is on relating Christian faith perspectives to the world beyond the doors of the Church - in particular, the world of work, the professions, modern society, contemporary culture and everyday life. MCSI has a particular interest in equipping Christians to relate their Christian faith to their professional training, so that they develop an integrated and holistic perspective on their chosen vocations. An important aspect of MCSI’s vision is also to develop Christian leaders who will have influence and be role models in many areas of our society.

Appendix 4: God and Mathematics

From http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Mathematics%20and%20God:

A number of famous mathematicians have made connections between mathematics and God, often likening God to a mathematician.

The Greek study of mathematics was closely related to that of religion. Plato is quoted as saying “God ever geometrizes” and Pythagoras as saying “Numbers rule the Universe”.

Johannes Kepler stated that “The chief aim of all investigations of the external world should be to discover the rational order and harmony which has been imposed on it by God and which He revealed to us in the language of mathematics.”

Isaac Newton became extremely religious in his old age, and devoted the rest of his life to the study of religion.

Leopold Kronecker is quoted as saying “God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man.”

James Jeans said “From the intrinsic evidence of his creation, the Great Architect of the Universe begins to appear as a pure mathematician”.

According to Henri Poincare “If God speaks to man, he undoubtedly uses the language of mathematics.”

Georg Cantor equated what he called the Absolute Infinite with God. He held that the Absolute Infinite had various mathematical properties, including (if I recall correctly) that every property of the Absolute Infinite is also held by some smaller object.

St. Anselm’s ontological argument sought to use logic to prove the existence of God. A more elaborate version was given by Gottfried Leibniz; this is the version that Gödel studied and attempted to clarify with his ontological argument.

Kurt Gödel created a formalization of St. Anselm’s ontological argument for God’s existence known as Gödel’s ontological proof .

While Gödel was deeply religious, he never published his argument because he feared that it would be mistaken as establishing God’s existence beyond doubt. Instead, he only saw it as a logical investigation and a clean formulation of Leibniz’ argument with all assumptions spelled out.

Search terms

English: Scientists of the Christian Faith

Dutch: Wetenschappers van het Christelijke Geloof

French: Scientifiques de la foi chrétienne

German: Wissenschaftler des christlichen Glaubens

Japanese: キリスト教の信頼の科学者

Korean: 기독교 믿음의 과학자

Russian: Научные работники христианская вера

Spanish: Científicos de la fe cristiana

Updated August 30, 2004.